An example of a Bramble Stem gall caused by the gall wasp Diastrophus rubi. The gall is seen here after the bramble has died in the winter and the gal

An example of a Bramble Stem gall caused by the gall wasp Diastrophus rubi. The gall is seen here after the bramble has died in the winter and the gall is covered in exit holes where the adult wasps have emerged after pupating from larvae. Galls can be caused by a number of organisms including bacteria, fungi or insects. The action of these organisms can cause odd shapes and distortions in the plants they affect. Photographed in a studio against a black background. Dorset England UK GB