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RM2AN1KD5–Introduction to structural and systematic botany, and vegetable physiology, : being a 5th and revedof the Botanical text-book, illustrated with over thirteen hundred woodcuts . s). Low, tufted plants, always with a stemand distinct (sessile) leaves, producing spore-cases which mostlyopen by a terminal lid, and contain innumerable simple spores. Thefertilizing organs, or antheridia, have been elsewhere mentioned. InMosses these accompany the pistillidia; the latter develop into thecapsule, or more properly the sporangium or spore-case. This israrely (in Andraia) dehiscent into four valves, or i
RMMA72HB–. Elementary botany . Fig. 205. Rhizome of sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis). of cells. Two of the longer ones resemble the lips of some crea- ture, and since the sporangium opens between them they are sometimes termed the lip cells. These lip cells are connected with the upper end of the annulus on one side and with the upper end of the stalk on the other side by thin-walled cells, which may be termed connective cells, since they hold each lip cell to its part of the opening sporangium. The cells on the side of the sporangium are also thin-walled. If we now examine a sporangium from the bac
RMT3W370–Archive image from page 111 of Die süsswasser-flora Deutschlands, Österreichs und. Die süsswasser-flora Deutschlands, Österreichs und der Schwez.. diessswasserfl06pasc Year: 1914 104 W. Heering, 150 Fig. 150—151. 150 Tellamia perforans: a aufrechter Faden mit Codwlum-'ähnWchem Sporangium, b isoliertes Sporangium. 151 Gornontia codiolifera: a Rand des bohrenden Thallus, b Faden, c Faden mit Cod/o htm-ahnWchen Zellen, d, d losgelöstes Sporangium. (150, 151 nach Chodat.) Leptosireae Wille. Thallus nicht kalkbohrend, aus verzweigten, aufrechten oder kriechenden Zellreihen bestehend. Haarbildu
RMPG0CH6–. The structure and development of mosses and ferns (Archegoniatae). Plant morphology; Mosses; Ferns. 344 MOSSES AND FERNS CHAP. the annulus arises from the upper or cap segment of the spo- rangium wall, and extends from the stomium over the top of the sporangium, and joins the part of the annulus upon the other side. The walls of all the cells are at first alike, but those of the annulus begin to thicken, this being confined to their inner and radial walls, the outer walls remaining thin. In most species the cells of the annulus are the same for the whole ex- tent, but in Polypodium falcatum
RMF00475–hart's tongue, European harts-tongue fern (Asplenium scolopendrium, Phyllitis scolopendrium), underside of leaf with sori, Germany, Bavaria
RM2AXK8A0–Introduction to the study of fungi, their organography, classification, and distribution for the use of collectors . Didymiuvi farinaceum. SLIME FUNGI^MYXOMYCETES 315. ym the capillitium is much swollen at the nodes, enclosing lime;whilst Tilmadoclie has small nodes containinglime, and Badhamia has thick threads in thecapillitium, containing lime throughout. In Cra-terivm the form of the sporangium more or lessresembles a wine-glass, closed by a lid or operculum(Fig. 146). The re-maining genera aresmall, consisting of asingle species in each. The last of the fourorders is the Calotricheae,in w
![. Dr. L. Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz . Fig. 49. Colloderuia oculatum (nach Lister). a) Eiu dem Substrat aufsitzendes Sporangium ('^/i). b. Teil des Capillitiums (-^"/j). Physarina. Sporangien kugelig, gestielt, stumpfstachelig infolge dicht stehender, der Peridie aufgesetzter, stumpfer Höcker. Stiel in das Sporangiuminnere als kugelige oder halbkugelige Columella fortgesetzt. Capillitiumfäden zart, ohne, nur selten mit Kalkknoten, mit sich verzweigenden Enden. Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/MAB4F3/dr-l-rabenhorsts-kryptogamen-flora-von-deutschland-oesterreich-und-der-schweiz-fig-49-colloderuia-oculatum-nach-lister-a-eiu-dem-substrat-aufsitzendes-sporangium-i-b-teil-des-capillitiums-quotj-physarina-sporangien-kugelig-gestielt-stumpfstachelig-infolge-dicht-stehender-der-peridie-aufgesetzter-stumpfer-hcker-stiel-in-das-sporangiuminnere-als-kugelige-oder-halbkugelige-columella-fortgesetzt-capillitiumfden-zart-ohne-nur-selten-mit-kalkknoten-mit-sich-verzweigenden-enden-MAB4F3.jpg ". Dr. L. Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz . Fig. 49. Colloderuia oculatum (nach Lister). a) Eiu dem Substrat aufsitzendes Sporangium ('^/i). b. Teil des Capillitiums (-^"/j). Physarina. Sporangien kugelig, gestielt, stumpfstachelig infolge dicht stehender, der Peridie aufgesetzter, stumpfer Höcker. Stiel in das Sporangiuminnere als kugelige oder halbkugelige Columella fortgesetzt. Capillitiumfäden zart, ohne, nur selten mit Kalkknoten, mit sich verzweigenden Enden. Stock Photo")
RMMAB4F3–. Dr. L. Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz . Fig. 49. Colloderuia oculatum (nach Lister). a) Eiu dem Substrat aufsitzendes Sporangium ('^/i). b. Teil des Capillitiums (-^"/j). Physarina. Sporangien kugelig, gestielt, stumpfstachelig infolge dicht stehender, der Peridie aufgesetzter, stumpfer Höcker. Stiel in das Sporangiuminnere als kugelige oder halbkugelige Columella fortgesetzt. Capillitiumfäden zart, ohne, nur selten mit Kalkknoten, mit sich verzweigenden Enden.
RMT03XYY–Dr. L. Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz . drlrabenhorstskr0110rabe Year: 1920 Fig. 114. D i c t y d i ii m c a n c e 11 a t u ni (Batsch) Macbride. Sporangium mit geschwundener Wandung Fig. 113. ^''^'-^ ^^'^' •^^'''- Cribraria jiyriformis Schrader. Sporangium (^'^/i). — Nach Rosta- finski. Dictydium. Sporangien frei, gestielt. Beim Schwinden der Sporangiiimwand bleibt ein meist sehr regelmäßiges Netz erhalten, das von meridian verlaufenden starkem Fäden gebildet wird, die durch zahlreiche feine, parallele Querbrücken verbunden sind, XXVII. Gattung:
RMPG4AMG–. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. THE TWO GENERATIONS 411. foot extends into the gametophore and absorbs food which is supplied to the elongating stalk and developing sporangium. In the sporangium are produced numerous spores and also elongated twisted cells called elaters, which assist in scattering the spores. When the spores are mature the sporangial wall opens and the spores are scattered. When the spores fall on a moist substra- tum, they germinate and produce new thallus plants like the ones described. The Two Generations. — The ob- long body produced by the fertilized egg, an
RMF00477–hart's tongue, European harts-tongue fern (Asplenium scolopendrium, Phyllitis scolopendrium), underside of leaf with sori, Germany, Bavaria
RM2AJC94P–Elementary botany . othallium of selaginella is nearlyall antheridium, so reduced has the gametophyte become here. 587. Female prothallia.—The female prothallia are devel-oped from the macrospores. The macrospores when mature havea rough, thick, hard wall. The female prothallium begins todevelop inside of the macrospore before it leaves the sporangium.The protoplasm is richer near the wall of the spore and at the 288 MORPHOLOGY. upper end. Here the nucleus divides a great many times, andfinally cell walls are formed, so that a tissue of considerable ex-tent is formed inside the wall of the spo
RMME6JTT–. Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten, insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen, unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher hervorragender Fachgelehrten begründet . Fig. 121. Lamprothamnits alopectiroides A. Br. â / Wallrothii A. Br. Wahrscheinliche C'onstruction des Blattknotens mit Antheridium und Sporangium; c centrale Knotenzelle; p, p peripherische Knotenzellen; /(,/, »Sà Basilarknoten des Anthe- ridiums; /( hintere Zelle; / Foliolum (Bracteola); Sp Sporan- gienstielzelle,4w Antheridium. ^1 Längsschnitt; £ Querschnitt. (Nach Braun.)
RMT3WPYY–Archive image from page 118 of Die süsswasser-flora Deutschlands, Österreichs und. Die süsswasser-flora Deutschlands, Österreichs und der Schwez.. diessswasserfl06pasc Year: 1914 Ulothrichales. 111 15' 8 Fig. 156—160. 156 Gongrosira Debaryana: a junger Thallus, b Thallus mit Sporangium, c beginnende Entwicklung aufrechter Fäden, d Ent- stehung der Akineten, e keimende Akineten, f Sporangium, g geöffnetes Sporangium, h Zoosporen. 157 G. pygmaea: a Keimungsstadien, b ältere Pflanze. 158 G. stagnalis'. a Habitus, b Teil des Thallus mit Sporangium. 159 G. Sclerococcus. 160 G. trentepohliopsis
RMPG058C–. The structure and development of mosses and ferns (Archegoniatae). Plant morphology; Mosses; Ferns. 294 MOSSES AND FERNS CHAP. hypodermal cell in the axis of the young sporangium. This cell divides repeatedly, but apparently without any definite order, and the division of the spores follows in the usual way. From the cells about the archesporium tapetal cells are cut ofif, but these do not disappear, as Goebel (3) asserts, but persist until the sporangium is mature. The growth is greater upon the outer side, which is strongly convex, while the inner face is nearly flat. A section of the near
RM2AWW22A–Text-book of botany, morphological and physiological . porangia, five or ten innumber on each scale. In the early stagesof development each single sporangium hasthe appearance of a small blunt multicellularwart, the internal tissue of which^ producesthe spore-mother-cells which become isolated,while of the three exterior cell-layers whichat first envelope it only the outermost finallyremains as the wall of the sporangium orspore-sac. The mother-cells of the spores,connected together in groups of fours oreights, float freely in a fluid which fills thesporangium and is interspersed with granules
RMMCK6YJ–. Fig. 24.—Ch>jtHdiwn brassicae, Wor. Cell containing three sporangia, two of which are discharging zoospores; one sporangium is already empty. Resting- spores inside the cells of a cabbage-plant. (After Woronin.) The disease is favoured by moisture, and restricted by dry surroundings. Ground subject to attack should be planted with crops other than cabbage. Olpidium trifolii, Schroet. { = Synchytrivrii trifolii, Pass.) Produces deformation of the leaves and petioles of Trifolimn repens. The fungus lives in the epidermal cells. Olpidium lemnae, Fisch., in epidermal cells of Lcmna. Olpidium
RMT03TGR–Dr. L. Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz . drlrabenhorstskr0104rabe Year: 1892 Pilaira. — P. anomala. a Sporen (Vergr. .30ü). h Oberer Theil eines Spo- rangienträgers mit reifem Sporangium, dessen Wand bis auf die farblose Quellschicht bei q cuticularisirt und schwarz gefärbt ist (Vergr. 30). c Ein abquellendes Spo- rangium {sp) mit knopfförmiger Columella [h), durch Aufquellen der Schicht bei 2 sich ablösend (Vergr. 80). d Eine reife Zygospore mit gesprengtem Exospor, aus dem Kiss sieht das glatte Endospor und der grosse centrale Fetttropfen hervor (
RMPG00Y6–. Lessons in botany. Botany. FUNGI; THE BLACK MOULD. 127. Fig. too. Group of sporangia of a mucor (Rhizopus nigricans) showing rhizoids and the stolon extending from an older group. These are small rounded or oval bodies. The wall of the sporangium becomes dissolved, except a small collar around the stalk which remains attached be- low the columella (fig. 101). By this means the gonidia are freed. These gonidia germinate and produce the mycelium again'.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and a
RMEBNBNC–Stiff clubmoss, Stiff ground-pine (Lycopodium annotinum), with sporangia, Germany, Bavaria, Oberbayern, Upper Bavaria
RM2AFHEWN–. The structure and development of mosses and ferns (Archegoniatae). pecies of Osmunda and Todea inthe better development of the endodermis, and in having thepericycle of but one or two layers. The vascular cylinder of theroot is typically diarch like that of the Polypodiaceae, but ex-ceptionally (Faull (i), p. 22), it may be triarch. The roots arise regularly, two at the base of each leaf(Lachmann (7), p. 118), and their bundles connect with thoseof the stem near the bottom of the elongated foliar gap in itsvascular cylinder. THE HOMOSPOROUS LEPTOSPORANGIATJE 36= The Sporangium The sporangia
RMMA73G2–. Elementary botany . Fig. 131. Portion of banana with a mould (Rhizopus nigricans) growing on one end. development. We will probably note at once that the stalks or upright threads which support the heads are stouter than the threads of the mycelium. These upright threads soon have formed near the end a cross wall which separates the protoplasm in the end from the remain- der. This end cell now enlarges into a vesicle of considerable size, the head as it appears, but to which is applied the name of sporangium (sometimes called gonidangium), because it encloses the gonidia. At the same time th
RMT0D0T2–Dr L Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora von Dr. L. Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz drlrabenhorstskr0104rabe Year: 1892 348 Fig. 55. Achlya. — «, b A. iDrolifera. a Ein Oogon (o) am Ende eines dicken Haupt- schlauches (h), der von dünneren, die Antheridien («) tragenden Nebenästen («) um- schhingen ist (Vergr. 375, nach de Bary). b Eine reife, excentrische Oospore mit rechts seitlich gelegenem Fetttröpfchen (Vergr. 600, nach de Bary). c, d A. poly- andra. c Eine ausgekeimte Oospore, deren kurzer Keimschlauch ein Sporangium gebildet hat; die Sporen sin
RMPG05C1–. The structure and development of mosses and ferns (Archegoniatae). Plant morphology; Mosses; Ferns. 256 MOSSES AND FERNS CHAP. cell by a transverse wall, although this point is exceedingly difficult to determine on account of the great similarity of all the cells (Fig. 139). This group of inner cells (or the single one from which they perhaps come) constitutes the arche- sporium, and by rapid division in all directions forms a large mass of cells whose contents become denser than those of the. Fig. 140.—Ophioglossum pendulum. A, Section of a young sporangium, the arch* esporial tissue is sli
RM2JNJPHF–variegated horsetail, variegated scouring-rush (Equisetum variegatum), sprouts with sporangia, Germany
RM2AFJCFC–. The structure and development of mosses and ferns (Archegoniatae). VII PTERIDOPHYTA—FILICINE^—OPHIOGLOSSACEJE 255 arate an inner archesporium from the outer cells, destined toform the wall of the sporangium. Between the young spo-rangia the cells form sterile septa. The cell-groups which formarchesporia, and those which develop into sterile septa, aresister-cell groups. All of the sporogenous tissue cannot be traced back to theprimary archesporial cell, as later secondary sporogenous tissuemay be formed by further periclinal divisions in the outer cellsof the sporangium. A transverse section
RMMCK6MB–. Fici. â Ji. â Chiitridiutn brassicae, Wor. Cell containing three sporangia, two of which are discharging zoospores; one sporangium is already cniptj-. Resting- spores inside the cells of a cabbage-plant. (Aftei' Woronin.) The disease is favoured by moisture, and restricted by dry surroundings. Ground subject to attack should be planted with crops other than cabbage. Olpidium trifolii, Schroet. { = Sjfnchijtriiim trifolii, Pass.) Produces deformation of the leaves and petioles of Trifoliniii â /â¢('pens. The fungus lives in the epidermal cells. Olpidium lemnae, Fisch., in epidermal cells of L
RMT03WG6–Dr. L. Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz . drlrabenhorstskr0110rabe Year: 1920 263 gelb; Wand bleibend, Stiel kräftig, 1,5—2 oder bis 3 mm lang, längsgestreift oder höckerig. Columella bis über die Mitte des Sporangiums reichend, walzlich oder keulenförmig, oft mit kegel- förmiger Spitze. Die bräunlich purpurfarbigen Capillitiumfäden Fig. 102. L am pro derma columbiuum (Pers.) Rost, a) Sporangieugruppe (3/j); b) Sporangium mit ge- schwundener Wand, am Grunde noch ein Wandrest (20/j); c, d, e verschiedene Columellaformen C^/j). — Nach Lister. von der g
RMPG16NX–. Studies in fossil botany . Paleobotany. STAUROPTERIS 339 homosporous sporangia or microsporangia. A year previously a case had been observed in which spores were found germinating inside an isolated sporangium, the stages agreeing with those found in recent Ferns.1 Subsequently, similar stages of germination were de- tected in typical sporangia of Stauropteris oldhamia, establishing a strong presumption that this plant also was a true homosporous Fern.2 Some of the germinat-. Fig. 128.—Stauropteris oldhamia. Four germinating spores from the interior of a sporangium. All four are putting out
RM2JNJP19–variegated horsetail, variegated scouring-rush (Equisetum variegatum), sprouts with sporangia, Germany
RM2AXF8P3–Text-book of structural and physiological botany . Fig. 394.—Truffle, Tiiber iiielanosporuin I. receptacle (the part that is eaten);II. a part of the receptacle, with spores in different stages of maturity, theouter cortical layer below (strongly magnified) ; III. sporangium with two spores(more strongly magnified). of impregnation or not ; in the latter case they are calledsimple spores^ and their mother-cells sporaitgia ; in theformer case differdnt names aregiven to them according to theirmode of formation. Reproduction by spores is byfar the most common mode amongFungi. The spores, howev
![. Fig. :U.âSapkolegnia of Saljion Disease. A Sporangium filled with zoospores, and in connection with them several j'omig mycelial threads. with oval zoospores, C; several young filaments, B, are seen in connection with some of the spores. Besides this method of development, the parasite also reproduces itself in another way, such for example as we may see in the Achlija, which forms a mould around dead or weak flies and " blue-hottles," ivyberries, <&c. At the end of a filament a cell forms a large round sphere, I Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/MCTP6W/fig-usapkolegnia-of-saljion-disease-a-sporangium-filled-with-zoospores-and-in-connection-with-them-several-jomig-mycelial-threads-with-oval-zoospores-c-several-young-filaments-b-are-seen-in-connection-with-some-of-the-spores-besides-this-method-of-development-the-parasite-also-reproduces-itself-in-another-way-such-for-example-as-we-may-see-in-the-achlija-which-forms-a-mould-around-dead-or-weak-flies-and-quot-blue-hottlesquot-ivyberries-ltampc-at-the-end-of-a-filament-a-cell-forms-a-large-round-sphere-i-MCTP6W.jpg ". Fig. :U.âSapkolegnia of Saljion Disease. A Sporangium filled with zoospores, and in connection with them several j'omig mycelial threads. with oval zoospores, C; several young filaments, B, are seen in connection with some of the spores. Besides this method of development, the parasite also reproduces itself in another way, such for example as we may see in the Achlija, which forms a mould around dead or weak flies and " blue-hottles," ivyberries, <&c. At the end of a filament a cell forms a large round sphere, I Stock Photo")
RMMCTP6W–. Fig. :U.âSapkolegnia of Saljion Disease. A Sporangium filled with zoospores, and in connection with them several j'omig mycelial threads. with oval zoospores, C; several young filaments, B, are seen in connection with some of the spores. Besides this method of development, the parasite also reproduces itself in another way, such for example as we may see in the Achlija, which forms a mould around dead or weak flies and " blue-hottles," ivyberries, <&c. At the end of a filament a cell forms a large round sphere, I
![. Fossil plants : for students of botany and geology . Paleobotany. "••viSiiy JTiG. 407. A, B. Crossotheca Hoeninghausi. C. Pinnule with a sporangium, ;i. (A, Kidston CoU. 1277; B, after Kidston; C, Camb. Botany School. 508.) we any evidence of the association with Lyginopteris fronds of sporangia other than those of the Crossotheca type? Prof. Chodat^ believes that certain petrified fragments of pinnules occasionally met with in the calcareous nodules bearing sessile and apparently annulate sporangia belong to Lyginopteris fronds. These sporangia appear to be identical with those named b Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG14RB/fossil-plants-for-students-of-botany-and-geology-paleobotany-quotvisiiy-jtig-407-a-b-crossotheca-hoeninghausi-c-pinnule-with-a-sporangium-i-a-kidston-cou-1277-b-after-kidston-c-camb-botany-school-508-we-any-evidence-of-the-association-with-lyginopteris-fronds-of-sporangia-other-than-those-of-the-crossotheca-type-prof-chodat-believes-that-certain-petrified-fragments-of-pinnules-occasionally-met-with-in-the-calcareous-nodules-bearing-sessile-and-apparently-annulate-sporangia-belong-to-lyginopteris-fronds-these-sporangia-appear-to-be-identical-with-those-named-b-PG14RB.jpg ". Fossil plants : for students of botany and geology . Paleobotany. "••viSiiy JTiG. 407. A, B. Crossotheca Hoeninghausi. C. Pinnule with a sporangium, ;i. (A, Kidston CoU. 1277; B, after Kidston; C, Camb. Botany School. 508.) we any evidence of the association with Lyginopteris fronds of sporangia other than those of the Crossotheca type? Prof. Chodat^ believes that certain petrified fragments of pinnules occasionally met with in the calcareous nodules bearing sessile and apparently annulate sporangia belong to Lyginopteris fronds. These sporangia appear to be identical with those named b Stock Photo")
RMPG14RB–. Fossil plants : for students of botany and geology . Paleobotany. "••viSiiy JTiG. 407. A, B. Crossotheca Hoeninghausi. C. Pinnule with a sporangium, ;i. (A, Kidston CoU. 1277; B, after Kidston; C, Camb. Botany School. 508.) we any evidence of the association with Lyginopteris fronds of sporangia other than those of the Crossotheca type? Prof. Chodat^ believes that certain petrified fragments of pinnules occasionally met with in the calcareous nodules bearing sessile and apparently annulate sporangia belong to Lyginopteris fronds. These sporangia appear to be identical with those named b
RM2JNJNKD–variegated horsetail, variegated scouring-rush (Equisetum variegatum), sporangia spikes, Germany
RM2AWXFRR–The microscope and its revelations . out(as it appears) any dis-tinct investment, blendwith those of theother; and a mass isformed by their union,which soon acquiresa truly membranousenvelope.* This en-velope is at first verydelicate, and is filled with green and granular contents;by degrees the envelope acquires increased thickness, andthe contents of the spore-cell become brown or red. Thesurface of the sporangium, as this body is now termed, issometimes smooth, as in Closterium and its aUies (Fig. 76),and in the Besmicliea proper (Fig. 11); but in the CosmariecE,it acquires a granular, tube
RMMCTK1P–. Fig. 114. Ä Pilaira anomala (Cesati) Schröter, 1 Sporangium mit zerfließender Basalscliicht, 2 Golumella, 3 Sporen, 4 Zygospore. — B 1 Pilo- holtis Kleinii van Tiegliem, Sporangien. — B 2 P. c»7/sirtUmMS(Wiggers)Tode, Zygospore. (AI 20/1, '2 80/1, 3 380/1, 4 200/1, B 1 200/1, 2 80/1.) (A nach van Tieghem; B 1 nach Brefeld; B 2 nach Zopf.)
RMPG176R–. Studies in fossil botany . Paleobotany. no STUDIES IN FOSSIL BOTANY only the case at the base, but the difference may be merely a matter of preservation. The spores in each sporangium are numerous, and closely resemble those of Sphenophyllum Dawsoni, the resemblance extending. Fig. 46.—Btrwmanites RGmeri. A. Lamina of sporangiophore, cut nearly parallel to its upper surface, and above the insertion of the sporangia. v.b., vascular bundle. E. Longitudinal section through upper part of sporangiophore, showing insertion of sporangium, jted., pedicel; sm, part of sporangium ; j, spores. X about
RM2AJC14X–Elementary botany . e spo-rophyll has a ligule above the sporangium, or as in ophioglossum, where theleaf is divided into a fertile and a sterile portion. Others believe that the ovuliferous scale is composed of two leaves situ-ated laterally and consolidated representing a shoot in the axis of the bract.There is some support for this in the fact that in certain abnormal coneswhich show proliferation a short axis appears in the axil of the bract and GYMNOSPERMS: WHITE PINE. 309 bears lateral leaves, and in some cases all gradations are present betweenthese lateral leaves on the axis and their
RMMA72CA–. Elementary botany . Fig. 210. Rear, side, and front views of fern sporangium. , annulus; <i, lip cells. opens between the lip cells on the front and the lateral walls of the sporangium are torn directly across. The greater mass of spores are thus held in the upper end of the open sporangium, and when the annulus has nearly doubled on itself it suddenly snaps back again in position. While treating with the glycerine we can see all this movement take place. Each cell of the annulus acts independently, but often they all act in concert. When they do not all act in concert, some of them snap
RMPG0C9Y–. The structure and development of mosses and ferns (Archegoniatae). Plant morphology; Mosses; Ferns. 390 MOSSES AND FERNS CHAP. major part from the cap cell, which in all the forms becomes much more developed than in any other Ferns, and from it alone the apical annulus is derived. In Ancimia and Mohria the tissue of the tip of the leaf adjacent to the sporangia grows into a continuous indusium, which pushes them under to the lower side. In Lygodium (Fig. 224) each sporangium very evidently corresponds to a single lobe of the leaf segment, and has a vein corresponding to this. The pocket-like
RM2AJDEJ0–Elementary botany . Fig. 195-of saprolegnia, one showing the escape of the zoogo-nidia., show that the protoplasm is divided up into agreat number of small areas, as shown in fig. 195.With the low power we should watch some of the older ap-pearing ones, and if after a few minutes they do not open, otherpreparations should be made. 182 MORPHOLOGY. 391. Zoogonidia of saprolegnia.—The sporangium opens at. Fig. iq6.Branch of saprolegnia showing oogonia with oospores, eggs matured parthenogenetically. the end, and the zoogonidia swirl out and swim around for ashort time, when they come to rest. Wit
RMMA72FM–. Elementary botany . Fig. 207. Four pinnae of adiantum, showing recurved margins which cover the sporangia. shown in fig. 211, and soon it snaps quickly, to near its former position, and the spores are at the same time thrown for a consid- erable distance. This movement can sometimes be seen with the aid of a good hand lens. 352. How does this opening and snapping of the sporan- gium take place ?—We are now more curious than ever to see just how this opening and snapping of the sporangium takes place. We should now mount some of the fresh sporangia in water and cover with a cover glass for mi
RMPG4B73–. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. SOME MYXOMYCETES OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE 339 After the spores are mature, the wall of the sporangium breaks open and the spores are scattered far and near by wind, animals, and other agencies. When the spores fall on a suitable object and conditions are right, the protoplasm breaks out of the heavy- wall and either grows directly into a new Plasmodium, or pro- duces cilia, swims about, and multiplies like the simple one-celled forms of animals {Fig. 291), the Plasmodium being formed later by the fusion of these animal-like bodies. Some Myxomycetes of
RMFJ5K21–Star Moss, Haircap Moss, Hair Moss (Polytrichum formosum, Polytrichum attenuatum), with capsules, Germany, Bavaria, Oberbayern, Upper Bavaria
RM2AWTM9K–Essentials of bacteriology; being a concise and systematic introduction to the study of bacteria and allied microörganisms . cillium glaucum (X 500) (Frankel and Pfeiffer). walls break down, and the wind scatters the spores, leavingthe cap or columella behind. The rounded sporangium isusually black. Growth.—^Takes place at higher temperatures on acid media.It is not pathogenic. Achorion Schonleinii. Trichophyton Tonsurans.Microsporon Furfur.—^These three forms are similar toeach other in nearly every particular, and resemble in somerespects the Oidium lactis, in other ways, the mucors. The YE
RMMCK5P3–. Fig. 24.—Chi/tridium bnuncae, Wor. Cell contiiiiiiiig three sporangia, two of which are discharging zoospores; one sporangium is already empty. Resting- spores inside the cells of a cabVjage-plant. (.fter Woronin.) The disease is favoured by moisture, and restricted by dry surroundings. Ground subject to attack should be planted witli crops other than cabbage. Olpidium trifolii, Schroet. { = >Si/nchi/trii(iii trifoUi, Pass.) rioiluce.s defurmatioii of the leaves and petioles of TrifvUutn njii/i.-i. The fungus lives in the epidermal cells. Olpidium lemnae, Fiseh., in epidermal cells of Lr
![. Fossil plants : for students of botany and geology . Paleobotany. XX] EUFILICINEAE 283 I. Leptosporangiate Filicales. In these homosporous and heteiosporous plants the sporangia are developed from single epidermal cells. (a) Eufilicineae. The sporangia bear spores of one kind only; the wall of a sporangium consists of one layer of cells. In. Fig. 220. Young fronds of (A) Angiopteris evecta and (B) Cycas revohita. (Beduced.) the great majority of cases the sporangia are characterised by the possession of a conspicuous row of thick-walled brown cells, the annulus which serves as a mechanism f Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG15RG/fossil-plants-for-students-of-botany-and-geology-paleobotany-xx-eufilicineae-283-i-leptosporangiate-filicales-in-these-homosporous-and-heteiosporous-plants-the-sporangia-are-developed-from-single-epidermal-cells-a-eufilicineae-the-sporangia-bear-spores-of-one-kind-only-the-wall-of-a-sporangium-consists-of-one-layer-of-cells-in-fig-220-young-fronds-of-a-angiopteris-evecta-and-b-cycas-revohita-beduced-the-great-majority-of-cases-the-sporangia-are-characterised-by-the-possession-of-a-conspicuous-row-of-thick-walled-brown-cells-the-annulus-which-serves-as-a-mechanism-f-PG15RG.jpg ". Fossil plants : for students of botany and geology . Paleobotany. XX] EUFILICINEAE 283 I. Leptosporangiate Filicales. In these homosporous and heteiosporous plants the sporangia are developed from single epidermal cells. (a) Eufilicineae. The sporangia bear spores of one kind only; the wall of a sporangium consists of one layer of cells. In. Fig. 220. Young fronds of (A) Angiopteris evecta and (B) Cycas revohita. (Beduced.) the great majority of cases the sporangia are characterised by the possession of a conspicuous row of thick-walled brown cells, the annulus which serves as a mechanism f Stock Photo")
RMPG15RG–. Fossil plants : for students of botany and geology . Paleobotany. XX] EUFILICINEAE 283 I. Leptosporangiate Filicales. In these homosporous and heteiosporous plants the sporangia are developed from single epidermal cells. (a) Eufilicineae. The sporangia bear spores of one kind only; the wall of a sporangium consists of one layer of cells. In. Fig. 220. Young fronds of (A) Angiopteris evecta and (B) Cycas revohita. (Beduced.) the great majority of cases the sporangia are characterised by the possession of a conspicuous row of thick-walled brown cells, the annulus which serves as a mechanism f
RM2AWRRTB–The structure & development of the mosses and ferns (Archegoniatae) . Fig. igi.—Tricliomancs cyrtotheca (Hilleb.). Development of the sporangium, X225. A, Longi-tudinal section of very young receptacle with the first sporangia (j-/) ; B-D, successive stages ofdevelopment seen in longitudinal section ; F, horizontal section of nearly ripe sporangium ; r,the annulus. young the tissue of the leaf immediately about it forms a ring-shaped ridge, which grows up in the form of a cup-shapedindusium, which either remains as a tube {Trichomanes) or isdivided into two valves (^HynieitopJiylhuii). Many sp
RMME6JY1–. Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten, insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen, unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher hervorragender Fachgelehrten begründet . mit i kurzgesliellen lermiiialen Sporangium und 2 sterilen, in einer verlicalen Ebene stehenden Blattverzweigungen, die an der Spitze blasenförmig angeschwollen, und einem zu einschichtigen, von außen gesehen, aus 6eckigen Facetten bestehenden Rindenge- webe zusammenschließen, die in deutliche Querreihen ge- ordnet sind und) in jüngerem Zustand ein einfaches oder gewöhnlich dichotomisch ver- zweigtes , wenigzelliges
RMPG00T7–. Lessons in botany. Botany. i6o BOTANY. are connected with the upper end of the annulus on one side and with the upper end of the stalk on the other side by thin-walled cells, which may be termed connec- tive cells, since they hold each lip cell to its part of the opening sporangium. The cells on the side of the sporangium are also thin-walled. If we now ex- amine a sporangium from the back, or dorsal edge as we say, it will appear as in the left-hand figure. Here we can see how very prominent the annu- lus is. It projects beyond the surface of the other cells of the sporangium. The spores ar
RM2AWTWXH–The structure & development of the mosses and ferns (Archegoniatae) . e two pleromestrands. TJie SporangiujH The development of the sporangium has been very carefullyexamined by Goebel, and his results confirmed by laterobservers. All of the leaves, except the imperfect ones thatseparate the sporophylls of successive years, bear a single, verylarge sporangium at the base. From the first it consists of an Bruchman (I), p. 554. - Kienitz-Gerloff (6). • Farmer (2), p. 37. * an Tieghem and Douliot (5). Bruchman (i), p. 558. « Goebel (3), Bot. Zeit. 1881. 294 MOSSES AND FERNS CHAP. elongated eleva
![. Fig. 15. Äy B Comatricha nigra Pers. A Sporangien, nat. Gr. B Capillitium (etwa 20/1). — C, Z», F. Stemonitis fusca Both. C Sporangien, nat. Gr. D, E Capillitium {D etwa 5/1, E 20/1). — F, G, H Enerthenema papillatum (Pers.). /"unreifes, G reifes Sporangium (etwa lOjl). if Capillitium (etwa 20/1). (C, D nach der Natur. A, /", Oy H nach Rostafinski. B, E nach De Bary.) Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/MCTKMK/fig-15-y-b-comatricha-nigra-pers-a-sporangien-nat-gr-b-capillitium-etwa-201-c-z-f-stemonitis-fusca-both-c-sporangien-nat-gr-d-e-capillitium-d-etwa-51-e-201-f-g-h-enerthenema-papillatum-pers-quotunreifes-g-reifes-sporangium-etwa-lojl-if-capillitium-etwa-201-c-d-nach-der-natur-a-quot-oy-h-nach-rostafinski-b-e-nach-de-bary-MCTKMK.jpg ". Fig. 15. Äy B Comatricha nigra Pers. A Sporangien, nat. Gr. B Capillitium (etwa 20/1). — C, Z», F. Stemonitis fusca Both. C Sporangien, nat. Gr. D, E Capillitium {D etwa 5/1, E 20/1). — F, G, H Enerthenema papillatum (Pers.). /"unreifes, G reifes Sporangium (etwa lOjl). if Capillitium (etwa 20/1). (C, D nach der Natur. A, /", Oy H nach Rostafinski. B, E nach De Bary.) Stock Photo")
RMMCTKMK–. Fig. 15. Äy B Comatricha nigra Pers. A Sporangien, nat. Gr. B Capillitium (etwa 20/1). — C, Z», F. Stemonitis fusca Both. C Sporangien, nat. Gr. D, E Capillitium {D etwa 5/1, E 20/1). — F, G, H Enerthenema papillatum (Pers.). /"unreifes, G reifes Sporangium (etwa lOjl). if Capillitium (etwa 20/1). (C, D nach der Natur. A, /", Oy H nach Rostafinski. B, E nach De Bary.)
RMPG3TYB–. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. FEMALE GAMETOPHYTE 449 sporangium as in Selaginella, but a new feature of tiie Cycads is that the megasporangium does not open to allow the megaspore to be exposed, and therefore the female gametophyte remains permanently enclosed in the sporangium. The developing female gametophyte uses most of the nucellus for food and thereby makes room for itself. When the gametophyte is mature the. Fig. 399. — Section through a Cycad ovule containing a mature gameto- phyte. /, female gametophyte with two archegonia (a) shown; m, micro- spores developing tubes,
RF2H9GXCH–Reticularia lycoperdon, also called Enteridium lycoperdon, commonly known as the false puffball, slime mold from Finland
RM2AJJDNC–A text-book of the diseases of the ear for students and practitioners . Fig. 87.—Aspergillus Niger. Mycelium covered with numerous fallen spores ; b, Hypha ; c, Sporangium, withripe spores ; b, Hypha ; d, Reoeptaculum ; e, Sterigmata with spores. contributions of Burnett, Blake, J. Patterson-Cassels, Hassenstein, Hagen,Bezold, Steudener, Lowenberg, Wagenhauser, and Siebenmann. The most common fungi met with in the ear belong to the species Asper-gillus niger (van Tighem), flavus (Brefeld), and fumigatus (Fresenius). Thefollowing are more rarely seen: The Vesticillium Graphii (Trichotheciumrose
RMMAB5YN–. Dr. L. Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz . *. Mucor. — Sporangienträger. a M. Mucedo (Sectio Mono-Mucor). Eine Gruppe unverzweigter Träger mit zugehörigem Mycel; bei s ein zerfliessendes Sporangium (Vergr. 4Ü, nach Kerner), b M. racemosus (Sectio Eacemo-Mucor). Ein traubig verzweigter Träger mit grösserem Sporangium am Scheitel und kleineren, traubigen auf kurzen Seitenästchen (Vergr. 30, nach Fresenius). ^) Eine Ausnahme bilden M. heterogamus, M. neglectus, M. tenuis. 12*
RMPG0CA4–. The structure and development of mosses and ferns (Archegoniatae). Plant morphology; Mosses; Ferns. FlG. 227.—Cibotium Memiesii. A, Pinnule with the sori is), X3; B, a single sorus showing the two-valved indusium, X9;- C, a single sporangium, X80; r, the annulus; D, a paraphysis, X8o. dium, less so in Schiscea, where the sporangia are smaller, and the mother cells project much more strongly. The early divi- sions correspond closely with those of the Hymenophyllaceas, and as there the tapetum is massive and two-layered, and the stalk of the sporangium very short. The wall is derived in The di
RF2H9Y3TC–Physarum album, also called Physarum nutans, a slime mold of the order Physarales from Finland
RM2AJDM32–Elementary botany . B Fig. 172.A, Ectocarpus siliculosus; B, branch with a young and a ripeplurilocular sporangium; E, gametes fusing to form zygospore.(B, after Thuret; E, after Berthold.) [68 MORPHOLOGY.. Fig. 173.Sphacelaria, portion algaegiant locular), and usually occur in the place of lateral branches. The zoosporesescape from the apex of the sporangium and are biciliate, and they fuse toform zygospores. 361. Sphacelaria.—The species of this genus repre-sent an advance, in the development of the thallus.While they are filamentous and branched, divisiontakes place longitudinally as well a
RMMAB5R9–. Dr. L. Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz . Fig. 1—4. Ascoidea rubescens. Fig. 1. Conidienträger mit Conidien. Fig. 2. Hyphenzweig mit Conidien und endständigem Sporangium, aus welchem die Sporen rankenartig austreten, darunter ein weiteres junges Sporangium im Begriff, das entleerte zu durchwachsen. Fig. 3. Sporangium mit Sporen, in Entleerung be- griffen, umgeben von leeren Häuten alter durchwachsener Sporangien. Fig. 4. Junges Sporangium, alte, entleerte durchwachsend. (Alles nach Brefeld, stark vergr.)
RMPG04TM–. The structure and development of mosses and ferns (Archegoniatae). Plant morphology; Mosses; Ferns. EQUISETINEJE 475- layer by the absorption of the others, but the remains of a sec- ond layer can be made out in stained sections of the ripe sporan- gium (Fig. 280, E). The vascular bundles of the sporophyll divide, one branch running to each sporangium. Of the two species studied by Bower, E. arvense and E. li- mosum, the latter showed more slender and strongly projecting sporangia, but otherwise they were alike. E. telniateia has even more massive sporangia than B. arvense. The sporophylls.
RF2H9Y3RE–Physarum album, also called Physarum nutans, a slime mold of the order Physarales from Finland
RM2AN7X98–Lectures on the physiology of plants . called Microspores. In the other spo-rangia of the same fruits, on the contrary, onlya single one of all the spore-cells already pro-duced attains completion; this one, however,attains such vigour that it fills up the cavity ofthe sporangium—it is the Macrospore. Lying in water the spore-fruit of the llar-silia bursts, and by means of a very remarkablemechanism the macro- and micro-sporangiabecome expelled from the sporocarp (Fig. 430), whereupon the further developmentof both kinds of spores begins at once. The contents of the microspores break up by su
RMMAB60C–. Dr. L. Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz . Entophlyctis. — « E. Cieukowskiaua. Habitusbild, eine Cladophorazelle mit 37, theils Sporangien, theils Dauersporen bildenden Parasiten (Vergr. ISO, nach Zopf). & E. bulligera. In einer Spirogyrazelle ein reifes, polyrhizes Sporangium mit zahlreichen, von seiner ganzen Oberfläche ausstrahlenden Mjcelfäden und kurzem, knopfartigen Scheitel (Vergr. 540, nach Zopf), c E. Cienkowskiana. Eine reife Dauerspore mit einem einzigen, verzweigten Mvcelast, monorhize Form (Vergr. 300, nach Zopf).
RMPG0CAA–. The structure and development of mosses and ferns (Archegoniatae). Plant morphology; Mosses; Ferns. THE HOMOSPOROUS LEPTOSPORANGIATM 389 show a certain likeness to Botrychiiim. The sporangia arise always in acropetal order from the apex of the terminal seg- ments (sorophore) of the sporophyll, and are strictly lateral in origin, not originating from epidermal cells, but from marginal ones. The young sporangium appears as a lateral outgrowth of the margin, exactly like a young pinna upon the main axis, and the young sorophore has the appearance of a young pinnate leaf, and at this stage recal
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