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![. Annual report of the Agricultural Experiment Station. Cornell University. Agricultural Experiment Station; Agriculture -- New York (State). Some Diseases of Beans. 287 so numerous as to cause heavy loss in the seedHngs and result in a poor stand. Sometimes the stem is so badly diseased or '" eaten " near the base that it falls over and dies. Usually so few of the seedlings are attacked that the presence of the disease in a field is at first overlooked. Nevertheless, as the season advances the fungus spreads to healthy plants near by, by means of its multitude of tiny spores produce Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RM8MN7/annual-report-of-the-agricultural-experiment-station-cornell-university-agricultural-experiment-station-agriculture-new-york-state-some-diseases-of-beans-287-so-numerous-as-to-cause-heavy-loss-in-the-seedhngs-and-result-in-a-poor-stand-sometimes-the-stem-is-so-badly-diseased-or-quot-eaten-quot-near-the-base-that-it-falls-over-and-dies-usually-so-few-of-the-seedlings-are-attacked-that-the-presence-of-the-disease-in-a-field-is-at-first-overlooked-nevertheless-as-the-season-advances-the-fungus-spreads-to-healthy-plants-near-by-by-means-of-its-multitude-of-tiny-spores-produce-RM8MN7.jpg ". Annual report of the Agricultural Experiment Station. Cornell University. Agricultural Experiment Station; Agriculture -- New York (State). Some Diseases of Beans. 287 so numerous as to cause heavy loss in the seedHngs and result in a poor stand. Sometimes the stem is so badly diseased or '" eaten " near the base that it falls over and dies. Usually so few of the seedlings are attacked that the presence of the disease in a field is at first overlooked. Nevertheless, as the season advances the fungus spreads to healthy plants near by, by means of its multitude of tiny spores produce Stock Photo")
RMRM8MN7–. Annual report of the Agricultural Experiment Station. Cornell University. Agricultural Experiment Station; Agriculture -- New York (State). Some Diseases of Beans. 287 so numerous as to cause heavy loss in the seedHngs and result in a poor stand. Sometimes the stem is so badly diseased or '" eaten " near the base that it falls over and dies. Usually so few of the seedlings are attacked that the presence of the disease in a field is at first overlooked. Nevertheless, as the season advances the fungus spreads to healthy plants near by, by means of its multitude of tiny spores produce
RMRH8HEA–. Botany for agricultural students. Plants. 462 SPERMATOPHYTES (SEED PLANTS) stigma where the male gametophytc completes its development. The history of the pollen is shown in the upper diagram of Figure 409. The Pistil. — A i)istil consists of one or more megasporophylls (carpels). The megasporophyll is usually organized into an. Fig. 409. — The formation of the spores and gametophytes m Angiosperms. The upper diagram shows the origin of the pollen grains and male gameto- phjrtes. a, cross section of a young anther, showing the mother cells; b, a mother cell beginning to divide; c, the first
RMRH9GBX–. Botany; an elementary text for schools. Plants. 254. Stamens bear the pollen, which is made up of grains or spores, each spore usually being a single plant cell. The stamen is of two parts, as readily seen in Figs. 187, 188, 189,—the enlarged terminal part or anther, and the stalk or filament. The filament is often so short as to seem to be absent, and the anther is then said to be sessile. The anther bears the pollen spores. It is made up of two or four parts (known as sporangia or spore-cases), which burst and discharge the pollen. When the pollen is shed, the stamen dies. 255. Pistils hea
![. Fossil plants : for students of botany and geology . Paleobotany. X] PALAEOSTACHTA. 357 aborted sister-cells like those noticed in G. Binneyana; this phenomenon is well illustrated by the unequally nourished spores in the sporangium of fig. 96, but no such starved spores have been found in the microsporangia. In this cone, then, heterospory has become firmly established, but the occurrence of undersized spores in a macrospore-tetrad leads us back to the probable lines of development of heterospory, which are seen in G. Binneyana at their starting-point. In the two species of strobili which h Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDBC87/fossil-plants-for-students-of-botany-and-geology-paleobotany-x-palaeostachta-357-aborted-sister-cells-like-those-noticed-in-g-binneyana-this-phenomenon-is-well-illustrated-by-the-unequally-nourished-spores-in-the-sporangium-of-fig-96-but-no-such-starved-spores-have-been-found-in-the-microsporangia-in-this-cone-then-heterospory-has-become-firmly-established-but-the-occurrence-of-undersized-spores-in-a-macrospore-tetrad-leads-us-back-to-the-probable-lines-of-development-of-heterospory-which-are-seen-in-g-binneyana-at-their-starting-point-in-the-two-species-of-strobili-which-h-RDBC87.jpg ". Fossil plants : for students of botany and geology . Paleobotany. X] PALAEOSTACHTA. 357 aborted sister-cells like those noticed in G. Binneyana; this phenomenon is well illustrated by the unequally nourished spores in the sporangium of fig. 96, but no such starved spores have been found in the microsporangia. In this cone, then, heterospory has become firmly established, but the occurrence of undersized spores in a macrospore-tetrad leads us back to the probable lines of development of heterospory, which are seen in G. Binneyana at their starting-point. In the two species of strobili which h Stock Photo")
RMRDBC87–. Fossil plants : for students of botany and geology . Paleobotany. X] PALAEOSTACHTA. 357 aborted sister-cells like those noticed in G. Binneyana; this phenomenon is well illustrated by the unequally nourished spores in the sporangium of fig. 96, but no such starved spores have been found in the microsporangia. In this cone, then, heterospory has become firmly established, but the occurrence of undersized spores in a macrospore-tetrad leads us back to the probable lines of development of heterospory, which are seen in G. Binneyana at their starting-point. In the two species of strobili which h
![. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. Minnesota Plant Diseases. "3 Black molds (Mucorinece in part). These fungi are exceed- ingly common plants found on starchy materials and hence often called'bread molds. ylthough they have descended from water-inhabiting plants they have retained almost no trace of an aquatic habit, with the exception of the requirement of a moist atmosphere for growth. That is to say, there is no formation of swimming spores; for all of the spores, except the resting spores, are distributed by the wind, though aided in some cases by a special explosive apparat Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDE4GK/minnesota-plant-diseases-plant-diseases-minnesota-plant-diseases-quot3-black-molds-mucorinece-in-part-these-fungi-are-exceed-ingly-common-plants-found-on-starchy-materials-and-hence-often-calledbread-molds-ylthough-they-have-descended-from-water-inhabiting-plants-they-have-retained-almost-no-trace-of-an-aquatic-habit-with-the-exception-of-the-requirement-of-a-moist-atmosphere-for-growth-that-is-to-say-there-is-no-formation-of-swimming-spores-for-all-of-the-spores-except-the-resting-spores-are-distributed-by-the-wind-though-aided-in-some-cases-by-a-special-explosive-apparat-RDE4GK.jpg ". Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. Minnesota Plant Diseases. "3 Black molds (Mucorinece in part). These fungi are exceed- ingly common plants found on starchy materials and hence often called'bread molds. ylthough they have descended from water-inhabiting plants they have retained almost no trace of an aquatic habit, with the exception of the requirement of a moist atmosphere for growth. That is to say, there is no formation of swimming spores; for all of the spores, except the resting spores, are distributed by the wind, though aided in some cases by a special explosive apparat Stock Photo")
RMRDE4GK–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. Minnesota Plant Diseases. "3 Black molds (Mucorinece in part). These fungi are exceed- ingly common plants found on starchy materials and hence often called'bread molds. ylthough they have descended from water-inhabiting plants they have retained almost no trace of an aquatic habit, with the exception of the requirement of a moist atmosphere for growth. That is to say, there is no formation of swimming spores; for all of the spores, except the resting spores, are distributed by the wind, though aided in some cases by a special explosive apparat
RMRP9GGK–. The American florist : a weekly journal for the trade. Floriculture; Florists. 38 The American Florist. Feb. 7, natural condition for ordinary purposes, one exception to the rule being found in the case of soil that is to be used for sowing fern spores. The baking of the soil for this purpose does away with the weed nuisance, the tiny seedling ferns being liable to be displaced in the removal of a crop of weeds. The repotting of plants is not such a pressing subject during midwinter as is that of proper preparationforthe spring, there being few plants that really are greatly benefited by bei
RMRH8XNW–. Botany for agricultural students. Plants. SPIROGYRA 315 abundant fresh water plants, and in the examination of other forms of fresh water Algae with the microscope one usually finds some Desmids present. The cell is peculiar in being organized into symmetrical halves, which are separated by a constriction that forms an isthmus. The nucleus is in the isthmus, and in each half there is a chloroplast and a number of pyrenoids. They reproduce in two ways, by cell division and by zygo- spores. In multiplying by cell division, the cell divides at the isthmus, the halves separate, and the portion o
RMRHYK2A–. Beginners botany. Botany. STUDIES IN CRYPTOGAMS 201 strand of tissue, the coliancUa, which expands at the mouth into a thin, membranous disl<, closing the entire mouth of the capsule except the narrow annular chink guarded by the teeth. In tliis moss the points of the teeth are attached to the margin of the membrane, allow- ing the spores to sift out through the spaces be- tween them. When the spores germinate they form a green, branched thread, the protonema. This gives rise directly to moss plants, which appear as little buds on the thread. When the moss plants have sent their little rh
RMRE0MTR–. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN'S 113 75. Dispersal by locomotion.—The common method of locomotion is by means of movable hairs (cilia) developed upon the reproductive body, which propel it through the water (see Fig. 109). Swimming spores are very common among the algas, and at least one of the gametes in algae, moss-plants, and fern-plants has the power of swim- ming by means of cilia. 76. Dispersal by water. — It is very common for repro- ductive bodies to be transported by cur- rents of water. The spores of many water plants of all groups, not constructed
RMRPAXTW–. The American florist : a weekly journal for the trade. Floriculture; Florists. 58o The American Florist. Aug I, Dirty Houses, The slovenly housekeeper sweeps her dirt up behind the door, and the ditio florist throws his under the bench. A look under the benches in the green- houses of some florists reveals the most remarkable collection of lubbish that can be imagined. When he has energy enough to clean diseased foliage from the plants, he throws it under the bench where the fungus may ripen its spores ami spread itself. An untidy man will never make a successful florist for clean- liness is
RMRH9348–. Botany for high schools. Botany. 300 GENERAL MORPHOLOGY OF PLANTS forms in which the fertile interior tissue is elevated at maturity by an expanding structure called a receptacle^ leaving the v/all at the base in the form of a sac-like volva. COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF THE FUNGI* 467. The three general types of fructification.—While there are great variations in the special methods in the fruiting of the fungi, i.e., in the pro- duction of the spores, they can all be assembled into three general types of fruc- tification. In each of these types of fructification there are structural elements in t
RMRDHCE7–. Physiological botany; I. Outlines of the histology of phænogamous plants. II. Vegetable physiology. Plant physiology; Plant anatomy. 442 EEPEODUCTION. ences is practican3' unbroken, reaching from the lowest to th( highest forms. The character of this evidence will appear in the succeeding volume of this scries. (6) True ferns exhibit the following phenomena of fertilization. On the hack of the frond there are formed spores in spore-cases, which are variously- grouped and protected. The spores on reaching a fit surface soon give rise to thin films (pro- thalli), on the nndei side of which are
RMRHK3FP–. Biology and man. Biology; Human beings. United States Bureau of Plant Industry NATURAL IMMUNITY IN PLANTS One variety of tobacco was grown between rows of other varieties. All the plants were sprayed with fluid containing spores of black shank, a fungus disease of to- bacco. Among plants, as among animals, individuals and strains of individuals differ from others in the degree to which they are susceptible to particular parasites or diseases Immunity and Susceptibility Individual variation includes great dif- ferences in sensitivity to particular substances. Some people catch colds more easi
RMRDB721–. Gray's new manual of botany. A handbook of the flowering plants and ferns of the central and northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Botany. 48 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE (ADDEu's TONGUE FAMILY) distinct, rather coriaceous, not reticulated, globular, without a ring, and open- ing transversely into two valves. Sterile segment of the frond ternately or pinnately divided or compound ; veins all free. Spores copious, sulphur-color. (Name a diminutive of fiSrpvs, a cluster of grapes, from the appearance of the fructification.) § 1. EUBOTRYCHIUM Milde. Base of the stalk (^containing the bud) complete
RMRDYE4Y–. A manual of poisonous plants, chiefly of eastern North America, with brief notes on economic and medicinal plants, and numerous illustrations. Poisonous plants. EUTHALLEPHYTA—EUMYCETES—MOULD 197 to the specimen, the wall of the sporangium collapses and the end of the stalk, known as the columella, turns back, giving it something of the appearance of an umbrella. The columella, before it collapses, projects into the sporangium.. Fig. 40. Mucor Rouxii. Conidio- phore. 2. Gemmae. 3. Chlamydo- spores. All greatly magnified. 1 after Vuillemin. 2 after Calmette. 3 after ( Wehmer. (Modified by Char
RMRDA7XC–. Beginners' botany. Botany. STUDIES IN CRYPTOGAMS 201 Strand of tissue, the columella, which expands at the mouth into a thin, membranous disk, closing the entire mouth of the capsule except the narrow annular chink guarded by the teeth. In this moss the points of the teeth are attached to the margin of the membrane, allow- ing the spores to sift out through the spaces be- tween them. When the spores germinate they form a green, branched thread, the protonema. This gives rise directly to moss plants, which appear as little buds on the thread. When the moss plants have sent their little rhizoi
![. Cyclopedia of American horticulture, comprising suggestions for cultivation of horticultural plants, descriptions of the species of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ornamental plants sold in the United States and Canada, together with geographical and biographical sketches. Gardening. 618 FUNGUS A Fungus is a plant of very low ( inft of one or more cells multiply] division and by spores. It contain; (chlorophyll), and grows either as saprophyte upon. 880. Colonies non-living organic matter or derives its food directly from another living organism, and is then a true para- site. Fungi are ver Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RD5414/cyclopedia-of-american-horticulture-comprising-suggestions-for-cultivation-of-horticultural-plants-descriptions-of-the-species-of-fruits-vegetables-flowers-and-ornamental-plants-sold-in-the-united-states-and-canada-together-with-geographical-and-biographical-sketches-gardening-618-fungus-a-fungus-is-a-plant-of-very-low-inft-of-one-or-more-cells-multiply-division-and-by-spores-it-contain-chlorophyll-and-grows-either-as-saprophyte-upon-880-colonies-non-living-organic-matter-or-derives-its-food-directly-from-another-living-organism-and-is-then-a-true-para-site-fungi-are-ver-RD5414.jpg ". Cyclopedia of American horticulture, comprising suggestions for cultivation of horticultural plants, descriptions of the species of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ornamental plants sold in the United States and Canada, together with geographical and biographical sketches. Gardening. 618 FUNGUS A Fungus is a plant of very low ( inft of one or more cells multiply] division and by spores. It contain; (chlorophyll), and grows either as saprophyte upon. 880. Colonies non-living organic matter or derives its food directly from another living organism, and is then a true para- site. Fungi are ver Stock Photo")
RMRD5414–. Cyclopedia of American horticulture, comprising suggestions for cultivation of horticultural plants, descriptions of the species of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ornamental plants sold in the United States and Canada, together with geographical and biographical sketches. Gardening. 618 FUNGUS A Fungus is a plant of very low ( inft of one or more cells multiply] division and by spores. It contain; (chlorophyll), and grows either as saprophyte upon. 880. Colonies non-living organic matter or derives its food directly from another living organism, and is then a true para- site. Fungi are ver
RMRDXT14–. A manual of poisonous plants, chiefly of eastern North America, with brief notes on economic and medicinal plants, and numerous illustrations. Poisonous plants. Fig. 84. Common Blue Mould (Penicilium glaucum). 1. Conidiophore, spores in chains. 2. Sclero.tiura or hard compact mass of fungus (threads hyphae) with asci and ascospores. Asci and ascospores shown above. Brefeld.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work..
![. Conditions of life in the sea; a short account of quantitative marine biological research. Marine biology. CH. IV] LIFE IN THE SEA 95 Previously many of these plants have formed resting spores, and are lying dormant. Genera like Biddidphia, Goscinodiscus and Chaetoceros appear about the end of February, at times in great profusion, so that the tow-nets may occasionally contain little else than these organisms. The fishes begin to spawn, and the copepods too increase in numbers. But the changes which characterise the months of February and March are (1) the increase in the diatoms, and (2) th Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/REB6MF/conditions-of-life-in-the-sea-a-short-account-of-quantitative-marine-biological-research-marine-biology-ch-iv-life-in-the-sea-95-previously-many-of-these-plants-have-formed-resting-spores-and-are-lying-dormant-genera-like-biddidphia-goscinodiscus-and-chaetoceros-appear-about-the-end-of-february-at-times-in-great-profusion-so-that-the-tow-nets-may-occasionally-contain-little-else-than-these-organisms-the-fishes-begin-to-spawn-and-the-copepods-too-increase-in-numbers-but-the-changes-which-characterise-the-months-of-february-and-march-are-1-the-increase-in-the-diatoms-and-2-th-REB6MF.jpg ". Conditions of life in the sea; a short account of quantitative marine biological research. Marine biology. CH. IV] LIFE IN THE SEA 95 Previously many of these plants have formed resting spores, and are lying dormant. Genera like Biddidphia, Goscinodiscus and Chaetoceros appear about the end of February, at times in great profusion, so that the tow-nets may occasionally contain little else than these organisms. The fishes begin to spawn, and the copepods too increase in numbers. But the changes which characterise the months of February and March are (1) the increase in the diatoms, and (2) th Stock Photo")
RMREB6MF–. Conditions of life in the sea; a short account of quantitative marine biological research. Marine biology. CH. IV] LIFE IN THE SEA 95 Previously many of these plants have formed resting spores, and are lying dormant. Genera like Biddidphia, Goscinodiscus and Chaetoceros appear about the end of February, at times in great profusion, so that the tow-nets may occasionally contain little else than these organisms. The fishes begin to spawn, and the copepods too increase in numbers. But the changes which characterise the months of February and March are (1) the increase in the diatoms, and (2) th
RMRDX10N–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. CHAPTER VII HEMIBASIDIOMYCETES USTILAGINALES The Ustilaginales, Brand fungi, Smuts or Bunts, constitute a group of some 400 obligate parasites on the higher plants, giving rise in the tissues of the host to characteristic, usuallydark-coloured resting-spores, the brand-spores, teleutospores or chlamydospores. These are developed in considerable quantities, either singly, in pairs, or in clusters known as spore-balls, and when ripe break through the host tissue, forming a pustule or sorus. No distortion of the host is caused during the per
RMRDDANX–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 303 Son agglutinated Spore-balls (variable) composed of thick-walled spores 10. Tolyposporella. Spore-balls with peripheral spores and central sterile cells 11. Testicularia. Of these genera numbers three to eleven inclusive occur on un- important plants. Among them are: Polygonum, Rynchospora, Psilocary, Cyperus, Carex, Luzula, Juncus, Fimbrystylis, Cissis; various unimportant grasses, members of the Carduaceae, Faba- ceae, Nyctaginacese, Amarantaceae, Cyperacese, Dracenaceae, and Eriocaulacese.
RMRH8YXR–. Botany; an elementary text for schools. Plants. 184 STUDIES IN CRYPTOGAMS. 325. ori containing teleu- tospores of wheat true parasite, affecting wheat and a few other grasses. The mycelium here cannot be seen by the unaided eye, for it consists of threads which are present within the host plant, mostly in the intercellular spaces. These threads also send short branches, or haustoria (180), into the neighboring cells to absorb nutriment. The resting-spores of wheat rust are produced in late summer, when they may be found in black lines breaking through the epidermis of the wheat-stalk. They a
RMRM8X8K–. Annual report of the Agricultural Experiment Station. Cornell University. Agricultural Experiment Station; Agriculture -- New York (State). The Farm Table. 683 and they will die if deprived of moisture and food. But the spores, like the seeds of plants, will live for a long time without moisture or food. Extreme cold may not kill them. Extreme heat will destroy the life in the spore, the same as it does in the seed of the plant. There are some plants and seeds that will stand great heat and cold without injury. Among the bacteria there are some kinds that are killed by a temperature as low
RMRDWPK6–. An introduction to the structure and reproduction of plants. Plant anatomy; Plants. 250 OTHER BASIDIOMYCETES been shed. It has been estimated that a moderate-sized specimen will produce some 1,800,000,000 spores, and other allied species form spores in even greater profusion ! In the genus Boletus, whose fruit-body has the same general form as that of the Mushroom, the underside of the cap presents the structure of a honeycomb, consisting of a multitude of vertical tubes, the inner surfaces of which are lined with hymenium (Fig. 134, E). A similar construction is seen in the Bracket Fungus [
RMRH8062–. Botany of the living plant. Botany; Plants. BASIDIOMYCETES 441 A further point of importance is that in a nutritive liquid, like the foul water of the manure-heap, the spores formed on germination continue to multiply by budding, thus increasing the chances of infection (Fig. 339, d, e). The detached spores then conjugate and begin a bi-nucleate stage, which is able to penetrate the tissue of the seedling corn but not of the adult. The plant, once infected, grows on as though quite healthy till the flowering period. Then the parasite, the mycelium of which has followed its growth internally,
RMRP0EYK–. The American florist : a weekly journal for the trade. Floriculture; Florists. ORCHID EXHIBir B'l JOHN C. CARBONS AT THE SAN FRANCISCO SHOW. Winner of Second Pri/.'. Fern Spore Variation. To those who devote their careful attention to the raising of varietal ferns from spores, phenomena are fre- quently presented of a very puzzling nature, and which certainly merit record, since it is onl.v by the accumu- lation of such records that any laws underlying these apparently erratic phenomena can ever be discovered. That spores or seeds from variable plants, possibly of mixed origin, should give r
RMRDWBPT–. The essentials of botany. Botany. CARPOPRTTA. 167 tically. These protophytes, which ^ live in the midst of the moist tis- sues of the lichens, were until re- K^, cently supposed to be parts of the lichen itself, and were called go- nidia, a term which it is still con- venient to use. A few lichens are parasitib in this way upon plants a little higher than protophytes. 351. The spores of lichens are produced in sacs, which are either in discs (similar to those of Cup- fungi) or in cavities (similar to these of the Black Fungi). In many common species the spore- bearing discs (called apothecid
RMRH8XFR–. Botany for secondary schools; a guide to the knowledge of the vegetation of the neighborhood. Plants. 355. Leaf of barberry with cluster-cups. a cross-section of one of the cups, outlining the long chains of spores, and the mycelium in the tissues. The aecidiospores are formed in the spring, and after they have been set free some of them lodge on wheat or other grasses, where they germi- nate immediately. The germ-tube enters the leaf through a stomate, whence it spreads among the cells of the wheat plant. The aecidiospores are not able to infect the barberry leaf. During summer one-celled u
RMRH92XK–. Botany for high schools. Botany. LIVERWORTS the egg case (fig. 287), the capsule opens and the spores are scattered. The spores germinate under favorable conditions and produce the thallus of the marchantia, thus completing the life cycle. 477. Riccia.—Riccia is another of the thallose liverworts. The plants are thin and leaf-like, some being nearly circular, others semicircular, others narrowly strap-shaped. They branch in a forked manner so that the circular forms are split or indented inward from the edge, while some of the strap-shaped forms produce rosettes. They grow on wet ground or f
RMRJD6HY–. The century book of gardening; a comprehensive work for every lover of the garden. Gardening. 364 THE CENTURY BOOK OF GARDENING. their number decorative plants of much value. Manv of them are extremely graceful, and, as they resist draughts better than most, are popular for the dwelling-house. Under such conditions many of them will keep in good health for years. Some species when raised from spores vary to an almost unlimited extent, hence distinct varieties are common. In a good selection of Pteris the following are all worthy of a place : P. arguta, a free, bold- growing plant which has f
RMRDWNFW–. Science of plant life, a high school botany treating of the plant and its relation to the environment. Botany. 266 Science of Plant Life the alternate host plants are the wild and cultivated goose- berries and currants. Another common rust is frequently seen on raspberry and blackberry bushes along roadsides; it colors the imder sides of the leaves with its bright, orange-red spores. The smuts. The smuts of oats, wheat, barley, and corn often greatly reduce the yield of these plants. But since their Hfe histories are known, it is coinpara- tively easy to control them. The smut fungi generall
RMRDWPAG–. An introduction to the structure and reproduction of plants. Plant anatomy; Plants. STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF SPORANGIA 299 g-ranular thin-walled cells of the tapetum, which thus disorganises before the sporangium matures. Witli the ripening of the sorus the indusium dries and shrivels, exposing the sporangia, which likewise begin to lose moisture. As evaporation proceeds, the thin outer walls of the annulus. Fig. 166.—Nephrodium fiUx-mas. A, Mature spores, greatly magnified. B, A single sporangium, showing the annulus [an.) and stomium (s.). C, Early stages (I—IV) in the development of t
![. Fungi; their nature and uses. Fungi. STRUCTURE. 41. whence they spring. In the best known species, Tilletia caries, they constitute the " bunt" of wheat. The peculiarities of germination will be alluded to hereafter. In Ustilago, the minute sooty spores are developed either on delicate threads or in compacted cells, arising first from a sort of semi-gelati- nous, grumous stroma. It is very difficult to detect any threads associated with the spores. The species attack the flowers and anthers of composite and polygonaceous plants, the leaves, culms, and germen of grasses, &c, and Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDHTE0/fungi-their-nature-and-uses-fungi-structure-41-whence-they-spring-in-the-best-known-species-tilletia-caries-they-constitute-the-quot-buntquot-of-wheat-the-peculiarities-of-germination-will-be-alluded-to-hereafter-in-ustilago-the-minute-sooty-spores-are-developed-either-on-delicate-threads-or-in-compacted-cells-arising-first-from-a-sort-of-semi-gelati-nous-grumous-stroma-it-is-very-difficult-to-detect-any-threads-associated-with-the-spores-the-species-attack-the-flowers-and-anthers-of-composite-and-polygonaceous-plants-the-leaves-culms-and-germen-of-grasses-ampc-and-RDHTE0.jpg ". Fungi; their nature and uses. Fungi. STRUCTURE. 41. whence they spring. In the best known species, Tilletia caries, they constitute the " bunt" of wheat. The peculiarities of germination will be alluded to hereafter. In Ustilago, the minute sooty spores are developed either on delicate threads or in compacted cells, arising first from a sort of semi-gelati- nous, grumous stroma. It is very difficult to detect any threads associated with the spores. The species attack the flowers and anthers of composite and polygonaceous plants, the leaves, culms, and germen of grasses, &c, and Stock Photo")
RMRDHTE0–. Fungi; their nature and uses. Fungi. STRUCTURE. 41. whence they spring. In the best known species, Tilletia caries, they constitute the " bunt" of wheat. The peculiarities of germination will be alluded to hereafter. In Ustilago, the minute sooty spores are developed either on delicate threads or in compacted cells, arising first from a sort of semi-gelati- nous, grumous stroma. It is very difficult to detect any threads associated with the spores. The species attack the flowers and anthers of composite and polygonaceous plants, the leaves, culms, and germen of grasses, &c, and
![. Fossil plants : for students of botany and geology . Paleobotany. XX] EUFILICINEAE 283 I. Leptosporangiate Filicales. In these homosporous and heteiosporous plants the sporangia are developed from single epidermal cells. (a) Eufilicineae. The sporangia bear spores of one kind only; the wall of a sporangium consists of one layer of cells. In. Fig. 220. Young fronds of (A) Angiopteris evecta and (B) Cycas revohita. (Beduced.) the great majority of cases the sporangia are characterised by the possession of a conspicuous row of thick-walled brown cells, the annulus which serves as a mechanism f Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDBBPX/fossil-plants-for-students-of-botany-and-geology-paleobotany-xx-eufilicineae-283-i-leptosporangiate-filicales-in-these-homosporous-and-heteiosporous-plants-the-sporangia-are-developed-from-single-epidermal-cells-a-eufilicineae-the-sporangia-bear-spores-of-one-kind-only-the-wall-of-a-sporangium-consists-of-one-layer-of-cells-in-fig-220-young-fronds-of-a-angiopteris-evecta-and-b-cycas-revohita-beduced-the-great-majority-of-cases-the-sporangia-are-characterised-by-the-possession-of-a-conspicuous-row-of-thick-walled-brown-cells-the-annulus-which-serves-as-a-mechanism-f-RDBBPX.jpg ". Fossil plants : for students of botany and geology . Paleobotany. XX] EUFILICINEAE 283 I. Leptosporangiate Filicales. In these homosporous and heteiosporous plants the sporangia are developed from single epidermal cells. (a) Eufilicineae. The sporangia bear spores of one kind only; the wall of a sporangium consists of one layer of cells. In. Fig. 220. Young fronds of (A) Angiopteris evecta and (B) Cycas revohita. (Beduced.) the great majority of cases the sporangia are characterised by the possession of a conspicuous row of thick-walled brown cells, the annulus which serves as a mechanism f Stock Photo")
RMRDBBPX–. Fossil plants : for students of botany and geology . Paleobotany. XX] EUFILICINEAE 283 I. Leptosporangiate Filicales. In these homosporous and heteiosporous plants the sporangia are developed from single epidermal cells. (a) Eufilicineae. The sporangia bear spores of one kind only; the wall of a sporangium consists of one layer of cells. In. Fig. 220. Young fronds of (A) Angiopteris evecta and (B) Cycas revohita. (Beduced.) the great majority of cases the sporangia are characterised by the possession of a conspicuous row of thick-walled brown cells, the annulus which serves as a mechanism f
RMRDW9D0–. Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. 388 BOTANY. spores, while the interior ones contain microspores. Both macrospcres and microspores are produced in great numbers iu the sporangia. Tlie Quillworts are for^tlie most part aquatic plants ; ihey are found chiefly in the north temperate and warm regions. The species, of. Pig. 280.—flerraination of the microspores of Tsoeies laeustris. ^, a microspore, side view. B, the same, ventral view ; the ppore contents have divided into a few cells, of which v in each figure lepresenta the rudimentary prothallium ; j3^ /3 are the ventral, and (!
![. A manual of weeds : with descriptions of all the most pernicious and troublesome plants in the United States and Canada, their habits of growth and distribution, with methods of control . Weeds. POLYGONACEAE {BUCKWHEAT FAMILY) 101 fungus which turns the heads into a mass of purple spores, de- stroying the fruits so that "purplehead" is a benefit from the farmer's point of view. Achenes black, lens-shaped, smooth, and shining. (Fig. 59.) Means of control Cut closely or pull before any seeds have matured. Rankly infested ground should be put under cultivation before being again used Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RD9WH7/a-manual-of-weeds-with-descriptions-of-all-the-most-pernicious-and-troublesome-plants-in-the-united-states-and-canada-their-habits-of-growth-and-distribution-with-methods-of-control-weeds-polygonaceae-buckwheat-family-101-fungus-which-turns-the-heads-into-a-mass-of-purple-spores-de-stroying-the-fruits-so-that-quotpurpleheadquot-is-a-benefit-from-the-farmers-point-of-view-achenes-black-lens-shaped-smooth-and-shining-fig-59-means-of-control-cut-closely-or-pull-before-any-seeds-have-matured-rankly-infested-ground-should-be-put-under-cultivation-before-being-again-used-RD9WH7.jpg ". A manual of weeds : with descriptions of all the most pernicious and troublesome plants in the United States and Canada, their habits of growth and distribution, with methods of control . Weeds. POLYGONACEAE {BUCKWHEAT FAMILY) 101 fungus which turns the heads into a mass of purple spores, de- stroying the fruits so that "purplehead" is a benefit from the farmer's point of view. Achenes black, lens-shaped, smooth, and shining. (Fig. 59.) Means of control Cut closely or pull before any seeds have matured. Rankly infested ground should be put under cultivation before being again used Stock Photo")
RMRD9WH7–. A manual of weeds : with descriptions of all the most pernicious and troublesome plants in the United States and Canada, their habits of growth and distribution, with methods of control . Weeds. POLYGONACEAE {BUCKWHEAT FAMILY) 101 fungus which turns the heads into a mass of purple spores, de- stroying the fruits so that "purplehead" is a benefit from the farmer's point of view. Achenes black, lens-shaped, smooth, and shining. (Fig. 59.) Means of control Cut closely or pull before any seeds have matured. Rankly infested ground should be put under cultivation before being again used
RMRE9K0G–. Contributions from the Hull Botanical Laboratory. Plants. 394 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [NOVEMBER sowing of the spores and the appearance above ground of the first tiny leaf of the sporeling. We have seen one sporeling with a fertile spike bearing a few sporangia while still attached to the pro thallium, but it is probable that ten or twelve years usually elapse between the germination of the spore and the development of a plant up to the spore-bearing stage. During the past twenty years we have made so many unsuccessful attempts to germinate Botrychium that we did not even try to test our theory by
RMRE0M50–. Experiments with plants. Botany. 224. Summer spores, or uredo- spores (I'ed nist stage), of the Black Stem Rust of Wheat. Autumn spores, or teleuto- spores (black rust stage), of the Black Stem Rust of Wheat. (uredospores) earlier, the other (teleutospores), later in the season. The uredospores germinate during the summer; they send out germ-tubes which enter the stomata of the leaf (Fig. 226). The teleutospores rest â â during the winter; in the spring they germinate, producing conidia (Fig. 227, c),which are borne by the wind to the leaves of the Barberry plant; here they germinate, penetr
RMRHK0FB–. Biology and man. Biology; Human beings. the end of the stamen is the pollen box, or anther, from a Greek word for flower. The anthers bear sticky or powdery pollen grains, which correspond to the spores of simpler plants. The pollen grains resemble the spores of various kinds of simpler plants, such as mosses and ferns (see illustration, p. 387). And Hke such spores they normally give rise to a structure that corresponds to a gmnetophyte, as in mosses and ferns (see page 385). But this is a very small plant that can be seen only with a microscope, and so is easily overlooked. Moreover, this
![. The elements of structural botany [microform] : with special reference to the study of Canadian plants : to which is added a selection of examination papers. Plant anatomy; Botany; Botanique; Botanique. â '! J the In :s are li are )f the !rs of Lt its I'eady lit of )ores, Itij^ the il size. KXAMIXATION OF A LIVKKWORT. 195 pretty much as in the Mosses, though in Marcliantia the stalk of the capsule is very short, and the whole is surrounded Iiy a loose sheath which grows up from the base and at length completely encloses it. The spores on germinating develope into plant-bodies such as we have Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RJ0XDB/the-elements-of-structural-botany-microform-with-special-reference-to-the-study-of-canadian-plants-to-which-is-added-a-selection-of-examination-papers-plant-anatomy-botany-botanique-botanique-!-j-the-in-s-are-li-are-f-the-!rs-of-lt-its-ieady-lit-of-ores-itij-the-il-size-kxamixation-of-a-livkkwort-195-pretty-much-as-in-the-mosses-though-in-marcliantia-the-stalk-of-the-capsule-is-very-short-and-the-whole-is-surrounded-iiy-a-loose-sheath-which-grows-up-from-the-base-and-at-length-completely-encloses-it-the-spores-on-germinating-develope-into-plant-bodies-such-as-we-have-RJ0XDB.jpg ". The elements of structural botany [microform] : with special reference to the study of Canadian plants : to which is added a selection of examination papers. Plant anatomy; Botany; Botanique; Botanique. â '! J the In :s are li are )f the !rs of Lt its I'eady lit of )ores, Itij^ the il size. KXAMIXATION OF A LIVKKWORT. 195 pretty much as in the Mosses, though in Marcliantia the stalk of the capsule is very short, and the whole is surrounded Iiy a loose sheath which grows up from the base and at length completely encloses it. The spores on germinating develope into plant-bodies such as we have Stock Photo")
RMRJ0XDB–. The elements of structural botany [microform] : with special reference to the study of Canadian plants : to which is added a selection of examination papers. Plant anatomy; Botany; Botanique; Botanique. â '! J the In :s are li are )f the !rs of Lt its I'eady lit of )ores, Itij^ the il size. KXAMIXATION OF A LIVKKWORT. 195 pretty much as in the Mosses, though in Marcliantia the stalk of the capsule is very short, and the whole is surrounded Iiy a loose sheath which grows up from the base and at length completely encloses it. The spores on germinating develope into plant-bodies such as we have
RMRDY7DK–. The families of flowering plants. Plants; Phanerogams. 18 FAMILIES OF FLOWERING PLANTS. neys. The pollen, which its produced in great quantities during the flowering season, is sometimes employed in place of lycopodium spores as an absorbent powder. Family Sparganiaceae.—Bur-reed Family. This also consists of a single genus, Sparganlimi, and it was formerly included among the cat-tails. The plants possess an entirely different aspect, however; the flowers are monoecious, as in Typha, but they are borne in several globular heads on the upper branches of the stem, and not in a single terminal
RMRDWPMW–. An introduction to the structure and reproduction of plants. Plant anatomy; Plants. MUCOR 237 later conspicuous, dark brown or black, spherical sponmgia {sp.) appear at the ends of relatively thick upright hyphre, which in some species are branched. An ally of Miicor [Rhizopus stolonifer), that occurs very commonly on stale bread and horse dung, spreads very rapidly by hypha resembling. Fig. 125.—Mucor. a, mycelium, slightly magnified, showing two of the long-stalked sporangia (sp.) ; 6, sporangium, much enlarged, in optical section, showing the numerous spores and the central column (Co.) ;
RMRDD2CF–. Cyclopedia of American horticulture, comprising suggestions for cultivation of horticultural plants, descriptions of the species of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ornamental plants sold in the United States and Canada, together with geographical and biographical sketches. Gardening. BLECHNUM BLOOMERIA 167 roots, with a drier atmosphere than most other Perns re - quire, to prevent fronds from turning brown during win- ter months. Average temp. 60-65° F. Soil, equal parts of rich loam and leaf-mold or peat. The spores of most Blechnums germinate very freely if sown on a compost of loam and l
RMRDWC4G–. The essentials of botany. Botany. ASCOSPOREAE 213 C. Spore fruits much reduced, containing teliospores. Class Teliospobeae. D. Asci, basidia or teliospores unknown (artificial group). Fungi Impeefecti. Class 14. ASCOSPOREAE. The Ascus Fungi. 333. This large class includes chlorophyll-less plants which differ much in size and appearance, but which agree in producing their fruit-spores (carpo- spores) in sacs (asci), and because they are in sacs they are called sac-spores or ascospores. These spore-bearing sacs (singular, ascus; plural, asci) are end- cells in the sporogenous tissue of the fru
RMRDWMBE–. First forms of vegetation. Botany; Cryptogams. FUNGI. 405 which have a swollen or moniliform appearance, probably owing to repeated abortive attempts to produce fruit, and others develop a number of ovoid and transparent spores, and among them bodies of a larger size which mature within them- selves zoospores by a differentiation of their con- tents, is invariably connected with the disease, and is found on the decaying plants ; the growth of the fungus being aided by some predisposition. Fig. 49.—Peeonospora infestans. (i) Young plants. {2) Full grown. (3) Spore.—^All magnified. in the stat
RMRDHEH1–. Plant life and plant uses; an elementary textbook, a foundation for the study of agriculture, domestic science or college botany. Botany. 388 THE NON-VASCULAR PLANTS. Late in summer another kind of spore appears. This is usually after the wheat has been cut. We find this new kind of spore on the stubble. Stubble is what is left of the wheat after the harvest. This second kind of spore forms black marks on the old stalks; it is sometimes called black rust. These are the winter spores of the wheat rust. These black spores have heavier walls than the summer spores, and it is by means of them th
RMREK85T–. The classification of flowering plants. Plants. 54 FLOWERING PLANTS [CH. In Ceratozamia and Stangeria, according to Treub^° and Lang^ respectively, the spore-mother-cell divides transversely into three cells (potential mega- spores), the lowest of which be- comes the functional megaspore, enlarging rapidly at the expense of the others and adjacent cells. In Cycas the outer wall of the megaspore becomes cutinized. Fig. 6. Female cone of Macrozamia Preissii, I nat. size. The cone has been in part cut lengthwise to shew the attach- ment of the carpels to the axis (a), and the position of the se
![. The diseases of crops and their remedies : a handbook of economic biology for farmers and students. Plant diseases. 30 DISEASES OF CROPS. plants, " sucking" their juices, and thereby causing disease. Prevention.—(1) Destroy all refuse from the pea crop, as it harbours the resting-spores of this fungus. (2) Parm- yard manure, from cattle fed on vetches and peas, should not be used for manuring land required for peas and vetches. The reason of this is, that the resting-spores of. Fig. 10.—Peronospoea vicie. The mould of vetcties and peas (caosiDg brownish patches on the leaves, etc.) Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDDYK0/the-diseases-of-crops-and-their-remedies-a-handbook-of-economic-biology-for-farmers-and-students-plant-diseases-30-diseases-of-crops-plants-quot-suckingquot-their-juices-and-thereby-causing-disease-prevention1-destroy-all-refuse-from-the-pea-crop-as-it-harbours-the-resting-spores-of-this-fungus-2-parm-yard-manure-from-cattle-fed-on-vetches-and-peas-should-not-be-used-for-manuring-land-required-for-peas-and-vetches-the-reason-of-this-is-that-the-resting-spores-of-fig-10peronospoea-vicie-the-mould-of-vetcties-and-peas-caosidg-brownish-patches-on-the-leaves-etc-RDDYK0.jpg ". The diseases of crops and their remedies : a handbook of economic biology for farmers and students. Plant diseases. 30 DISEASES OF CROPS. plants, " sucking" their juices, and thereby causing disease. Prevention.—(1) Destroy all refuse from the pea crop, as it harbours the resting-spores of this fungus. (2) Parm- yard manure, from cattle fed on vetches and peas, should not be used for manuring land required for peas and vetches. The reason of this is, that the resting-spores of. Fig. 10.—Peronospoea vicie. The mould of vetcties and peas (caosiDg brownish patches on the leaves, etc.) Stock Photo")
RMRDDYK0–. The diseases of crops and their remedies : a handbook of economic biology for farmers and students. Plant diseases. 30 DISEASES OF CROPS. plants, " sucking" their juices, and thereby causing disease. Prevention.—(1) Destroy all refuse from the pea crop, as it harbours the resting-spores of this fungus. (2) Parm- yard manure, from cattle fed on vetches and peas, should not be used for manuring land required for peas and vetches. The reason of this is, that the resting-spores of. Fig. 10.—Peronospoea vicie. The mould of vetcties and peas (caosiDg brownish patches on the leaves, etc.)
RMRH7YXJ–. Botany of the living plant. Botany; Plants. Fig. 371. A, Ripe capsule of Aneura pinguis in longitudinal section. From the summit an elaterophcre hangs into the spore-cavity, in which are many spores and detached elaters. Magnified. (After Goebel.) B, Capsule of Pellia calycina, burst, and emptied, showing the valves of the wall recurved, and an elaterophore rising from the base, bearing many threads. (After Goebel.) ally specialised for carrying on photosynthesis, nor is there any complete columella. Moreover the ripe sporogonium is longer enclosed in the archegonial wall; but it bursts it a
RMRE1PM0–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. DEVELOPMENT OF PLANTS 317 tion is not often met with, owing to the fact that, like the sporo- phyte, its development is associated with mycorrhizal fungi and consequently it is usually completely buried in the soil and usually quite devoid of chlorophyll. The various stages in the germina- tion of the spores have never been observed, but the mature gam- etophyte of Botrychium was found a few years ago by Jeffrey ^^•./''^^ - $ e ^f. Fig. 218. The gametophyte and young sporophyte of Botrychium: A, tuberous appearance of the gametophyte—e, a young sporo
RMRH1YPG–. Bulbs and tuberous-rooted plants; their history, description, methods of propagation and complete directions for their successful culture in the garden, dwelling and greenhouse. Bulbs (Plants). 304 BULBS AKD TUBEROUS-ROOTED PLANTS. This form of mold is common upon many plants, and at times is very destructive to root crops, as Turnip and Carrot. The Onion, another bulbous plant, is often attacked by the same or a similar gray mold (Botrytis). The multitudes of spores borne upon the tips of the branches germinate quickly, and, when lying upon the surface of a Lily leaf, will bore their tubes
RMRJYTH5–. Aspects of plant life; with special reference to the British flora. Plants. 158 PAST AND PRESENT account. This story partakes about equally of inci- dents characteristic of the life-history of the lower animals and of the lower plants. The fruiting stage and the wind dispersal of the spores recall the arrangements familiar in the Fungi, and are not matched in any section of the animal kingdom; while the creeping plasmodium, devouring food as it goes,. a. Fig. 26.—A Myxomycete (Comatricha typhoides) in Fruit. a. Natural size; h, enlarged. is entirely suggestive of animal Hfe, and is not paral
RMREXGG7–. Dreer's wholesale price list : bulbs for florists plants for florists flower seeds for florists. Bulbs (Plants) Catalogs; Flowers Seeds Catalogs; Vegetables Seeds Catalogs; Nurseries (Horticulture) Catalogs; Gardening Equipment and supplies Catalogs. Gypsophila Elegans Alba Ciranditliirn Fern Spores We can furnish spores of our own saving of the following splendid varieties. Adlantnin Caneatmn Pterls Serrnlata Serrulata Crlstata Tremala Victorte WllBOnl, 91.00 Wlmsettl W'imsettl Multiceps. Aspidiuiu Tsussinense Cyrtomlum Rochfordlanum Conipaotnni Pterls Adlantoldea '< Cretlca Albo Lineata
RMRH84MT–. Botany for agricultural students. Plants. STROBILI 453 the back or lower side of the niicrosporophylls are the micro- sporangia, usually two, and each contains numerous microspores. Nearly opposite each other on the microspore are two air-sacs whereby the spores are easily carried by the wind. When the spores are mature, the microsporangia or pollen sacs open by longitudinal slits, and the pollen shatters out, often like small. Fig. 402. The staminate structures of the Pine. A, cluster of staminate strobiU (X about f). B, a. staminate strobilus enlarged, showing the arrange- ment of the micr
RMRH8069–. Botany of the living plant. Botany; Plants. Fig. 339. Teleutospores or brand spores of Ustilago germinating, and giving off basidiospores or sporidia. (a) germinated in water only, b, c, d, e in nutritive solutions, where they continue to sprout. Very highly magnified. (After Brefeld, from Marshall Ward.) minate after the winter's rest, forming a basidium (promycelium) with effective basidiospores (sporidia). The germs may have remained in the soil of the field from the previous season ; or the crop may have been harvested and the straw used for bedding, passed to the manure-heap, and then c
RMRDJ8W7–. Plant life and plant uses; an elementary textbook, a foundation for the study of agriculture, domestic science or college botany. Botany. CLUB MOSSES 427 facts about Selaginella which forecast the habits of seed plants and throw light upon their evolution. Not only are there two kinds of spores produced, but these spores are produced separately in two kinds of'sporangia. And not only are there these two kinds of spo- rangia, but these sporangia are produced separately on two kinds ofsporophylls. (See Figure 220.) And these facts are also true of seed plants. In what way are these two kinds o
RMRDF1NJ–. The structure and development of mosses and ferns (Archegoniatae). Plant morphology; Mosses; Ferns. 478 MOSSES AND FERNS CHAP. centre of the cell, and the connecting filaments are formed be- tween them. In the connecting spindles there is formed be- tween each pair of nuclei a cell plate, which soon develops into a definite cellulose membrane, and the spores separate completely. It is probable that the definitive cell-wall is formed in the same way as in the spore-formation of other plants (Mottier ( 3 ), p. 32 ). The cell-plate formed at the equator of the spindle in the later stages of div
RMRDDA8N–. Lessons in botany. Botany. 132 BOTANY. The walls are thinner and not so dark in color, and they are covered with minute spines. They have also short stalks, but •e^gj^ these fall away very easily. These one- MSwIiSl^ celled spores of the red-rust form are called '' uredospores.'' The uredospores and teleutospores are sometimes found in the same pustule. It was once supposed that these two kinds of spores belonged to different plants, but now it is known that the one-celled form, the uredospores, is a form developed earlier in the season than the teleu- tospores. 223. Cluster- cup form on the
RMRDA867–. Beginners' botany. Botany. 186 BEGIA'NEJiS' BOTANY Vaucheria is another alga common in shallow water and on damp soil. The thallus is much branched, but the threads are not divided by cross walls as in spirogyra. The plants are attached by means of colorless root-like organs which are much like the root hairs of the higher plants : these are rhhoids. The chloro- phyll is in the form oigrams scattered through the thread. Vaucheria has a special mode of asexual reproduction by means of swimming spores or swarm-spores. These are formed singly in a short enlarged lateral branch known as the spor
RMRDE4BY–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. 140 Minnesota Plant Diseases. plants are very minute and can usually only be clearly seen un- der a compound microscope. On the one hand these fungi show relationships with the sphere fungi, which are undoubted- ly their closest fungus relatives. They form sacs containing spores and these are contained in sac-capsules. The structure of the sacrcapsule is not however very similar to those of the sphere fungi. The cases are often long pear-shaped and the sacs are produced over a considerable period of time and do not all mature at once. Moreover, the s
![. Plants; a text-book of botany. Botany. 66 PLANT STKaCTURES "cluster-cups." This mycelium on the barberry, bearing cluster-cups, was thought to be a distinct plant, and was called ^cidium. The name now is applied to the cluster-cups, which are called (eridia, and the conidia-like spores which they produce are known as wcidio&pores. It is the secidia which give name to the group, and iEcidiomycetes are those Fungi in whose life history secidia or cluster-cups ajDpear. The Eecidiospores are scattered by the wind, fall upon the spring wheat, germinate, and develop again the myce- l Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDWAYE/plants-a-text-book-of-botany-botany-66-plant-stkactures-quotcluster-cupsquot-this-mycelium-on-the-barberry-bearing-cluster-cups-was-thought-to-be-a-distinct-plant-and-was-called-cidium-the-name-now-is-applied-to-the-cluster-cups-which-are-called-eridia-and-the-conidia-like-spores-which-they-produce-are-known-as-wcidioamppores-it-is-the-secidia-which-give-name-to-the-group-and-iecidiomycetes-are-those-fungi-in-whose-life-history-secidia-or-cluster-cups-ajdpear-the-eecidiospores-are-scattered-by-the-wind-fall-upon-the-spring-wheat-germinate-and-develop-again-the-myce-l-RDWAYE.jpg ". Plants; a text-book of botany. Botany. 66 PLANT STKaCTURES "cluster-cups." This mycelium on the barberry, bearing cluster-cups, was thought to be a distinct plant, and was called ^cidium. The name now is applied to the cluster-cups, which are called (eridia, and the conidia-like spores which they produce are known as wcidio&pores. It is the secidia which give name to the group, and iEcidiomycetes are those Fungi in whose life history secidia or cluster-cups ajDpear. The Eecidiospores are scattered by the wind, fall upon the spring wheat, germinate, and develop again the myce- l Stock Photo")
RMRDWAYE–. Plants; a text-book of botany. Botany. 66 PLANT STKaCTURES "cluster-cups." This mycelium on the barberry, bearing cluster-cups, was thought to be a distinct plant, and was called ^cidium. The name now is applied to the cluster-cups, which are called (eridia, and the conidia-like spores which they produce are known as wcidio&pores. It is the secidia which give name to the group, and iEcidiomycetes are those Fungi in whose life history secidia or cluster-cups ajDpear. The Eecidiospores are scattered by the wind, fall upon the spring wheat, germinate, and develop again the myce- l
RMRE0MWJ–. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 111 /Ml. of the moss-plants is still more true of the fern-plants; while among the seed-plants certain spores {pol- len grains) are conspicuous (see Fig. 110). but the eggs can be ob- served only by special manipulation in the laboratory. Seeds are neither spores nor eggs, but peculiar repro- ductive bodies which the hidden egg has helped to produce. 73. Germination. — Spores and eggs are expected to germinate; that is, to begin the development of a new plant. This germination needs certain external conditions, prominent among
RMRDTG96–. Elementary botany. Botany. 3i8 F.COLOG V. 598. Others regard the lichens as autonomous plants, that is, the two or-' ganisms have by this long-continued community of existence become unified into an individualized organism, which possesses a habit and mode of life. Sfflg? >i -£ Fig. 419. Section of fruit body or apothecium of lichen (parmelia), showing asci and spores of the fungus. distinct from that of either of the organisms forming the component parts. This community of existence between two different organisms is called by some mutualisjn, or symbiosis. Nitrogen gatherers. 599. How c
RMRDE6MG–. The principles of botany, as exemplified in the Cryptogamia. For the use of schools and colleges. Cryptogams; Plant anatomy; 1853. 66 COMPOUND OKGANS OP PLANTS. Fig. 28.. a. Jungermannia complanata in fruit, natural size. h. The fruit magnifieil, allowing the perichEetium or sheath, at the base, the peduncle rising from it, and the capsule at its summit not yet burst, c. The capsule split at its apex, and discharging its spores, d. The capsule empty, showing its four valves. situations, and which may be found in fruit from January to April. 79. The spores of these plants are often mixed with
RMRHYJ1E–. Beginners' botany. Botany. STUDIES IN CRYPTOGAMS 201 strand of tissue, the columella, which expands at the mouth into a thin, membranous disk, closing the entire mouth of the capsule except the narrow annular chink guarded by the teeth. In this moss the points of the teeth are attached to the margin of the membrane, allow- ing the spores to sift out through the spaces be- tween them. When the spores germinate they form a green, branched thread, the protonema. This gives rise directly to moss plants, which appear as little buds on the thread. When the moss plants have sent their little rhizoi
RMRH9KPM–. Botanisk tidsskrift. Plants; Plants -- Denmark. — 306 — size or unequal ones) and by and by developes a brown, thickened membrane. The following stage is drawn in fig. 1, a, which corresponds to Rostrups figures. The double-swellings, before mentioned, are namely now emancipated from the mycelium; the inferior one, the Nehenzelle of the German authors, is hyaline with poor and partly destroyed contents, while the superior one, the young resting spore, appears stuffed with oil. Fig. 1. Cladochytrium Myriophylli Rostr. a and 6: Resting spores with their appendicular cells; c and d: Spores germ
RMRH8XG8–. Botany for secondary schools; a guide to the knowledge of the vegetation of the neighborhood. Plants. 192 STUDIES IN CRYPTOGAMS. 355. Leaf of barberry with cluster-cups. a cross-section of one of the cups, outlining the long chains of spores, and the mycelium in the tissues. The aecidiospores are formed in the spring, and after they have been set free some of them lodge on wheat or other grasses, where they germi- nate immediately. The germ-tube enters the leaf through a stomate, whence it spreads among the cells of the wheat plant. The aecidiospores are not able to infect the barberry leaf.
RMRDE2MH–. Diseases of economic plants . Plant diseases. 412 DISEASES OF ECONOMIC PLANTS spore. From this point of invasion the rot spreads in every direction. When the rot reaches the trunk, it spreads upward and downward and into all branches to which it has access. Thus trees, hollow with rot, may trace their downfall to infection of some small branch montlis or even years earher. Care should be exercised in felling trees to avoid injur- ing other trees, and in case of pruning- wounds to apply some antiseptic to the exposed wound to prevent the effec- uvc germination of spores upon its sur- face. Su
![. Agriculture [microform]. Agriculture; Agriculture. THE DISEASES OF PLANTS. t)l spores in the case of trees and shrubs is i)Uiestoiu' (also known as suli)liate of copper). When the Iriiit grower spras his tr( cs on the branches or leases or Iruil he uses a Sometimes he makes a mixture of Paris the I'aris green being to kill all insects that eat the leaves, and the bluestone to destroy the spores or to check disease solution of bluestone. green and bluestone,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloratio Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RJ4MT4/agriculture-microform-agriculture-agriculture-the-diseases-of-plants-tl-spores-in-the-case-of-trees-and-shrubs-is-iuiestoiu-also-known-as-suliliate-of-copper-when-the-iriiit-grower-spras-his-tr-cs-on-the-branches-or-leases-or-iruil-he-uses-a-sometimes-he-makes-a-mixture-of-paris-the-iaris-green-being-to-kill-all-insects-that-eat-the-leaves-and-the-bluestone-to-destroy-the-spores-or-to-check-disease-solution-of-bluestone-green-and-bluestone-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloratio-RJ4MT4.jpg ". Agriculture [microform]. Agriculture; Agriculture. THE DISEASES OF PLANTS. t)l spores in the case of trees and shrubs is i)Uiestoiu' (also known as suli)liate of copper). When the Iriiit grower spras his tr( cs on the branches or leases or Iruil he uses a Sometimes he makes a mixture of Paris the I'aris green being to kill all insects that eat the leaves, and the bluestone to destroy the spores or to check disease solution of bluestone. green and bluestone,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloratio Stock Photo")
RMRJ4MT4–. Agriculture [microform]. Agriculture; Agriculture. THE DISEASES OF PLANTS. t)l spores in the case of trees and shrubs is i)Uiestoiu' (also known as suli)liate of copper). When the Iriiit grower spras his tr( cs on the branches or leases or Iruil he uses a Sometimes he makes a mixture of Paris the I'aris green being to kill all insects that eat the leaves, and the bluestone to destroy the spores or to check disease solution of bluestone. green and bluestone,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloratio
![. Mushrooms and their use . Mushrooms. iiriportance is sometimes given, is composed of larger plants, •«v]iicli range in diameter from 2 to 12 inches or more, according to the species. These plants when mature rupture irregularly, the commonly thicker rind breaking up in angular and unequal fragments and falling away, thus permitting the spores to be dis- sipated and scattered by the winds. Though no deleterious species of pufE-ball is known, the flavor of the smaller kinds, so far as I have tried them, is much inferior to that of the larger. Only the latter, therefore, are recom- mended for f Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDD8JK/mushrooms-and-their-use-mushrooms-iiriportance-is-sometimes-given-is-composed-of-larger-plants-v-iicli-range-in-diameter-from-2-to-12-inches-or-more-according-to-the-species-these-plants-when-mature-rupture-irregularly-the-commonly-thicker-rind-breaking-up-in-angular-and-unequal-fragments-and-falling-away-thus-permitting-the-spores-to-be-dis-sipated-and-scattered-by-the-winds-though-no-deleterious-species-of-pufe-ball-is-known-the-flavor-of-the-smaller-kinds-so-far-as-i-have-tried-them-is-much-inferior-to-that-of-the-larger-only-the-latter-therefore-are-recom-mended-for-f-RDD8JK.jpg ". Mushrooms and their use . Mushrooms. iiriportance is sometimes given, is composed of larger plants, •«v]iicli range in diameter from 2 to 12 inches or more, according to the species. These plants when mature rupture irregularly, the commonly thicker rind breaking up in angular and unequal fragments and falling away, thus permitting the spores to be dis- sipated and scattered by the winds. Though no deleterious species of pufE-ball is known, the flavor of the smaller kinds, so far as I have tried them, is much inferior to that of the larger. Only the latter, therefore, are recom- mended for f Stock Photo")
RMRDD8JK–. Mushrooms and their use . Mushrooms. iiriportance is sometimes given, is composed of larger plants, •«v]iicli range in diameter from 2 to 12 inches or more, according to the species. These plants when mature rupture irregularly, the commonly thicker rind breaking up in angular and unequal fragments and falling away, thus permitting the spores to be dis- sipated and scattered by the winds. Though no deleterious species of pufE-ball is known, the flavor of the smaller kinds, so far as I have tried them, is much inferior to that of the larger. Only the latter, therefore, are recom- mended for f
RMRE1N73–. Elementary botany. Botany. Fig. 419. Section of fruit body or apothecium of lichen (parmelia), sliowing asci and spores of the fungus. distinct from that of either of the organisms forming the component parts. This community of existence between two different organisms is called by some mutualism^ or symbiosis. Nitrogen' gatherers. 599. How clovers, peas, and other legumes gather nitrogen.âIt has long been known that clover plants, peas, beans, and many other leguminous plants are often able to thrive in soil where the cereals do but poorly. Soil poor in nitrogenous plant food becomes richer
RMRDXT01–. A manual of poisonous plants, chiefly of eastern North America, with brief notes on economic and medicinal plants, and numerous illustrations. Poisonous plants. ASCOMYCETES—EUASCI—ASPERGILLUS 261 Dr. Craig, of the same state, reports somewhat similar experience. Captain F. Smith, in his manual of Veterinary Hygiene, refers to the in- juries from moulds, especially Penicillium and Aspergillus, calling attention to the brittleness of hay caused by fungi, and that the spores produce irritation to the respiratory passages. He states further that oats and bran have pro- duced diabetes, paralysis,
RMRDWP72–. An introduction to the structure and reproduction of plants. Plant anatomy; Plants. REPRODUCTION OF EOUISETUM 313 and bears on the inner face of its hexagonal lamina a ring of 5 to 10 sporangia encircling the stalk (Fig. 176, B). In the }'oung cone the heads of the sporopln'lls fit closely together, thus forming a compact protection for the sporangia; lint as the latter mature the sporoph5'lls separate, through elongation of the axis, and permit escape of the green spores. The individual sporangia are rather larger than those of Ferns, and have a several-layered wall. Many of the fossil Hors
RMRDTJ2H–. Introduction to structural and systematic botany, and vegetable physiology. Botany. CEYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWEKLESS PLANTS. 505 sporangia from the under side: these open variously, but are not four-valved. Elaters with two spiral fibres.. 977. Sul)Ord. Jungermanniacea!. Frondose or mostly foliaceous plants; with the sporangium dehiscent into four valves, and' the spores mixed with elaters. Class V. Thallophytes. Vegetables composed of parenchyma alone, forming a mass or stratum (thallus, 109, 727), or consisting of a congeries of cells, or even of separate cells, never exhibiting a marked distinc
RMRDE3B0–. Diseases of economic plants . Plant diseases. TROPICAL FRUITS 189 growths, that give a rough, uninviting appearance. Often the leaves are twisted and drawn out of shape. The warts are at first yellowish, but as the disease ages they become almost black, and finally crack open. Ammoniacal copper carbonate or Bordeaux mixture will prevent this. Anthracnose, wither tip {Colletotrichum glaeos- porioides Penz.). — In this disease the leaves become spotted. The spots are circular in out- line, yellowish in color, and bear small, dark spots, the filaments and spores of the causal fungus. The diseas
RMRDW23G–. A manual of poisonous plants, chiefly of eastern North America, with brief notes on economic and medicinal plants, and numerous illustrations. Poisonous plants. FUNGI IMPERFECTI—SCOLECOTRICHUM 283. Fig. 101a. Spot Disease of Orchard Grass {Scolectotrichum graminis). Cross- section of leaf, general fruiting layer of fungus with conidiophores and conidia. A, spores germinating. After Trelease.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble t
![. Practical agriculture [microform]. Agriculture; Agriculture. Fig. 43.—Two forms of minute plants growing in leaves and in fruit of plants, causing disease of plants. Very mucti enlarged. seeds of disease. There are so many different forms of disease (rusts, smuts, mildews, blights, etc.) that we have not space to mention them. But we shall here give only the simplest modes of preventing disease. Smut, in growing wheat, generally comes from wheat that has grown in fields w here smut existed the year before, that is, the wheat when sown had the spores of smut already in the grain. The disease Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RJ2TET/practical-agriculture-microform-agriculture-agriculture-fig-43two-forms-of-minute-plants-growing-in-leaves-and-in-fruit-of-plants-causing-disease-of-plants-very-mucti-enlarged-seeds-of-disease-there-are-so-many-different-forms-of-disease-rusts-smuts-mildews-blights-etc-that-we-have-not-space-to-mention-them-but-we-shall-here-give-only-the-simplest-modes-of-preventing-disease-smut-in-growing-wheat-generally-comes-from-wheat-that-has-grown-in-fields-w-here-smut-existed-the-year-before-that-is-the-wheat-when-sown-had-the-spores-of-smut-already-in-the-grain-the-disease-RJ2TET.jpg ". Practical agriculture [microform]. Agriculture; Agriculture. Fig. 43.—Two forms of minute plants growing in leaves and in fruit of plants, causing disease of plants. Very mucti enlarged. seeds of disease. There are so many different forms of disease (rusts, smuts, mildews, blights, etc.) that we have not space to mention them. But we shall here give only the simplest modes of preventing disease. Smut, in growing wheat, generally comes from wheat that has grown in fields w here smut existed the year before, that is, the wheat when sown had the spores of smut already in the grain. The disease Stock Photo")
RMRJ2TET–. Practical agriculture [microform]. Agriculture; Agriculture. Fig. 43.—Two forms of minute plants growing in leaves and in fruit of plants, causing disease of plants. Very mucti enlarged. seeds of disease. There are so many different forms of disease (rusts, smuts, mildews, blights, etc.) that we have not space to mention them. But we shall here give only the simplest modes of preventing disease. Smut, in growing wheat, generally comes from wheat that has grown in fields w here smut existed the year before, that is, the wheat when sown had the spores of smut already in the grain. The disease
RMRH93PN–. Botany for agricultural students. Plants. 338 THALLOPHYTES structures, varying in shape according to the species, the remain- ing protophisni of the plasmodiuni passes until they are filled. Often nearly the entire plasmodiuni is used in forming and filling. Fn;. 290. — Various Myxomycetes, showing various types of sporangia. The large sporangium at the left and the third one from the left, below, have shed the spores, and the capillitium, the lace-like framework of the sporangium, is i)lainly visible. The larger ones are larger than natural size, the smaller ones are reduced. From Kerner. t
RMRPCM9F–. The American florist : a weekly journal for the trade. Floriculture; Florists. lool from stem of rosetted plant Fig, 24. Fiisariuni, threads in agar culture bearing spores plants might frequently be made, which would contain in the pith this organism. All the plants of a single variety in the hands of a grower might be affected in this way because the parent stock was diseased and the trouble handed down from one generation to another until the plant is literally run out by the imprisoned parasite. In making cuttings from plants, if there is too much moisture in the house or the conditions a
RMRDXTJ5–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. THALLOPHYTES 9 often called arihrospores, but they are not spores in the same sense as axe those which characterize higher plants. In its life history, there- fore, Nostoc displays three kinds of cells: vegetative cells, heterocysts, and resting cells. A common form very closely related to Nosloc is Anabaena, whose name ought to be familiar, but whose separation from Nostoc need not be attempted by the elementary student. Rlvularia. —This form may be taken to represent the extreme differentiation of a colony. It is a compact, fil
RMRDD07C–. Cyclopedia of American horticulture, comprising suggestions for cultivation of horticultural plants, descriptions of the species of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ornamental plants sold in the United States and Canada, together with geographical and biographical sketches. Gardening. 462 DAVALLIA DEAKBORN tion in a temperature of 65-70° and kept moderately moist, a number of small plants will develop from the dormant eyes, which may be separately potted as soon as of sufficient size. Spores of Davallia should be sown on a fine compost of soil, leaf-mold or peat and sand in equal parts, and
![. Practical botany. Botany. THE GREEN ALG.E (CHLOROPHYCE.E) 191. cr Spores that have special structures by means of which they swim are called zoospores, meaning "animal spores," or "mov- ing spores." They were thus named when it was supposed that self-caused movement is a distinguishing fea- ture of animals. Plants which have s^dmming spores have means of more ready distribution than do those that reproduce entirely by means of fission. 177. Spirogyra: its habitat and structure. The algse commonly spoken of as " pond scums " are found in standmg water, often flo Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RE3BAY/practical-botany-botany-the-green-alge-chlorophycee-191-cr-spores-that-have-special-structures-by-means-of-which-they-swim-are-called-zoospores-meaning-quotanimal-sporesquot-or-quotmov-ing-sporesquot-they-were-thus-named-when-it-was-supposed-that-self-caused-movement-is-a-distinguishing-fea-ture-of-animals-plants-which-have-sdmming-spores-have-means-of-more-ready-distribution-than-do-those-that-reproduce-entirely-by-means-of-fission-177-spirogyra-its-habitat-and-structure-the-algse-commonly-spoken-of-as-quot-pond-scums-quot-are-found-in-standmg-water-often-flo-RE3BAY.jpg ". Practical botany. Botany. THE GREEN ALG.E (CHLOROPHYCE.E) 191. cr Spores that have special structures by means of which they swim are called zoospores, meaning "animal spores," or "mov- ing spores." They were thus named when it was supposed that self-caused movement is a distinguishing fea- ture of animals. Plants which have s^dmming spores have means of more ready distribution than do those that reproduce entirely by means of fission. 177. Spirogyra: its habitat and structure. The algse commonly spoken of as " pond scums " are found in standmg water, often flo Stock Photo")
RMRE3BAY–. Practical botany. Botany. THE GREEN ALG.E (CHLOROPHYCE.E) 191. cr Spores that have special structures by means of which they swim are called zoospores, meaning "animal spores," or "mov- ing spores." They were thus named when it was supposed that self-caused movement is a distinguishing fea- ture of animals. Plants which have s^dmming spores have means of more ready distribution than do those that reproduce entirely by means of fission. 177. Spirogyra: its habitat and structure. The algse commonly spoken of as " pond scums " are found in standmg water, often flo
RMRD504H–. Cyclopedia of American horticulture, comprising suggestions for cultivation of horticultural plants, descriptions of the species of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ornamental plants sold in the United States and Canada, together with geographical and biographical sketches. Gardening. FERN FERN 577 time, in most cases, they will be sufficiently dry to have spores removed from them by rubbing the frond in a sieve which has about 20 meshes to the inch. When thus separated from fronds the spores should be put up in small seed-bags and placed in air-tight jars until re- quired for sowing. Cared
RMRH94JK–. Botany of to-day, a popular account of recent notable discoveries. Botany; Plants. Flowers The genealogy of the colours might then have been as follows :— Spore Yellow.. Brownish Red. Purples. Pink. T>ilac. Blue. Pale Yellow. -Rich Blues. The Spore yellow is extraordinarily common, for we find it in pollen, fern-, moss-, and some algal- or fungus- spores. Nor is the change from yellow to red confined to flowers, for reddish-yellow is one of the commonest colours of lichen-cups, of rust-fungi, cluster-cups, and even in the Alga Chara we find this same shade. Strong sunlight has surely some
![. The book of choice ferns for the garden, conservatory. and stove : describing and giving explicit cultural directions for the best and most striking ferns and selaginellas in cultivation. Illustrated with coloured plates amd numerous wood engravings. Identification; Ferns. CHAPTER XXIV, SELAGINELLA, Spring. (Sel-a-gin-el'-la.) Club Mosses. N his exhaustive and excellent work, the " Handbook of the Fern-Allies," Mr. J. Gr. Baker very succinctly enumerates and describes those plants which, like Ferns, produce spores from which they are or may be readily increased. Under the appellati Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RHDGH9/the-book-of-choice-ferns-for-the-garden-conservatory-and-stove-describing-and-giving-explicit-cultural-directions-for-the-best-and-most-striking-ferns-and-selaginellas-in-cultivation-illustrated-with-coloured-plates-amd-numerous-wood-engravings-identification-ferns-chapter-xxiv-selaginella-spring-sel-a-gin-el-la-club-mosses-n-his-exhaustive-and-excellent-work-the-quot-handbook-of-the-fern-alliesquot-mr-j-gr-baker-very-succinctly-enumerates-and-describes-those-plants-which-like-ferns-produce-spores-from-which-they-are-or-may-be-readily-increased-under-the-appellati-RHDGH9.jpg ". The book of choice ferns for the garden, conservatory. and stove : describing and giving explicit cultural directions for the best and most striking ferns and selaginellas in cultivation. Illustrated with coloured plates amd numerous wood engravings. Identification; Ferns. CHAPTER XXIV, SELAGINELLA, Spring. (Sel-a-gin-el'-la.) Club Mosses. N his exhaustive and excellent work, the " Handbook of the Fern-Allies," Mr. J. Gr. Baker very succinctly enumerates and describes those plants which, like Ferns, produce spores from which they are or may be readily increased. Under the appellati Stock Photo")
RMRHDGH9–. The book of choice ferns for the garden, conservatory. and stove : describing and giving explicit cultural directions for the best and most striking ferns and selaginellas in cultivation. Illustrated with coloured plates amd numerous wood engravings. Identification; Ferns. CHAPTER XXIV, SELAGINELLA, Spring. (Sel-a-gin-el'-la.) Club Mosses. N his exhaustive and excellent work, the " Handbook of the Fern-Allies," Mr. J. Gr. Baker very succinctly enumerates and describes those plants which, like Ferns, produce spores from which they are or may be readily increased. Under the appellati
RMRDWCM3–. Botany, with agricultural applications. Botany. SPOROPHYTE 441 Sporophyte. — The sporophytes are delicate plants with leafy much branched stems {Fig. 393). The strobiU occur on the ends of the branches, and the sporophylls somewhat resemble the foli- age leaves, but are usually smaller and more compact {Fig. 394). One notable feature is that there are two kinds of spores pro- duced. In Bryophytes, True Ferns, Horsetails, and Lycopo-. me Fig. 394. — The vegetative and spore-bearing structures of the sporo- phyte of Selaginella. A, a shoot of Selaginella, showing the stem, vegetative leaves, a
RMRH4W0J–. Botany for high schools. Botany. OTHER FERN-LIKE PLANTS: CLUB MOSSES 349 Spores, which means large spores. The upper spore cases produce a very large number of small spores {microspores). Since the spores are of different sizes, Selaginella is said to be a heterosporus plant. A plant is homosporus when the spores are all alike. 518. The prothallia or gamete plants (gametophytes) of Selaginella.—The gamete plants of Selaginella are dicx'ceous (or heterothallic). This condition of the prothallium is deter- mined in the spore. The small spores (microspores) pro- duce small male gamete plants. T
RMRDD8F8–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. OLPIDIUM. 107 Olpidium brassicae, (Wor.)^ ( = Chytridium brassicae, Wor.) Cabbage-seedlings die if this fungus finds its way into the tissue at the neck of the root. The spherical sporangia are formed at this place, and their long necks project out of the cells enabling the uniciliate swarm-spores to escape. Eesting-spores with a warty thickened membrane occur in the cells of the epidermis.. Fig. 24.—Chi/ti'idium br
RMRF0AFH–. Plant life and plant uses; an elementary textbook, a foundation for the study of agriculture, domestic science or college botany. Botany. CLUB MOSSES 429 This formula also indicates the life history of any seed plant, except that in seed plants there may be two kinds of strobili. Surely Selaginella throws light upon the evolution of seed plants ! We are not yet done, however. There is yet another feature of Selaginella to be considered which is also a feature of seed plants. This other feature is that the game- tophytes do not escape from the spores which produce them. No. Fig. 221. — Sectio
RMRDYE3D–. A manual of poisonous plants, chiefly of eastern North America, with brief notes on economic and medicinal plants, and numerous illustrations. Poisonous plants. EUTHALLEPHYTA—EUMYCETES—MOULD 199'. Fig. 43. Mucor corymbifer after the bursting of the sporangium. After L4chtheim. colorless, smooth, collapsing; spores colorless, small 2x3 /x,.; columella club- shaped, brownish frequently papillate. Distribution. Probably tropical, found in tropical drugs, in Europe and the- United States. Pathogenic properties. Lichtheim recognized this species as pathogenic. It grows better at a temperature of
RMREGDT2–. The commonly occuring wild plants of Canada, and more especially of the province of Ontario : a flora for the use of beginners. Botany; Botany; Plants. COMMON' CANADIAN WILD TLANTS. IGl number of six-sided bodies, each attached to the stem by a short pedicel. Each of these six-sided bodies turns out, on examina- tion, to be made up of six or seven sporangia or spore-cases, which open down their inner margins to discharge their spores. Figs. 25 and 26 are enlarged outer and inner views of one of them. The spores themselves are of a similar nature to those of the Ferns, and re- production is c
RMRDC27C–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. UNCINULA. 177 appendages having hooked tips. Within the peritheeia are found the ovoid asci containing the spores; there are from four to ten asci in each perithecium, and four to eight spores in each ascus. The conidial stage was formerly known as Oidium Tiickeri. The conidia are abjointed as oval colourless bodies from simple septate conidiophores, to the number of two or three in each chain. They germinate at onc
RMRDE2RW–. Diseases of economic plants . Plant diseases. 386 DISEASES OF ECONOMIC PLANTS most other rusts; indeed other forms of spores are almost entirely absent in most parts of the country, throwing the burden of perpetuation of the species entirely upon the uredo mycehum and its spores. This stage is known to be peren- nial as far north as Washington, DC, and Lincoln, Neb. The rust is very destructive, and seems to be limited to this one host. Smut. See timothy. Anthracnose. See rye. CLOVER Black mold (Phyl- lachora Trifolii (Pers.) Fckl.).— Common red clover, crimson clover, white clover, alsike c
![. Dreer's wholesale price list of seeds plants and bulbs for florists fertilizers, insecticides, tools and sundries. Bulbs (Plants) Catalogs; Flowers Seeds Catalogs; Vegetables Seeds Catalogs; Nurseries (Horticulture) Catalogs; Gardening Equipment and supplies Catalogs. HENRY A. DREER, PHILADELPHIA, PA., WHOLESALE P^ICE LIST. PENNISETUM RUEPPEUANUM Ferns. We can furnish spores of the following varieties at the uniform price of 50 cents per trade packet. Adlantum Cnneatum AlBophila Australis Aspiiituiii Tiussimense Blechoum Braziliensis " Occldentale Cyrtomluni Palcatum " Fortune! Dav Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RER881/dreers-wholesale-price-list-of-seeds-plants-and-bulbs-for-florists-fertilizers-insecticides-tools-and-sundries-bulbs-plants-catalogs-flowers-seeds-catalogs-vegetables-seeds-catalogs-nurseries-horticulture-catalogs-gardening-equipment-and-supplies-catalogs-henry-a-dreer-philadelphia-pa-wholesale-pice-list-pennisetum-rueppeuanum-ferns-we-can-furnish-spores-of-the-following-varieties-at-the-uniform-price-of-50-cents-per-trade-packet-adlantum-cnneatum-albophila-australis-aspiiituiii-tiussimense-blechoum-braziliensis-quot-occldentale-cyrtomluni-palcatum-quot-fortune!-dav-RER881.jpg ". Dreer's wholesale price list of seeds plants and bulbs for florists fertilizers, insecticides, tools and sundries. Bulbs (Plants) Catalogs; Flowers Seeds Catalogs; Vegetables Seeds Catalogs; Nurseries (Horticulture) Catalogs; Gardening Equipment and supplies Catalogs. HENRY A. DREER, PHILADELPHIA, PA., WHOLESALE P^ICE LIST. PENNISETUM RUEPPEUANUM Ferns. We can furnish spores of the following varieties at the uniform price of 50 cents per trade packet. Adlantum Cnneatum AlBophila Australis Aspiiituiii Tiussimense Blechoum Braziliensis " Occldentale Cyrtomluni Palcatum " Fortune! Dav Stock Photo")
RMRER881–. Dreer's wholesale price list of seeds plants and bulbs for florists fertilizers, insecticides, tools and sundries. Bulbs (Plants) Catalogs; Flowers Seeds Catalogs; Vegetables Seeds Catalogs; Nurseries (Horticulture) Catalogs; Gardening Equipment and supplies Catalogs. HENRY A. DREER, PHILADELPHIA, PA., WHOLESALE P^ICE LIST. PENNISETUM RUEPPEUANUM Ferns. We can furnish spores of the following varieties at the uniform price of 50 cents per trade packet. Adlantum Cnneatum AlBophila Australis Aspiiituiii Tiussimense Blechoum Braziliensis " Occldentale Cyrtomluni Palcatum " Fortune! Dav
RMRDTG97–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. 464 THE MYRTALES mouth the linear segments of the calyx alternating with the round spreading petals and the stamens. At the time of the opening of the flower the eight anthers are shedding their spores and are in line with the nectaries, while the lobed stigma is closed and bent backward (Fig. 323, C, s). A day later the stigmas assume the position shown in the lower flowers, the lobes curving backward so as to lie in the pathway leading to the nectaries (Fig. 323, C, 0). It is evident that these positions. Fig. 323. Higher forms of the Myrtales, flo
RMRDWF7C–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. DEVELOPMENT OF PLANTS 317 tion is not often met with, owing to the fact that, like the sporo- phyte, its development is associated with mycorrhizal fungi and consequently it is usually completely buried in the soil and usually quite devoid of chlorophyll. The various stages in the germipa- tion of the spores have never been observed, but the mature gam- etophyte of Botrychium was found a few years ago by Jeffrey. Fig. 218. The gametophyte and young sporophyte of Botrychium: A, tuberous appearance of the gametophyte—e, a young sporophyte or em- bryo d
RMRDWBP7–. Plants; a text-book of botany. Botany. REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS. lib 75. Dispersal by locomotion.—The common method of locomotion is by means of movable hairs {cilia) developed upon the reproductive body, which propel it through the water (see Fig. 109). Swimming spores are very common among the algse, and at least one of the gametes in algee, moss-plants, and fern-jilants has the iJower of swim- ming by means of cilia. 76. Dispersal by water.—It is very common for repro- ductive bodies to be transported by cur- rents of water. The spores of many water plants of all groups, not constructed for lo
RMRDJ604–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 394 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS larger branch cutting off an apical cell. The smaller gamete in time loses its nucleus by migration through a pore into the larger gamete, and the cells thus provided with two nuclei become each properly the basal cell of one of the chains of spores which arise in this type, corresponding to the aecidium, each spore of which. Fig. 194. Phracmidium speciosum: Development of ^Ecidiospores (After Christman) u, progametes ; b, gamete and sterile cell; t',
RMRH4W1B–. Botany for agricultural students. Plants. GAMETOPHYTE 431 spores as in the Interrupted Fern (Osmunda Claytonia) {Fig. 382). In some like the Sensitive Fern {Onoclea sensibiUs), common along roadsides and in wet meadows, there are two distinctly different kinds of fronds, one of which is entirely devoted to bearing spores and the other entirely to vegetative work (Fig. 383). This separation of spore-bearing and vegetative tissues is adhered to more closely in some other Pteridophytes than in the True Ferns, and it is a feature. Fig. 382. — a portion of a leaf of the Interrupted Fern {Osmunda
RMRDXY1F–. Principles of modern biology. Biology. Reproduction in Multicellular Plants - 207. Fig. 12-5. Hundreds of fern gametophytes (prothallia) growing on the moist wall of a small flower pot. This photo shows the approximate actual size of the gameto- phytes. (Copyright, General Biological Supply House, Inc.) the sporophyte generation are diploid. In the sporangia, however, the spores arise by meiosis from spore mother cells, and each haploid spore represents the beginning of the gametophyte generation. Each spore pro- duces all the cells of the gametophyte by mitosis, and consequently all the cel
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