Annotated Bibliography of Diamondback Moth - part

Annotated Bibliography of 

Diamondback Moth 

Compiled by 

N. S. Talekar 

Hui Chin Yang - Song Tay Lee 

Bor Shyan Chen a Li Yu Sun 

Tropical Ve_,atable Information Service 

Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center

Acknowledgements 

The authors wish to acknowledge the following individuals 

for translation of foreign language abstracts: Dr. Hideo 

Imai of AVRDC and Dr. Ken'ichi Nomura of Chiba University, 

Japan (Japanese); Dr. C. N. Sun of National Chung Hsing 

University, Taiwan (Chinese); Drs. El Mostafa Saadaoui and 

Sylvia K. Green of AVRDC (French qnd German); and Miss I-Fen 

Sun of Chinese Culture University, Taiwan (Russian). We are 

also grateful to Drs. Jonathan Yuen, Chris Stearn, and Jack 

Gershon of AVRDC for their help with the computer and word 

processing programs that were used for typing and indexing. 

Our thanks also go tc Mr. E. W. Sulzberger of the AVRDC 

Office of Information Services for his help in the editing 

and layout of the manuscript. The entire manuscript was 

typed by Miss Angela Chen. Miss Chen's efforts proved indispensable, 

and without her help this publication would not 

have been printed in time for the workshop. 

The printing of this publication was supported, 

in part, by the Tropical Vegetable Information 

Service, a project funded by the International 

Development Reseurch Centre (IDRC) of 

Canada. 

AVRDC Publication 85-229 

ISBN 92-9058-0014-5 

Printed February 1985 

'-,

Contents 

Preface ................ ................................. 

Copyright notes ............ ............................. 11 

General ............. .................................... 1 

Host-plant interaction .................................. 

Morphology and taxonomy ................................. 

Physiology and development .................................. 

Biology ................................................. 

Ecology ................................................. 

Predators and parasites ................................. 

Microbial control ....................................... 207 

Cultural control ........................................ 

Insecticide toxicology .................................. 

Insecticide control ..................................... 

Insecticidc resistance .................................. 

Integrated control ...................................... 401 

Pheromones, juvenile hormones, chemosterilants, and 

repellents ........................................ 

Author index ............................................ 433 

S-ibject index ........................................... 444 

59 

70 

75 

80 

105 

147 

251 

261 

281 

387 

413

Preface 

Diamondback moth, Plutclla xylostella L., is one of the 

most destructive pests of cruciferous crops in the wocld, and 

has been reported in

Copyright Notes 

Abstracts ending with the de7,otation "[RAPJ" are reproduced 

from the Review of Applied Entomolgy, series A, copyright 

CAB; reproduced with the permission of the Commonwealth 

Agriculture Bureau, Slough SL2 3N, UK. 

Abstracts ending with the denotation "[BA]" or "[AE]" 

are reproduced from Biological Abstracts or Abstracts of 

Entomolgy, iespectively, copyright Biological Abstracts Inc; 

reproduced with the permission of BioSciences Information 

Service, 2100 Arch Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA. 

Abstracts ending with the denotation "[EAI" are reproduced 

froa Entomology Abstracts, copyright Cambridge Scientific 

Abstracts; reproduced with the permission of Cambridge 

Scientific Abstracts, 5161 qiver Road, Bethesda, MD 20816, 

USA. 

Abstracts ending with [RAE], [BA], [AE], and [EA] 

should not be reproduced without the permission of the copyright 

holder. 

ii

General 

0001. Allan, W. 1930. Insect pests and plant diseases of 

economic importance during the year. Annu. Rep. Dep. Agric. 

N. Rhodesia 1929, pp. 36-44. 

The larva of Lhe weevi I, Ornophorus stomachosus Boh., 

eats into the heart of figs and causes them to dcop. Busseo- 

In fusca Fuller (maize stalk borer) is prob'Aly the most. 

serious pest of maize, which is also attacked by Heliothis 

(C1, 1oride ,) o),S(o Iota F. , adi an insect thought. to be the 

Tettigoniid, Ac, n thopIus (discoidalis ilk., which sometimes 

does considerable damage to the young cobs. Tobacco is also 

attacked by H. obsoleta and by Phthorimaea heliopa Lw., and 

P. operculella Zell. Vegetable pests include Bar-ada hilaris 

Burm., Plutell:a maculipennis Curt., Athalia flacca Kon. (turnip 

sawfly) and Bri-vicor.vne (Aphis) brassicae L., on crucifers; 

Epi luchna chrysomelina F. , and Aphis gossypii Glov. , on 

cucurbits, and Phthorirnmea oFerculella on potatoes. [RAH] 

0002. Anonymous. 1914. Bulletins of the Horticultural and 

Agricultural Station. Suchum, No.14:11-15 and 62. (in Russ 

i an) . 

This issue of the bulletin consists of a report on the 

work of the Station in 1913, a program intended to be carried 

out in 1914 and sa)me estimates for 1915. There is an entomological 

section at the Station, a report of which is also 

included. The chief pest of orchards is Schizoneura Janigema 

Hausm., control of which is conducted only in the nurseries; 

the local variety of apple called "Abchaz-apple" is 

not attacked or only little injured by this pest. Cydia 

pomonelln and Rhynch.ites paux.ilius Germ. occur everywhere End 

are very injurious. Other pests include Thrips on various 

nursery plants; Lachnus pers icae on peaches, which however 

does not do serious damage, even when present in large numbers; 

Lepidosaphes u lmi (Mytilnspis pomorum), and other Coccidae; 

Zeuzera asculi, Vanessa polychloros, L;'mantria (Ocnerin) 

clispar, and some species (f Tortricidae and of Scolytidae. 

Among market-gardens pests the report mections: Pieris 

bimassicae, Plutella maculipennis Curt. ( cruciferai-um Zell.), 

AthaLia spinarum F., and some Halticini. [RAE] 

0003. Anonymous. 1918. Report on the occurrence of insect and 

fungus pests on plants in England and Wales in the year 1917. 

Bd. Agric. Fisheries, London, Miscell. Publications No. 21, 

32 pp. 

H1ydroecia micacea Esp. is widely distributed in allotments, 

in June and July and doing extensive damage. Pieris 

brassicae L., the larvae of which is damages the pods of 

turnips and swedes grown for seed cogether with P. napi are 

universally abundant and cause widespread damage. In one case 

they even attacked onions. A very high percentage of the 

I

Diamondback Moth Bibliography 

larvae, however, are parasitised and in some places kept in 

check by hand- picking, dusting with fresh slaked 1 ime, and 

sp:aying with a so lut ion of common salt,. PlIutvl a mac'ui 

pennis Curt. (di amondback moth) , wh i ul, was not pl e n t ifi I and 

only one small attack was reported from Yorksh.i re. C(trad/rina 

c/n'lvipalpis Scop. ( tunlitripu ct tilla F. ) larvae do great damage 

to stacked peas in Essex. Hiopialus sp. larvae are found boring 

into the stems of broad beans. A general outbreak of 

Chatraons gt'aminis. 1. (antler moth) occur From t he Peak to 

the Lake 1)is I c t on poor tip and pasture s. /latratht'a ( Mime-str[-) 

brassicae L. , caus('d conside(rViabl)le losses Of cabbages 

etc. and also att acked on ions andI green toma t oes . [RAE ] 

0004. Anonymous. 1925. 'roc I amat ions under the p ant diseases 

act, 1924. Govt . (Gaz . No.97, Sydney, New South Wales. 

The in t. roduc I io in i I. o New Sou t.h Wa1 e s is proh i b i t ed of 

numerous plants and f'ruitis, except under certa in con di t ions 

as to containers, inspect. ion and dest inat ion. The i nsects 

dec ared to be pests for the purposes of the act include: 

lep idopt era: Aegriai oxi t iosn, .grot is spp. , Anarsia linento 

Il, Croc idos'ma plebh1oinna, C.vdia molosta, C. pomonella, 

latanan min)isti1, Dichocrocis punctiffol lis, A'rttias hue'eli, 

Eph eost iit spp. , Fuxoa infusa, E. rtdiians, Iflliothis obsolcta, 

Ifemetrocalmpt leucost igma , Loxost goe a ff'initila is, N.;vgria ph aeortrhoea, 

Persectania ewingi, Pht'agm ttiphila t-runcata, Phthe; 

'im opor-culfl / a, Plnt vec(/ra goss.'pil1 in, Plodi a interpunct - 

Ilii, Plutoll maculitponnis, Pot'thotri dispar-, Pvralis fariaalis, 

'vratiUsta nubiltilis, Pyvoccrc's spp. , S iot roga cera .lella, 

and Tor'trix divulsitnn. [ItA .] 

0005. Anonymous. 1929. Report of the Latvian last itute of 

P 1nit Protection for 1928 29. Lat iv ian last i tute of Pl ant 

Protection, Riga, 12 pp. 

This report contains sections denling wit h insect pests 

observed in Latvia during the year- ended May 1929 . Phyll1ot 

rotal nomorum I,., ['Jut l/a macu Iipoanis Curt. , Trioza 

vit-idult Zet t . , Psi Ia rosne F. , Aphthona oiuphot'hiae Schr. 

and Chlot'ops tnoniopus Mg. , were among the principal pests of 

cultivated pla:nts in 192H, as recor'de(d by F. Ozols and J. 

Zirnits. [RAE 

0006. Anonymous. 1933. Plant diseases and pests in l)enmark in 

1932. Tidsskr. Planteavl. 39:453-511. (in Danish with English 

summary) 

Pests occurring in Denmark in 1932, in addition to some 

previously recorded, inciuded: Cropido/dera fortrrginca Scop., 

previously misidentified as Phyllotrta it llttit Redt. which 

caused damage to oats; Oscinoll (Oscinis) i"i t L . , which 

infestr-d various cereals, particularly when sown in iutumn in 

newly plowed grassland; Apion npricalns Ilbst. and A. assimile 

Kby. which damaged red clover (Y'rifolium prttnsc) grown for 

seed; and A. flavipes Payk. which injured the leaves of white 

clover (T. repens), Bibio fLruginttus I,. and 11. hortulanus 

2

Genernl 

L., which have recently caused injury to barley, have now 

disappeared, up to 100% of the larvae being found parasitised 

by a Diapriid, Spilomicrus sp. Swedes were attacked by 

'hrips angusticeps Uzel, Plutolia macvlipennis Curt:. (cruciferntrum 

Zell.), and Pieris spp., and carrots by Trioza v iridula 

Ze t t ., which caused leaf--curl throughout Jutland. Anthonomus 

pomoruum L., caused some injury on apple, and strawberry 

was attacked by A. rubi ttbst. and Peronen (Acalla) comarianl 

Ze II. Larvae of the Phorids, Megaselin (Aphiochneta) 

albidihalteris FeIt, and M. (A) cinerolla i Lundb. were found 

in cult ivuted mt'.Ihroom, for the first, time in Denmark, in 

addition to larvae of Scitnr spp. (RAE] 

0007. Anonymous. 1935. A memoir of the work of the phytopathological 

Station of Corunna, 1934. Pub]. Estac. Fitopat. 

Agric. Galicia No. 10, 79 pp. 

0 f the larvai, attacking cabbage, Pieris (, ln i)ium) t 

brassicono 1,. and [). rapne L. were the most harmful, though 

cases were aIso recorded of' s rious injury by Plutielln maculipennis 

Curt . , tRhrnthra brassiceie L. , and Athalia rosae L. 

co ib r i, Chr . The larvae of Pieris spp. were parasitised 

by Apan tolos glomer tus I. and the pupae by Pteromalus puparum 

I,. Each fert i I ised female of A. glom ratus could deposit 

up to about 40 eggs in the host; the larvae lived within it 

for 1 4 days , an( then eme rged t pupat Ie . The papal s t age 

lasted 7 -1 1 days except for the pupae that hibernated. The 

adults I ived 1 ; days wit hout food, or :30 aind more if sipplied 

with 10% sugar solutI ion. When larvae of P. brnssicaOe 

were platced in a ('age cont tain i n g aid u I t s of A. , lom, ra tus kept 

for over :30 days, several cases of mating occurred among the 

latter. P. tbrissicao was the preferred host , and other species 

of' Pionris were parns itised only when it was absent. A 

predomi nance of' t'. rtipn" t herefor-e indicated the presence of 

A. glomorait js. The first altuIts of the latter sometimes emerged 

and d ied in spring beot(ore host larvae were ovailrible. in 

one case a number of cocoons of this Braconid were destroyed 

by the Ceotoni id, Oxyth.yroni fun.s ta Poda. [ At'I 

0008. Anonymous. 1911H. Plant diseases and pests in Denmark 

1945 (--1946). Tidsskr. Planteavl 51:373 437, and 52:236 292. 

in Danish with Engl ish summary). 

These t.wo reports contain sect ions (pp. 409-128 and 

267 2HI) in which P. Bovien surveys the principal pests of 

cultivated plants in Denmark in 1915 and 1946 as in previous 

years. Insects that. cmused unusual ly severe d'mage in both 

years included 7'ipuln paludosa Mg. on many field crops, espe-cial 

ly r etoa Is, 1ibio hort u lancis I. on barley fo I I(ow ing swede 

and beet , ['o",om.y in hyos cyam i Pan z . 0i beet , (o tiltin in nas 

t t ti i K i off. on cab1)age and swe(Ies , Nm titus (/'t eronus) ribesi 

i Scop. or gooseberry (especial ly in 1945) and Anomala 

(Phvi lop 'rt ha) hort ico I I,. , which was in jurious to field 

crops and fruit. trees and ocrcI red in very large numbers in 

1946. In 1945, celery was i,,jured in autumn by Lygus ka-lm-ii 

3


I., and poppy was infested by Carpodiplosis papuavoi is Kje I, 

a cecidomy i id not previously found in Denmark. Damage to cru-oi 

fers by Plutel1a macu i[)enn is Curt. end to carrots in Jutland 

by Trioza apical is Forst . was unusually severe in 1946. 

In the same year, both A'r-iosoma Ian fr 1tlsm. find its parasite, 

Aphlinus ma] i fla1d. , spread on -apple, and Otior rhynchus 

trist is Scep., which had not prev i ous ly been re por ted 

as a pest in Denmark, gnawed young apple twigs. A severe outbreak 

of Autographa (t'lusia) gimrna I. occurred in July, and 

the larvae injured very many field crops and even young fruit 

trees. PupaI ion began in the middle of th_ month, and adults 

were nUllmerous in August. and the first ha If of September. 

There was I it t i e reproduc t ion. Some females oviposited in a 

fieI '1 cage, and of' the l arvae reared, the oldest pupated in 

September aud the others died with the onset of frost. All 

the pupae were dead by the spring 1947, and it is concluded 

that. the species is on immigrant and cannot normally overwinter 

in Denmark. [RAE] 

0009. Anonymous. 1953. Distribution maps of insect pests. 

Series A, No.31--36. Commonw. Inst. Entomol. London. 

These maps are no. 31- 36 of a series deal, respectively, 

with Paratetrtanychusp ilosus (C. & F.), Plutella macu]ipenn 

is (Curt.. ) , ,4labama argillaca (lb. ) , Lil pinia polytoma 

(Htg.), G. hercvniao (Iltg.) and Cle.'ora smithi (Arr.). [RAE] 

0010. Anonymous. 1962. Annual work progress report on crop 

improvement program of rice, iugarcane, vegetable and field 

crops (for the period from July, 1961 to June 1962) (II). 

Dir. Rural Affairs Vietnam, Saigon. 196'. 299 pp. 

In the section on insect control (pp. 241-210), of the 

pests found in vegetable gardens near Saigon, Plutella maculipennis 

(Curt.) and P ioris sp. were most important on crucifer's; 

a field spray test confirmed laboratory results that 

mev i nphos ( Phosdr in) , di az i non and t rich lorphon (Dipterex) 

gave effec.tive control of Pieris. In field tests at Dalat 

Stat.ion in 1962, cut worms were control led by a DDT (lust and 

spray and a heptachlor spray on potato and by a trichlorphon 

)ai t on cabbage. Tuberworms (Pht her imaet, oporcu lej-l1 

(Zell .)) were common on potato in oth,.r areas, but were control 

Ied( by su itabl e cult ivat i on and by spraying with 1)DT. 

Vegetable crops grown at Dalat and ti:r, pests attacking them 

are shown in a table. (RAEg 

0011. Anonymous. 1967. Distributin maps of pests. Series A 

(Agricultural). Nos. 235-240 and nos. 8, 32, 54 (revised). 

Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London. 

These maps are of a series and deal, respectively, with 

Ischnaspis longiros tris (S igin. ) , Crocid- .omia b inota.lis 

Zell. , Sesamia inferens (Wlk. ) , Ie!iothis virescens (F.), Hf. 

zea (Boddie) , Scrobipalpa oce lIate.lIa (Boyd), Cydia mo.lesta 

(Busck), Plutela xylastella (L), and Oryctes rhinoceros (L). 

[RAE] 

4

Gener alI 

0012. Anonymous. 1971. Outbreaks and new records. FAO Plant 

Prot. Bull. 19:89-92. 

J. C. Gupta reports (p. 89) thft an outbreak of Plut,]- 

]a xy.vlostella (L.) (maculipennis (Curt.)) occurred in March- 

May 1970 at Kumas i , Ghana. Caul i flower and cabbage at an experimental 

farm were severely damaged, and okra (Hibiscus 

culcnt us) was also attacked. Tomato and egg-plant (Solanum 

melongona) were not infested. Al though the moth has been recorded 

from many cult ivated and wi l( cruc iferois crops and a 

wide variety of other vegetables, this is thought to be the 

first record of' an infestatin on okra. [IhAEJ 

0013. Anonymous. 1977. Annt,' I Report of the Research Branch 

197i-1972. Department of Agriculture, Lusaka, Zambia, 287 pp. 

This report on agricultural research in Zambia includes 

a section on entomology (pp. 200-216). In this, notes on advisory 

work in relation to the incidence of' arthropo ds on 

maize, cottion, sugarcane, tobacco, potato, fruit (especially 

guava antn avoca(o) and vegetab Les (especially cabbage ard 

cucurbits;) are followed by records of new or unusual pests 

and a rev iew of invest igat ions on the chemical control of 

pests of tobacco, maize, lettuce, and cabbage and on the biolog 

ical cont ro I of Phthorimctea operculella ( Ze I I. ), Gnorimoschema 

operculella), Plut/la x.vloste.1a (I..), Aculops lycopers 

ici (Massee) ( VaIsoates Iycopr-sici) and citrus red scale 

[Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.) ] and the weeds La,,tiinu c maar, 

Eichhornia crassipes and Siilvinia auricuiatol. Other notes on 

arthropods of agricultural importance are to be found elsewhere 

in the report, especially in the sections dealing with 

the different crops, including cotton and tobacco. [RAE] 

0014. Anonymous. 1978. Summer and autumn cabbage. Hlorticulture 

- Vegetable - General No. 24, Ministry of Agriculture, 

Fisheries, and Food, United Kingdom. 16 pp. 

This general leafiet on the cultivation of summer and 

autumn crops of cabbage in the UK contains a section on pests 

and diseases. Some of the most important insect pests are 

flea beeltes (Phyllotre.ta spp.), which cause damage to the 

emerging seedlings that can, however, be prevented by means 

o. a seed dressing incorporating 1IIC (CH). Other pests attacking 

the crop are cabbage caterpillars (Mamestra brassicne 

(,.), Plutella xylostel! (L.), Noctun pronuba (L.), vergestis 

fort i calis (L.), Artogeia rapae (L), Pieris brossicae 

L. ) , and A. nfapi (L. )) , cabbage root fly (Delia brossicae 

(Wied. )) , turnip gfl I weevi l (Ceutorh.ynchus pleurostigma 

(Marsham)), and cabbage aphi d (lrevicoryvne brassicae (L. )); 

directiors for the control of these pests are contained in 

MAFF Advisory Leaflets. [HAE] 

0015. Anonymous. 1982. Fodder root crops. Leaflet No. 591. 

Ministry of' Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food, London, U. K. 

12 pp. 

This revised leaflet on the cultivation of fodder root 

5


crops (turnip, swede, mangel and fodder beet.) in the IlK (!on-tains 

a section on pests and diseases and their control, in 

which the major insect pests are considere(l to be cutworms, 

leatherjacket (tipul id larvae), wi reworm (ela.ter id larvae), 

cabbage root fly ( el ia radicuum ( L. ) ) , diamondback moth1 ( 'Iutell 

sylos tell ( .)), flea beetle (halt i(ines), maigold 

f I y , and the disease vect(or Ar'US C !'sico (SuIz.). IAE 

0016. Anonymous. 19 83 . Annual Report - July 1981 -- June 19H2. 

M inistry of' Agriculture, Agricultural Research Division, 

Ministry of Agr ic'u ture, Maser-u, Lesotho. 146 pp. 

It is stLated in a section on plant protection (pp. 34 

:3 , by I, . N(I w i I i ) o F t his re p or t on agr icu Itura I research in 

Lesotho that. the pests and discases Lhere have largely been 

ident if ied. Field surveys have shown that the pests requi r-ing 

immediate attention are stalkborers on sorghum and maize, 

noc tui ds on ma ize, sorghum, wheat , sun f'ower , peas , beans and 

tomatoes, beet les on beans and diamondback moth ( Plutolla 

.Vylos to In ( I.. )) on cabbage. In studies on the cont trol of' 

pests and diseases on fruit trees (including aphids and leafcurl, 

whi (:can cause losses of' 60-80% on peach), sprays of 

demeton S-methyl (Metasystox) or methamidophos (Tam-)i-on) were 

effective arainst aphids. [ RAH 1 

0017. Aver in, 

and activity 

V. 

of 

G. 1914. Information as to the appearance 

injurious insects dluri ng June-September. 

Rll. P, Pests Agi-i c . arid Methods o fight i ig t hem. No. 5: 21 22. 

(in Russian). 

Fol lowing pests were repor-teod during the period from 

June to September from various parts of' Charkov. Various larvae, 

especially those of the beetle Baris chloris F. , have 

done considerable damage to transplanted cabbages. Anisoplia 

austri 

ter 

ncn Herbst has appeared in large numbers damaging 

and summer-sown wheat, also winter sown rye. An 

winoutbreak 

of' this pest may be expected next year. 

L. , has injured oats, barley and winter -sown 

Lema me lafnopa 

wheat in one 

district. Cabbages, beetroots , and sunmner--sown wheat were 

attacked in d ifferent places by Agriotes sp. , while beetroots 

have a iso suffered cons i derab ly from Bot hynoderes (Cleonus) 

punctiventris Germ., in some districts and from Cassida nebulose 

1,. iri another. Outbreaks of' Melolon tht hipponcastani F. 

occurred in several parts and more or less damage was done 

both by imagines and larvae. Bturus tomentosts F. was reported 

from one district. In 

ernmen t , outbreaks of' Plutelln 

the western parts of the govmacu.lipennis 

Crt. (ctucifernarum 

Zell. were observed. Phlyctaenodes (A'ur.vcreon) sticti- 

Cr lis L. appeared locally and only in small numbers, except 

in one district, where it was necessary to spray against it. 

Winter-sown crops were damaged ii some dist r icts by EU.'oU 

segetum Schiff., and rape and mustard by At/inlin spinurum F. 

In one forest the second generation of the larvae of Lophyrus 

pini L., were injuricus. The report mentions also Lyonetia 

c ierkela as having mined nearly all the leaves of cherry 

6

General 

trees in one orchard; the Carabid beetle, ffarpnlua calceatus 

L., was swarming around street lamps in June, and a large 

swarm of Locusts (Pachytylus) migratoria L., was observed at 

10 p.m. on 22 July. ([ AE)] 

0018. Averin, V. 1915. A brief review of pests noticed in 

1914, and the possibility of their appearance in 1915, pp. 7 

13 (in Russian). 

The following pests of orchards are mentioned: Anthono-mus 

pomorum L. was very injurious, destroying 20-60% of apple 

buds; Rhynchites pau.illus Germ. defoliated a large number of 

trees; Sciaphobus squnlidus Gyl. was injurious to buds of 

cherry, plum, pear and apple trees, the damage in--creasing 

yearly; B.yturus tomentosus F. was first noticed in large 

numbers in the district of Valk; IJyponomeuta malline I-in 

Zell. was injurious in many districts; Cydia pomonell does 

serious damage every year and is expected again in 1915; 

Aphis pomi de Geer and Myzus cernsi have done great damage to 

sorae orchards; (Gryllotanpa gryl Iota ipa L. injured roots of 

young plants in nurseries. Pests of market-gardens include: 

Lethrus apterus Laxm. injuring sunflower seedlings; Baris sp. 

iijuricus to cabbage; elolontha nielolontha L., Chortophila 

(Anthomyi) brassicne Bouche, and Gr.yllotnlpa gryllotnlpa in 

many districts destroyed whole fields of cabbage; Aphis brassicne 

L., PlUt;lla ma8cul.ipennis Curt.. (crucifern rum Z.). 

Pests of field crops: Sitonos sp. injuriois to vetches 

and lucerne; Lemn mcinnopn Pall. was specially harmful to 

barley and oats; Anisoplia nunstriaca Herbst. haa increased of 

late years; tlothynoderes (Cleonus) punctiventris Germ. was 

formerly injurious in the western districts, but in recent 

years it has practically disappeared there and has now spread 

to the east and done considerable damage. Agriotes larvae 

and Cassida nobulosa L. have lone great damage to beet plantations. 

Phl.ctaenodes (Eur.ycreon) sticticalis L. as was 

expected, was not numerous in 1914, although in the district 

of Voltchansk, which suffered little in 1913, the caterpillars 

have considerably injured beet crops; it is not expected 

that an outbreak will occur this year. Euxon (Agrotis) seget 

n Schiff. has become a serious pest during the last two 

years and is expected to be so this year. Oria ( Tapinostola) 

muscuilosa lubn. is again expected to be troublesome. Athalin 

spinarum L. was noticed on rape and mustard. (HAE] 

0019. Beardsley, J. W. 1966. Insects and other terrestrial 

arthropods from the Leeward Hawaiian Islands. Proc. Hawaii 

Entomol. Soc. 19:157-185. 

The Leeward Hawaiian Islands comprisc a chain of small 

islets, and coral atolls which extend west Southwest of Kauai 

island. This paper summarizes results of entomological field 

work in these islands, and attempts to update the existing 

lists o f insects and other terrestrial arthropods known. The 

author gives list of arthopods found on Nihoa Island, Necker 

Island, French Frigate Shoal, Lisianski Island, Pearl and 

7


Hermes Atoll, Kure Atoll, and Laysan Island. Plutellat mnculipennis 

Curtis was found on North Island of Pearl and Hermes 

Atoll. 

0020. Berezhkov, R. P. 1924. Brief review of the work of the 

Tomsk Station for Plant Protection. Bull. S'iberian Entomol. 

Bur. No. 3:53 -60. 

The organ isat ion of the work of the Tom.sk S tat ion is 

outlined. The greater part of it has been directed against 

I ocus t.s , among which Stinuroderus sc'tln]ris Fisch. (Stenobothrus 

morio F.) was particularly injurious in 1922. A Proctotrupid 

has been found parasit.ising from 5 to 20% of the 

eggs of this species in certain localities, and observations 

on its life-history are being made. S. scnlais is the most 

p re"a lent species in wooded regions, whereas in the steppe 

regions Gjomphocerus sibiricus I. appears to be most abun-dan 

t . Other less important species are S. apricarius L. and 

Arcyp tero. It haq not yet been possible to compile a com-plete 

list. of agricultural pests, but they include Eurydema 

oleraeuin L. , A4thal ia col ibri Chri st ( spinarum, F. ), Maligethes 

aeneus F. , Barnthra (Mamest ia) brassicae L. , and Pluteli 

wnculipennis Curt. [RAE] 

0021. Bodor, J. and K. Balazs. 1970. Possibilities of the 

control of insect pests of Brass ica crops. Novenyvedelem 

Korszerusitese 4:79-104. (in Hungarian with English summary). 

Cabbage, cauliflower and related Brassica crops are being 

increasingly grown in Hungary, and information is presented 

on the morphology and control of the most important of 

the insect pests that attack them. The insects comprise Piuteli]a 

xyloste]1a (L.) (mnculipennis (Curt.)), Mamestra brass 

icae (I,. ), Piatt raxia ( M. ) oleracea ( L. ) , Pieris rapne (I.), 

Agrotis (Scotia) segetum (Schiff.), Autographa gamma (L.), P. 

brassi cae (L. ) , 1iv lemyva (Phorbia) brass icae ( Bch. ) , ff. (P.) 

flor Iis (Fail . ) , 11.(P.) pliturn (Nig.), Phyllotreta nigripes 

(F. ) , P. tttn (F.), P. crucirerne (Goeze), P. nemorum (L.), 

P. undulata Kutsch. , P. vittula (Redt.) and Brevicoryne brass(cao 

( L. ) . lip-to dalte methods developed For the cont.rol of 

each of these species are outl i ed. Particular attention has 

been paid to the replacement of" the chlorinated hydrocarbons 

that have been widely used in the past by organophosphorus 

compounds, to the selection of the most su i tat) I compounds 

having regard to the durat ion of effectiveness, the mode of 

action, the type .of pest and the growing period of the crop 

to be protected, and to thc possibilities of combined control 

measures against simultaneocs attacks on the crops by both 

insects and pathogens. (RAF] 

0022. Bogdanov--Katkov, N. N. 1921. Report. of Petrograd station 

for the protection of plants from pests for 1919. Plans 

for 1920. Bull. Petrograd Div. Sta. Protect. Plants Pests 

2: 5-53. 

In the course of this report. a brief outline is given 

8

General 

of the control measures updertaken during 1919. The pests 

dealt with include: The cabbage fly (Phorbia brassicae Bch.), 

Phaedon rochl1ai-aine F., the cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae 

L. ) , Barathra brassicae L. , Euxon (Agrotis) nigricans 

L. , the cabbage moth (Plutel In macuLipennis Curt.), and the 

onion fly (Ilylemyin antiq:,a Meig. ). [RAE1 

0023. Bourne, B. A. 1921. Report of the assistant director of 

agriculture on the entomological ard mycological work carried 

out (luring the season under review. Rep. Dep. Agric. 1919 

20, Barbados, pp. 10-31. 

The insects identified during the year included: the 

Ch3Lcid, tuplectrus furnius Wlk., bred from larvae of Protoparce 

cingulata; the Tenebrionid, Alphitobius piceus 01., on 

cotton seed from Venezuela; agrromyza sp. , mining leaves of 

cowpeas; the lepidoptera, Perigei albigera, attacking chrysanthomum 

leaves; and Pluteila maculipennis on cabbage; and 

the Ja-sid, Rftla ilutha sp., on maize. [RAE] 

0024. Box, H. E. 1928. Report for 1927 of the Department of 

Entomology of the Tucuman Agricultural Experiment Station. 

Rev. Ind. Agric. 17:162-172. 

D4ia tr e sacchira I is F., is the chief pest of sugarcane 

in the province of Tucuman, Argent. ina. Its natural enemies 

and the infloe.nce on it of diff'erent varieties of cane 

are discussed. Another moth-borer, KlasmopalIpus lignosellus 

Zel I. , occurs throughout. t e province, sometimes doing cons 

iderab Ie damage . Trionymus ( Psoudo-ocrtes) sarchari Ck 11 . 

was an important. pest. of cane in 1927. C it. rus was attacked 

by the aphid, To.voptera aurtintii Boy., and the Coccids, Lepidosaphes 

beck.i i Newm. , (7hrysomphilus fius Ashm. ( aonidum 

Auct. ), C. dict.vospermi Mask., C. minor Berl., and Pinnaspis 

(Ilemi rhi onasp is) aspidistrae Sign. Cotton pests included Alabhma 

11-rilll r fie Hb. and Aphis goss.ypii Glov. The Membracid, 

Corcs; htrunnicornis Fa i rm. was the only pest of lucerne observed 

in abundance. Cabbages were infested by Plutella ma 

culipennis (urt. [RAE] 

0025. hremcr', It. 1910. Quant i tati ve observat ions on the occurrence 

of damage, t.o vegetables in experimental fields of the 

Ascheirs ,I[,,n ,, irnwh of' the National Institute for Agriculture 

an For,st. du inrig 1925 to 19th. Z. Pfla ze ki. 50:71-84. 

(in German). 

An at tempt ts made to corre ttlate incidence of disease 

and injurious ins,.r,:t s with eate r. The data are admittedly 

incomplete and Iac k i t ' rmi t v. The present paper is devoted 

t, o cabbage. C I ub coot ( 1'I ismod i ophora brassicae) was never 

obseorv(,!d in the research field at Aschersleben, at though 

experiments with infested soil wiore carried on in the greenhouseP 

and the" spores probab ly were c:arri ed on ,to the f ield. 

The disease does not occur in the Aschersleben Magdeburg region. 

The soil is loess, and contains 12 25%g CaCO3. Although 

such soil has long be-n known to be free of club root, 

9


neutral to alkaline soil. It is suggested that soil where 

the disease occurs be inoculated with soi I from a reg i on 

where, ,ie disease is not found. The following insects were 

observed: Chortophila h"rtssicao, Pieris hriassict, 1'. z-tpne, 

Plutella maculipennis, and Phvl lottett spp. Holat ively litit,_ 

time was devoted to any but Ph'!/lot reotal spp. These were 

trapped from 1930 to 1934 and P. ntra each yeair comprised 

about 95% of the individuals of this genus. In general, dry 

weather favored population increase, and temperature influenceed 

the time of appearance, but sufficient numbers were 

present e very year to cause great damage. [BA] 

0026. Br ttt on, W. E . 1927. "'wcn ty--si xth report of the State 

Entomologist of Connecticut, 1926. Conn. Agric. Expt. Sta., 

Bull. 285, pp. 16 - 283. 

Notes are given (!n the insect pests occurring during 

the year. Plutola mac'ulipennis Curt. was more prominent 

than usual on and caul I if I 

cabbage 'ower . [ ?AEI 

0027. Brown, J . D . and .1. R. Hargreaves. 1979. Control of 

cabbage pests. Queensl. Agric. J. 105:222-228. 

Not, s are provi d(!( I t( aid the recognition of eight. 

pests of cabbage in Queens land, namely Plutell xY.vlostella 

( . ) , Art ogo,it rtapce ( L. ) (Piris rn'pne) , 1 .l.1i lt h.,(dral.is 

Gn . , He lioth is ormigera ( Hb . ), Crocidolomia binotalis Zel. , 

Ai,,rot is sp. , /i'evco ryne hriass icao L.) and Myzus pei-sicae 

(Sulz.), the damage they cause being included. Coatrol by 

natural enemies, cultural methods and insecticides is discussed 

in general terms. [RAE] 

0028. Butler, G. 1). Jr. 1961. Insects and other arthropods 

from Laysan Island. Proc. Hawaii Entomcl. Soc. 17:379-387. 

Laysan Is I and is located 1264 km to the northwest of 

Honolulu in the Leeward Chain of the Hawaiian Islands. The 

author visited this island in April and July 1959 and collected 

140 species of insects. The species collected belonged 

to 16 insect orders. Plutella maculipenn is Curt is was found 

during this collection trip. 

0029. Butler, G. [). Jr. lnd R . L. Usinger. 1963. Insects and 

other arthropods from Kure Island. Proc. Hawaii Entomol. Soc. 

18: 237--244. 

The authors visited Kure Island, sometimes called Ocean 

Island, located 90 km from Midway Islands 12-14, September 

1961 and collected 96 species of insects and other terrestrial 

arthropods. The ifisects collected belonged to orders collembola, 

orthoptera, dermaptera, corrodentia, mal lophaga, 

thysanoptera, hemiptera, homoptera, neuroptera, lepidoptera, 

diptera, and hymenoptera. Plutella maculipennis Curtis was 

found on this island. 

0030. Carlson, F. C. 1944. Miscellaneou:a insects attacking 

the cabbage. Bull. Wash. Agric. Exp. Sta. No. 455:120. 

10

General 

The cabbage flea beetle, Phyllotreta co lumbiana, causes 

considerable injury to the small and more tender plants in 

both plant beds and newly transplanted fields; as many as 50 

70% of the plants may be killed or badly injured in a few 

clays by this pest. Both calcium arsenate and rot enone bearing 

dusts have been effective in control ing this insect. 

Alertness on the part. of the grower is necessary in order to 

catch the infestation at its start and begin dusting before 

much damoge has been done. Piowing under the old seed fields 

immediately following threshing contributes greatly toward 

the control of this insect. since the old fields, if neglected, 

become the focal points of new infestations. The imported 

cabbage worm, Pieris rapne; the diamon(lback moth, Plutella 

macu liptn. is; and the cabbage looper, Antographa brass-icae, 

are of minor import ince to the seed industry in the Skagit 

Valley. No control measures are practiced, and should they 

become necessary, experience in(licates the use of lead arsenate 

or cryolite (lusts and sprays. 

0031. Carpenter, G. II. 1916. Injurious insects and other 

animals observed in Ireland during the years 1914 and 1915. 

Econ. Proc. R. Dubl in Soc. 2:22 1-233. 

The summer of 1914 was noteworthy for the great abun 

(lance and widespread ocrurre,ce of the diamondback moth, PlutelIa 

maculipennis Curtis ( crUdcferarum Zell.), which caused 

exten ive damage to the leaves of Cruciferous crops, especial 

ly white turnips and swedes. Caterpillars of the turnip 

moth, K,.von (A ro tis) s oget uM L., were very destructive to 

cabbage and turnip in King's Co. and Queen's Co. in late July 

ani early August., cating the plants .just below the surface of 

the ground. The cabbage fly, (hortophila (Phorbia) brassicae 

Bch. , was, as usual, abundant, and the maggots were even 

found feeding on radishe~s in a garden in Co. Dublin. [RAE] 

0032. Cass, L. M. 1959. Damage to cabbage by the clover 

cutworm, Scotogramma irifolii (Rott.) (Lepidoptera: Phalaenidae). 

Can. Entomol. 9[:477. 

Ha(loni (Scotogranmm) trifolii (Rott.) has rarely been 

recorded attacking cabbage, anid its numbers were almost always 

negligible on it in the Ottawa Villey of Ontario (luring 

surveys in 1949-58. The larvae were commoner in the early 

summer of 1956, however, and were sufficiently injurious to 

cause monetary loss in a study field of early cabbage. The 

feeding injury resembles that. due to Pieris rapac (L.), but 

is more confined to the developing head, which frequently becomes 

ma I formed. On 22 June, infestation reached one larva 

per plant and exceeded that by Plutolla maculipennis (Curt.) 

or Trichoplus in ni (ib., which are common pests of cabbage 

in the area. [RAE] 

0033. Chesnokov, P. G. 1936. The distribut ion and economic 

importance of pests of the foliage of cruciferous vegetable 

crops. Izd. vsesoyuzn. Akad. S. --kh. Nauk Tm. Lenina, Lenin 

11


grad. 90 pp. (in Russian). 

This is a compi lation of data obt ained during a few 

years prior to 1934 on the distribution, development and 

importance of insects that attack the f'oliage of cruciferous 

vegetables in various parts of the Russian Union. The pests 

concerned are Phvlloti-eta spp., Knomoscelis, adon idis Pall., 

Calaphellus hoefti Fald., Phaeclon cochlenria-e F. , Bar-nthra 

,rassicuo I,. , P-lutella maculipennis Curt . , ti',ris spp. , Athalia 

rosae L. co]ibri Christ) , Rzevic-ory'ne brassicae L. , and 

Furvdena spp. Special attention is devoted to the phenology 

of the more important species, and the determination of the 

periods in which the injurious stages are most. numerous on 

the crops. A provisional estimate is made of the economic 

importance, of certain species in different. regions. [IiAE] 

0034. Cooley, f. A. 1921. 18th Annual report. of the state 

entomologist of Montana. Montana. Agcic. Exp. Sta. Bozeman. 

Bull. 139, 16 pp. 

Minor pests in 1920 were h'rioph.',s p.yri Pgs t . (pearleaf 

blister mite); thrips; Orthoptera, Steiroxvvs trilineata 

Thom. , Stenopelmatus spp. , and Brachystola magnu Gir; Rhynchota, 

Ilissus leucopterus Say (chinch bug), Myzus ribis L. 

(currant aphis) , Aphi.s cornifoliae Fitch (sunflower aphis), 

and Pemphigus betne Doane ( sungarbeet root-louse); Lepidopiers, 

Pel-is ( Pont in) rat,? L. (imported cabbage worm), 

P.vrameis ( Vanessa) cardui L. , on cultivated sunflowers, Plute.la 

maculipennis (diamondbacked cabbuge moth) , Cydia pormonella 

(codling moth) , Tolea polvphemus Cram., Ufens plicatus 

Grote, and another Noctuid, bel ieved to be Onychngrotis riley'ana 

Morr., damaging the bark of cottonwood trees; Diptera, 

Hylemy'in cerealis gi II (western wheat stem maggot) , in spring 

wheat; Coleoptera, !,eptinotarsH decemlineata Say (Colorado 

potato beetle), Chrysomela exyclamationis F., on sunflowers, 

Ca;tharis nuttalli Say (blister beetle), Elaterid wireworms, 

Curculionids, and an unrecogn ised strawberry crown-borer; 

Hymenoptera, Bruchophagus funebris How. , damaging lucerne 

seed, and rare individuals of Urocerus flavicornis F. (horn 

tail). (RAE] 

0035. Cooley, R. A. 1930. Montana insect pests for 1929 and 

1930. Bull. Montana Agric. Exp. Sta. No. 238, 23 pp. 

Bcief' reference is made to the organisation of the entomological 

services in Montana. Grasshoppers abundant in 

1930 were Camnula pellucida Scudd. Me.anoplus femur-rubrum 

DeG.. and M. bivittt~tus Say. These may be expected to cause 

trouble in 1931, and pro-'pt control measures should be undertaken 

locally to prevent further increase. Coryrobites (Ludius) 

aeripennis Kby. , and C. (L. ) inflntus Say, were discovered 

in localities hitherto free from wireworms, and in such 

numbers that winter wheat fields had to be resown. Limonius 

sp. was also injurious to vegetable crops, particularly to 

cabbage seedlings. The cutworms, Ruxoa ochrogaster Gn., and 

Porosagrotis orthogonia Morr., were abundant. The Rurytomid, 

12

General 

Bruchophagus funebris How., breeds in lucerne seeds, sometimes 

damaging 50 60%. The adults emerge by gnawing small 

holes through both seed and pod about harvest time. A second 

generation matures in the seed in the spring. The spread of 

infestation through the sale of infested seeds is common; it 

is essential to determine whether the practice of cutt ing the 

crop before the time for oviposition, as followed in Canada, 

would be effective in Montana. Against Ariosoma (Schizoneura) 

lanigerum Hausm., which is particularly injurious on 

apple in the I it ter Root Valley, the parasite, Aphelinus mali 

lald. , is to be introduced. Other troublesome pests included 

Plutellu micuI ipennis Curt. , on mustard crops grown for seed, 

and Frythroneura ziczac Walsh, on Virginia creeper (Partheno 

('issus quinqefoI in). A list of insects reported during 1929 

and P930 is appended. (RAE] 

0036. Coriet t , G. }1. 1935. Division of Entomology. Annual 

Report, for the year 1934. Gen. Ser. Dep. Agric. S. S. and F. 

M. S. No. 21:43 56. Kuala Lumpur. 

Many of the pests observed in Malaya during 1934 have 

already been not i ced. Cabbages were attacked by Plutella 

maculipennis Curt. .lylopsocus capucinus F. was reared from 

the saplings and Aylehorus man.cus BIdf*. from the trunks of 

mahogany (Switn oia mahagoni). Pests of jelutong (Dyera 

riostulita) were Mfrutonin muirginaitai limps. , which coused some 

defol iation, Plntypus lepidus Chap. , which bored planks, P. 

suffodcienrs Samps. , which bored the wood, and flat ocer-a ruhus 

L., which oviposits on those parts of the trees from which 

bark has been reigoved -r on which it has died. [RAE1 

0037. Cordingley, C. L. and W. Danthanarayana. 1976. The 

lepidopterous fauna of capeweed ( Arctotheca calendula) in 

Victoria with keys for larval identificat ion. J. Aust. Entemol. 

Soc. 15: 19-34. 

In connection with investigat ions in Victoria on the 

biology of Kpiph.yns postvittana (WIk.) on apple, the larvae 

of 1 1 species of' Lepidoptera ( including F. pos.tvittuina and 

several other species of economic importance), belonging to 

s i x fam i I i es were found on capeweed ( Arcl ot hoca cu I enduIn) 

there in 1972. Keys are provided to the larvae of the II 

species, wit.1 notes on their hiology and that of nine species 

of parasites that were bred from t hem. Brnchymeria phyn 

(Wlk. ) , a nat ive pa-asite of Plut/ !llt xi'losteIla (L,.) was 

found parasitising Tebenna br,,dley'i Clarke on capeweed; this 

glyphipterigid is not itself of economic importance. [RAE] 

0038. Costa, M. S., L. S. Poltrorieri, M. Kto, and S. A. 

Do. 1982. insects injurious to crops of cabbage (Brass ica 

Olerucle , var. cap,itt L1,. ) in Transaiazomi ca, Para. Comunicado 

Tecnico, EMBRAPA, UEPAE No. 4: 1-5. 

Notes are given on tli insect pests of cabbage in 

Transamazoni ca, Para, Brazil. The information includes vernacular 

names, brief details of ,xternal morphology, the food 

13


plants other than cabbage and descr ipt ions of the type of 

damage cause( to cabbage. The pests comprise fliabrotica 

spec iosi (Germ. ), Irevicor'ne- birUssicne (L. ) (of which Cycloneda 

sanguinea (L. ) is an important predator) , Agrotis ipsi- 

Ion ( in ) , A ut og'i-phit g mm'n ( ,. ) ( P tusiit gamnia) , Spodo.-ptera 

frugipetd (J. E. Smith), Ascia monrrstto or'seis (Godt.) and 

P-lutelles Y.vloste lln (L. ) mitculipennis (Curt. ) ).. [RAE] 

0039. d' Eniiterez de Charlnoy, I). aid S. Gebert . 1921. Insect 

pests of Various minor crorps anid fruit trees in lMauritius. 

Hul I . En tontol . lies. 12: HI 190. 

Some of the more important of tie pests dealt with are 

on C r {c i ferae (cabba,,.e, ca 1 if o wer , etc. ) , Croc idolominu 

1)inota] is, Z. . ['ltl 1i mac(-ulipenr is, Curt. , and Brievicor.vne 

(Aph is) ra11 ss ion(,, 1,., on wh i ch .Yenn thogrammt pfe-i frervi and 

(CTi IomeItths I i,,tt a rf r t, da c o o s on a r t i choke. IRAE) 

0040. Djur le, A. I.9H2. Planl pro te-t ion year 1981. Agriculture. 

Vaextskyddsnotis er 46: 1 9. (in Swedish with Fngtish 

s ummita I y) 

This is a rev iew of, the incide c.,,ofI pesjts and diseases 

of' field( crops in Swe(eii in 19 1. Th e i soc ts iten nt i on ed as 

o(f i mport ance are Os ; ,e'll I f'rit f 1,.) on oats, ,I't-so IIn pel 

luCida (F. ) , a so on oats, Oul'm m 1 topus I.) o on numerous 

cereals (more commonly in fest ed than io recen t years ) , )e. it 

c'oalrctat a (a 1 1 . ) ( HIv lnmst coitar tal a) on wii ter wheat and 

rye, Me igot ht's a en us .") or rape , t'luto l Iia .vlso o I lt ( L.) 

m'lcu / iponn is 

Wiin . ) and 

(Cult . on cabbage, Pts invu-n 

PsyI iodes chrvysocoph t lus (1,.) on 

bt-assicoe 

winter oil 

crops , 

beet. 

and Aph is fi 1c Scop . and 'gomya hyos cyimi (Panz . ) on 

A. ftab - a iso occurred on fiel (I beans. I RAE 1 

0041. Doinikov, A. V. 1925. Agricultural pests in the Kalmyck 

region and their control. Kvlmyck Region, Astrakhan, It pp. 

L,ocusts are tire most important irnsect enemies of agriculture 

in the Kalmyck region, and most of the work of the 

regional stat ion has been directed towards their control. 

Other insect pests of economic importance ore Cvdia pomonel-la, 

Hiyponomeuta nilinellus, Anthonomus pomorium, Zeuzer pvr.ina, 

Aphis brassice, Plutell in mtculiponnis, tieris rnpae, 

Npicunuti) spp. , Avl/nbris spp., Phyi/otirott spp. , Aph, is gassy-pii, 

Anisoplia sp., and Ar-/ ia (Palpar-ctia) spectabilis. 

0042. Duran, M. I. 1972. Problems in agricultural entomology 

in southern Chile. "Folia Fntomol. Mex. No. 23/24:45-,16. 

The injurious insects that. are common in the southern 

zone of Chile can be grouped as follows. On pastures and sown 

crops: falnnc noctuides Pfitzner, 1). (Macule-llIn) oh i-liensis 

(Viette), ttepialus pllens Blanch., Ii. (Dlaoca) cimidiatus 

Berg ( llep ial i dae ), MYth im i ( Pseudn./e tin) impunc t ( Gn . ), 

Copit rsia naon iojdes (B t, I r. ) ( Noct ui dae) , 1ut ella xyloste lla 

(L.) (macuIipennis (Curt.) (Yponomeut idae), Ser icoides 

14

General 

germanini D.T., Hylamorpho elegans (Burm.), Phytolaemn her-rmnnni 

Germain (Scarabaeidae), 1'rammophorus niger (Solier), 

Cosmecus sp. (Elateridae) and Tunn paulseni (Philippi' (Stratiomyiidae). 

On fruit trees: Cul.lisphj,ris mucropus Newm. 

(Cerambycidae) , Cydin (Luspeyresin pomonella (L.) (Tortricidae), 

Sriosoma lunigerum (Hsm.) (Eriosomatidae), 1epidons 

phes u/mi (L. ) (Diaspidi lae), Thanntopsyche chilensis (Phili-ppi) 

(Psychidae), Org.via antiqua (L.) (Lymantriidae) and 

Culiron cerasi (L. ) (Tenthredinidae). On commercial crops and 

farms: Epicauta pilmus (Molina) (Meloidae), lirevicor vnc brnssice 

(L. ) , Afvzus persicae (Sulz.), Afcrosiphum euphorbiae 

(Thos. ), Aulacorthum ( .cvrthosiphon)so lni ( Ka t . ) (Aphid idae), 

and IHeliothis zen ( 1(dd(i e) (arm iger Auct . ) (Noctuidae). 

[RAE] 

0043. Edwards, W. I. 1933. Report of the Government Entomolo-gist. 

Rep. Dep. Agric. Jamaica 1932 pp. 16- 18. 

Pests of vegetables reported during the year were: 

Heliothis obsoleta F. and the Pentatomid, Loxa fluvicollis 

Drury, on tomato anI egg p1 ant ( So In n mo longena); the Co-reid, 

(.orecoris fuscus Thnh. on sweet potato ( Tpovoea butats), 

l)ornlis ( Aphis) gossvpii Glov. and D)inphanin hynlinata 

L,. on melon; and Pieris (Pontia) monusto L,. and Plutell mucu 

] ipOnnis Curt.. ( cruci fernrum Ze lI.) on cabbtage. Cont rol of 

the tlalticid, Disony'chn levigntn Jac. , on beet was rendered 

diffiu t 1)y t te existence of an al ternat.ive food--pl ant , 

Alternunthern ficoidoa. Newly planted lettuce and other vegetables 

were of'ten severely attacked by garden mi l lepedes, 

outbreaks of which are attributed to the constant humidity of 

the soil caused by uninterrupted irrigation and also to the 

practice of leaving heaps of rotting vegetable matter beside 

the beds. G:-y1./us assim.ilis F., in gardens and Citrus nurseries 

was controlled by soil fumigation with calcium cyanide. 

Damage t.o seedlings and young plants by the cutworms, 

Prodenin ornithogolli Gn., Lycophotia infecta Ochs., and Kylomyges 

sun in Go. was reduced by the use of poison baits and 

sprays. [RAE] 

0044. Edwards, W. If. 1938. Report. of the Entomologist for the 

Year 1937. Rep. Dc p. Agric. Jamaica 1937 pp. 55-58. 

During 1937, cabbage in Jamaica was attacked by P1u-tella 

mnculipennis Curt. tcrucit'erarum Zell. ). [RAE] 

0045. Edwards, W. t1. 1939. Report of the Entomologist for the 

year 1938. Rep. Dep. Agric. Jamaica 1938 pp. 65-69. 

Some minor pests recorded during the year included Protoparce 

sexti jamnicensis Btr. on tobacco and tomato, Epitrix 

parvula F. and Anasa scorhut icit F. on tomato and eggplant 

(Solnnum melongena), Corythuchn gossypii F. on eggplant, 

Aphis mnzdis Fitch on sweet maize, Disonycha lueviguta 

Jac. on spinach, Ascia (Pontin) monute L. on cabbage, Plutel 

]a maculipennis Curt.. (cruciferurum Zell. ) on cauliflower, 

and Piophila casei L., in cheese. The problem of termite con 

15

1)i amon db ack Moth liI i ography 

trol in connection with slum clearance and rebuilding schemes 

a RKingston is briefly discussed. [lAIt I 

0046. Eminet II, B. J. 1982. Cabbage ca t erp I I ars. Leaflet 

No.69, Ministry of Agriculture, Fish ril es, and Food. ADAS, 

Leeds, II. K. 

The lepi(lopterous larvae o1', n found damain g cabbages 

cal I i flowers and other brassicas in the IK are usually ,tltogff 

iln r-apalc (I.) (Pier is r'apalo), 1'. brt11s ic o ( I,.), A. nip.i 

(L.) (P. nap i) and Mrmostra brassicae (1. ) . Larvae of Plute]lit 

Y.vyos Il In (I,. ) somet i mies occur in I -ge number.; and can 

do a great (!eaIl of damage. Cabbages may also be attacked by 

larvae of Ever',-ist is fortficra is (U,.), which in some years are 

as import ant a Cause of dafloia as the pierids. In this revised 

aeaflet, the author deals wil t he food plants, in.juriouis 

n055, I i fe histories, natural en e ies and control of these 

pe. ss. [IAE] 

0047. Ferdinandsen, C., .. 1,iiid, and S. Los trup. 1919. Report 

on insect pests and diseases of the orchard in 1916 and 1917. 

Tidskr. Plan eavl. 2G;297 334. ( in Danish). 

Cabbage and other crucifferous plants were attacked by 

ftea beet les (Phyllot reIn n oorurm I., P. at. t' F., and other 

spc ies) which did great damage, especially at, the end of 

Apri I and t h be inn i ng of Muy t o cabbage, radish, horseradi-sh, 

kohl rabi , and ornamental plants such as [bet'is and 

A lyss urn. A Carab i (I , flemb idion ( Bomb idlium) celer IF. , occurre(I 

wit h t he flea beetles in on, locality and did some damage. 

Other pests includcd Coutho-r-hynchus sulcicol-lis Payk., C. 

assimilis Payk., and Meligeothes aeneus F. on turnips, rudishes, 

etc. The tarvae of Pier-is sp. were much less numerous 

than usual in 1916, but in 1917 occurred in enormous numbers 

in July anti August. The infestation ceased rather suddenly 

at the end of August owing to the presence of a fungus (En tomophihorn 

sphaterosporma) and a hymeriopler-ous parasite, Apunteles 

(Mictoyttstor) glomerat us. Pluto] In mncui ipenn is Curt. 

was less number-ous in 1916 than is usual I y the case, but. in 

1917 the larvae contributed to the damage caused to cabbage 

by Pieris. t1amt'thra (Mitmestir) brassirne I. was especially 

injurious in 1917 to cauliflowers and Acr-onycta rumicis was 

also i -!(:oreled on t.he same crop. I'hor-bin brnssic-ne was also 

very injurious in 1916, especially to cauliflowers. Brevicor-.V'e 

( Aph is) brassicm KaitI t . in July and August appeared in 

enormous numbers and was the inost destructive ot all the cabbag- 

pests. At the end of August. is at ticks were re(luce d by 

hymenop terous parasites and a fungLs, Fmpusa aphidis, but too 

late to sav the crop. [RAEI 

0048. Ferdi nandsen , C., and S. Hostrup. 1920 . Uepor-t on 

insect pests and fungus diseases of the field and Orchard in 

1919. Tidsskr. Planteavl . 27: 399-450. (in Danish). 

Among pests of crucifers, Silpha opera, the larvae of 

which appeared in dry weather in May and June in immense num 

16

General 

bers, destroyed sugar--beet and red beet everywhere, especially 

in Jutland. Pegomyia hyoscvami ( Anthom.v.ia conformis) a1iso 

did much damage in southern Denmark. Ph orb it ( Chortophi/a) 

bra sicur' destroyed 90% of the cabbages in certain locn lit 

ies; and l'hyllo rea nemorum, P. atira and other flea beetles 

attacked rape in immense nmnbers, especially in the dry early 

summer, and also cruc i fers int gardens. Brevie'oi'n. Aphis) 

brass We dest royed cabbages i n gardens in late summler, especia 

I ly where manure had not. been used. A/eli .thes iieneus and 

C,-uthor.hvchus assimilis (lid much damage in rape and turnip 

fields in earlv summer. h''ris in (C c.'idom.vii) hraissic'ne was 

ve ry numerous and (lid muilh damage to turnips cultivated for 

seed. Cassida nehbulosa , l'tr't'larvae, Plutell maculipenn.is 

( cr-tuci ft,'nw',) , E't.vd ,m olra ('('a and Aphis tumicis ( papaveris) 

were minor* pests ,,f these crops. 11A I 

0049. erd i naani(ls(n, C . ;md S . Hos I lrup. 192 1 . ltRpor t on i isect 

pes ts and fungus di seases f t he F i e I ( and or chard i n 1920 

T i dss k r . l l I tenv I. 27: G97-759. ( in Dan ish ). 

P' ts oi ' calhbage, rape, turnips, and beet also incltuded 

A. r'um i cis, the attacks of which were stopped at. the end of 

ulle by ra itl a8(n the appea rance of the ftingus , Kmpusa ( Rn tomopt 

/th,v.o iapihidlis. Si lpha otI'a d i (I mue'h damlage in Jut I and 

d u r i n g Ilie 10 ) summer drought , and i n m y P)1aces I he 

fields wt.r, qu it, des ttoyed by i I. tI0cgom.vi h'.os e'.vami was 

Ve ry flumilert t' s i t t Ihe leaves of' beet • Chat to'nma (on lnna, 

Calssid, nt-hilos,,, anl] (andorli't)I (tt.'d,''e ooc i ) mi i/ We we r'e minor 

pes's of eet. Flea beetles, including Phvllotreta nomot'u.m, 

weltt C(01iilnti , es pe r.i I i y olt cabba ge , tii u . he damage done was 

rat her less than in preceding yearts. Couthorrh.vnchus qundridons 

i r i rig in tIhe leaves, (. siulci co IIis ini gal Is ott the 

roots, an( C. contra''t us at tack ing the lower su face of the 

Ieaves , i n.j ured cabbages, ls also did Pieris braissicne arid P. 

1'apile in the autumn, Ihough great numbers of them were parasit 

iz(d by Apantle,s glomeralus. Spriny i g w i th salt an d 

water 1 band fu I of sal 1 o a pa i I fulI of' water was e ffective 

ga inst t hem; a st ronigetr sol u ti nii i njured the Plant s. A 2% 

nicotine fit IFat. e so l t i rt in ori(eaux NMix tUre with 2% res in 

soap added was aIis e ffe I i ve. t'Phor in C (C'hortohl i Ii) hrnz -' 

sicie' was tr'ouIblesolie ini some pIaces, especial ly in gardens. 

Curly leaf disease, caused by t he ni(ige, ('01/t rini i/I ini ti rt 

ii , did much .'lnage, (-spc ially . o cauliflower. Plutel I 

mitcu i pclnlis ( ('V'tc ','zrum) , Rut-vdm/, o0 lin cum, and flrevi- 

Coryt'.vn0 'phis) biissitae, were minor peast of cabbage. Much 

damage was (alused to s edl,; ,,r cabbtage , turn ips , etc. , by M -- 

I igoth,.s ae:eus and (ut hor''h.vichus .rssimil is, and espec iia lIy 

by Pn ' is ia ( Coec ilm.o'i hrtss ic'ae) . j NAE[", 

0050. Fl etcher , 1'. It. 1920 . ,i re List oiies of I nd iatn insects: 

Micro Iep idop t era. Mem. Dep . Agr i . I nldi a, lusn , En tomo 1 . ier 

6:1 9. At the prt-uselt t I ime some, 4 5F1 g o',r a and 2, '122 species 

of micro - Iepi doptera rire recordend fr'or n[tii ia, though many re- 

17


gions remain unexplored in this respect . Knowledge of the 

Iife-histories of' these smal I int s is very incomit, l .e; the 

present paper deals with the early stages of some 396 species, 

the informat ion beirig compi led fro1 exist ing and unp 1b 

1 i shed records of' the Pusa Research Inst i tlt. 'rh,, P1 u tel- 

I idl, l'lutelln milclll.i pelll s Curit . , Ocur S il Il I cabbage growing 

districts, the liarvae eat ing the leaves of cibbage, cau- 

Ii f owe r, radish, anild other ("r' ifelous p1lints ; the Lyonet iid, 

Phyllocnisgi- cirt t',lln Stn. is ,(ften a serious pest of 

o r all(.1 Cs alid I o hI"e r C t r Is p11 i t s, t he a r vaii I i ri es occ u r r in g 

just under t.he ep ide rm is; 1'. topar'cha Mey'. is a similar' pest 

of the grape viille ( Vitis vinif rn); Riccu latrix lo.voplit a 

Mryr. , oats ht(Ifs iin tIe. leaves ,,f' Ca ravon ica cotton; aind Petasoblithr 

sirtr m Mev . , wtbs the shoots of indigo and feeds 

oin the leaves. PAL 

005 1. (;hashI, C. C . [9125 . Repor, t of the tFIntoI nol ogist , Mnnda- 

IaN, , id Se ri ci Ititra I W,or fo-t the Year enide(1 :30 J uie 1925. 

ati 1 oa , P) 

oill )P 

ThI i r e po r t i n c IL,(IC s i it5 c t 1 I s ill '(F t i I g Va(Iriois 

rC1s, Il l utirma. Among thm l'iot'is c"? 11 idi and Plutol lii 

mP01( I) JiIllI is, 0 l1 (il I flIower; ( o / Io loiniti b no t t I is, oni 

radisIh. I IfA' 1 

0052. 

Oil(lelb 

G ib i, 

So. 

A. 

PltO . 

'91 7 . Cabl itge 

Illaits fro-m 

tser t s . Ni tth Ann n. Rep. 

lnsIOCts and FlngUS 1)i seease 

1915 1917. P 3. 0 '11 . 

l is pa,)eC- ss.-, ih Ies a qtan t i y of i i foain t i o I, fo r the 

u seP of gro)wers of c bbhiag es, con.erningii the iisets that att 

ark t ese c r ops ,I I flieoSeve' t ' ear t i ri Oiel eT . h- s p)er7 i C,s 

dea It wi t 1. i nC Ide (.'it 11, Li ( P'horb in) ht-ss im v Bch . ( cab 

hlie re o( I llfn gioI ) , cut woe ini ;iS (li ii K'.volt ochog,l s t or Gn. 

(red h a cktd ) , P. mss oriniHarr. dork s id,ed), Atrotis yjsilon 

I o t. t. . ( greasy), and E. toss /l it ila '. (s t r i ped ; IC.a 

bee tIes ;uch as 'hyl lot oi,t, iI tana Fl. ' ro i ) flea beet I) 

and p it r i\ is 1cumer I C0s -'i ( p;t at e a a beet )e 1e) P'ier is 

rapae 1,. ( cabbage but terfly I lI'l ,' .- I111 ip en is Curt 

(d i amondlback mot h ): Corar i,, t it 1tiI r . z elb i (- l C rpit i I - ) 

Aphis brtssa m L. tIbhaige aphids ): l'hi i ,baci a,.:ar ,i(nd. (on 

ion t I ri )s ; I'h'ome t rt (Autog tpht) l/ br b ass i e ? I (,y; A ,rg's 

t is st r- m na is H ri ). ( pu rpl e ba,k d cabbae Worm) and 

b Ii st (r beet I es , such as hj',icraw tia pe slllsI'lelo it lIc (;. I aC: 

b I ister beetle) , F..citotreit Fors t . ( grey bl)ist er b, -t 1e , and 

MAncroh sis tint(c)lor Kirby (ash -irrey hiister e('t !o). Thie Io 

cu'; tF occu r'r i n g i ii t he Prov i nce i cI itde f 1 f,)Ius a t Iin t is 

I i 1eyY e ss. m ig rat o r y ) , At. t'mur r- hrum 1) ( . (red I e ged I), 

(anmnu li po / l 'd Scudd, (pe I luc i d ) , and Aelinoiiiplis i, i t t 

I us St v ( two s t. C i p e(I ). 'I'he ustui f I I o t. rCn CIfe g iv en for tIiese 

pests an(I sCvev rl I formulae for insect ic ides are included. 

IA E 

18

General 

0053. Gorban, S. E., and F. A. Khersonskaya. 1933. The con-trol 

of diseases and pests of vegetable seedlings in the 

Crimea. Crimean Sci. Hes. Inst. Plant Prot. 20 pp. (in Russ 

ian) . 

A section of' this paper is devoted to insect pest.s of 

vegetable seedl ings observed in greenhouses and in the field 

in the Crimea in 1932, the populfar namies only being given. 

They include Plutelin macul ipennis Curt., Barnthr- brassica 

I,. , lirevicoryno hrassi uno ,., and Ceutihor-rhynchius qundridens 

Panz. ot cruc ;fers , and weevils on beet, as well as fleabeet 

les ( /'hll lotreti) , wi rtwornis , cutworms, Teiebrionids, Melolonthids 

and (Grvllotl: pa ffrvlloti/pa L. The usual measures 

are recommended for tho i c(ontto 1. [ !Al ] 

0054. Gozmany, 1,. 197R. Symmoc id, holcopogonid, pt erolonchid, 

e thai id , ant p1 ut iI; l1 .;t,)i !s from Tuit is ia ( Lep idopt era) 

F'aun Abh (1)res) 7:6 6,]. 

A faunist ic trealmentI of nine species is given; three 

are new for Tun isia (Apatn m udi')pa llidum Walsinghom, Pentacorcdis 

pallidil (Staudinger, l876) and Y'pso !opha b igraph. ll 

('rurat: i, 1l929) comb. nov. (Plutella Schranlk, 1802)). Hesperesta 

gon. nov. is descrite o Cor Epidopla hii-tiif Trti. (tlolcopogo 

i dacf ) . (0 ther spec ies i no I uted a re: OQegocon ia ,Iua'r i 

pu tl c ( Itawo r t h . 1H29) , t uro r on ho, pu- ) 1 ru I tal Ze I ler, 

18,17, 

not , 

Fthmin hipiunctella (fiabricius, 1775) K. ".Vbiel In ( ago 

18",2) and Plut,.ll x'lostel lin (l innaeus, 1758 )). f AF 

0055. rtam, F. and S. Host rup . 1924. Report on 1plant diseases 

and pests in IDenmark it 1923. 

irn Dan isI). 

T idssk r . Plan teavl. 30::161-4 14. 

'The I arvae of 'horh ine ( Chort oph iIa) hrassicac were 

act ive duri rig the summer and autumn in fields of swedes , in 

cabbages, anI part i culnr i n cau I i flowers. Leaf--curl in 

s wedes and cabb ares, due to Contarinia nansturtii was prevalent 

. Minoripsts of cruci fers included Brevicoryne (Aphis) 

brass.sici'e, Ps' I iodes ch rv.soceph I t, Ceuithorrhynchus sulcico 

1l is, C. ass ilu i I is, !". qu dr idens , Me/ lieg vIhvs iten us, v P1 u-tejla 

macti Iipenn is cruc i f'etnrum) , Perris in ( Coc idomy in) brass 

tcae, Pior is spp , and l'hy/ lot ret spp . [RAEI, 

0056. Gram, E. and S. Host till. 1925. olt, ort on plant diseases 

and pests in 1)enmark in 1924. Ti(dsskr . P Ianteav 1. 31: 353-417. 

in Dani i sh with Eng I i sIt sutmmary). 

Plutella mnculipenn is ( c'u'ifern rum), Pieris brass icae 

and Con ttin in n i turt ii a I so at t tcked( sw des as well as cabbages, 

though the most important pest oC the latter was Phorbin 

(Chortophilin) braissicitc. [AE] 

0057 . HiaIl, C. .1. .J. van 1926. Diseas(es atid pest s of cult ivated 

plants in the Dutch East Indies in 1925. Meded. fist. 

Plan t.enzi ekten . No. 7 0, 51 pp. (in )ttch). 

Pests of vegetab los i ncluded Pluttlla macel ipennis ott 

cabbages, and Affromryzti phaseoli on beans. flevi'ea was at tacked 

19

DianJmndback Moth Bibliography 

by Setova nitens and Valangn n-igricornis. A sporadic infestation 

of cotton by Earias fabia occurred. Kedele (Glycine 

hispidta) was attacked by Agromyzai soje and fi'tiellin z.incke 

nella. (RAE] 

0058. Hamilton, J. T. 1980. What's eating your cabbages? 

Agric. Gaz. N. S. W. 91:35-36. 

Notes are provided on the rec!.gnition, biology, inju-riousness 

and control (mainly cheinical) of Artogeia rapae 

(I. ) ( Pieris rapae) , P-1ut ello xyIos te. In (I. ) , Brevicoryne 

brassica L. ), Mvzus persicae (Sulz.), ifeliothis spp. and 

Agrotis spp. on cabbage in New South Wales, and it is reported 

that fHellul, h.ydra is Gn. , Spodoptera litura (F. ), Nysius 

vinitor Bergr. , thrips, grasshoppers, and locusts also occasionally 

damage crucifers. [RAE] 

0059. Hargreaves, Il. 1924. Annual report. of' Government Entomologist 

Uganda. Ann. H,,p. D)ep. Agric. 192:3 pp. 15--21. Entebbe, 

Ulganda. 

The report lists various entomological research activities 

with a number of economically important crops. Vegetable 

pests included Rruchus obtoctus Say, on ripening beans; 

Alcraea sp. and C(yins formicarius F. on sweet potatoes; Dacus 

( Ti-idaus, t'.) bivittatus Big. on veget*abIe marrow; Aspid.iotus 

lntanine Sign. , Plutella maculipennis Curt . and Prodenin liturn 

F. on caibbage; a grasshopper, Phymalateus cinctus F., on 

garaen peas; Lobesia sitophaga Meyr., a recently discovered 

caterpillar feed ing on millet seed; Gryllotalpa africtna P. 

de B. , on rice; and Asp idiotus gowdeyi Newst., para 

on rubber 

( Ifev ba si lions is). (RAE] 

0060. Harris, W. V. 1934. Report of the Acting Entomologist, 

1933. Rep. Dep.. Agric. 'ranganyika 1933 pp. 69-75. 

The Psyllid, Trioza (Span-ioza) er'ythrene Del. G. was 

generally distributed on Citrus, but injury was rare among 

healthy plants. The Nieloid, Coryna apic-icornis Guer., infested 

the flowers of ground--nuts (Arachis h.ypogqea). Large 

numbers of the Galerucid, MegAzlognatha suturnlis Baly, ap-peared 

on the male spikes of maize in Mahenge, but there was 

no reduction in crop as the female inflorescences were un-harmed. 

Plutc.ll maculipennis Curt. injured vegetables in the 

Uluguru Mountairs. Physothrips xanthocerus Hood has increased 

in the Mbosi area since the coffee plants have commenced 

to fruit; early spray.ing proved effective. Control of larvae 

of the dusty ground beetle (?Dasus simplex, F. ) has been obtained 

with a ba it of coffee pulp and sodium arsenite. [RAE] 

0061. Harris, W. V. 1937. Annual report of the entomologist, 

1936. Rep. Dep. Agric. Tanganyika 1936 pp. 88--94. 

Vegetable pests include Cirphis ioreyi Dup. and Thr.ips 

tabaci Lind. on onion, Pluteola maculipennis Curt. (cruciferarum 

Zell.) on cabbage, and the sawfly, Athalia sJostedti 

Knw., on turnip. There has been a reduction in the numbers 

20

Gen era I 

of the sisal weevil (Scyphophorus acupunctatus Gyll.); Aspidiotus 

sp. (? destructor Sign. ) occurred on sisail in isolated 

cases. Coffee in the north-west was attacked more severety 

than usual by Ip icaimpoptet. (Me talrepant) ma rnt iCa Tams an(d 

Deudo-i.v lot,i ona [lew. , occurred on i t in iBugu f i . Monochamus 

(Monohiammus) cenltilis lDuv. was reported for the f'irs t ime 

on coff(e in the north-west, where a new leaf--miner, Ac'rocercops 

ch,,tl.yborhiios Me yr. was ailso found. D irphyit us11m, i 'al 

Klbe was bred from Rvtigvnia schumiani in the north-east. (Ki . 

1i ian,j a o ) . [ IAE 

0062. floldaway, F. (. 19,14. Insects of' vegetable crops in 

llawai i today. Proc. Hlawai i Entomol . Soc. 12: 59-80. 

rhe( author g i ves hr -f account of chan ges in plant pro-tect 

ian research staff at lawai i Agricultural IExperiment S ta-l 

ion and I ist e ight species found infesl ing vegetable prior 

to 1937 and 13 new species between 1937 and 1943. A table 

I is ts major, a;ubma jor, occasional , and minor posts of 30 vegtab 

Ie corps. Plutella maculipennis is de.-cr'ibed as an occas 

ionil pest of' rocco i find common cubbage. 

0063. llopk ins, G. II. F,. 19 27 . Pest -c(' ,f onomi u plan s in 

Samoa and other Island Groups. Bull. Ento 1ol. Res. 18:23-32. 

Thi s I is t of the pests of economic plants of' the Samoa, 

Tonga and El lice Islands is compiled from observat ions made 

by the author anId )r. P. A. Buxton during 1924 and1!925, aind 

the records of other writers. They include a species of 

Plut clla , probably P. macu! ipenn is Curt. (ci-tuc.i ferarum Zel 

:n cauli flowers. IRAE 

0064. lludon, M. and P. Martel. 1975. Insects damaging vegetable 

cultures in southwest Quebec in 1974. Ann. Soc. Entosol. 

Oue. 20:61 65. (in French). 

In comparison to 1973 damaging insect populations were 

general I y lower and this was attributed in part. to lower temperatures 

and increased rainfall in 1974. Varying degrees of 

infestat ion by the fol lowing were reported: Ostrinin n ubilalis 

(11bn.) , Yphonophoi-us spp. and Agrotis ipsilon (tluefn.) 

in corn; Listronottus orogonensi ( LeoC.) in carrots; Hyl(mya 

ant iqtuu (Mei g. ) and Thrips tabaici lind. in on ions; Pieris 

ra11palc (I,. ) , lut /Iat nl:I ipeit is (C ('urt. ) and Ce'ramica pic-ta 

(Harr. ) in cabbages; Ilvlemvt platurai- (Mg.) and H. flo'i logn 

(Zwrr.) in sp i nach; and MActcostoles 1'tscifrons (Stal ) ind 

,ephrotomr t'erruginae (F . ) in Ic! truce. I A ] 

0065. tlukkinen, Y. 1925. Communi cat. ions on the pest s of cul-tivated 

Diants in North Finland. ManLtalouskoelaitos ( Lantbruks 

fIorsoksans ta It en) , T iotee I I is i a jul kit i suja No. 25, 16;1 1p. 

(in F inn i sh wi t h German summary). 

T isi paper gathers together the exist ing scatt ere!d in-format 

ion on the pests of cultivated plants in northern Fin 

1and1. The insects are deal t with under their natural orders, 

an l the foil owing spec ios not merit ionled in recent papers are 

21

D ianmondbrtck Moth Bib iography 

solne of the principal pests. Lep i(opt,0rous pests 

nliris 

inc lude( 

nrg 1iolus 

- 

L. on la ck ciri-ants: Zophodia .onvolUtolin 

lib . and Th)mnonlmn w/i Vri-i L. On red cur-ants; Crumbus 

wh ich 

spp. 

do cons ider'at Ie harm t m eadws; Cydit (, lispes'rs 

nigriouanit 

ill) 

Steph. which is a con11Iron pes t,.of" purrs; Plutel nu 

(Ul ipeini s Curt . , 1'. it t1,i I ('// ,ICrI-I . , ' tt irs hrass io 

;1( 

vne 1,., 

t'. riali 1 . on c tc il-,1-s; and /h'e itlus t c'onlobUIosus IeG. 

011 1)(ita t toe s . l?AF 

0066. lu hki ti , y. 19 1 . 'r v gvow in of" fodder caibba re and 

its insect p s 's. Ma Ia a; 24: 1 2,1. in Finnish). 

I)u C i ritg l

General 

0069. IHutson, J. C. 1921. Report of the entomologist. Rep. 

Ceylon Dep. Agric. 1920. Peradeniya, pp. C. 15-17. 

The damage caused by Agrot is spp. in vegetable gardens, 

and the rnemed i I I measures against them have a I ready been 

not i ced. The fol !owing pests on various food crops are 

recorded: Plutelln mnc'uliponnis and Crocidlolomini binotalis on 

cabbage; Plutell set-a on turnip; Dacus (Bactirocottco) cuc'rb.i 

tra in ptmpk ins, etc. ; Epilnchn, rigintioctopuncta and 

lirej tiias echiinus- on I eaves of egg--ptant (So Ilnum me longenn); 

Holc.vstogrammnr hihisci, folding leaves of Hibiscus esculentus; 

Chilo sp. and lDictvylispa sor'or, a leaf-miner, in maize; 

a Fulgor id, Or'hosmai .ignatii, on leaves of sugar-cane; Odoipotus 

lorgic'i ollis in bulls of' plantain; Auti-ches milialns on 

j Ik AIpoderus tranquobln'iculs on mango; and Telchin i violae 

o)n Pass itflorou /lis. The Collowing were observed in stored 

product i: tr-chues chiunsis and P1. obtoectus in peas and 

bea1s; Sitotroga 

or,,'jio in r ce; 

cor,,,IlInI, (.orrC.vrn i cephilonicn and Cu landra# 

Kphst li coutolli and Cor cyinzt cephalonicn in 

CaC o healns; (indLtis iodterwn sp. in leaf' tobacco. {RAE] 

0070. Itu ,;on, ,J. C. 1927. Report. of, the Entomological Division. 

Cevlon Adm. R(!p. Agric. !92G, p. ID20 D)22. 

ests in Ceylon during 1926 t halt have not been recorded 

in re.enIL years include: Snaissotin nigra Nietn. and Comocritis 

pie;-is Meyr. on rubber; Sunstus grornius F. on coconut, 

Porn lorcaniun epuns u G een oil nutmeg (N.vrist irj fregans) 

Ch i/Io s imploAv lt, I . on sugar c ne; 7'Ir-gnma (torsil1is Wlk. 

Coptops eo(iftic,,tor" F. , and Arhela (tua(rinotatn Wl k. , on 

dmnap ( E'ythrina) ; Eupterote gomninta Wtk . which generally 

at tacks dadnp, on Albizzin; C(eroplastodes cojnni Mask. and 

lceryo purchasi Mask. on 'ephrosin candidat; the Tineid, Cyp-hosticha 

cooruloa Meyr. , Pagnin signata Motsch. , and ,ompides 

(Polyvorniitus) haetict L. , on Vigna oligospo-ma; the Chrysomeids 

, Aulnaophorn- abdominalis F., A. atripennis F. , and A. 

nigr-ipetoi Duviv. , on various curcubits; Crocidolomin binotalis 

Zell. on radish; Plut,?ll miiculipennis Curt. on mustard; 

/t'uzoph.,rn pert i tel Ia Rag. on br inja I (So/n urn meongena) ; 

and Cadamust us typicus Dlist. on plantain (AlUsa sup ien tu). 

Experiments in onnect ion with the coot ro i of Agroryza phi?- 

0o/Ii Cow. (bean fly) showed that two variet ies of bean 

appe r Io be pract ical ly immune from atta ck, whereas two 

others hav, been so havily infested that they have been exterminated. 

Experiments with Car-pophilus hureralis I.. and C. 

dimidinites F. attacking copra indicate that fumigation with 

calcium cyan ide may prove to he a suitable means of control. 

[RAE 

0071. Isaac, P. V. 1933. ReporL of the Imperial Entomologist. 

Sci. Rep. Imp. Inst. Agric. Res. Pusa 1931-32, pp. L41-145. 

Insects attacking various crop plants in India during 

1931-32 are listed. Among them, Plutoll muculipennis (Curt.) 

is reported to infest caul iflowers. [RAE, 

23


0072. Jack, R. W. 1917. The turnip sawfly (Athalih flacca, 

Konow.). Rhodesia Agric. J. 14:206-212. 

Athalin flacca Ken. , formerly erroneously recorded as 

A. rosae L., attacks all cultivated Cruciferae throughout 

Rhodesia, its native food--plants being unknown; in severe infestations 

the crop may be entirely stripped of its leaves. 

The eggs are laid in slits made in the edges of the leaves, 

where the newly hatched larvae begin to feed. After about 17 

days, the larva descends cbout one inch into the soil where 

it constructs a tough cocoon, the pupal stage lasting at 

least 10 days. There are apparent ly a t, Ieas t four comp lete 

broods during the year; these overlap, the greatest injury 

being done by the larvae present in January and Uebruary. 

Contrary to the habits of moths with a similar life-history, 

such as LaphygmRa exigua l1b. (pigweed caterpi liar), HelIu]a 

unda.l is F. (cabbage webworm) , and Plutella macul ipennis 

Curt., the adult sawf i es that emerge during the dry season 

have never been recorded as injuring crops grown under irrigat 

ion; in fact dry weather is apparently inimical to the increase 

of this sawfly. As the insect becomes less abundant 

towards the close of' the rainy season in spite of continued 

abundance of food, it is probably checked to some extent by 

natural enemies, though only one para-;ite, a Tachinid fly, 

has as yet been bred from specimens collec: d in the field. 

Experiments with arsenate of lead sprays against the mature 

larvae, which have been tried for several years, have led to 

the conclusion that in order to kill the grubs arsenicals 

must be used in such strength that they would injure the 

plants. Adult sawf ic.A can be cont rolIed by a weekly spray 

of I lb lead arsenate to 1 gal water; the best control for 

the I arvae on young crops is a spray ol" paraffin emulsion, 

made of I lb soap disolved in 2 gal water to which 4 gal 

paraffin oil gre added to make a concentrated emulsion; this 

should be used in the proportion of one part to nine parts 

water. The spray must. be applied with force and causes many 

grubs to fall from the plants, so that the ground beneath 

must also be well sprayed. [RAE 

0073. Jack, R. W. 1936. Annual report of the division of 

Entomology for the ytear ended 31st December, 1935. Agricultural 

. Phod. Agric. J. 33: 329-335. 

Of the pests of vegetable and garden plants, 'uxoa 

sogoturm Schiff. was the most. serious. Paris Green and maize 

meal (1:50) gave promising results in heavily infested areas 

cleared of crops. Plutollit maculipennis Curt. (diamond black 

moth) did serious damage to cabbages near Salisbury, and Begradio 

hiluris Burm. damaged vegetabl e crops, especially crucifers, 

in mans districts. Pacus cilintus Lw. was recorded on 

marrows, ard the larvae of' a Melolont.hid (lid serious damage 

to pineapples. (RAE] 

0074. Jack, R. W. 1938. Annual report of the division of 

entomology for the year ended 31st December 1937. Agricul 

24

General 

ture. Rhod. Agric. J. 35:652-659. 

In 1937, Bggrada hilairis flurm., Plute11a macu.lipenn.is 

Curt., and Brevicoryne brassicae L., attacked crucifers in 

Rhodesia. [RAE] 

0075. Jacques, C. 1940. Insects harmful to plants and harvest. 

in New Caledonia. Conservation of grain. Rev. Agric. Nouv. 

Caledonie 1940, pp. 4121-4137. (in French). 

This is a popular account of the principal pests of 

crops and stored products in New Cal],donia and measures for 

their control. The field pests for which scientific names are 

given are Cosmopolites sordidus Germ. on banana, Brontispa 

longissm Gestro ( froggatti Sharp) and Rhynchophorus sp. on 

coconut, Plutelln maculipennis Curt. (cruc ifererum Zell.) on 

cabbage, and a fruit-piercing moth of the genus Othreis. 

[RAE] 

0076. Jarvis, H. 1923. Fruit- fly investigations. Oueensl. 

Agric. J. 19:369-371. 

Dacus ferrugineus (tryoni) is distributed chiefly by 

mechanical means such as the importation of infested fruit. 

The advisability of subjecting such fruit to cold storage is 

pointed out. Packing sheds may be a great source of fresh 

infestation and should be carefully cleared of all rubbish, 

the stored fruit being shifted at least once a week. Only one 

individual was caught in traps placed in an uncleared strip 

of bushland between two infested orchards, so that it is 

concluded that either this fruit-fly does riot readily travel 

under such circumntances or else does so high up in the air. 

Lonchaea splendide (tomato fly) was abundant on this strip of 

land, and numbers of it were captured in each trap. Other 

injurious insects are a Buprestid, IDiadoxus sp., associated 

with the dying of the leaders of ornamental cypress trees, 

its native food-plant being block cypress pine (Cellitris 

calcerate), and Plutelle maculipennis (crucifererum) (cabbage 

moth), which has been causing serious injury to cabbages. 

[RAE] 

0077. Jones, T. If. 1915. Insects affecting vegetable crops in 

Porto Rico. U.S.D.A. Bull. No. 192, 11 pp. 

Of the lepidopters, Pieris Monusto, the southern cabbage 

worm, feeds on cabbage, radish, turnip, kale and mustard; 

Protoperce (Phiegethontius) sexte occurs on tomato and 

tobacco; Lephygma frugigerda attacks maize and onions. This 

species has several parasitic enemies, including the Tachinids, 

Front ina archippivora, Gonia cressicornis and Archytas 

piliventris, and the Chalcid, Chelonus insularjs; while the 

Reduviid, Zelusrubidus, and the Carabids, C(losoma alternens 

and C.ymindis mrginalis, are predaceous upon the larva. 

Chloridea (Heliothis) obsolete, the corn ear worm, is an 

important pest. Three species of Noctuid moths have been 

recorded: Xylomyges eridenia, Prodenie ornithogalli and Feltie 

annexa. Pechyzenc.1e bipunctalis, the beet worm, has been 

25


found feeding or garden beans, sword beans and A4m ran thus 

sp. ; Exorista pvsc W. 1k. , a Tachinid parasite of the larva, 

has been observed. P. periusalis feeds on the leaves of egg 

plant and Solanum torvum; the larvae I ive at first as mi ners 

in the leaves, but. later web the leaves togother. The larvae 

of Plutella maculipennis, the diamondback moth, are sometimes 

very abundant. and destructive to the leaves of' cabbage. A 

single hlymenopteron, Solenopsis g-f-ininnt, oH okra, and a 

Dipteron, Agrom.yza pirivicorrnis, on maize, have been observed. 

I RAE 1 

0078. Kartzov, A. S. [914. The cultivation of onions, leeks 

and garlic. Market--Garden Library, Supplewent to Progressive 

Fruit--Growing and Market Gardeniing. No. G, 31 pp. (in Rus 

5 1 a a 

In t h is book , the insect pests of onions a r* de at 

w it h , amongst which the miost i i p or t ant is /fylomyiia ( Antho 

my in) antiqun Mg., which, so far as is known, only at. tacks 

onions. The life-history of this pest is very similar to 

that of Chortophili (An ihom.yi) brassicae Hcuche, and there 

is also a great resemblance between the larvae of the two 

species, which cause similar injuries and probal) ly have the 

same natural enemies . The presence of' 4. antiqua on onions 

causes a gene'al withering of the plants iund usually occurs 

in spring, though there are several generations during T.lie 

year, thE- insect wintering as an imago. Late sowing of on 

ians is recommended in order to protect the seedlings from 

attack. Should the first sowing be att acked, the injured 

plants should be removed and the larvae on the roots des-troyed. 

In the government of' K iev, on ions are also at tacked 

by Pieris brassicae L., Plutel!a maculipennis (xylos.'elIa), 

and Phytomet ia (P/us ia) gamma I,. , and less frequently by 

larvae of Volucelln hombylans L. (m.vstticeo). These plants 

are also subject to at tacks from the larvae of Melolontha and 

Gryllot ;;pa. Leeks suffer chiefly from Acrolepin heta!ella 

Curt., the larvae of which mine the stems; powdering with 

soot and spraying with a solution of about 10 lb of black 

soap in 27 gallons of' water are recommen ded. Gar Iic is attacked 

by most of the pests which attack onions. IRAEJ 

0079. Kopp, A. 192 6. Entomological and phytopat holog ica l 

situation. 8th Rapp. Sta. Agroi. Guadeloupe, 1925-2 6, pp 32 

38. (in French). 

A doubt has arisen as to whether the moth--borer of 

sugarcane in Guadeloupe, hitherto recorded as Diatr-aea sacchat-alis, 

is in reality that. species. It is evidently well 

established in the Isiand, and remains at a fairly constant 

level in spite of varying climatic conditions; its presence 

encourages the growth of fungi, particularly Colletotrichum 

fa.lcntuw, that attack the cane at the punctures made by it. 

While the chief methods of combating the borer are by cultural 

practices, such as choice of resistant varieties, hoeing, 

cutting down the canes to ground level after the harvest, 

26

General 

etc., fungi can be very largely eliminated by immediately 

removing all debris of canes after the crop is cut. Immersion 

of the slips in i4nter at 600C has given excellent resuits 

against the borer and appears also to stimulate germination. 

A Fungus, probably a species of' Cord.vcops, that has 

been observed attacking the borer, ii1 not appare ntly suffic 

ienl t Y wi (Ies3Pr e (Ie d to otf au0 hCI assistance in conl t ro I. 

Minor pests recorded are Psoudococcus boninsis ( calcool rine) 

"an(1 

1)iItpr-1tIs O l snn's ,el 'ant; .L euCo p tr r (Cmi ost omn) cof fee.l 

In on coffee; and Plutelln maculipennis on v-egetable crops. 

Ali uni!dlnt ifieid I u pi(opterotis larva occurs on leaves of Cro-talaria 

striata and sometimes on C. ,juncea; it also enters 

the pods of the former and eats the seeds. The larvae are 

often parasitised by a Tachinid of the genus Zenillia. [RAE] 

0080. Koshkin, S. 1. 1926. l)at.a on the development. of' destructive 

insects in the vicinity of the Vonlarowo Biol. Sta. in 

1925. Abh. Ges. Naturforsch. a. Aerzte, Smolensk. 1:171 -178. 

(in Russian with German summary). 

Phenol ogic (Ita as to prevalence and destructiveness 

are given for: Limothrips denticornis Hitl., Anthothrips oculeni 

Fabr. , lnssus 5e.'rotntus Fal l. , Phyl lot reta v.ittu.la 

I?,_-dt. , g,griot s ele t is BIjerk ( I iln ent us L.), A thous niger L ., 

lruchus ( Lariii) pisi L. , Ap.ion pri cans tlerbs t. , Plusin gamma 

L. , In(lena basilinca Fabr. , Cecidomvin destructor Say. , Chloro)5s 

tan.iopus Meig. , La-sioptern cerenlis Lind. , Cleignstrn 

fIlaviqes FalI. , Oscinis frit L. , Eurygnster waurus Fabr. 

Tr.igonotj'lns (sic) rutfikornis Geoffr. , Notostirn erra ticn L. 

Ps.vyll a ali Schmdbg., Aphis mnli Fabr., Anthonomus poworum 

L. , Mel o.l on t h-i hyppocastani Flabr. , Anthonomus pomorum L., 

Melolontha hyppocastani Fabr., lyponomeuta malinellus Zell., 

Aporin crntnegi L. , Carpocapsa pomonel In L. , Malacosoma neusrin 

L. , Aphis brassjce L. , Gryl lot/lpa vulgaris Latr. , Phyllot 

reta nemorun L. , P.uteila cruc.i ferarum Zel I. , Pieris brassice 

L., P. rapne L. , Hylemyin brassicne Bouch., Athalia spinnrum 

Fabr. , and K.vrydema olernacum L. [llA] 

0081. Krasucki, A. 1929. Observat ions on the pests of cultivated 

plants in south-eastern Poland in 1928. Mem. rnst. Nat. 

Polon. Econ. Rur. Pulawy, 10: 216-223. ( in Polish). 

A list is given of 25 pests observed in south-eastern 

Poland in 1928, with notes on their distribution and seasonal 

occurrence. The insects inct.dfe-d: Pieris brassicae L., on 

cabbage and cuuli flower; Trachen (flndena) basilinen F., on 

wheat; Phytometri (t1liusia) ganmma L. , which was very numerous 

in July an(l attacked beet, cabbage and beans, but caused littIe 

damage as nearly all the larvae were killed by the fungus, 

Entomophthorn plusijne, and some were parasitised by the 

Encyrtid, Litomastix truncateltn Dalm., and an unidentified 

Chalcid; I'yrausta nuhilnlis lib. , which in soige localities infested 

50% of the maize crop; Plutella maculipennis Curt. 

(cruci forarum Ze II. ) on cabbage; Melolontha melolontha L. , 

attacking beet; Apion apricans Hbst., which in one locality 

27


infested white clover store(] in brns; Chlorops tneniopus Mg. 

(pumiL1o)is B jerk.), on wheat; CiC 1du In s.\'0nott Fal . , on 

oats arid rye; Phor-odon humuli Schr., on hops; and Aphis runic.is 

I,. , which caused serious damage to beet in July, but was 

attacked by coccine lids, especially Coccin olla s optomp unctt/l 

I. , and svrphids. [RAH 1 

0082. Lack, D. 1933. Trichoptrc , lepidoptera, and coleopter 

from Bear Island. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hlist. 12:205-210. 

The fol lowing species were col lected. Ttichopt era: Apntanin 

arctitra Boh. (WA. pa'meni Sahib.). Lepidoptera: Plute]in 

maculiponnis, new reco,-d, and t he only Iep idopteron known 

from the island. Coleoptera: Staphyl inidae, Micri-lvmma mat-inure, 

Omn I lium spt en I r ion is ( uiew record) , 0lophrum borenle 

(new record) , Atrpeditim brachyptetrum; Lathridi idae, Knicmus 

minutus (new record). The staphy Ii n i ds were found in areat: 

heavily manire d by sea birds. The cal lmbolan, 'Ichout-1es viaticus, 

and t hit i ti(er , Cor.vphous ho lmgretni, were also present. 

BA ] 

0083. Leuc:hs, F. 191 !. Con/ntrinin nas/urtii and other pests 

on brU s els sprouts. Z. PitlKrankh. 69: 200-207. (in German 

with ,ngI ish summar,). 

Brussels sprouts grown to the west. of Cologne and Bonn. 

in West Germany, have for some years been attacked by a rot 

that enters the tissues through wounds. Investigations on the 

various insect pests at.tacking the plants showed that, out of 

a total of 698 injuries observed in Novfember-lBecember 1956 on 

483 plants affected by the rot, 27. 1% Were caused by Conta 

~in in nasturtii (Kieff. ), which had not previously been known 

to occur on the heads of brussels sprouts. Infestation reached 

its peak in September-Oct cher, but the damage became evident. 

only when rot set in. The rate of infestation decreased 

between t956 and 1959. A further 18.2.% of' the injuries were 

due to Phyllotreta spp. (mainly P. undulata Kutsch) , 13.2% to 

liIemyn (Pho-bia) b-assic'ae (Bch.) (of which the adults had 

developed on the roots of cabbage in the spring or early 

summer), tI.2% to PlutelIn mic'ulipennis (Curt, .), 10% to 11. 

Pho-b in) fugax (Mg. ) , 1% to Aamesti-n ( ttnrthr) brassicae 

L. ) , nnd the remainder to (.auses ot her than insects. [ RAEI 

0084. Lever, H . J . A. W. 1939. Vegetable garden pests and 

their control. Agric. ,J. Fiji 10: 11-17, 

The principal tepidopterous pests of vegetables in Fiji 

are: Prodenia lit urn F. , Plusia ( Phytometra) chalcites Esp., 

ant lHed i o this na-migero lib . ( -9)bsolet a F. ) , on cabbage an d 

tomato; PlutelIn marulipennis Curt., Ctroidolomia binotalis 

Zel 1. , and IlelI1 ul a undi Js F . , on cab bage ; Margironi a indica 

Saund. , on cucumber and pumpkin; Dtno-cnuria polocht-a Meyr., 

Maruc test.lanl is Geyer, Argyi-oploce il/opidn t Ir. , and Zizera 

(Zizina) labradus Godt. var. manoensis Btlr., on beans; 

HymenJa recui'n t]zs F. ( tascin.l is, Stoll ) on beet and Amatintus; 

Doleschallia bisaltide Cram. on Eranthemum; and Sylepta 

28

General 

derogata F. on Hibiscus. The adults of most of them are very 

briefly described. Other pests of garden plants include Cerntis 

(Aulacophora) coffeae Hrnst and C. (A) quadr.imuculata 

Chap. on cucumber and pumpkin; 9pilachna v igintioctopunctntt 

F. ol cucumber, tomato, egg--plant (Sol.anum melongena) and 

'h3"sulus pe'tvinan; Aphis mu idis Fitch on [flize; Letoglossus 

aust11 1 is F. on pumpkin; Mictis profana F. on rose, Cassia, 

arid 1 ( itfrus; and Friophy'es h-ihisci Nat., on 1/ibiscus. Adults 

of Ao etlus verisut us liar were reported to be attacking t he 

leaves of beans in fa Province in 1937. Brief suggestions are 

made for the control of the various kinds of pests recorded. 

[ RAE] 

0085. Lever, R. .1. A. W. 1939. Entomological notes. Agric. J. 

Fiji 10:35-39. 

Larvae of I'lutelln maculipennis Curt. were intercepted 

in April 1939 in cabbages imported from Australia. Two parasites 

of Agonoxen a ar-gIula Meyr. , first bred in 1922 are now 

known to be Brach.ymorin fijionsis Ferriere and Apanteles sp. 

A species resembling M-icrobrucon (Bracon) hebeoor Say and a 

species of Kupelmus were also bred from the larvae. A. nr-gau 

.In tamaged coconut palms on Vanua L,evu ill October 1938, but 

was apparently checked by the pirasites latr, in tihe season, 

and it was also report ed on 1aku Iuva Is Iand in June 1939. 

[ R A E 1 

0086. Lever, R. .1. A. W. 1944. Division of' Entomology. Annual 

report for the year 1943. Agric. J. Fi.ji 15:73-75. 

Some of the informat ion in this report. on insect pests 

in 'i~j i in 1943 has a! reardy been not iced. Those of importance 

recorded in the field during the year included Plutellr 

mau(:ulipennis Curt . on cabbage and turnip; Crocidolomia hino 

tnfis Zel I. on cabbage and radish; !Iargnionia indict Saund. 

on pumpkin; faruca testulalis Geyer, Zizera labrndus mangoensis 

lt Ir., and Nezara vr'irdula var. smargduln F. on beans; 

Fpi lnchna vigintioctopunctata F. on potato, cabbage, and eggplant 

(So Ianum m' longknn) ; C.vlns form icar- ius F. on sweet 

potato; Soga t furcifet-n Iorv. , on rice; Mictis profatna F. on 

orange; and Adot'I -us vetsurus liar. and Aulacaspis ci,nmomi 

Newst., on rose. An adult male of ['ieris r'pae L. was taken 

in flight near Suava whfarf. Insects observed infestitig stored 

products were Lasiode,ovn serricor-e F. which attacked d r,i ed 

chopped cabbage and beans , Caltandra oryvzue L. in wheat, and 

Bruchus ob toctus Say in hean seeds imported from New South 

Wales. Cat oramn hetlbarium Gorh. attacked book covers and 

leather s u it-cases. Nat iv, parasites reared from insect 

pests during the year were fe.miplarsenus semill, iclnvus Gi r. 

from la r va e o f ['h.vt omvza sp i c Ita Ma I I . on ma i z Ile aves; 

Fucoiln, sp. from I arviae of' Agro .vzla ( lil'io ryvza) strigata, .g. 

on sweet-potato leaves; Dil,lazo. 1netaot-ori'us F. from Sy'phus 

corolle var. vitiensis Bez. which is predacrious on Rhopu losiphum 

n.vmphnoae I,. on water hyacinth (Eichhornia) and the 

stalks of rice; Apanteles expulsu.s Turn. and Mesochorus sp. 

29


from larvae of Plus.in chalc.ites Esp. ;an tin ident. if ied species 

of Apantoles and another of Chelonus (Chelonel./a) from larvae 

of Crocido.lomin hinotn.l.is; and a Bracon 1i( cl osely relt te(I to 

Opius t z.von i CanI. from Dctcus (Notod/a uris) vanthodos Broun. 

IRAE 1 

0087. 1, inn iiiemi, 

plant pests in 

W. N1. 

Finland in 

19J5. Report. oin 

1917-1923. Valt. 

the occurrence of 

Moa ta lousk. Julk. 

No. liD, 159 pp. (in Finnish). 

iclass 

In this report the pests are arranged according to t he 

of food--plant they attack. The chief pests of' field 

and garden po.as were Silona s pp. Cv(.a (Gtr'ipholtha) ntiriCfnt 

S te ph . at (d Ph.' t omi r.' (a1 1 us i ,) ;amma 1,. occasionally 

caused cons iderab Ie damage. Sugar beet and red beet su ffered 

incroas ing i n.jurv from Pegom.viia hyosry'.ami Panz . Other pe sts 

of )eet i nu (tIded t11 i t ophi pgl op/a('t L. , (hit ot ocfncnima c onc i innt 

Marsh. , atid (.'asSi(1inohllosa I,. Car rots we re attacked by 

l'si/n rosa' t 

V. , wh i It po 0itoes were i njured t o some extent by 

Stater iisl. Cabbage pests i nr u tidevd IP/.1 lot rota und liIta 

Ku ts c h . , 0n(I o t tier Ifa It i c i ds , Phitodon cochleia-ine V. , llitophag'ai 

opact, C7'uI hot-th.nchus r/,ult-idlons, Panz ., l'hor-hia ( Chortophi 

lt) brass ic'aet Btch. , t'ic.,is btass ic I. , 'lul/l at maculipennis 

Curt., BR'a thti'a ( Ahlmros tr ) r s.i tl 1, I,. , u vr/cma 

u.(/trt ('nt 1 . , DIolj 'oris barrcrni-tim L ., anid /,.gtls sp. In I19 1 9 

Cicnrdel In ( 'ot tig ,onil Ii)I vridis L. ill assoc iation with P. 

mrcu I iponn is invfest ed cabl) ge at I, i )e r i . C rt. fe rous S e ed 

crops were bad Iy damaged by Aft. igot hs art-"'u's F. which in one 

Is t on(e des t roved 90% of the, t urn i 1) o(e (r ro ) . Of ot.herv(ge 

tab 1e crops on1i s were i N.j Lred trtoS t . 'Itte c hi ef pests 

were l' m.via tn i qua Mg. aind 'umecrus str;iga Itus Fa I I S p i-nach 

was injured by Prgomylia hoscyami. [ RAE 

0088. Lochhfead, W. 1914 Principal insects of' the season in 

Quebec. Agric. Gaz. Can. l:801--80,1. 

Ihe setason has ['et i a norlla one and few insects have 

been present. in large nitimbers . The green aipple 'iphis, Aph.is 

pomi, (Ii I cons i derab I e dIniage where (:ont.rol was ncg 1 vcted. 

Ear Iy it-. the season, plumis were nt-ta cked by the plum aphis, 

Aphis prunitifoli, [)it this decreased maittorial y Iater. , ea f-hoppers 

on t. he apple we'(! abundant , but not formidable. The 

grape-vine I etf hopper, T.i'phloc:.vh come::;, the chief insect 

pest of the grape it) Quehec, was present as usual in large 

numbers . The btf fil t o t r evhopper, cre:sa hubaljus, and the 

tor'nistled IIlantbug, lygus, pruatensis, were numerous. The pea 

aph is , Siphonophorn p isi, has done much damage . Cutworms 

were ;njul'ious in several districts, especially the redbacked 

ut worm, tuivoa ochrogasttr. The armyworm, Cirphis 

(Loucanin) unipuncta, appeared in destructive numbers in Pontin(: 

county in July, but losses were not g'I-ett owing to the 

energetic oction taken. The diamorir obck nioth, Plutella mactu 

1 ipennis, i ncreased on turn i ps and d id some dimage . Tent 

caterp iIitars were present iI) numbers, which th.ough formidable, 

were much less than those of la't year. The crvages of a 

30

G e era 

hact eri al disease as well as of dipterous and hymenopterous 

pait"s i te s ensure normal numbers next season. The bud--worm, 

A'llcosm oco l l.'int, was kept under check by several paras ites 

o f which tihe most importanrt was 'richogrimm pro tiosurm ( Pen-tairthro 

ini t t tum) , w Ii cI des t roved (Iov e r 75% o' tI e eggs. . TI he 

c-igar ase hearrr, Coloophorn tletchtr-olln, was very abundant 

On (ciuiU iants ftnd f oos eli rries, w0ere sp iaying wits iegIlect(ed. 

Y*.lleryin dfntic/ua and Chortophi ln brassic.,qe, as wel it, Chortoph 

i la ( 'horh in) fusc iceps, which ai t(cked t ut ips last 

ya r, were al I p rese i t , but d id not do serious damage. The 

turn ip flea be) t Ie , l'hy'/lot rtIt v itt itt , and the wavy- striped 

flea heet Ite , '. s1nrnt t, were c(ommon on cruci ers early in 

the seas crir. ILatel , S-'s ollil hudsolliins. w'. rr, t " Iumher 

of wi Id Ilahl. no we.ll as on (lover, potatoes, etc. The 

r-as pc r I-,can(- y horer has been abundant 

vlld a [firge number of 

c anies o(f both wi I(I ard ctult ivated raspberries and bla(kber 

* i e ha ve been I i I led hiy ito eifi r punctures. The ('iirant saw 

fly, ,1uronrs 1ihe ;, was in,jurious to hoth wild and cu t ivat 

ed car rniti ;, its we t I as t o gooseberr i es. The c Lover- seed 

(:ha1I(2il, 1ruchophaguS ttin bris, which was observed last year 

to F the I ' i ts i me i:nd did c-noi:; ide i ble damage to t Ihe seed 

C ro p, was a , 1, 1) e er en itanti a I ia go, per c en t age of (Iev (e 1 P i ni g 

Seed( wa-; d o!; t r ye . I?AE 1 

0089. Loans hary , C. I'. 1917 . 1)i v is ion of rr tvemol1ogy: Annua I 

Report 1915- 191. Hep. Un ion Soul h AFri. I)ep . Agr ic . for Year 

ernd(Ied :1 Ma, rchIt1 1 L, (:ape town , pp. 0i 103. 

A repoit For the year ending 31 March 1915 was prepa 

red, (It cuu witS ii i publ ,h d; c- i data t'iOn that report 

Fre inn I ud(e(l in the pr-eseiit one for ,ucposes -)" future referen 

(:e. iThe results of invest. i at ions into the life-history 

and hib its of 2Ievertl I Common insect pest, i n cuI uitirg lgcgrnda 

hi lniis, Co/1 ills ole ctt , and t'lutellit mitculiponnis will be 

p1 b Iis tied i 1i !per ia I reports. A Longicorn, l-hrvneta spinnt or 

F . fi g borer ) and ltnrmontin ho trtchopt Meyr. ( false co(l ing 

moth) are ail:; t1.ing s tudied. Imporrtant work has been tdone 

iii t Ie s t, i dy o f t Ire s 0a I e ins e c t it nnd t he t erm ites of South 

A 'r ica. It i F hoped to faci I i tte t h (cyan ide fumigation of 

p1)1fa t; Iy iat rocr1 ii , I i (1 fi Iedhyd rocyanic icid, which vol 

t i Iioes alt Iilot I rist irlrtl tiouo Iy when expos(: to citi-, producing 

ga.; wi thiout aify it(I m i x t a r of inj or i oills ac id find ill a s tat e 

that. is appa rntl y ilore effe t ive !thall g,a:s gerlercited in the 

o r(ircl nry way . 'Hi i ; I i I (Idi i sot c be procduiced c(omlercial ly. 

I flAE1 

0090. L,oz hi un i l( :, R,. 

Tel man co( ! rva t ion po i 

P- i a r ) . 

E . 

t. . 

and Y. 

Zolchit ( 

K. Yakovisherra. 1 978. 

. I Has t No . I I:39 ( in 

The 

lus- 

ObsCrF'va I i cn were i iii I.i ii Ieod i n 19G2 0 ita f rm in the 

Ka againdi ook rergion of' the I SS1 . 1i at I , spec a1 ies of inse(t 

p(t !s antd vaii oa5 p1 nt (I ssi es wer e foun(I . 'he most 

I njar' r las )' t,h ii Cc: to were var i ous t neli ri )cir(Is , So /ItC oso 

171S I1/1us (I". , Apamen iincops (Schi ff.), ll) lothtrips tt i ici 

:3I

Diairmondbick Moth Bibliogrirphy 

Kurd., flea--beet les, P'1s spp. , Pluteilt, AT.lo'ste1.la (L. ), 

(i.ydia pomonella (L. ) , Artch ips rosanus (L. ) , Synanthedon tipo 

1i ('ormis (C [. ), Agrilus vir idis ( L., lhynchi it es aura tus 

(Scop.) , Ho locampa minu to (Chr i s t ) , a ph11(s, T* chious spp. , 

Si tie11 Spip. fillnd tIi'uch iiiusi uniclor (01. ) Oher i isects 

caused damage per iod ici I ly, suc', as Lovostege stict icil is 

(fL.) and grasshoppers. 'Ih re were also many beneficial in-sec 

t s, inc ud i a g pa ras i t es and prd a to r- o f tI he p es t s inen 

tioned, and notes on these are also given. Integrated cont 

ro I measures necessitating the early forecast o f numbers 

ernab I ed thle iIn1l)er of 1s t i ci de tIp ) at i oris t.o be halved in 

1I976, wliei vields of, Field crops roached a maximum. Further 

in r(.as es were oh t a i nod ii 1':77, ,nd i t was hoped that the 

uiipwatI'd tr'Ild wo 1u I d cont iat 

au e . [HA 

0091 . ac1)otug I I , I?. S. 1930. Insut pest.s. No. VIII. Scottish 

.1. Agr'ic. 13:1H5 I93. 

l) ;r Ipt iols w I t h 11o I (!s are g iveln oil the ghost moth 

Hop i/tl is /?iit I i ) , smal I garden swift moth (f. lIupalinus), 

curraI t 't ,ac w iag mtih ( -tegeriaiptfiu I ormis or Tirochiiium 

tipuI t'OVt ,) , Ioiig mrith ( C vdia pomonella), apple fruit 

moth k A r.g4 I-,-s iit I Coniuge I it), ras)lber'ry ifl I.ht ( Lompronia 

i-ubit I I a) d i amoridhack mot h ( Plut ello mncul iponn is) , and the 

pea mo t i -tr'Iin n igi- i'cn ) . HA] 

0092. Mac-fit +ite , R. I 9i2. S o Iolo oni IsI arids (rlira , sweet 

po' at o, and ,we; t.t, 303per 0uai- t . News I . FAO P lai I P ro t . Ce'nin 

Soit I I tIst As III Pac if i c o(g i oin. 25: 13. 

The new pest r, ,or(ts re(prted for- the Solomon Islands 

nc I uIde P 0lut ll xy ;lostel It I,. ) trI(I He luIit und I is (F. ) on 

cabage in the loniar-a area, and oly]phagotii-sonemus lotus 

(Barn s) on sweet potato and 'w('t pe3l,(,pj 

r. [JAE]I 

0093. Miarl-kuiiI , M. 1972. Pests of cult ivtied pl an ts ill Finland 

in 1971. Ann. Agri c. Fenn. II: I H7 169. 

'es ts were considorerably Iess abundant thia usual ill 

1971 . Acor-ding to r ,0ponses to inquiries, tihe average abundance, 

Ii I eris of a 5 va lIre scrl e , f, Ill I pests was 2. 1 

whe i,,es in the yea r-s 19 G4 13970 it had heet 2.5. Oa Iy Phyl lot+otla 

vi t tle wa,; moire abundant t ian irusti I . Of i(e app les, 

13% were damaged by ('.dia pomonel 11 a 11%1 I by Arg'-esthia 

co ,jl le /,Iai. I)!s t.s w i .h ex t i-ell I y I(ow utl Idutr c c i ncl uded 

Maclos iphum an'.tl o, / ltt IIn macu I ipnn is, Mt, Iixo thes aoneus 

f id Ptg omy t t t1c a.. [A 

0094. Mason, C. 1915. Report i o ' tiet( n o Imol+gist for the year 

ending 31 M ti-h i 915. l)o3p . Ag -i c Nyasa I and Prtot t orate, 

Zomba, Nytsirlfand, 1H; pp. 

Anmong It.f Ii inor crops, mustard and other cru ci fers were 

dainaged l)y the larvae of a species of Athoilia, P/Iut ela 

macui ipen tus Curt. , and laphygmo ( (radr-ina) ex igun fit). Ch Ior 

ideo sp. , a PyratId, andi Anoplo(-nemis coulvipes F. , were 

presen.t oi sunflowers. [RAE 

:32

General 

0095. McNaughton, I. it., and R. F. Thow. 1972. Swedes and 

turnips. Field Crop Abstr. 25:1-12. 

This review art i cI on swedes and turnips includes 

notes on their insect pests, the damage caused by them and 

their control. They comprise the aphids tro , icoryu e brassicae 

( L. ) and Afyzus persicac (Sulz.), the ee idomy i id Contalrinia 

nisturtii (Kier'.), the weevi Is (eutorhy'nchus ploluros'ti - 

ma (Marsham), C. quadridens (Panz.) and C. assimilis (Payk.), 

the anthomyiids Itv!emvayv ( Ario.ischia) hrssic.n (Bch.) and 11. 

floralis (Fall.), the alticids, Phvlotr to undultta Kutsch. 

and P). cevi-orurm ( I,. , the hydroph i I i ds le lophorus porcu-1us 

Bede I anld It. ruf'ipos {Bosc) ( rug'osus 0t. ) , lep idopterous lar- 

Vile PierIs .;pp. , AXI-ot is sege:t 1111 (Sch i ff. ), Milmestrg brassi 

('no (1,.) and Plutolla xylost(,la (L.) C and leatherjackets 

( i, ul, I s pp. . RA U I 

0096. Med i n Gaud, S. and J . Gareci a Tuduri . 1977. New arthropod 

rec:otds for Puerto Rico. J. Agric. Univ. P. R. 

61:409 ,112. 

'rIe 19 sp cies of' arthropods here recorded For tIhe 

ficst time from Puerto Rico include a species of Schizotetra 

1V(1h uS th at is probably un (escribed, ic l t( on r i c e foliage; 

'et ran.vchus evnsi Raker & Pritchardi attacking the 

Ieaves o f tomat o and k i IIi ng the p Ian Ls; lhe I ' a rca Iui (id i Ca u-- 

Iophi lus or vzar? ((;ylh. ) reared from seeds of' avocado; a speci 

e.; of Leucop is of tilie group of L. 1ll) i!utictl Zet t . preying 

on Aphis citricolt v. d. G(o. (spirnoecola? Patch); Coroplastes 

rubens Mask . , col lected on the leaves of various plants includinir 

manko and avocado; C7occus moostus De Lotto from mllan1go 

leaves; 5iuisset i tneglocta Re Lot to from stems and branches 

of p igeo n pea ( Cajanus catinn); Piorinin t'iorinjiao (Tar g. 

from the leaves of' avocado; a pairas it e of the genus Trichoprig 

reared from guava fruits infested with Anastropha s.uspensit 

( Lw. ) ; and l)idegmii n si,-,11 is (Cress. ) reared from pupae 

of Plutola ,x.vlos te/n (,. ) on cabbage. [ RAE 

0097. Mi (:filo i I ov Do i i iikov , A. 1911' . A few words o;n the pests 

iin t Ihe o r c ha rds o r C ita ra 1)a Ii. Orch a rd, Marifet -6Jor(len, and 

Bachiza. No. 7:471 t172. in Riiussian). 

'he f'o I I ow it g pes t s are reco rdle d i rt hre or cha rds and 

market go rd f-as of the vi I l-ag (of I ('harbti I i : ltyI'onomutia malino 

IIus Ze II. , So'st of, the pupae of' which were parasitised, 

ani d Ku)roc't is chrv.'sorrho., L,., ocrcurred span i ngly. C.VdCitia 

ptomonell ,I,. was the chief pest in the vi lage, some orchards 

ha vi n g one . lIi rrd ofr tie i r crop des t royed by i t. Rucosmig 

( Tmotocer ) ocollina F. did a considerable amount of damage, 

Irror-e so I han in the prev ious year. )ther pest s were, the 

beetles, Polyplvl I t a lh Pal las, g erera ly injuririg apple 

t rees , Ihy io s ourgt s Sop., dtIl ig ing f rrom 5 to 40% of 

t le r r ui t , Cassira f'orruirine Goeze, an d An tho)omus ponorurn 

L. ; a bug, T'ingis piri Geoff'r. , chiefly on app[,I trees; rind a 

scale-insect, lepidosphcs ulmi I,. (Mytilaspis pomorum, Bouche). 

In market gardens the fol lowing pests of" cabbages were 

33


recorded: - Aph.is brass.icae L. , Pieris bhrssicae L. , Phy.llotreta 

atra F., h'urydema ornatum, and Plutel/a maculipennis 

Curt. , ( cruciferarum Zel l. ) , the last naned being in great 

numbers. I RAEj 

0098. Michni lov-Doinikov, A. 1915. Insects observed in the 

spring of 1915. Orchard, Market-Garden, and Bachza. No. 7: 

327-333. (in Russian). 

This is a list containing the names of H4 species of 

insects recorded by the Entomological Station of Astrachan 

dur ig spr i ng 1915. Great damage was done by Gryllotalpa 

gr.vIlo t nipa L. , Iiston hirtarius C I. , Lvmantria ( Ocneria) 

dispa r L. , t)icri is I)rossi cne L,. , Ph' t ome t r ( Plus i n) gamma L. , 

Pltel 1n maculip..onis Curt. ( cruciferarum Zell. ), Acrolepia 

assocte ll11 Ze I I . , which great ty damaged seed] ing on i o, s, 

l I is querce II Sch iff. , Phiy tnenodes s tict ica I is L . , Epicometis 

( 'ropinota) h irta Poda., fRhynchi/es aurzatus Scop. , 1. 

bacchus , . , Trichiocampus (Cla dius) viminal is Fa I. , arnd 

Friocmpoides Ii innc ins 1,. ( Se landrinaaduhratt Klug. ) . RA I 

0099. Mil ler, 1. 1924. The "turnip-fly" and its associates. 

N. Z. J. Agric. 28:239-247. 

Turnips in New Zealand are very severely damaged by 

Odontiia zealandica White (grass grub beetle), which is also 

a serious pest. of rape and injures the foliage of orchard 

trees, willows, etc. Most of the loss amongst turnips occurs 

during November and early December, when they are in their 

first leaf, the attack being practically confined to the 

parts of" the plant above ground, either the whole crop being 

destroyed or large patches being eaten out, over the whole 

area. The cutworms, Agrotis vpsilon and Ariath.isa coma, are 

also pests of seedling turnips, especially in the vicinity of 

hedgerows and coarse grass. The spring generat ions damuige 

the foliage of' young plants, while the second or third generation 

often ring barks the roots just above the soil stir-face. 

Autumn cultivation is very useful in destroying the pu- 

pae. The cutworms are parasit ised by a Tachinid, Phorocet-a 

marginata, and birds, especially starlings, destroy many of 

them. PI utell macaI ipenn.is ( cruci fererum) ( di amondback 

moth) and firevicor.vne brassicae (cabbage aphid) are two other 

serious pests of' cruciferous crops that arc being studied. 

[RAE I 

0100. Mizerova, F. 1915. Report, on the work of the Orel 

Entomological Bureau and a review of the pests observed in 

the Government of Orel i: 1913. Zemstvo Govt. Orel, 1914, 31 

pp., 1915, 23 pp. (in Russian). 

These reports cover the fi rst. two years of' the existence 

of the Bureau and are chiefly devoted to the insect pests 

occurring in the government.. These include: ['ests of market-gardens: 

HIalticus saltator Geoff. , Chortophi a brassicae 

Bel., Phvllotreta nemorum L. , Btara thra (Maxstra) brassica_ 

L., Pieris brassicae L., and Plutella maculipennis Ctrt 

34

Genera I 

(cruciferarum Zell.). [RAE) 

0101. Morris, H. M. 1930. Report of the Entomologist for 

1929. Annu. Rep. Dep. Agric. Cyprus 1929, pp. 47-55. 

Bfr i ef notes are given on the pests occurring in Cyprus 

in 1929. Pests not mentioned ;n the last report include: 

Gr.1liotapa0 

damage, 

gry Iot i/p 

part icl iarly 

L., 

in 

which caused a certain 

seed-beds; Pluto Ila 

amount of 

macu Iipennis 

CurL. which in.ured cabbages and caul i flowers in some areas; 

I ponom.utaf padellus 1. (ermine moth), which caused considerabl 

damage to apple; Phthorimaea oporculolla, Zell. (potato 

tuber moth) which chiefly injured potatoes in store; C' dj 

po-mone.lit 1,. ( cod ing moth); Ce -titis capitta Wied. (Mediterranean 

fruit-fly) which always causes considerable damage 

to oranges, apricots , etc.; Fury'toma am.vgd.li End I. and Sco 

I*vtus am.vgdali uer. attacking almonds; Optroidos pu:ctulatus 

liru I le and Zophosis punct ta B ru lie in fest ig newlyplant, 

ed tobacco seed 1 i ngs; Longitarsus parvul us Payk . and 

Aphthona (uphorbiao Schr. injuring young flax; Phy.lIotret 

corrugata 

.Istes 

Fche. 

rusci I. 

infesting stocks, wallf'Lowecs, etc.; Ceropon 

fig trees; and Tribolium confusum Duv. , 

Silvanus sur'inamensis L. , 7'enhro idos mauritanicus L., Calandlull 

Al'Fralar.i1a I. , Brulchlus sp. , KphosIilt elute.ll 

wh ich c{aused in jury to stored grain. ( RAE1 

lib. , etc. 

0102. Mrstatt, It. 19141. Stirlies of pests of cultivated 

plants. Der. Pflanzer 10:36 39. 

This is a chapter of Dr. Morstatt's Zoological Report 

embodied in the Annual Report of the Biologisch Landwirtschafttliches 

Institute at Amani, 1912- 1913. No extensive insect 

pest outbreaks occurred in the twelve monthu under review. 

Pests of Vegetables: A sawfly, .4thaIin sp ., has much increased 

and its larvae did great damage to mustard and other 

cruci ferous plants. The diamondback moth, Plutolel maculipenn 

is Curt. , was as numerous as in the previous year. (RAE] 

0103. Mugger i g.e, J. [.933 . Entomology Section. Annu. Rep. 

l)ep. Agric. N. Z. 1931-32, pp. 44-46. 

A bri ef survey of the posit ion as regards Pieris rapne 

1,. (cabbage white butterfly) in New Zealand revealed that in 

Ilawke's lfay most. of the telai ge t o cruc i ferous crops was 

caused by PlutO!l1 in maCulipOnanis Cut.-t . ft does not follow, 

however, that P. -a pte will riot. become a serious pest, as it 

is only within the next 1-2 years that the full effect of its 

presence wifIl be felt. [lRAE 

0104. Mugger idge, .1. 1933'1. Entontology sect ion. Rep. Dep. 

Agric. N. Z. 1932-33 pp. 47-19. 

An account is gien of work on the biological control 

of' Pier-is rapan, L. Much of the injury caused to crucifers 

by Plute.ii ufacu.ipcnn.is Curt. , which was extremely abundar? t, 

was erroneo sly attributed to this Pierid. [RAE] 

35

limlondback Moth Itb I iography 

0105. Newman, I,. J. 1924. Report. of economic entomologist. 

Western Austral ia Dep. Agric. Annu. Rep. 1923 24. pp. 20-24. 

Some pests recorded nre Notoph I//us hi-olot' (red legged 

earth mit e); Smrvnt/iurts viridis ( lucerne flea) ; C(ett it is 

clp i ta tt ( Med i I rr,it tan fru i - FILy) ; Cholrtoi(i el's tol-fmll it'irti 

(plague locust ) /lt ye(tra goss.vio IIt (pink bo I I -worm); Aicro0'(0 

It'o t ' ,/ p. iw it,; houge Ii ( Aus t i-a I i Itll 1)o I I worm) ; Cos 

mopo I i ,s sol'(Ii(,Us (banana weevil ) ; /piComii iii/,,eliost iCtai, an 

unusuai I out brea ik of' wh ich occur-red or) l f1 owe r ing lgums ( AuCt.ly- 

Itus t'ic i/'oIit ; Ph thor imnte ot.,erculIl (pot ito moth) ; Plutel 

I macu111 ip a .,o , cr't c i/ fritrum) rI ( cabb a e otI); COo.vmhomot--phn 

Ii tita (s p i (1C ,,,,t I , 41 ch may be con t I-o 11ed by 

1)pr'ny itg W ith I lb. it..Id artserate to t; or. H1 itIs. of water; 

Ot ht-r,is At'g/ is ) melt ,t'n~i (o1 n11g p iorc.ing lot 10 i , Conl - t co. 1ed 

itismia I I garidens 1)y net t ini; ind Plodi in t , plinct oIl/it, irife 

sting peanuts t'raoin the Nortlhern Teri tory. I?AF] 

0106. Newriian , I,. 1 . I 92 H . lepo It i f 0001o))o i( ei ( t11 o oI o i s t 

Ariniu . Pler,. lep. Age ic. ,W. Aust. 1927 28, pp. 28 -:0. 

Much I',the i nformat i on in this repo'rt has alremly been 

no1ticed rom maore detai led papers by the nuthor'. Insects obs 

c v e d in W,.s t r n Ausiral in dur-inf the year include ( r.vp t o 

phIo iit ( Argyt-oploce) iIIopi(it But: I. ( fa Ise codl ing moth) on 

various stone f'm its; I/eliothis (Chloridea) obsolota F. (cI i 

mb iing (-I twol-ill) oil tolll,.ato, stone fr uit, a p 1 1 es and wh ea t; 

Sclrohit t-i? ia/is Wl k. 0ini wheat.; /'lut c!l mactc'i.l iponis 

Curt. ( cruci tet-um Zel I . ) (cabb.ge moth ) ; arid P vAfrgost is 

rimo.-l/ is Guen . (turnip moth). /(,'-vs omp/iallus Asp idiot us) 

aut-iont ii Mask. , wh i Il is usuali y coitroL l(1 by t he par is it e, 

,Iphe / in us chr.vsomp)hl i Mer(.. . [)e(RII very numerous in t lie 

late summer aid autumn. he lonig (try summer, which reduced 

the vita11 ity of the [r ees , flivored thle inc-rease of the scale, 

and the (Just that a ccuinulated on the leave. injured the pl)ant 

tn(I iibs o rbed Iie lioi r yi(I ydew oni! o thv tItlie l (: feeds. A. 

:hri.vs omphn I i begani t.o ii cr-case a ft er t he i is ill May arid iS 

I ike Ly to res ume c(onltro of t ie scal c . Ph/thot-iimii le oporcul-- 

I In Z e I [. , which caused lit t l loss to p tito(es, ,onsi dei ably 

injured (Cape ifo o 0s b err i es , t i(' I a r'v ic li r.row i Ig in t o the 

st eis ' the I p an t.; and cauS i ifg severe i eback . A n us ua I I y 

serious out break of i/'ipsf ibi ci L,ind., occu lrred in the 

spring, arId corti; i (fvable damage w it s (o e to fr It - tree bIossoms 

and ot her 'lower,.;. fAE 

0107. Newman, 1,. J . 192.!. Hepmr' of Entomologist. Annu. Rep. 

Dep. Agric. W. Aust . I1)2h 29, )). :12 33. 

Much o f t he ini Fo r tin t i oin cont ati ned i in I Ii s report has 

a 1ready been no t i ced ftIr n in di v i dua p aper's pub is lied by t lie 

a1ut hio r . C111c i u In ( yl n i (Ic. (Is twas suc:ess f iu1 1 y used ut the 

rate of 25 lb to the ac'r'e against N.vsiu; vinitor Her-gr. , and 

Nezai-it vrit- i dl it1., e s )e c ii I I y a fiii iis I t he iyin s , ain d Smyn 

thur-us viridis L. For tr-eatment of stacking sites and floo 

ring dunnage against the gr'ain weevil ((C C'.', land,'.1' g'rn in '.), 

it was only partly successfuI . Lead ar-se[ate (lust proved 

316

General 

very effective against S. viridis and Heliothis (Chioridea) 

obso.let F. In pastures the former may be controlled by 

fa I Iowing every third year before the over-summering eggs 

have been produced. Other pests occurring in Western Austral 

ia dur1ig 1928 29 include Listrodcoros obliquus Gyl . ( tomato 

weevil), which caused considerable damage in ga rdens, Plut o /in 

m8cul ipen is Curt. (c'r'uci ferarum Ze I1. ) ( :b-itg e moth), 

and Br'ob inl jriot i osa Koch ( pm .tens is (farill. . C 'di a pomonelin 

1,. was eL tire I y absent froin areas previously infested. In 

a Ii s t r i ct w he r e Ir u i I.t re es were fo rm e r I y severe I y ott acke d 

by fVui t fly (Cort itis capitaI it Wied. , the crop was marketed 

w i t boIt Ia !; iii (i I e c1s e o coitl(1enItd fru i t , owing to t he cooperLitutse 

tv otf bait -sprays. Only one outbreak of Chortoi 

c('oles 't'min it'cri.I lk. h oCeUlorred in) the Far costern . reo , and 

this was succe'sfulv dealt with by poison baits. [RAEI 

0108. Ni uh oIs, F. I1. 1977. Annuai 

) i re (1. o r ot' Ag r i(7u Ltir( and F isher 

)e1t p ,incn I i I? eporI by the 

ies for the F'iinancia 1 year 

i97; 77 . 

p p. 

I) i rect)r oF Ag i- i c ul toe and F is her is , Ion g Kong. 67 

'rhii re )(lt tm'onm Iong Kon g inc ludes it sect ion on crop 

pro 'tIo t I101 II w hich i 0vt.st gotions on aphid vectors off turnip 

inosa0ic Virus ill Chiinese :albbage, and on t he control of diamondback 

moth ( Plut'lli x.Vlostl/ (l, . ) ) on Chinese kole are 

(Ies c ribet. MyI.'us; )crs ica0 1Su I z .) and L ipalph is erys iti 

Ka It . ita d the sanie pot en t i a I 01 tr aisni it t ing tu rn i p m s aiC 

v ir us , 

vir-us in 

ut Ithe f'o Ime r was inmo re read i Iy ab Ie t o I.rans ll i t the 

the coo l season (September--.Janua y) , and the latter 

i n I Ite wa rmit wet seai;ii ai c1Iii- h At gUS,t ) . 1t ii z io i s t i I 111 f forded 

silt is faItorv 

piosnICt w (, in, 

eontro I of 

l'Ieet i e! 

'. xy,/ostolla, but pienthoate and 

i d (1 ing poss i ble res i st ance t o 

phen tboat e . A pr par atir 0 o ' i/1c i I lus ith u/r ing ins is gave mixed 

resu I t s , q u (I I ph os ItyIVu s i I ) , ac e ph a te ( 0 i t 1i er1v) arid 

bi oresinethrin gave good results, and peirnetlir- in was outstandingly 

good. [ IAE 

0109. Nikil in1, V. 1915. "xper i men Is w iIi Ininct al Imnanures in 

mar-ke t- ga rd(In,;s . 0 i'rliu rd and Markt (;fir de i M.o scow, 3 1 290 

299, 335 349, 9:1 ,10: , 125 13:l, ,152 ,1(2, and 14,t 9 195. (in 

Russ i an ) . 

Among t he 1ile st s ofI c1it 1) itI s s t u d i e (I it t tii( Agr i cu Iti rai 

Inst i lut,! of Moscow, (Iut ing 1.91,l, wtre: Choi'tophilaI Antho 

m .via) brass i'lii lich . , th I iirvite re oIf' which in i fested t he stalks 

o f' see dl i igs; was h i n g t he r o o t s in (o L1d witI. e r be f o r e p an tin g 

was a irl c ffeet, , i Ve . 

brass icae , . , Aph is batss 

0t h(er 

icIo 

pes I were 

, . , ago i sit 

'iei Is ,'aplo L. , 

wh i ci spay irig w 

P. 

Ith 

Soft soap was app I i ed , 'lut . Ill Ri1c( ilipt'rill is, Cirt . ( 'ulc Iftt'arum 

Ze I I . ) and ,amest- bra1 ssic aoe , . , I li, last -named prov 

in tIheimo t s er ious . Its !on Ir'o I coiis ;Ied (Iof hand -p ick in g 

an d des t roy ing the ( te-- p i I t irs . [RAE I 

0110. Orlova NestI emchuk, A. f. 1926. Prel iiiiirnnry entomologi 

cal observat ions of the experimental agricultural area of 

3:7


Khibinsk in 

Russ ian ). 

August 1925. Defense des Plantes 3: 3H3-385. (in 

A short. ace(.iunf is given of' t.he soil, 

vegetable crops of' Khitbinsk (Russian Lapland). 

top)O)g'ap tiy and 

Considet-able 

injlllrY is (ailstd tio Valiolls ('I'tlCi ferFou C''o[s (S 1 V 1/.' 1ln ill' h SI). 

and Plutclli mac' IipOIJIis, Cur't . Tie att t er is part icular ly 

injurious Io turni s, cabbages, k ot 1rab i , and rad I stes , hut 

is preyed upon by A1lotocliallr sp. Oil ions were seriolsl [y injured 

by ltly/I mvill iant iqua Nig. IRAt" 

0111 . Para onov , S. 1953. Thet pr-i cipat pest. s of oil-seed 

plants in the tJkra inc. Z. Angew . Entomol . 35: 63--81.. (in 

e rm a ). 

l, rge a reas of th(! I-,i i nie are g iVen ov cr to t. e cu ti- 

Vat ion o01 oil seed crops, chiefly suntfIower ( ie/ ianthuts nna 

s) , andi ll t his pape r, which is based tan cf.ly on the Iit 

eratulre, the author summarises informatlion on the local distri 

but. ion, I,i o in ics, and cont.rol of their pr-incipal art hropod 

pests. Those for whiich specific names are given are Ho 

/1loosom¢i )leu/c. llt lib . ) , AIg pa ithila d li.i (I?i c ht. . ) and Nordl 

Iis tena pazrvu i (Gylh. ) on s,'in f I owe r 6e u ,h orrhvnchus 

17iacI ii ii.lbi ( Ifl)S t. . on )o)y) ( Palpa'icr soM i I'or-eit ) , Et i l l 

rii/cken ti I (Tre i tschke ) on soybeans. hItt itieupho o 

tbite 

Scir . ), Ph it In in epilin t. (Ze I I . ) ind Hetl ioth is ( h Iori-dea) 

Aph is g ossyp ii G I ov . ( Dot-o Iis ftngu Iav Au (-t . ) aid Tort anwy -hIrs 

to latrius ( ,. ) ( ',i t ot rtinl'chus i Ilthacac (v. liinst . ) ) on 

cotton, and Athlia rosat. (L.) (colibri (Christ.)), Aeligethos 

lae/ius ( F. ) , h'n toiosceIis adol i(Iis Pa I I . ) , t'hy.llo tret a 

spp. and Plutolla mculipennis (Curt.) on various crucifers. 

[ IA , 

0112. Pescott., H. 

cauli flowers, and 

39: 119- 126. 

T. M. 

I'! I a t e d 

1941. Insect posts of cabbages, 

plants. J. Delp . Agr i c . Vic t. 

'This pai.er compr ises a popular account of pests of cabbages 

and cauliflowers in Victoria and recammendations for 

hierf ro trol. They confl~ise snails an( s lugs and the mites, 

Pentihaltus mior- [Dug. and It1alot vdeus des truct or Tucker, which 

are pests of the seedl ings, and I'liute.lIa m cu.lipena is Curt., 

Pietis r.apae L. , Ptrevicorvrne brassiete L, , Iist-rodere-s l 

obliqulu; 

GylhI. ( Vcsi it-os irjs AUt . ) , and cutworms, which attack 

the growing plants. [RAE 

0113. Pickles, A. 19465. Entomology. Adm. Rep. Dir. Agric. 

Trin. Tob. 1945, pp. 17-18. 

Inj ury to suugar-can(: by the frogliopper- (Tontsp is saccharim 

Dist.) was not very severe in Trinidad in 1945 but was 

fairly widespread in northern areas. Th(! results of field 

experiments on its control by dusting with DDT rnd sabadilla 

are Summarized. l)ttai led o'servat ions on the influence of 

biotir factors oil its abundance were begun, and the preliminar-y 

data indicated that the green rnusca'-di e fungus (Met arrhizium 

anisopliae) can give significant control and that its 

38

General 

incidence is related to itmospheric humidity. Observations 

on ir estation of cucumbers by Diaphan.ia hy'alinatu L. and D. 

nit-idalis Stoll showed that recumbent (non--staked) plants 

gave a Signif icant ly higher yield of healthy fruit than 

climbing (staked) plants; 5% cube powder applied weekly gave 

bet ter' con Iro I t han ai Iend arsena to diis t . Weekly app I i cat 

ions of dusts o I (-ad arsenate or cube against Hel1unla phili 

Io, l/is WIk. on cabbage and caul i I' ower, gave s i gn i I i cant 

increis es in y i e Id, the cube being the more effect i ve on the 

caul i t lowers, and t he Iead arsenate on t he cabbages . The use 

of cube. was reicoiinen(ed(I , l)ecause it is iot poisonous. 

0aI assess the vatue of inert dusts for protecting 

Stored grain from insects, grain heavily infested wit' weevi 

Is and PIO(li. interpunctolln lb. was mixed wit h 1% microa 

is e Felspar I o a proprietary (lust (Fygran A) arid stored in 

h i gs . TIe pe' c e T t ig es o it nint jiu re (I g r a i: a t th e end o C 

e igli t flol lbts we re 37.24 for fe I spar, 34.45 fgr Fygran A, and 

f .(, tr cno treotment. 

Other insec t poests observed included Megastes grandalis 

Gn. oil sweet potatoes; /s( i a ( Pior is) monuste L. , Plutelia 

mnacu! iptc1n is Curt. , and /lr'toicorv'ue biiissicac L. on cruciers; 

Corythaica monneha Stal, Epit rix sp. and Sissetiq 

ol ie[ Bern. on eggi plant (Sol nun, mc longona); and Chr'ysomphalus 

F1icUs Ashm., Orthe in ptaolonla Dougl., Lopi dosaphes g lo 

',ori Pa(:k. , /,. b ck ii Newin. , and Selenispic(us art iculatlus 

Morg. on Citrus. ([1AE,] 

0114. Pl iginsky, V. G. 1916. Animals injurious to cultivated 

crops in the Govt. of Kursk in 1915. The Entomological Bureau 

of the ZeMstvo of the Govt. of Kursk. Kursk. 20 pp. (in 

Russ ian ) . 

The foll owing is a list of the pests observed. Lepidopt 

era: Apor in cr t negi I . , Pieris brassicae L. , P. rapae L. 

Org.v i a artI itun I, . , St1/pnot-ita ( l,eucomu) salicis L. on w I1lows; 

Euproctis (Port hes i) chr.ysorrhoea L. ; Malacosoma neusttria 

I,. , L.vninntri dispar L., Btirathrn ( MamestraI) brhtassicae 

,., Chr.,imatobia brumata L. , the control of which was difficu 

I t owing to the want of a supply of' tanglefoo t; Arc tia caja 

, . , Cossus cossus ,., Gallet-ii mellonella I,. , Olethreutes 

variegann lIlt. on plums; Cj'dia ( Grapho.litha) funebrana Tr., C. 

pomono I Ia L. , Ilvponomeutia malinllus Zell., H. padel/us L., 

P] Ut 011t / ,ac1ulipenn is C Ar t . ( crucifor arum Zle I . ) Lyon L, tina 

clorckol In L. [RAE j 

0115. 'lotnikov, V. 1915. Reports on the work of the Turkestan 

Entomological Station in 1912, 1913, 1914 and part of 

1915. Tashkent, 60 pp. (in Russian). 

This series of reports covers the period from 1912, being 

the second year of' the existence of the station, to 1915, 

and describes the general and scientifCic research work done 

by the staff in each year. Field crops and market-gardens 

were attacked by:-- Laph.ygma (Caradrina) exigua lib.; Chloridea 

(tfol.iothis) dipsacen L. on lucerne and cotton; g'ubol-i arena 

39


cenrin fit). on lucerne; Pieris brassicne L., Plutcl/h mucul-ipennis 

Curt. ( crucifer-ar-um Zell. ), aypera (Phytonomus) var-iahi 

I is lbst. ; Sitones long'tulus Boh. in roots of lucerre; Lema 

melannopus L. on wheat and oats; Ch otoonomn brevituscula ald. 

on beet; Epia.'uta lutel ineolatit Muls., on potatoes, but also 

observed amongst crops infested with locusts; Oscinis pusilla 

Mg. on wheat ; Aphis hraoss ic'a I,. , Aph is goss.vp i i G ov. , and 

Thrips t'ih vus Schr. on young cotton plants. [HAE 

0116. Pustovnrov, V. V. 1980. The microlepidoptera of' forests 

in the southeastern regions of the Armenian SSR, Biol. Zh. 

Arm. 33:271-278. (in Russian with English summary). 

Species (53) of microlepidoptera from 14 families are 

discussed based on a collection in Zangezur forests in i969 

71. Almost all of theln are mentioned for the 1st time in the 

fauna of this region; many speci.es are new records for the 

fauna of Armenia ( including Lithocollitis geniculelao Rag., 

Thiodia cit'an fib. , i'ucosma can fib . Pvlochrist a commodestana 

Roess I., Eu(emis porph.vr'ana lRb., and Pnracelypha rivulanu 

Scop. ) (AlIso discussed are Tischer-ia spp. , Niditinea tugurialis 

Meyr., L vonetia clerkeila L. , Ypsolophus spp. , Plute]in 

macu]lipennis Curt.. , Ar'gyr-esthi spp. , Rucculittrix ulmicola 

Kuzn. , Lithocolletis spp., Ca]optilia spp. , (olephorn spp. , 

Yponomeuta spp. , Eut romula spp. , Diunne t'ng'e.l i n L. , // 'perca- 

Ilia citrinalis Sc. and Ornativalva zangezur'ica Pisk.). [BA] 

0117. Rambousek, F. 1924. Moths on sugar beet. Ochrana Rostlin 

4:29-35 and 81-87. (in Czech). 

The moths attacking sugar-beet are listed, wit' brief 

biological notes on each species; they comprise Agr-otis pr-onuba 

L. , Ruxoa (A.) segetum Schiff. , Scotogramma (Mumest-t) 

trifolij Rottb., Calocamtpa exoleta L., Polin suasa Schiff., 

(Mumestr'a dissimilis Knoch.), P. (M.) olertcen L. , Brotolomia 

meticulosa L., Lnphygma (Carudrina) exigun Hb., Phytometia 

(Piusia) gnmma L,., Phthorimora ( Lita) ocelltell Boyd., 

Cnephasia wahlbomiana L. , and Plutella maculipennis Curt. 

[RAE I 

0118. Reid, W. J. .Jr. and F. P. Cuthbert, Jr. 1971. Control 

of caterpillars on commercial cabbage and other cole crops in 

the South. Farmers' Bull. U.S.D.A. No. 2099, 24 pp. 

This is a review of the control of Agrotis ipsilon 

(Hfn. ), Trichoplusia ni (lb.), flellula rogutulis (Htulst), 

ileliothis zen (Boddie), Evergestis rimosalis Gn., Plutelia 

xyl,9stella ( L. ) (macuipennis (Curt. ) ) , Spodopter, frugiper-da 

(J. E. Smith), Feltia subterranea (F.), Ascia monuste (L.), 

Pieris I-apat. (I. ) P. protodice Boisd. & Lee., Estigmene 

acraea (Dru.), and Peridroma sauia lib. on cabbage crops in 

the southern United States. Notes are given on the nature of 

the damage caused by the larvae and the time of year and the 

places in which they occur. Detailed instructions are provided 

on the use of insecticides and on cultural methods of 

control. [RAE] 

40

Gener a 1 

0119. Riddell--Swan, 3. M. 1983. Annual departmental report of 

the Director of Agriculture and Fisheries for the financial 

year 19U1--82. Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Hong 

Kong. 69 pp. 

A sect ion on crop rpote(ction (pp. 13- 14) of this report 

of) agriculture and fisheries in long Kong provides a brief 

review of invest. igat ions on the incidence, b iol ogy nrid cont 

rol of' pests, including Thrips pa lmi Karny on hairy gourd, 

(iamondback moth (l utl/t x.v sotll (I,.)) on brassicas, the 

fruit-fly Dacus dorstilis fiend. and some pests of citrus, 

chrysanthemum rind [ongan (Nopheliturn long'unn). (RAE) 

0120. Ritchot , (. , G. Rioux, N. A. Richard, M. O'C. Guibord, 

N. Letendre, J . L. Sauvagenu, J . A. D)oyle, J. M. Heausolei 1, 

and C. Nor i rn. 1975. Principal insects of crops in Quebec in 

1974. Ann. Soc. Ent.onol . Otue. 20: b1 -65 . (in French with EngIish 

summary). 

Latrg(! popi lat i ons o f the Go Io10(lo pota to beetl e, Lep/jnotarsa 

decemlineat,, a nd of the striped cucumber beetle, 

Acalymm n vi tntn, were observed only in the region of' Montreal 

(Canada). he potato crops of the Quebec City area 

wereC infe sted at th( end of' the seasori by the potato aphid, 

Afacros iphurm ouphotb ie,, and the green peach aphid, Myzus 

porsiclie. Tobacco fields of, ,Jol iette, Lavalt rie, Lanoraie 

and L'AssompLion suffered from the following cutworm species: 

R'uxoN ;c Incens, Agrot is ipsi Ion, Cr.vmodes de vs t a tor a nd 

Amnthes c-ni g'um. Sugar beet foliage was damaged by the beet 

leaf miner, Pogomavin bet.,io, and/or the spinach leaf miner, P. 

hvoscvami. Some dmag( was caused to cruciferous crops by 

the cabbage root, maggot, /liem'.vn hrassi( 'ne, after washing out 

of soil insecticides by heavy rainfalls, and, in the region 

of Quebec, by the imported cabbagreworm, Pieris rapne, and the 

diamondback moth, Plutell mwaculipennis. In field corn, the 

European corn borer, Ostrinin nubila.lis, was much less abundant 

than in 1973, and the potato stem borer, tlidroecin micacea, 

was practically absent. The alfalfa blotch leaf miner, 

Agromyza frontella, was found in the counties of .'.rce, Iolbiniere 

and Deux-Montagnes. The alfalfa weevil, lj'pera pos.itica, 

appeared more numerous than last year, but remained 

below the economic threshold. Heavy infestations on timothy 

grass by the European skipper, Thymelicus lineola, in Lac St- 

Jean, ob iged farmers to spray with an insect icide. Cereal 

crops were invaded by large numbers of aphids in many locali 

ties. [AE] 

0121. Ross, W. A. find L. Caesar. 1920. Insects of the season 

in Ontario. 50th Annu. Rep. Entomol. Soc. Ontario, 1919, pp. 

95-104. 

Pests of vegetables included Phorb i ( Chortophila) 

brassicae (cabbage maggot); Hylemyia antiqua (onion maggot); 

Pier-is i'apne (imported cabbage worm), on cabbages and cauliflowers; 

Plutella niaculipennis (diamondback moth), in cabbage 

fields; Ifeliothis obsoletn (corn ear worm), on both sweet and 

41

D iamondbtick Moth iII i hi iog caphy 

'ie Id maize that was plan ted late; Prt optrce (r h lege thont 

ius) qt itquemacut ta (t1,mato or tobacco worm); A cyrthosiphon 

( Macros it1hum) p i.s i ( a)pei 1),t1 h is ) ; out worms on crabage, t oma to 

anid lllii ze0 (.'io' i : ris lld (. >ol (c'illiplinl ta t'a ( aspa- 

*a g u; beei es) wh i h w'e re pa I isi t ; ed !'y t he C la I ci , "e t rt 

* I i ch/us aspara! I A"ph - i -; bt'assicuei ( caibliage iph is) , which 

ca ts ed c(o Isi d erat>I c ine julry late in the seas on1 to0 cli bbi tgE. 

ailllif lower ;1iI> tut'i1ips, hut, w :ita; l;r .e y (AhockeIcd by i as ec. 

(IIl>IC.n , 011oe of1, ti l illot imp(rtiait beinrig .'ll idIIo/tiivs [tri/ t 

S y I/or, I'ron IitI ( t ed h (e d e d f I 00 e l ie(. t IU) , in ls 11 1 I y p1 V - 

I i>tI on,l beaus; (osmoll,.'p hiliei(' itt ( 1) I ck s t i nh bug ) , onI 

r iliii antd l on hhe l t- p of '-as ;so tagis '0 1 n1ts; i /t'ips t abac i 

of ) ion 

gillten 

tir ito; ) ; Lygls pra tens s 

pl an t s , [,,>tllo s and (elery, 

It tar is betd pI lant bug) , on 

wh ere it is he I i eved to 

t)e tI r ( o.i " r aIri 'r o t, sofl tro ol' bi a hc 1ie 'i o e 1ery; 

L e mIi t t I ) t-ii o ( Il re I i nod I 00a f boo (-t l e) , orl potatoes; and 

/),abhro / ic 'i it , l ,, (a s r itewd ,:iucimhor 1 oe(! I eo) . I IA EI 

0 122 . Iuh1>11>11a i , M. t !)t 5 1 nis (: c t not es frorl l he Okanagan a in 

I1) lI. Pl'r . Il.n t ol . So . itri t. ish Columbli , No. 7: 7 - 1. 

A ium witr() f ins f - l 1est s oc(:urred I h oifghiout the t()1lla 

.,i I V;l I I oey . Allmog t,l wore ('.vdiln ( Cartpocapsat) pomlo ii (cod- 

[Iin mo t 1 ) ; hu'niils'; l lgrosoma (a1ple 'sawfly) Hyi lop teI-s 

tliundiliis ( p ru o at>his); AIitRog ril t i>plli tuormis I impoi-tod ( :o1r 

rilit toretr , l1sI)idiolt us orst reaformis; Aphis sorhi ( the rosy 

;lpple alphis); A'pochra (ainatdensis ( currant frnuit fty) ; tiv Ity 

nV, t ant , iqla ( /' gomll coparu-t'lm) ( oil ion 11Il>Igg(rif ) ; lt>tI v l Ilt ma1cu 

I ipennis ( d iamondback moth ) ; l'apaipJema nob, is ( nitola) ( s t it1k 

borer ) ; Al tI hronias sciroJ)htj laitiac (carpel 1 ee t I e ) ; Kiucosma 

( 7"molocta) octIlna (1)ud mo t, I) ; ithe weev iis Cotrcopous aurtem.i 

s cac aind Mime'tcs setijlosuis on t tie buds iincd ot)ern i r leaves 

of appl t res. F RAE 

0123. Hitt main n, M. II. 93 1. Ifeport of' tire l'n1.nomrology Brainch. 

25th Arrir . Ie1). fir. Coltlmbi a iep. Agri c . 1930, pp. G49 -G51. 

fIIs ((. t f i(. k i ig frui t. trees in Br it ist Co t umb ia du-r 

ing I930, most, of which were present in numbers much below 

norrmn I , i nc Iudd Lygus pr t/(,sis I,. , wh ich showedi a pro ferei-cc 

for pors but caused only locnl inrjury, mainly in orchards 

wi t h hoavy cover u'o)s . I ll '('st at i o11S by (din pomonl It 1,fi , 

were very I igiht . Vvsius ortc'io Schii II . ( fa se chinch bug) 

was found to1 t I ) res ( it t t hr(rugtollu t i (list ri:t whe re ser i oils 

inju ry to c ho rhr i ,Os was repo rt ed , hif t i t oi iI(c I not he de fin i 

to. v itS{ rt 11i Ifned who' t !rl te h )g1 was rcs pors ifbl for the dam 

ago, . Pa n-a tt ran ulliusl [)o'i. C. arid F. , is becominrg more 

j l 

wi~') s (1 Ii " Vo l Frui t oi ifr>) , itritns . Pota t tes and oii 

oil>s, a r1d I n !,()lie se( t i ,l ( rron 1:1, we rt sfvere I y at t nck ed by 

w i r ewo rm s , Wb i Ir w(r - res! , 5() 1 I 'orr ia I tr s r '- 6(0% i 1n (r11e 

o 1)l (r ()p . h f, lt -ustat 111 , (n.i ('. , 1, i al un On is d is (o icdous 

Lec: . , f1pt>> l oO0 ho fli! most [)rollli enat s)(: i v's . Thrip,, /t (ita 

l, i ri( . , 0 l1, (,!d s (!re1I t i d l In go i 1i S 0 I I aonl i go f I 0s o f 0 ion1 s 

PIll t e / ia mDac i i tcn ni s C ur t. . , wastorIas rIaI I y 11)111 ci n t, i111 ci iin,j u- 

rious to rruc:i tors . [ RAE 

42

Genera 

0124. lHushkovsky, I. A. 1914. Pests of Agricul Lure in the 

Government of Ufa in 1913. Agronomical Department tof the 

Zemst.vo, Government of' U IU, iU'a, 29 pp. ( i n lus S iall). 

The author, who was deputed by the [Depart ment of Agricu 

I t ure, , , re!que st of tIt!. , e.. ; -. ,, U, I nf, to i yes t i ia t. e the 

IocalI insect pests, gives a repot L o" his work. This was not 

('OIl1)1 !, ed , as t he t i me it Ilowed did not permit an invest igati 

n of t ho whoiole are a of' over 'I,,00L square mi Ifes. 'T he U I 

lowing is H I i st of soete ofU t he pe , s obsf-rvk( . Pes I s of 

market gard(ens : art l (.Alames ti-n) bras,- ic't ; 'u rvdema 

(St rl ch i it) olr-' 1uM I,. 1n11d A'urvdenlzl 1'-st ivum var. dlecoratum 

1. S. ( St ;toh ini p us tt l t i 1,'i ob . ); .Athi Itz a s ) iirt um F. -;P. ut elIn 

t m u i t ,1c'c js Cur t . (cr i >u-rtrum Ze I . ), i I of which 

ir ij rrred cabbage; fo,,der beet w as injrt- ed )y larvae of' Me oioip 

h it/t h ip o ts tt i F. 

th i 1 . car I)t s we re Injit 

ild by c t erp i It rs of 

re d by larvae of' Agritolo.. 

AA, ro t is sp. , 

lmt io us L. 

0125. 1? s s 1 I , JI. I9 () . Hai ,(s eed i '' slan ia. .1 . Agric. 

TasIman ta 51 : 57 HI. 

I'll is report on rape in 'T'asmania in 1979 HO in(:udes a 

discuss ion ,on the prob eims met with. Aphids were present in 

mos t c -ops bu t it- i r ra e o f mu I I i p icn t ion iand sprCad w i t h i n 

tho crop varied great ly. Severe and widespread infestation 

d e I opted short Iy atf ert the .star I o f F I ower in g i n Severn I 

crops , i (I spray i ng w i t b i as e t ic ides was ,ss en t i a I t o mini iillize 

los ses ill Vie0 d. I 1 most 0 I h ( rlops, the in(i(ence was 

restricted to a small pr.! centage of plants throughout the 

s enston alt chemical c(0n rol wns arieresr . Lnila e a U the 

cibbgf! mo I h ( t'lIu te In xvlos te IIt ( I,. ) ) wer a I so present in 

most. crops, but. in only a fow cases did thecy cause a signifi 

cant loss of yield. At least two crops were de;vastated when 

a heavy i n Ues t at i on o t' larvae moved From the base I eaves t.o 

feed on the pods. They ate the green stem the pod t issue, 

ki 1 1 iig t he seeds and making t he crop look premat urely 

I RAF 1 

ripe. 

0126. Russo, G. 1927. l)ominican Repub i r : Chief' insects harm 

ful to corps. I at. Hull. Pla;t P'rot . 1: 101 110. 

P1, e. s o f : i t rus in San I)am i go i r1C I ade Chrysomphilus 

ficus AshIm. ( non idum Auct . ) , of which Asp idiot iphagus Iounsbut-v 

i Ie r I . F Pao I i , is t ht most import ant. parns i t;; Selenaspidus 

ttt iculitus Morg. ; ;hiontispis cit,-i Comst.; Lopidosaphos 

, inneoformis Ith.-, Snisset in dtne Hern. ; and the weevil, 

Dintpropes libirovinltus I,. ( spong nleori , . ) . Other pests inc lude 

Pulvinar-in pvritformis Ckl I1. and Aspidiotus d stru(tor 

avocado; Vinson in st ,li f,.rnl Wes.tw. on mango Dittren 

Sign on 

sac 

ch -iai/isF . ltnd 'i-ion vmu., ( l'.sudo('f c(( ,) .st.chn -i Ck I . o n 

sugnr-f II cane; Lebucopt, (7of'olln (in. on (1)ffUee; Asjpidiotus 

d10 tro'l or Sign. itnd 1 ma lodrn u', . e in Clanfbi'rs on coconut; 

Pluto!lIt n aculipeonnis Curt. on cibbage; A'pit t-ix c ucrlumeris 

Ila - r . on egg plants; Pro tolnP(7co sexNtta .1oh. on tomitoes; laitI 

P. sextn and Epi trix par-vula F. oi tobacco. [ RAE 

43


0127. Sacharov, N. 1915. The injurious insects, 

the Governmrnt 

noticed in 

of Astrachan from 1912 to 1914. 

Station 

Report 

for 

of the 

1914. Entomol. Sta. Astrachan, Astrachan, 29 pp. 

(in Russian). 

A list is given of insect pests observed 

during 

in Astrachan 

the last three years. 

7 Lepidopterous pests 

'ineo], 

include: 

b.isellie/li Pummel in houses, Li thoco.l let is populifo 

liella Tr. on poplars, Ornix anguliferelja Z. injuring leaves 

of app 1e t rees there being two generations, ly.vponomeuta 

malinellus Zell., h. ,ari ilis Zell., PIutell manculipennis 

Curt . ( cruc ifornr-um), thinia ( Psecaciin) pusiella Roem. , Coleophor-a 

hemerobiel In Scop. , Depr'essaria nervosa 11w. found in 

the nfl orescence of dIi I I nrid caraway ('Cairum carui) . [RAE] 

0128. Sacharov, N. and S. Y. Shembel. 1915. 

work 

Report 


on 

the 

the 

Entomological Station and of the 

Branch 

Mycological 

in 1914. Entomological Stal ion of the Astrachan 

ty of Gardening, 

Socie 

Martet-Gard(ening and Field-cuttivation, 162 

pp. (in Russian). 

An ac(count of the work done by the station 

is given 

during 

with 

1914 

reference to studies on insoct pests and 

rimentsexpe 

with insecticides. alist of insect pests 

during 

not 

the 

ice d 

year includes: Kriophyes pyri Pagst., 

Land. , 

E. 

'et 

vitis 

ra n chus tefIarius I,. , ;ry!llot n/pa gr.1liotellpa 

Tingis I., 

pvri Gseoffr ., Aphis pomi de G., MyzLs cterns.i F. 

rihis 

, 1lyzus 

BuckI . , Aphis brass icac I,. , A. i(daci Goot, 

Koch, A. 

/1yaI 

pyri 

Oorus 0 arundinis F. ( prun i F. ) , Aphis 

Kalt 

c-a 

. 

tnegi 

, A . gosS.vpi i Gov. , Ltp i(IOSaphes ulHi L. , (Mytilspis 

pomorum Bouche) , PsvIlit p.vr , -ola Fors t . , f1.yponomeuta malinellus 

Ze I I. , li. I'riab ilis Zel l. , Plutol n mnculipennis 

( cruci ferarum 

Curt. , 

Zel 1 . ) , Cydia pomonella L. , Kucosma ( Tmetocera) 

ocel lana F. , Po( chros is 1ot rnnn S ch if f . Cossus c'ssus 

( ligniperda 

L. 

F. ), Zouzeor pyrina L. , Talis quercelln 

Pieris 

Schiff. 

brassi 

, 

aL. , P. r'api 1. , P. daplidice L. , Malacosoma 

neustria L., Biston hirtt rius C., L.vmantria (Ocneria) 

L. , Eupr-c.t 

dispar 

is chry.sorrhoen L. , Ph.vtometra (P-lusin) 

Auxoa 

gamma L. 

seget um Sch if f. , Bnrathra (Manmstra) 

Agr 

brassicine 

iotes Iine 

L. 

tus L.. , Ap icautia C:-vthrocephaII Pall. 

sabulosum 

, Optrum 

I,. , (olaphus sophine Schall . , Ent,nioscelis 

Pa I I 

adonidis 

F. (orsailis F. , Phyllotrot a rrtit 'feirac Goeze, 

F. 

P. 

, P. 

atra 

nomorum I. , '. unculaa Kyt sch. , Anthonomus 

L. 

pomorum 

, vctiscus lhetu/No I. , (Phynrhites betulei 

tus 

F.), 

Scop. 

R. 

, 

aurn 

P. h, ch us I. , R. noquatus L. , Scolytus 

gastor) 

( Eccopto 

rugulosus Ratz., S. pruni Ratz., Melolonthn 

tani F. 

hippocas 

, PolyphylltIalbn Pallas, Npicometis ( Ti-opinota) 

Poda, 

hit-ta 

Oxythyrea stPt i t in L. , firist iphora ( Nemntus) 

lntanppendieu 

Hbst. , Eriocampoidos limacin ( Se-l-ndr-ia e itcnumbra ta) 

Klug. , Ahalin spinlrum F. [ HAt'I 

0129. Schmutterer, 1H. 1971. Contribution to the knowledge of 

the crop pest fauna in Ethiopia. Z. Angew. Entomol. 67:371 

389. Crops grown in the areas of central and eastern ,thio 

44

General 

pia are attacked by a number of pests. Cereals are often 

infested by stemborers such as Busseola fusca (Fuller). 

Birds may do cons iderable harm to crops in the nii Iky stage. 

In stores, primary and secondary pests are responsible for 

heavy I osses , the inost. important being Sitophilus zeama is 

Motsch. , rIiiboliim :oiJ)fustll DUy. , and I'phost in (Cndra) caute 

1Pin (Wlk.). Oil crops are attacked by various lepidopterous 

larvae, including those of' Iel ioth is arm igoera (I . ) Rape 

and oil radish are commonly infested by Phyllotretit malshonlana 

Jac. , Plutelln .yIostel (L.) :tnd Brevicoryne brassicae 

(I. ) The fly Dio.'vfyla SOr,'e 'cunl (Wied.) is an important pest 

of' niger oil (Gu-iiotia abyssinien), and the teri ite Od/on totermes 

natieps (Sjo.st.) of groundnut.. Among f ibre crops, cotton 

is, as elsewhere iin Africa, specially liable to pest attack. 

Species of' /)'sdercus, bollworms, and cicadellids are major 

pests of th is crop. Scale insects, such as Jcer yq parchasi 

Mask. are important pests of' citrus, whereas the only noteworthy 

insect pest of' coffee is Antest iopsis intricata (Ghesq. 

& Jarayon). [RAE] 

0130. Schoyen), T. If. 1914. Report on the noxious insects and 

plant diseases of the field and tHe orchard in 1913. Kristiania, 

pp. 31 58. (in Norwagian). 

Amongst insects injurious to cereals, Aphis avenae did 

damage in the western part of Norway during the unusually dry 

weather in July and August.. ('hlorops taeniopo was observed 

in several local it ies in tlardanlger. As early sowing as 

poSsib le of 

winter crop 

the spring rop and as late as possible 

is advised il ,)rder to compel the flies 


to 

the 

lay 

their eggs on wild grasses. Clidtogastra (Cleigastra) flavipes 

is injurious to t iniot ry grtass and it is advisable to 

plough deeply in autumn in order to bury the puparia or to 

omit thi;s grass from t Ihe rotation for one or two years. 

Ilepiilus lupulinus, at Floro, cut tie stems of the grass 

above the root to such an extent that the ground was literally 

covered by the stems. Against Phyvllopertha horticola, 

ploughing n and harrowing in order to expose the larvae to 

insectivorous birds and dressing in the autumn with gas lime, 

kaini t or salt pet re are recommended. At toi npricans attvcked 

the seed clover at the Agricul turail School of' Smaalenene so 

that nearly every flower contained the larvae. The clover 

had t o he cut anid eithor used as food or- stacked green so 

that the ,arvite were iil led. Against Sitons lineat us, which 

attacked clover in the spring, spraying with Paris green is 

recommended. 'lTie larvae of ('hort ophiln ( Anthomyia) br'ssicae, 

TipulIn oloracea, Meligethes neneus, and Plueella maculipennis 

(C(t-uC 

bages. [RAE] 

I-trarum) have been riecorded( as attacking cab 

0131. Schoyen, 1'. II. 19t. Report on the injurious insects 

and fungi of the field and the orchard in 1916. Kristiania, 

pp. 37--92. 

Forficuoa auricuinria did great damage in many parts of 

45

Diamondback Moth Ihibl iography 

the country to different kinds of vegetables, especial I Y 

cabbage. Turnips were attacked by Mololontha hippocastani, 

Galeruca tarncet.i, Mel.igethes aeous , Phyl I ot rttt (itlt ica) 

nemorum, and the Carabid, Ronxhi(lio, lnlpros, which was said 

to be very numerous in the cabbage f iel dIs , (Iestrcy i ng t,he 

young plants. This appears to be the first recorded instance 

of damage by tle last named spec i es. The :aterpi Hilr,; Of the 

foI lowing lepidoptera were recordwd as injuring cabbage: 

Pieris hrutssicuio, Panu, thrt ( Aan:'.s tra ) brt.uSi .'l0, 1o 1 in ( Aamostra) 

)isi, P. 1M) olortcoen and ['luielitt meiculipennis ( crucifrterr-urn) 

. ther cabbage pies t s were Ktltrj'dem-u 1 lotr cetlm, Aph is 

h r-ass inco, ripulti ol racoa, Chortop,hi /a ( Phorbin) hrass icue, 

sind (,rris zi (Dtos't ur,,) brs . lnc. I?AE 

0 132. Schoyen, T. I . 1924. Re portor nI -4ee t 1,es ts O r r ing 

ini Agr i cult ure arnd ort icult ure io 19'22 and 192A, Oslo, 40 

pp. ( in Norweg ian). 

l'es ts reco r(Ied i n Norway in 192 2 23 , among others 

i i: I lude ("ofn-Ya ( tvdrooc in) micacen, ['htthorimnton opjertculel l, 

and Ryphus fnost t r/ is on pot at. oes ; rorficut tIr icl Irit-n, 

'urYvdema oleracum, lire vi cor.vno ( Aphis) brassi'oe, Or.vctes 

aS.icorn is and i'lut lIIn Mlici1 I iperin is on cruci fers; Ot ior-h.vn 

(chls Iigust i ci on asparagus; and 0. iubius ( 1)0(oosus) on 

rhuba rb . flpressarit hertic.leun wis r( cordetd For the fi rs t 

time as a pest of' carrots. [RAE] 

0133 . Sieibh e I, S. Y. 1923. Report of the Astrakhan plant 

protection station for 1922. (From 1 October 1921 to 1 October 

1922). Nation. Commissariat Agri c. Astrakhan St i. Plant 

Prot. 12th year-, '10 pp. (in Russian). 

Thu pests recorded during the period under review inelude 

.nisoplin spp. , /urvgaster spp. , and Siphonaphis (Aphis) 

pndi L. on barley; Brachy'colus noAijus Mord v. on wheat, 

Artc ia specttibilis TausCh. on wheat, mi 1let, mustard, and 

lent: Is, Plutpll a maculiponnis Curt. (cruc ifor-irum Ze I. ) 

Ceili, lng serious damage to mustard and cabbage, Ph.vIlotreta 

spp. ;r -ruci fer-ous plant s, Orin ( Tip.inosto.Iu) musculosa fib. 

on wheat, Ca iiii!dt'u granat-ia L. and C. or.vzEue L,. in stored 

grain; S.itotroga -rel-el Il CI iv. in stored maize, Gr-.vI lus 

desert us Pa I I . , Opa tun siibulosum L. , and 1.aphvgmn ( Ctra(/tinn) 

exigul itl). on potatoes, mi I let. and beet, 'uxoti ( Agrotis) 

S oketrM Sch i ff. on maize, and Homoeosoma nebulell] fib. on 

s un f lowe rs. RA I] 

0134. Shembel , S. Y. 1924. Report (13 ) of the Astrakhan 

Station of Plant Protection from pests for 1923. 1st October 

1922 to 1st October 1923. 43 pp. ( in Russ ian with Germai 

summary) . 

Miscel laneous pests recor(led(l during the year are: Picr 

is rapne L,., Pluto] It maculipennis Curt . , Brevicor.no brtas- 

Si cit0 1,. , Laphygma ex ilfun Ilb . , [ s tit n uh ilIaIis ib . , Opit 

rum satbulosum L. , Gryllotnlpn gryllotalpa I., N 'Ygmia phaoorrhoelt 

Don. , ltYponoleolli't milnliel las Z. , C.'div n pomonel ln L., 

46

Gene rit I 

Eurytomit nm;.gda. i Enderl . , rio ainpo ides limacina Retz. 

Piston hirtarius CL., Stephanitis pyri Geoffr. var. sateptnna 

florv. , and Gnleruca pomonav Scop. [RAE] 

0135. Sinee, C. 1942. Report of the Entomologist, 1941. Zomba, 

Dep. Agric. Nyasaland. '4 pp. 

'there were in general no serious outbreaks of insect 

pests in the Nyasaland Protectorate in 1941, in spite of an 

exce)t tof 11 ly dry season. A severe outbreak of Crocidolomia 

binotalis Zell. and Plutelli maculipenn is Curt. occurred on 

cabbages, chi efly near 1,imbe and tilantyre, and most of the 

crop was destroyed before any effective measures could be 

taken. The former is usual ly kept. in check, apparently by 

Bassus laotatorius F. and Disophr.vs sp. , but th-se parasites 

may have been affected by the drought. IRAE] 

0136. Smyth, E. G. 1919. Report of' the Division of Entomology. 

Annu. Rep. I'orto Rico Insular Expt. Sta. , Rio Piedras, 1 

July 1917 to 30 .June 1918. pp. 109 129. 

The worst garden pests were Pieris (Pontia) monuste L., 

and l']utolln macu.lipennis Curtis, attacking cabbages, radishes 

and tucnips. Hedges of orange--jasmine (Murr'aya exotica) 

were injur (d by the scales, ChrysomphalIus aurantii Mask. , 

Lepjdosnphes beckii Newm. , and Saissetia hemisphavrica Targ., 

are required spraying with paraffin oil and soap emulsion. 

An undetermine d species of' Pseudococcus was a new pest on 

peanuts, being abuindant on the roots and pods of the plants 

and rdicing the crop by 50% or more. These mealy--bugs were 

at. tendid by large numbers of the dark--brown ant., Prenolepis 

sp. The Termite, Eutermes morio Lath. , has been reported as 

injur ing sugar--cane seeds, i.e. , sect ions of' stalk, after 

planting in the fields; this probably occurs when the cane 

seed has been allowed to lie about and become infested before 

planting. Damage to buildings and furniture by this termite 

is much more common. Timbers of houses or flooring should be 

soaked or painted with carbolineum or a similar fluid before 

use; furniture when attacked should be well soaked with 

kerosene. The investigations and insect control work for the 

coming year are outlinedI. [RAE] 

0137. Soffner, J. 1928. Piute'l.lui maculipennis as a cabbage 

pest. Entomol. Z. 62:146. (in German). 

P.lutolla maculipennis Curt. is recorded from Bohemia as 

doing serious damage to cabbage, the larvae feeding in large 

numbers on the lower surface of the leaves. [RAE] 

0138. So ov, ev, P. i928. Experimental study of injurious 

insects. Sol' sk. i Lyasn. Gaspadarka, No. 2:32-35. (in Rusman 

) . The work in connect. ion with agrcul tural and forest 

entomology done at the Zoological Laboratory of the White 

Russian Agricultural Academy is reviewed. During 1927 Limothnips 

denticornis Hal. destroyed 10% of the rye crop in one 

47

Diamondback Moth I ib Iiogratphy 

locality. Other pests recorded are: the aphid, Afacrosiphum 

gi-anarium Kirby on rye; Chlorops t 1on i opus Mg. ; P. litel/n 

maculipennis Curt. ( cruciferrum Zel 1. ) and thnlia col ibri 

Christ ( spinai-um F. ) on root crops (the larva of' thbe latter 

being described) ; S.yntomaspis pubescons Fors t . bred from 

apple seeds; Me'lasomn tromulao F. ; Ag/ Ist icf: a/ni I. ; Grac i-larna 

syringe Ili F. ; Coleophora inn ic. ll Hb. ;Coslsus cossus 

L.; and Aphis padi L. , on cherries. [iAE] 

0139. Speyer, E. R. 19IH. RIeport on the work of the ent omological 

division, including special investigations into shothole 

borer of tea. Ceylon Admin. Rep. for 1917. D)ep. Agric. 

pp. C1O-13. 

This report contains detailed informal ion on shoot hole 

borer (,Kylvborus for, icatus P ich) as well as pests of m inor 

crops. Among them author reports incidence of Agrotis jp.Si- 

Ion, Pu ttel Ia macu ipenn is, Crocidolom ia b inota I is, and 1)ory 

.1u.qorien ta .is on various veget b) 1es . [R AE 1 

0140. Speyer, E . R. , W. If. Read, and 0. B. Orchard. 1939. 

Animal pests. Rep. Exp. Res. Sta. Cheshunt 25:39-44. 

An a c o unt is given of' work on pests of plants under 

glass carried out at Cheshunt Research Station in 1939. 

Leaves of broccoli were attacked by larvae of Polin ojerncea, 

L., after clearance of the tomato crop in Oct ober, but adults 

of PI/u /o]In macu.lipennis Curt. that emerged from cocoons 

introduced on these plants did not appear to deposit eggs. 

Foliage of broad beans, especial ly round the growing point, 

suffered severe in.jury from the larvae of lrotolomia Weticulosa), 

L., (luring the autumn, but. a (lust of cryol ite and 

powdered pumice (1:4) gave promising results as a stomach 

poison against them. Adults of Pieris rapae, L. entered a 

house planted with cauliflower and oviposited on the foliage 

of young plants, which were severely injured by the larvae in 

October. Sprays containing powdered derris or Lonchocar-pus 

effectively protected cauliflower and broccoli against Po/ia 

oleracea and Mamestra brassicae, I.; their action was deterrent 

rather than toxic, but larvae of Pieris rapae were 

killed by contact. Proprietary derris powdery containing 

spreaders were applied at the rate of I lb to 20 gal water, 

while Lonchocarpus was used at a strength of' 1 lb. to 40 gal 

water, with 4 lb soft soa) or 3-4 ft oz Agral. These spreaders 

wetted the foliage better than did saponin, sulphonated 

lorol or casein. [RAE 

0141. Suehiro, A. 1960. Insects and other art.hropods from 

Midway Atoll. Proc. Hawaii. Rntomol. Soc. 17:289-298. 

The author lists arthorpod species collected by C. C. 

Clagg, Y. Oshiro and E. J. Ford Jr. up until November 1959. 

This listing together with earlier records bring the total 

number of insect species to approximately 205 at Midway 

Atoll. Plutella maculipennis Curt. is listed as one of the 

species found in the latest survey. 

48

General 

0142. Suics, A. 1976. New and little known species of the 

lepidoptera fauna of Latvia: 6. Ann. Entomol. Fenn. 42:4-20. 

(in German with English summary). 

Of the 97 Iepidopterous species discussed, 20 are new 

to the Baltic countries ('Acrolepia pytgmaeana 11w., Plutella 

incarinatella Steud. , Coleophora crocine.lIa Tgstr., C. gallipennella 

Ilb. , C. c.ypei forel-la Hofin. , Gelech ia scot inelia 

ItS., G. rhombeliformis Stgr. , Rot in unite lin lb. , Depressarin 

emeritellia Stt.. , Fa lseuncar-ia degi-e.vana McLach., Cochylidia 

heydeniana HS. , C. implicitana Wck., Cochylis fiaviciliana 

Wes tw. , Di ichrorampha gueneerni Obr. , Grapholithn caecan 

Schlag. , Pnmmene ignorata Kuzn. , Homesosomn sinuellum F., 

Oporinia christyi Prt., tllydraecin ultima Holst and Dryjron.Ina 

trimacula dodonaen lb.). New records of the distribution and 

ecology of many species are presented. [BA] 

0143. Svensson, I . 1981. Remarkab It finds of microlepidoptera 

in Sweden 1980. Entomol. Tisdkr. 102:83-97 (in Swedish with 

English summary). 

This series, n~roluced in 1974, is continued for the 

8th yr. Eight species were found new to Sweden in 1980: Evetria 

( Petrov,) per-angustann Snel1 . , Js'ndothenia hebesana Wlk. , 

I'ndoth _ni a sp. , Choreuthis montelli Hackm. , Psamathocrita 

asseella Stt. , Chrysorlista razowskii Riedl. , Spuleria flavicaput 

Hw., and Coleophorn partitelln Z. Seven more species 

are reported for the 1st time in 1980 though collected earlier: 

Ephestia mist ralell Mill. Acleris fuscana Barnes and 

B usck , .Yysto phorl carchrielln Stt., Plutolla (Rhigognostis) 

annultella Curt., Plutella (R.) sp., Zett. and Adels (Cauchas) 

breviantennelln Niels. and Joh. The species commonly 

interpreted as Plutella annn,'latelin has to be named P. schmaltzell 

Zett. Two species, Scopania resinea 1iw. and Stomopte-r.x 

larseniella1 Gozm., are to be deleted. At present, 1936 

sp. of Microlepidoptera are known from Sweden. Additionally, 

data for some rare species are given. In a separate part, 

species new to Swedish provinces are listed. As before the 

classification of Catalogus Insectorum Sueciae, Microlepidoptern, 

by Per Benander, is followed with some modernization of 

names. [BA] 

0144. Swingle, H. C., J. B. Gahan, and A. K. Phillips. 1941. 

Laboratory rearing of certain leaf-eating insects. J. Econ. 

Entomol. 34:90-95. 

Laboratory methods of rearing leaf-eating insects for 

use in toxicological studies and oviposition and rearing 

cages that were inexpensive and permitted the rearing of the 

insects in relatively large numbers are described. Cages employing 

interchangeable units facilitated the rearing of the 

stock with a minimum of handling. A water fount, such as is 

used for watering young chicks, was useful for maintaining 

foliage in a fresh condition. The insects reared comprised 

P-lusia (Autographa) brassicae Ril., Hellula undalis F., Evergestis 

rimosalis Gn., Plutella maculipennis Curt., Phlyctae 

49


nia rubigalis Gn. , iymenia recurvalis F. ( fascialis Stoll), 

Pieris rapae L. , Diaphanin hy1 innin L. , Laphygma (Proden in) 

ericlanin Cram. , Psara (Pachyzancla) bipunctalis F. Diacrisia 

vi rg-inicB F., and lept-inotarsa decemlin.lentii Say. [RAE] 

0145. Takahashi , R. 1936. Some observations ol the insect 

pests of agricultural plants in the mountainous regions in 

Formosa. J. Soc. Trop. Agric. 8:237-240. (in Japanese). 

In the mountains of Formosa (Taiwan), the cultivated 

fields are small and isolated, so that the crops are liable 

to be attacked by insects coming from wild plants. In addition 

to poLyphagous acridids and jassids, these pests include 

weevils that feed on chestnut, and the termite, Procapriterrmes 

mushae Oshima and Maki, which is injurious to rice. In 

spite of the difference in temperature, insects from the lowlands 

are some time, introduced. When this happens, they are 

often more injurious to a crop in fields in which it has recently 

been estabIi shed than in those in which it has been 

cultivated for several years. Thus, restriction of serious 

injury to fields that had been under the crop concerned for 

only one year was observed in the case of outbreaks of the 

pyral id, Afampava bipunctell Rag., on Ital ian millet (Setaria 

i talica) i n 1932 and of the pentatomid, A'ur.rdea pulchrum 

Westw. , on rtdish in 1936. E. puichrum and Phyllotretn vittate 

F. , have been found at altitudes of over 10,000 ft , and 

A'urvclema pulchrum WesLw. on radish in 1936. K. pulc'hrum and 

Phyllotreta vittata F., have been found at altitudes of over 

I0,000 ft and Euxon segetum Schiff. and Plute-lit maculipennis 

Curt., at over 9,000 ft; all these insects being pests in the 

lowlands and in many other parts of the world. [RARs 

0146. Thomson, G. M. 1922. The Naturalisation of Animals and 

Plants in New Zealand. The University Press, Cambridge, U. 

K. 607 pp. 

This iF an attempt to record the changes in the fauna 

and flora of New Zealand during the past 150 years, and gives 

data regarding the introduction of every species and its subsequent 

success or failure. Important introduced pests include 

the diamondback moth, Plute-lln macuilipeunis Curt. (c'rue2ferarum 

Z.) introduced over 30 years ago, and now abundant, 

and Brevicoryne (Aphis) brassicae L. (cabbage aphid) which is 

now the most destructive introduced insect in New Zealand, 

where it. causes an estimated annual loss of over 1250,000. 

[RAE1 

0147. Treherne, R. C. 1915. Shade-tree and ornamental insects 

of British Columbia. Proc. Entomol. So(-. British Columbia. 

No. 7:35-41. 

The following are among the more important insects 

found on shade and ornamental trees in British Columbia: 

Rhynchota: Lepidosaphes ulmi (oyster shell scale), Au.lncaspis 

rosae (rose scale), Pulvinarin innumerabilis (cottony maple 

scale), Aspidiotus ostreneform-is (European fruit scale), 

50

General 

Lecan-ium spp., Chrysomphalus dictyosperm-i and Lygus pm tensis, 

(tarnished plant bug). Lepidoptera: Cacoecin (Ar-chips) 

rosticetinti (ohlique banded leaf roller), C. argyrospila ( fruit 

tree leaf ro I er-), Phyt omotrta cal iforn ici (al l :i La looper), 

Vanessl cactl (weto coal. t. pa int ed I ildy) , Orgy.ia ( Hemoirocampa) 

tantitlut ( tussock mo t h) . A la.aco.somal or;s ( tent cat erp i I- 

I t) , Ilyphan r-in cunon ( fa II webworm) , Ly'cophot in m1rgur, t 0itos 

( tlriromn S. a1'i,, ) and Pluto Ilt macu ipenn is (diamondback 

IIIthoi) . Co I (-o)t era: Ot iorrhynchus su lcnt us and Saporin ca ' cat 

pop ) l1a r o rer ). I RAE 

0148. Toherri., I. C. 191G. Insects affecting agriculturists 

it Briti sh Columbia during the past: year. Agric. J. Vict . B. 

C . 1 : , 

Th d i amlolidbnok inoth ( '!lutoll tinc(,1uilipennis) has done 

ionsido it'il (ainm ge to root and veget nble C rops throughout 

t Ilk! lowe.O Boun il v kIB( Co Ium i a Vil ley sect, ions . The cabbage 

itphid (Alph is brasisicae) has caused considerable, andl, in 

certain cases, total loss of crops it) these districts. Tit( 

cabbage--root: maggot, Chortophi ,n (Phorbin) brussicae, is aIso 

on tih increase in t ho drier sections of the Province. The 

Colorado pot ato btheet le ( Leptinotnrsn decomI i.' e ta) has been 

relo it ed sotith of' Noel.son, but t h is requires conf'irination. The 

entomological out lo(k in the province is general ly good, Con 

(Iit i on ;ar is i rig from t he war, result i rig in al)seonce owners 0nd 

neg Ie( t of ranches at 

tern . [ HAE, } 

t-i t. i iiaI L i uir!s , caus i ng the nios t corl 

0149. Tryon, If. 19[7. oeo oft f*t ti(: entomologist and vegetable 

pathologist, Queensland. Annu. Rep. Dep. Agri c. Stock for 

the Year 1916 1917, pp. 49 63. 

The (:hief, ps t S recorded for the year under rev iew 

inc lode: Plute In macu I ipenn is ( nrue iferrftjn) (diamondback 

catf.rp i 1 lar ) , itel l it undo! is- and Brevicoryne ( Aphis) brassi 

e at t tick i n g cahh age. ItAF I 

0150. 'lulI I gren , A. 1915. Ther mo ta rd beet le, I'htedo. cochlea 

riit( F., and othor injurious insects of the horse radish and 

their (:ott ro I . Enoton. Avde In. No. 22, 15 pp. ( in Swedish). 

Of I ,i, v,,airs, the ravages of' 'haul


0151. Tu~lgren, A. 1916. Injurious animals it Sweden during 

1912--1916. Meddelande fran Central--anstaltern for Jorsbruksforsok, 

No. 152; itoiiologiska Avdelningferi, No. 27, p. 104. 

The pubI i cat i on of these annual reports has been delyed 

for various reasons, s

General 

during the year under report, omitting many of those in 

previous reports, but containing some additional ones. Lepidoptera: 

Plutella maculipennis Curt. occurred on cabbages, 

rape, and to a less degree mustard. [RAE] 

0154. Vappula, N. A. 1932. Field crop pests in Finland in 

1931. Valt. Maatalouskoetoiminnan. Tiedonantoja No. 41, 4 pp. 

The chief pests of cruciferous crops were Halticids and 

Phaedon cochleariae F. which occurred together over large 

areas and caused severe damage to turnips, swedes, and fodder 

cabbage. Phorbia (Chortophila) brassicae Bch. and Pieris 

brassicae L. which were especially injurious in northern Finland, 

and, in some localities, Plutella maculipennis Curt., 

Lygus ptr,tensis L. , Ceuthorrhynchus quadridens Panz. , and 

Tipula oleracea L. , Ahligethes ueneus F. , were very injurious 

to cruc ifer- grown for seed. Sugar-beet was infested by 

Pegomyia hyoscyami Pan:., Blitophaga opaca L., and Gortyna 

(ttydroeciu) micaceii Esp. Peas were at tacked by Sirons spp. 

,Ind local ly by Kakothrips pisivorus Westwy. (robustus Uzel). 

The most. important cereal pests were Elnterids, Ruxoa (Agrot 

is) sOgetum SChiff., Friinkliniella tf:nuicornis Uzel, and 

Oscinclla frit L., and, in some northern districts, Macrosiphum 

g'ranarium Kby. Amaurosoma sp. caused considerable damage 

to timothy (Phieum pratense), Oligotrophus nlopecur-i Reut., 

and Chirothrips hamatus Tryb. , to foxtail grass (Alopecurus), 

and Apion apricans, lIbs t . , and HIaplothrips nige r Osb. to 

clover. The larvae of Characas graminis L. appeared on 

grasslands in limited areas. [IAE 

0155. Vayssiere, P. and J. Mimeur. 1925. Ten insects harmful 

to crops in French West Africa. Agron. Colon. No. 94:166-190. 

(in French). 

The extensive bioliography here included applies also 

to the various papers on cotton pests in French West Africa 

by these authors. The present. part deals with the following 

insect pests. The Curculionid, Apion (Piezotrachelus) illex 

Faust is widely distrcibuted in Senegal on f'igna cntjang, and 

can be controlled by collecting the adults and the infested 

fruit. Other- Cur('ul ion id, Yid rodactyvlus saigittarius Oliv. 

infests Ponnisotum spicatum. The Noctuids, Slepa docilis 

But.l., infests leaves of groundnuts (Arachis hypog'env); Sesama 

vutoria Stoll feeds on sugar-cane, maize and Sorghum, 

particularly on the latter in Senegal and the Sudan. This 

may be controlled by crop rotation, trap crops of maize, and 

burning and (cut t ing dowua infs ted stalks. Another Noctuid, 

7irphis lorovi Dup. , damages the ears of Sorghum and maize. 

A Pyratid, Kldanai saccth rinv W lk. , infests various cultivated 

graminaceous crops, which may be control led by cutting and 

burning the Plttacked stalks. Plut ella maculiponn-is Curt. is 

a serious pest of cruciferous plants. The Coccids, Pseudococcils 

bromeline Bch. feeds on groundnuts in Senegal, Asp idoproctus 

mineuri Vayss. on Tamarindus indica at Dakar, and Ceronemn 

africann Macf., on Poinciana regia. [RAE] 

53

Diamondback Moth Bibl iography 

0156. Veitch, R. 1927. Report of the Chief Entomologist. 

Dep. Agric. Rep. 

Queensl. 1926-27, pp. 69-73. 

The predacious Hlisteridl, I'lasius 

against 

utv1n1US 

Cosmopolites 

Er. liberated 

sordidus Gernm. (banana 

1926, 

weevil 

was found 

borer) 

breeding 

in 

in the vicinity 

erated. 

in which 

Other 

it, was 

bnaana 

libpests 

discussed are 

pennis,Inaphothripssig'ni 

Bagn. (banana thrips); Pacus (Chuetodlicus) 

which 

niltsaic 

was controlled 

Tryon 

on a small scale by 

tte 

the 

covers 

usie of 

on 

Stockine 

the bunches; 

 

the Corcids, Pendo Linus 

Dist. fuscescens 

and P. lutoscens Dist. (banana spotting 

ly recorded 

bug), 

as 

previous 

belonging to the genus lPasynus; 

t u id 

and 

, 

the 

Tiracoln 

nocplagiata 

Wlk. , a severe outbreak 

curred 


in 

which 

early March, 

oc 

when liirvae were observed 


on 

uncultivated 

the edges 

areas adjoining the 

which 

banana 

t hey 

plantat 

then invaded. 

ions, 

Aphl..linis ma]i iald. 

of great 

continues 

value 

to 

in 

be 

the control of h'riosoma 

(woo 

lanigerujm, 

Ily apple tlausm. 

aphis ). Citrus was severely 

piercing 

damaged by 

moths, 

orange 

especially by Othreis fullonica 

le insects 

I,.; the 

attack 

sca 

ing this tree were the 

viously 

same as 

recorded. 

those pre- 

Other pests studied included 

gineus F. 

Vacus 

( Chuaetodacus 

ferru 

trvoni Frogg.), Nysius 

bug), 

sp. (Rutherglen 

and Plutelli maculipennis Curt. (crucifertarum Zel I. 

[ RAE] 

0157. Vei tch, R. 1932. Report. of the chief Entomologist. 

Annu. Rep. Dep. Agric. Queensl, 1931-32, pp. 51-55. 

In one district in QWeens land, Australia, cabbage was 

severely infested by Plutelli maculipennis Curt., Heliothis 

obsoleta F. , and Helula undalis F. [RAE] 

0158. Verestshagin, B. 1920. Pests of vegetable gardens. Furnika, 

Nos. 12, 13, and 14, pp. 12-15 and 11-14. (in Russian). 

The most important pests of vegetable gardens occurring 

in Kishinev are Pieris hriasscaoe L. , P. rapae L. , arathria 

(Mamestra) hrassicae L. , P!ut00.111 cruc.ifeoiarum Z. , HaliCa 

oleroacea L. , Phyllotretai ( H.) nemorum L. , and Brevicor.vne 

(4ph.is) br-assicne L. The seasonal history and habits of these 

pests and remelial measures such as clean cultivation and the 

use of insecticides are briefly described. [RARI 

0159. Vereshtchagin, B. V. 1922. Report. on 

the 

the 

bio-entomological 

activit ies of 

station for the ten 

tence, 

years 

]911 

of its 

1921. 

exis 

Minist ry of Agriculture, Bessarabia 

of Bio-Entomology, 

Stat ion 

Kislia.cv, 44 pp. (in Russian). 

Much of this information has already 

the additional 

been published, 

pests recorded being fPrioph.ves 

vines 

vitis 

and generally 

Land. on 

distributed throughout 

diotes 

Bessarabin: 

ostreaeformis Aspi- 

Curt. on pears; Rhynchjtes 

on apples, 

aequatus 

pears 

L. 

and plulits; B.vctiscus 

betuleti 

betultae L. 

F.) 

(Rh.ynchites 

on vines and pears; MlHa cosoma 

neusti-ia 

(Jflsiocampa) 

L. , and Coleophora sp. on plums; 

Plutella 

Pieris ratpae 

maculipennis 

L., 

Curt. ( crucifertarum 

oleracen 

Zell. ), 

L. 

11altica 

, Phyllotreta (H. ) nemorum L. , Ilr-ev.icoryne: (Aphis) 

54

Genernl 

brassi ae L., Paris chior-is F. , and Pyrausda nub-i lalis fib 

(Rotvs silacea]lis lib. ) . Galleria molonella L. is a constant 

menace to apiculture. In experiments with insecticides it was 

found that the addition of Bordeaux mixture to white arsenic 

prevenled scorching of thei leaves. )uring 1922 Ps.' Ia pyri-suga 

F. was very injurious to pears, Kuxoa (Agrotis) segetum 

Schii f,F . , and Phy tome t rn ( Plus.i a) gamma L. were abundant on 

sugar beet, and Homoeosoma ncbulolla L. on sunflowers. A list 

is appended of all tIh(. agricutural pests recorded from 1811 

to 1922, giving the food-plant and parts attacked. [RAE] 

0160. Voinits, A. and E. Voigt . 1971. A comparative study of 

Microlepidoptera deriving from light traps at low and high 

alt it udes . Fe Ila t,nt omoIt lu ngar ica. 24: 2.19-- 228. (in tlungar 

ian wit h English summary) 

An ana Iys is of' the numbers of Microl(epi doptera t aken at 

light at the Research Inst it ute for Viticulture and Enology 

a TarcaI, I lungary, in hO 698tishowed that 12 of' tlie 14 spe- 

c ies caught were taken in larger numbers in traps placed 1.2 

1.5 m above soil level than in those at a hei ght of 2.5 m, 

and that. only two species, one of which was Ostrinia nub-ila 

,I is ( If. ), were more abundant in the higher than in the lower 

traps. Tie n;pfCies caught in larger numbers in the lower 

trap s included lupocc.il1ia aml, igue lln (lb.), Lobesinl botrana 

(Shi iff.), Spargainothis pilloriana (Schi ff. ), Plutolla .ylost 

e I ( . ) (macu] ipena is ( Cur t. ) ) , Pandemis heparant 

(Sch i f ff.) and P. dume lna ( r iLs chke ). I tAE] 

0161. Walton, C. 1L. 1928. Some obs;ervat ions on the fluctua- 

L ions of certain injurious species. North Western Naturalist. 

3:77-80, 124 127. 

Anuratphis he lichrysi alt, . is normally very abundant in 

North Wales, but. some times its numbers are greatly reduced by 

frrosts. The eggs are I a i d round the base of' the buds of plum 

treen , and may litch before the buds are developed. In such 

a case, if snow or sleet occurs an(d freezes upon the trees, 

great mortality of the aphids results. Observations on the 

potato aph i (I ( A lcros:ph, aw goi Koch) in the Bangor district 

during 1921 -27, showed that the worst outbreaks occurred 

(luring cool weat.her in early summer, the insects being checked 

by fungi during warm, damp weather, and by parasites and 

predators (turing hot, dry periods. In North Wales in 1921, 

numerous young colonies of lirevicorvne brassicao L. on cabbage 

(lied out owing to hot, dry days. Plute-lia matcuLipennis 

Curt. ( ctucifet-rrm Zet I. ) has been controlled on several 

occasion.S, when s eriously threatening swede crops, by sudden 

and violent. rain storms . The lower surface of the leaves, 

where the lai-vae feed, become covered with mud, and this 

kills the larvae. Severe attacks of Pogomyia hyoscya.mi var. 

bete Curt ., in North Wales (luring .June 1926 and 1927, were 

controlled by (old, wet weather when the larvae of the first 

brood were about to pupate. [IAEI 

55

Diamondback Moth ibliography 

0162. Way, M. J. , P. N. SM ith, and It. flopk ins. [951. The 

selection and rearing of leaf-eat ing insects for use as test 

subjects ini the study of insect i ci des. [i t I I EntImo I Res 

42:331--354, 

Ali account is given of invest ignt ions ill EnIaglnad on the 

su i tab i I i ty of, various leatf eat ing insec-ts for mass rearing 

in t re lahora t ory to prov i (Ie st ocks for i nsec t i ci de studies. 

IT addition to descr ip tions of the rearing techniques devet 

oped , Ihe pape r i n : Iudes the resit Its o f x per i ieit t s oil he 

condi tions fecessit-y to maint a i [ea hI Ithy stocks 

1res is 


t aice, 

uniform 

in which t he effects of food plant , Iepera 

h u inid ity 

t are, 

a i1 d i I I UIni aa t i 0o1 we rOe t,.e t ed, and the re lat ion o f 

Solmie ofV t Iese Fat o rs t or d i 1 parstre . PI/ut e la mac. ipeon is 

(C urt. ) , 1) ir a rt t xia oIeI'i.:ecn ( L,. , Aul0ir ph ) ( Plusin) 

( . ) aand 

gamma 

'l,1tnii,(1n 'ochlo ra t, F. ) proved siuitib 

throughout 

e for rearing 

the ye'ar. MA/me s Ir71 r:i b ;rss jce ( 1,. ), ,Yph 

Iri I. 

in " I 

, 

igts-- 

L.v it i t iI it,d - (1,. aid P- 'ir i ) r ss 

s 

i 

Ol 

-,to 

it 

( ,.) 

lleS canI 

ls)ei' ii' I i i i ii ii1 ll1) re s , h ut Cer1e ;0 tory, ss s 

t he 

t t 

fi r.;st 

i s f act 

hre becaSt e of o1 1 i ga c dipau C , 

also 

L. 

because 

lispOr 

of the lack of sui table foil tage 

P. brass 

in i 

i 

inter, 

onr b .cause 

and 

t does no t pa i r or ov i pos 

the 

i t 

Lab 

read 

oratory. 

i I y in 

Meoog'rapho"for'icol is ( I.), ,aInthorhve Fluc 

tu, itnt ( 1,. ) , 1,,m;; m( lnnopi ( L . ) and Crioc:eris asp r gi 

were reared 

(1.) 

in siai 1 nuinbe rs , and though they 

[is advantages, 

possess some 

I hey would prob ab Iy p rove s it 

solmxe 

isfactory 

pirt 

during 

of' t ho year. tabriat ory rearinig of Phloohor 

Ulosa ( L. 

mp 

) , Agrot i.s " t- tmn ( Sch i ff. ) , 'i -phatenn 

(L. ) pronuba 

, Si lphn (Al"/' -,,) opaca . and -t/i in l'os' (I-. 

bri 

) ( 

(Christ) 

co]i 

) was i! tempte d hut is cons ide red imp ract icable. 

[ [RA Tj 

0163. WellIs, 1'. 

hotryltos. 

1)t. 19812 

Zimh 

. 

. 

It rcro 

Agric:. 

i 

J. 

rass 

7!) : L 

ion-i 

1I 1 I 

oleracea 

I. 

var. 

Th i s n r t iu I e on the g row i ng o f h r occo I i 

cIi 

intZ 

des 

imbabwe 

otes 

in 

on11 pet s in 1-1 g ll,,/.an daM hi Iar 

Pre, 

is (Bu 

icor. 

rm.), 

bratl ss i

General 

were entirely defoliated, and tie cater'pillars then attacked 

elms and poplars. C7,mnt ophorin riheria Fitch (currant spanworm) 

defoliatcd aill varieties of' cultivated and native curratLs 

in certiain districts. flAE,'1 

0165. Whitehouse, F'. C. 1921. Entomological report for lJ2(0. 

Annu. Rep. Dep. Agric. Alberta, 1920, Edmonton, pp. 191- 93. 

Albrta (ex[e(,i'tnld it very severe outbreali of grasshop 

pers i t 1920, ('rmnuli poli/orid Scud. and Ato lalnop Ills ait nt is 

IliIey bc. i TiI, respoln. .i) e for 900 ot"F he d , rii .ge M. hi vi ttll tus 

Say, f. p~i c]aek'di S UeuIdl. , arid DISSOSt'i,'' -2lt-0l oIt i L. CrWereit atlso 

u ullS o I1as Y btitndalit . (a it ha r i d and orlby I i i (I I i tve feed i rg 

on L te o gs wt!re ft i r- 1N, ni r roas i the e xt ren c ot 1 th, but 

f'CtrIi nor t It ro (iteli i e s were iFouid . Ot Iher pest s i i r utided: 

Pe l n i )ts scl i co I I i s TItiorn. C 0tl e c ri ke ) , ar II/u+s pOn 

11sy I /a 1'.: 1to rl1. , / ronI/.-; r i ,. ii Scti ) . , P/1ut e IIl RJtilI/ ipO 

n i,s Curl . , rod II'p1 ilot t vsIt (Itcm In 1 ll Soy, wh i li wik. 

blillidwidit oii w i I I il i t o , bu no except. iolil I Iy ri eillMtou. (il 

po Fat oes tin' Nwt uid, fl/hvnch,':ct,'t iGs p/ctida (frot e, was bred 

from larvi ' ;-o Ill ctI l (>i pophitrs. I ItA H 

0166. Wi lki ll)0(11, I). S . 192;. En t ohl oo g i c ani t (s. Cyprus 

, ' 

A gI-iic . ,I . 2 1 10 12 . 

'TIhe( i iS ec t recorded in il I i ; s(coid I ist i li Lude: lep idiop 

te lra. I/I,ll/ i fi ll t is F . , l)o r i ig inl the heads of seedl ing 

an hI Ilil-my g ro li citb hi f ' (.'rt I [pl io to I I, ] . cius i rig much . 

age Liroaghoui t hl alppe 1giow i rig di sl r'it's-; Htflyponi'uta pwde 

i/lus L. , or+ appl e; ind / itlil/ macu liponnis Curt. , tit tacking 

secle 1 i rig c:i1ti;tges . IAtF'. 

0167. Will ilai, T . N. 1911. r-inci pal receit insect il,juries 

ia Saskat.eliewari. 

In F I , en)i 

Aqr c_. (;az. Can. I : H12 -81 4. 

y s inlilrrieF, ciut worms wefe tF rout) lesome , includting 

,choe:jlt,' C'uea (;n. , Ni(lo'nin ( lhde'nal) devstatrix Br. , 

i'nU.Vol I (i.holJ iSll/It)I is) I'.%i I in!r is ; rt . , and ot ier SI) e ie . 

Cater p i Il r-s if C A t e, t/j,'Itlh nnd i I'h.,t om 't (Plus in) hive been 

mat' p) rev o It,iti iid ill(o t is of six spetcies werFe tiken aiF ni ght . 

Th e import ed cl lti gew) Fill, P/ ti l '/l1/t2 I,. , and lite dtialioad 

,ick ot Ith, f/ t/ I[te.him uu/w it uni is Cart . , weore fiuil r in ill 

(Id illS, but liit i ii (015essi vt, Ii ilibril 10; . I'ie t't' F' ( riflnelrOUs con 

1i1 ii t ) Io caicl ,(e Iiaggot s , (C ot't -t ,n) j /it (Pe 1,/ *i,' ilt) bt";ssicite, 

11(d itIft) o[ i ila g ol. at Ce e i rg' ot i o Its . L,'gtlillin as plants hiav e 

tl Ce r'e(. I Ft'rom tn 1w at Falrk; of' bl i ; ter le' t I(es ill Ili I-q e ium-bhe 

rs, Cii thIivIa nitt I I Say, be i rig F tf :oininoites F , ttiough tiLe 

sinaII Af,' cto/'i I., iiii i co o I' EIl j v q11Oi c:h fn-a(!rq l t Iy 

t l( po t at I, wol, I l i i oh ii d allroe l ! hic he g i 1tin in g 

SCeo i0 s of tI1lie t4c We-l)Wo r r it I/u .t'l l I i' (l)t


0168. Woroniecka, J. 1925. Agricultural pests observed in the 

Districts of Lublin and Kielce in 1924. Mem. Inst. Nat. 

Polon. Econ. Rur. flulawy 5:379-392. (in Polish with English 

summary). 

This paper lists various insects attacking d ifferen t 

crops. Among them cabbages were attacked by Pieris brssicae 

L. and Plutella maculipennis Curt. (cruc-i frarum Ze. ) . 

[RAE] 

0169. Woroniecka-Siemaszkowa, J. 1928. Observations on the 

pests of cultivated plants in the surroundings of Pulawy and 

Lublin in 1928. Mem. Inst. Nat. Polon. Econ. Rur. Pulawy 9: 

555--573. (in Polish with English summary). 

A list is given of 73 insect pests observed in the Lublin 

region (eastern Poland) in 1928, of which the more important 

include: Longit arsus pir vu lus Payk. and Aphthona euphorbie 

Schr. on flax; Cassidet nobulosa L. and C. nobilis L. on 

beet; LBaris chlorizaons Germ. and B. lticollis Mrsh. which 

severely infested cabbage and cauliflower; Plutella maculipennis 

Curt. (crucifeartrum Zell) on various crucifers; Phytomet 

a g amma L. and Agrotis ipsilon tHufn. (vpsilon Hott. ) on 

beet, potatoes, etc. ; and Crioceris duodecimpunctata L. and 

C. aspanagi L. on asparagus. Cephus p.vgmanus L. and ('hlorops 

taoniopus Mg. wucl very abundant on winter and summer wheat. 

respectively, and 40% of the millet (Panicuw miliace,;n) was 

dest royed by P.vrausta nuhilablis tlb. [RAEI 

0170. Zoebelein, G. 1966. Problems of the control of injurious 

insects in agriculture in Iran. Anz. Schaedlingsk 39:3 

8. (in German with English summary). 

About 1,000 species of insects and mites are considered 

to be pests of crops in Iran; about. 100 of them cause severe 

damage, but half of these 100 do so only in limited areas and 

in certain years. On the main crops, the pests of major economic 

importance requiring control are Brev.oryne brassicae 

(L. ) , Aphis fbtlae Scop. , Rhopa losiphum erysimi ;: eudobrassicae 

(Davis), Myzus persi-ne (Sulz.), Pieris spp., Plutella 

xylos tC (Ia L1.) (macu] ipeonnis (Curt.)) and Tet ranych ids on 

several kinds of vegetables. [RAE] 

0171. Zvierezomb--Zubovsky, E. 1918. Brief report on the work 

of the Don Bureau for the control of pests of agricultural 

plants for 1917, and review of the pests of agriculture in 

the Don Province, Rostoff, 36 pp. (in Russian). 

The work of investigation into the life-histories of 

agricultural pests was very limited during 1917. This was 

the first year of existence of the Bureau and the equipment 

required, including microscopes and various laboratory requisites, 

was obtained with great difficulty. A provisional list 

has been drawn up of all pests found in the Don Province. 

This includes among others: Pluteiha maculjpenn.is Curt. (cruciferarum 

Z.), which has three generations. [RAE] 

58

Host-Plant Interaction 

0172. Chand, P. and R. Choudhary. 1977. Patterns of insect 

plant relationships determining susceptibility of food plants 

in the diamondback moth, Plutl a x.vlostella (L.) Curtis. 

Mysore. Agric. Sci. 11:547-549. 

Laboratory tests were carried out in india on the foodplant 

preference of Plutella x.vlostella (L.). Although the 

moth attacked all cruci'erous plants tested, it exhibited a 

marked preference for cauliflower and cabbage. These two 

plants posses fleshy succulent leaves that provide both olfactory 

and gustatory st imuli. [RAE] 

0173. lDube, R. I., and 1). Chand. 1977. Effect, of food plants 

on the development of Plutoll ,vylostella ( L.) (Lepidoptera 

Plutel 1 idae). Entomon 2: 139- 1,10. 

When larvae of Pluto ln xvlostella (L.) were reared on 

different food- plants at. Hanchi , India, the larval and pupal 

stages averaged 7.9 and 5.4 days respectively on cauliflower, 

9.1 and 5.7 on cabbage, 8.3 and 5.9 on mustard, 11 and 6.8 on 

kohlrabi (knolkhol), and 9.5 and 6.1 or. radish. The percentages 

of individuals completing development to the adult 

stage on these 5 plants were 67.5, 47.5, 60, 41.7 and 35, 

respectively. [RAE] 

0174. Given, It. B. 1944. The relative food consumption of 

diamondback moth and white butterfly larvae. N. Z. J. Sci. 

Technol. 26(A):195-197. 

Investigations were carried out in New Zealand on the 

relative volumes of cabbage leaf consumed by larvae of Plutelii 

maculipennis Curt. and Piei-is rapae L. the differences in 

the durations of the feeding periods and the proportions of 

the en t. ire i i fe-cyele (luring which active feeding takes 

place, in order to determine the relation between population 

and damage for the two species. The feeding period of the 

larvae lasted 10.5 (lays for Plutella and 14.5 days for Pieris 

at 220C, and the ratio of food consumed by the two species 

was approximately 1:2.4 from the time of hatching to the end 

of feeding by Plutella and 1: 14.5 for the entire larval feeding 

periods. The preoviposition period is assumed to last 

four (lays at 200C in each species, and it. is concluded from 

this and from data in the literature that the complete lifecycle 

at this temperature lasts 26.5 clays for Plutella and 36 

for Pieris, with feeding periods of 11 and 15.5 days, respectively. 

Calculations based on these figures showed that. the 

ratio of damage per individual per day of the complete generation 

is 1:9.4. [RAEI] 

0175. Gupta, P. D. and A. J. Thorsteinson. 1960. Food plant 

relationship of the diamondback moth (Plutella maculipennis 

(Curt.)). I. Gustation and olfaction in relation to botanical 

59 

2

[)iamondbuck Mot h li )1 iog iaphy 

specificity of the larva. !,ni t(IIIof. IE;xp. App I . 1:2 1l 250. 

The food p lant rango of pel Ie..lI m llIpOnn1I Curt. I 

has )ie (c I how it Iit fl11t(1it b *I ,tes S- 1 t1 1 it I N c:oi i11 c d It, w ith 

the IIot a n i Ial li t.c lbt (, It o1 ifnhIt ai rd i s ini tleI- r g. Ucos 

ides . 'I (1 e tx : [it o i o I ( . IsH (- (. I ('i ,; I , 1 f tin oll d(I)( by 

the in foI f i1 0 i t(0(1 ua u t t, st i Il 11ant S t'o F, ,,I i) 1 hit it i so 

b)N it h i Clih I re!q it eit c N o F o i-it r rlltc e (I, o I 0(1 IIlt I tit Ifor . A 

t'(w pI aittn s ec i ot I ack fl d tp irib i to r;, bitt a re tx:c I uded 

bI i do Ii 1ciy o I ' ti.t I ri, t I ilntI it n t. . Oilc 1) 1 111 itt r1c (' 

voidl o f (i (Ic ix vc t''ed i ri, 1 i [itb it o rst-1i ill( :onti i I ' I ec t i ve 

t ( i j ii f ;t 1n1 I it it t , bilt ''t I a t,( ett ('I 

tded It Fo pI- Iat I s I v 

it o pose ;o; il(n o It roit 1 p 1 fS 'tItAt tr , oI ;t to pe 

r i '.;, ' s i so1 . c' i;I t) i) g itIl , r i I Ir ; ,oiro l .u orI 1 )f, rtoW u n de r 

s i ht '111 i o s .n. . F.Iwt . F itnuillo 1t I t1:6)W) 5 Y i2, 

h 

'1Ittr.Ie oN pe) it f_e ttl 1,S wc *It-(';i I' 

I 1 t- it) 1If 1it S i111 't1i i 11 the 

autumns o F 1 93 4 1 to dIl,t 1!tin I I I tIItf, I it i ve illt t i ce of t. he 

ln r vae o f Plus i a lui o r,tip/ta) hrts.s l ' ' [iiI , I orn s a1tipli 

60

llost-Plin t Interuct ion 

L. , and Plutella maculiponnis Curt. on green and red cribbage, 

col lards, caul iFlower, kale, broccol i, brussels sprouts, nnd 

koh lrib. The number and speci es of caterpi lIars and 

1 

oi 20 p ant s pere p (t we e re(c(o rf(d itt weekly i n ter-vais 

pupae 

I 

ll thre. i( Int., rIxper red cabbag, was In ur Ieav i ly infested 

than fre a 1 1)b ,e; b Io co I i it1d coI I tr ds s uppo r I ed e Iar 

go s t toti a I 0opI 1aI i on S. G o 1era I o)s e r va t io as i itd i(:I it,lthai 

Lhe UlInI) or o a Iiv t suppo t o bI he p t1 t" w1s IoFeV L due 

to fnf:tors ol bct" t 1an the type 01' 1rv.si ra, and cro sequently 

tht 1t(. o 1lit iv(. o ohlbu1 ( 't1 Oc " the s pec ius is not1 fill fic(:UI'Illt.e 

ind (it i oil I' l'Ood pr l'UO (ore1 o. I i. s0 1 1. O wlo t ly, hoiweve )r 

1 , 

I hIt 1 n l() o lt -t .a11 1,>.; 1 s t l'c i o) 11ies e Sp(C i 'S was shown by 

any of the0 I?'o I' I/t:;:; 1 .. 1 .l(lt ve ,,o l h(l I.e s 1!IA] 

0178. Ili I - PlvtI . .A, ... A.I Ii ttfr I ;, o I I. I9W )9. The in flu 

f!11Ue of, t 1 1h(, 0!;It IIl 1 11t" I 4'S (II I'V t I 11 d1 Ve Io 1in nl or 

(v p oi t ioI I i t lit-d t 1110l1w(A1)101 11) t !, v'! t f/ I " I m iu Iipenflis 

Curit. ) . Co I---------- nooII.- 17?: H 0 5 H Ibh- 

Th ,- 0(1(l I t 1ow; o0f 1 [vI di dev, V I0pln1ll , usp) I IitIIy f(ood 

q uiiI Itv ;1 11(1 1 ; r v, 1 -t i 

0(1 lIt pu), I (.pt o(l t Ivf, peil 

( 11101, ,o ()IO d i(I L ;I't)I,( V- th 

at t, (:V d Vho (I it io 0 f the 

, -d l-( l t ill o f frorn al'tolr adul t 

r lop r o i(7t, i vt e p r i o bLt d id 

014l,thloll heI h t 11 p t 0 o V 0 t I o (111 p tl' i (1d . 

t i!;:-, (r (dII (' .,[ I 1w p) , *'( p r'od tw tIlv , I'',v 

1 11 t )' (s Iit 

0 d( ,)t" 1(l1 l , 

o1f)1 " 10 t 

b it, no t 

th o p 1)20e)m-( c (() I 1 h(): 102 o I antt ; Wile :t , I)l o di ) all, a11(1 )(ii). 

The ,I'e ;-t t !0hi'' 110!; 1 Oil f I,' 0Id l( i,1 a S t1 11111at 1 l (: i )v 

(-X F iJ l I ) 0 1 1V I !;oI t I() in1l e,It , t r iI I (t I r i i ( o 1i- t i t.iI 

(llV L t, b- f) ,( pI II s . tile ol-'0 .


fined as the combination of an autotrophic plant, 

within the 1imi ts of a given phyt ocoenos is and 

exisiting 

organisms 

having direct relat ioships w Ith it. Parasite -host communit.ies 

speci ica I Iy ident,ified inc(lude: (Ii tmondback moth ( P!lutolla 

xVYlost !a) and cabbage; diamondback moth and kale; the 

sawfly (Atha lii, rosae) and coni fteous trees; tHhe bark beetle 

and( ga t I in i dges (Dasvnoura -1aricis) with var ious deciduous 

t rees ; 

wheat. 

and the wheat b ulb flyI [opt ohj'lem.viai 'otiirctata) and 

[a cert1.ii ) Sp Is of t,rees, damage from insects is 

if]ore oft en the rule an ,t the except ion , Ie(li in g t o the beI ief 

that 

one. 

the parasite host. comlon i ty is [lot always a dangerous 

Danage incurred by insects produccs (heroical changes in 

the plant whi ch in turn produce an instab iIi ty in the insect.s 

AF5(insi c i tI evolit ion occ(urs or) the iopulation l eve 1 

and oil the b iocoenos is and ecosystem leve(,l . [ BA 

0181. L1mban, M. I). and II. S. laros. 1973. Yield responses 

t)t cabbage and mango to injury by important, insect pests in 

rot at ion to ino;ect icidal control ef'f iciency. Ph iIi pp. Entoeol. 

2:445 452. 

Evaluat ion )of cabbage yields in the Phi ippines when 

sprays of Rlacil!us thurijuiins is had been applied during differen 

t. growth peri 0(1 of the crop revealed t,hatt damage by 

Plutel la kvlostella (L.) was most critic al 4--5 weeks after 

transplant irig. S imi lar observat ions o) mungo (Vigna rad in - 

ta) , with acephate as the insect icide, showed that damage by 

Aphis crniccivori Koch, Syvlept a subinusiilis (WIk. ) and other 

insoects of less importance was most cri tical to yield when 

occurrr ing 3- 4 weeks iftr see(I ing emergence; insecticidal 

protect ion of the seedling, Flowerirg and pod stages improved 

the yield in dec(re asing order of' effect iveness. It is recommended 

that insecticides should be applied to give protection 

during cr it, i cal pe.riods of crop growth but not necessari ly 

for the entire growth period. [RAE] 

0182. 

sota. 

191(G , 

Moarcovi tch, S. 19 1G. Insects attack irig weeds in Minne 

Sixteenth Rep. Minnesota State Entomologist, 1915 and 

St. Ar)thony Park. pp. 135-152. 

' 

rh, subject of weed infesting insects is extremely cornpi 

ex, 

ness 

arn( 


it 

On 

is somet imes (Ii f f i (:u)1 t, to tel I where the 

insect beg ins and where i t ends. Some 

se fulinsects 

feed et i rely on s)ec is of nox ious w(!e (I, and are thus entirety 

benefici al. 1sclopias s vriaca (milkweed) harbors Rhyssomatus 

lino tt icollis Say (mi lkwteed w.evi I ) , which oviposits 

at the end of June, making long gashes in the stem; the larvile 

enter the soi I t.o )pato at, the en d ol' August. P 1)1t01.1 a 

m8cul ipOInnlis Curt. was found pupating on the terminal leaves, 

one adult. emerging on 7 

of' cabbage. I RAE 

August. 'rhis species is a minor pest 

0183. Mills, It. Il. 1942. Montana insect pests, 1941 and 1942. 

Tweorty-ninth Report of the State Entomologist. Bull. Mont. 

Agric. Exp. Sta. No. 408, 36 pp. 

62

lost-Plant Interaction 

P]utcO 1111 rculipenn.is Curt. is widespread in Montana 

but is seldom injurious to cultivated crucifers. In the 

summer of 1941, however, it did considerable damage by 

destroying the seeds of mustard. It was also abundant on 

several wi Id mustards, notlib ly tumb I ing mustard, Nortit 

(Sis.vmbrium) It issima. [RAE) 

0184. Morley, B. 1915. Entomological Section. Naturalist, 

London, No. 696:'10-41. 

5cer ios losses to farmers by the attacks of' Futel/n 

mlc1lipenflis on turnip crops, are recorded. After the young 

plants were thinned, the f'oliage became grey and the roots 

developed "finger and toe". Swallows were seen catching the 

ot lis. The Ichneumon, Ph.vgnide ,uon rusticellne, is reported in 

leeds a:s parasitic on Tin.oln (Tinen) biselliella. [RAE] 

0 185. N;iyi , .i . K. a,(I A. .1 '[hors; t e i ns on. 19G3 . Further 

a ve,,St iigot ionS intt o the cheni ca basis of insect. -host plant 

r 1'at ionships in an ol i gophagI us insert_, fPl, t C In mcui I ipen- 

S s C Fr t i ;) ( ,p i (top tora: P Iuat I I i dae) . Can J . Zool. 

,1lI: 92,: 92'A. 

'.; p, I s; of a iiie c Vrys ta I I i ne Inis t. a rd oi g uI oi des 

inc Idi lig ilaigri n, we re s o I a t , d f rom p 1an t t i ss ues o f s pec 

i es i n t Iie an i t ies C rue i ferae and Tropac olacet e by column 

ch roma t ofg raphy on nel t r'a I a a11 i1a, ce I I u IOse powder and ac t i 

vated (:arb on, by paper and thin lI ver ('hromitography, and by 

c r ys t a I I i sa t i o n 

fe ediI)g I e eS)oses . 

froin 

o' 

in i x t ures of' methanol and water. hIe 

ft. h ias tar larvae1 of Ftlutel/t mlculi 

pennis (Curt. ) were tested on agar-Ce lIlose (Iiets containing 

individuia I gi lucos ides at var ious concentrat ions with or wi thout 

0. 1 M glucose. The amount of feeding was measured by 

counts of 'rass pel lets produced by the larvae during the 

test period. All the glucosides were found to act as feeding 

st, imul[ants. At co. ,ert-rat ions of 20 nig/1O ml water in the 

(Iiet , howe.v er, progoi trin was the most palatable and glyconas 

t u r t i i n and g Iaconapin the 1,ast. ( luco(heirolin gilucoconr 

i ng i in and gl ucoerucin wore e qua I in palatability and superior 

to glucotropaenl i n , s in i gr in 'in d( i n ali i n , which were 

also equal. Higher coi(:entrat ions of glyconasturt i in and 

g I u c(ona p in we r t x i : t o t h e I itrvia e . RAE I 

0186. 'rri sad, S. K. I9 6 3. 0)uan nt it at i ve e-st imnat. ion of damage 

to cir I .i F4'r5s a u! s (411by r ablbagewormn, cabbage looper, diamondback 

mol ti n c aho) r age op Ih (I. I n di ain J. Entomol. 25: 242--259. 

An account i's gi ven of studies carried out in Minnesota 

to inv(!st i gt the rIe ltt i oris between insect fibundance and insec( 

t dlamage , o as t () exI riil knnow l(edge of' the capacity of 

cerL ti iin i nsec t s t.o iouse- c rop I osse. . A study was made of' the 

seasonal populit Iins of' insects attacking both sown and transp 

l ned cabbage and cau I i Fl wer'. The resli I t s ind ica ted that 

Pieris rnpae ( I,. ) wait the most abundant species on fl I crops. 

'richoplusin ni (1b.), Plute. In rnnculipenn is (Curt. ) rind Previcorvne 

brnssicie (L.l occurred in lower numbers. Sown 

63


crops suffered greater losses than (lid transplants, and early 

transp I ants showed less damage than did late ones by Pieris 

and Trichoplusia and more by Plut :lc and the aphid. Aphid 

at tack on young plants ('aused delay ill maturity as we I I as 

loss of yield. In ciage tests with various numbers of insects 

per pl ant , h( redao t iat a y ie Id di d ito t become s ign ifi cant 

unti I there were trove t han 2, 1, and 20 larvae of Pieris, 

'P'ichopllusinl and 1l/ut(,l//n, respet't iy Iy. Oil the average, an 

inrl'ease of' two Pio'is larvae per platt Taused at increase in 

yield redact ion of 125, 1.12, itnd 53 I for plants expose(d 4 , 

7, and 9 weeks aft er itsp) art t iitg. For, an increase of one 

Iatrv o F' r 1chop lus il and ( in butarket s ) F ive of P1u tel/I, the 

redU Cti011 increased by 300 ( 19) aid 29; :32) g for plants 

exposed '1 and 7 weeks, respect ively, after tr'ntnsp ar tiag . An 

irtrease of' 10 aphids per1 p( artt I ntu'ta.,id y ield reduct ions by 

30 g 'or i)lants exposed [our weeks iifter t rnts p 1 t tt ing. [RAE 1 

0187. 1'roes e I e r , G. 197 1. 'ransit i ,; .ion o f the turnip ye ltow 

ma s a i c v trus 1)y in e,: t s w i t h b i t itt g rno a t ft 1pa r t s . A trc h . P f I a-rnzetns 

cItat z . 7: 39 1 397. 9 ( it Ge rmirttw ith En g Iish s tullillary) . 

,e tratismissiot of tarnip y(.l 

se(ut 

Iow 

s 

riosaic 

w Itt 

vir 

bit ) 

us 

IIin 

by 

mo ithIt1) 

in-- 

1 , Ls wit;s.' t st.od ini the Ilaboratory in 

Hast 6er'riiany. In tests with coleopt ern, P'h.'/lot t alr nemorum 

(i_) pr'ovedI a more e ff'icrielnt vector t hanIt . un(ll/nt tt Kutsch. 

This flea eet I (e was able to become I rtl'ect iv after an acquis 

it i i oil feedi ng t i Ite of' Iess t irtn F t It , 1 itt the r te of' 

ria is in i a s ion was irtc teas e., b y p ro Iarng in g t he aequa i s it i onr 

per i od rp to 24 t;, an T-itrt acqu i s i i i oit feed of 24 h , the 

vi ras pe-rsi'Sted it '. nomorum for I- 5 dlays . The i nt ervals at 

wIt icit I.taism i ss i or occurred and the pi r:eat age ()f' tr'ansmi ss 

toln v a r i ed gre a t I y be tween individual bee tes. Ne it Iher P. 

nomorum itor '. undulh tn t.r'nsmitted ti( virus after i i fec t ion 

of a t su'p:ns i i )f i I . Atitoittg l,ei 1)do1) tera , t lie Iatr vit of Aam, 

.5t rn h r-as. s icat I,.1 proved toa r a t ew v (:rt r ; ir: e i t 

t rasiit, i I I oOt I v areas nr o t I I y. rega rd I e . o [, t he 1 eng t o f 

t ie ieuaq I i I I ()It p( I 1 t vtrts lliasi ar ap p a1, is t a r . auI tI' ront 

co(lt at iInat iO oil lie r itto attparts. ''ritant I s"ai;u ri was poss i b Ie 

by V ir- free f aiv a feed i ig po 11l)t thai I l wer't, iea I tlty bit 

had t e en . )pravod w i t i the a ii) of' il t lef:ni pI1art s . Pier is brn 

," ic 11f. . ) t t.'( I o ie u (it ItIi or orcI asi o itI v et ' o r o f t t it i ) 

yel low ritosa ic, but tea-ts w i I t ost in ( Ihyn c-i) ' n igrum (L.), 

'lute /ll ylo tfIi ( 1,.) micu / ipeon nis cttr't ) arnd Acron icti 

I porin1 ( I,.) W 'r' ur 1C a a,' S I'flI . I Il ' I 

0188. S it'h (,I , N. 19 1:. 

to t ic ItitI; I , Ma kei 

ppp 

Ot I h' 

t ,., ' , 

p' I-s of titu,; ta r(I . As t rachan 

atnd Agriui t al to Soc'iety. 5 

TIhe C t i vtit t ottt tI'o (l it at it tI Is a vet -y )r ( I'i t (,lt) 1(, oIt in 

the Goverrtrr-ett of' As tr'chat owing to its tbility h to withstand 

diry weathe'r and it a ditap t i 1t i Ii t y to any so i I ; Itlt I I1, 6(0( 

acres a f mustard are cul t i vated there, bea iig 3. 9% of I ithetotit] 

area under cit I t i vii t I on. I t d(oes roI.Itel i I( y s )e c i it I 

care after i t has bean sowt , except for the attacks of inju- 

61

11S t-P1 In t [ut er c t ion 

rious insects, which sometimes destroy the whole crop, and 

the author has therefore paid special attention to them. TIhe 

import ant iscS t ha t a danage mustard are Phvllofrt a t ra 

F. , .Athu/1ia sV ' itu1 , F. , Cel ls, id, s ,h It, Sc:hit I I, P/ ut e(l/t 

Ma'rl / ipn) iS Cu It., iet is (hipIdi ce arid . i xus ,e'atn ii L . V 

a 1 lli aI. i i I t t 1 I ioil . F1hetcift,' rp)i I Ia Is oF I'. 'u I ipl.,ra is tIe 

Vo0tln" .hie V otl [Ig sip rio ts ils l(i pods anlld id lltg t tif i (Ie itves o 

ilus t ]'d 1 . It it" Ilia at1y Si ('I ll I , '1 vr Ii s t e , iot 1s Yet j tIe rtI i I'i I; it l (I 

tIe r-e itre eveotu I g 't I aI I o is L r i rfi tIhf s umc r .e I?AF 

0189. Sai ll iiir t , '. !'.,5. N 

of Hlawiti til) Fnritcm lI , c;I I i a - 

t es artid 

C. t(> tv H 

exibi iins, 70)2nd 

.une 1 8i. I'ri-. 

ient g 

Ilawtai i 

F'itt o i . ; .. I ): 17 1 . 

Fi' t it itt o p t'.s'tlt oct it [))I it i wi i cli it! s Iitt. ed Lh it, 

I-l/it ,ll m17 'u' / ,ti t)Is. (C 1rt i!; f',('-i(sicitt ai t ly nI sever-ely 

d itillIi (-;il I c r ii(' tI' cI'tf; o rii iicll ,.ut ;i I it(' b A ' l ,; i ill I Y/i ' ill 

t h I c ia i i,''aI ic' Ii 

0 90. . c; i t , . . 1'. t ilii[) ,i i . 19W2. IittIi t cI. of c rut: i fe- 

1'tUs ttci1; t pc I;i it itc- rIvII' %ur i tI it (Icvi(eIoi) tittiri t of .P lut IIa 

x' Io.;tef I l. .t lI's; . PI iit A1) A. I i c:. Un i v . 19: I00 | 01 . 

''h( I iIC 1i11 1,,',, c I VZ t' iils :r c i t'(roi foodu -ii )1 ts Oif 

o I the 

sit t v i I tt dl,''I o t ,i,)1 t, o f / t t'l/, I i ' /o , t e /, I 1( . ) wits 

s t,I ii i(I d I[ Iti' I b or o i Lio v 1 ) 1 itt,. 1 (- p'!; c i p I e Ied it si 

I I rvr I it it( i' i I cI vf I oc' i , f) i - I t i I I I I If ot o it e.s tI ith( o c-cuiti 

Iower I 1I i. (it a I , I'ol I o',I,'Zi w v It' ;. i t c .;Ipt,S t r js var'. 

. r'S0) Il rid t t i p Ii. I ,lays aid(1 . t ','Imf.;teI iS vi t . t ori , 

c t l rgi ,. t i i t; t it ii Id. c ' . 1i .t) .5 (i it vs St r v vva i 1 was 

great(i.s t tin i C ) io bt , ( it I i Ii e r;iris, :hl ('d I, 88 . 6 an (I 

78. 0%, res )t r' i VI I V ittit witss .ig ift' i cait ly wI' wI (i t lie other 

p t;r , PA F ! 

0191 . TIv lIor, W. :. taiIl ?. Idit rl1v. I GiH . Ef Iect, s of" feed i 

by 

ng 

I l-vif ot P/ 'cdot) 'ochi /lioja t F .) ald ['/uteo l 1Mt 1/ ipen 

111 _it l ) (uo t, .lo v i (I ofi itl , a ld t tr I- ip pl art s , . Ann. 

App I f'i ,)I. ' ::2 Iil') .i) 

1 f I' f It i lcl) t:; i" itr''lc o f I t I iebee t I ' - 'll donco(' h ',II I - " iii 

f 

i l, t- mot 

(I o ) 

It 

,Ift(. 

VI'i 'ItI/ 

! 

nii t'u 

- 

Iip 

v,' u , ; < 

,nnis 

o Iifv 

C ir-t- . were 

l l p1 I ]:Il; ( v a I I t vV ' i", P I I+ i t i 

W I It. e ;n I I o!;h Iv iI I y I ,cit ifltr it, k 'PI ,;t ) . t o wg 

it g It it 

( or] s t.ir rr t c-c. it ' itiiic -o cll, o] i n . l tI'iiH i, I- t'"- ; II '."cc I cvi I ' t I it11 

r itd ish , Wit, I , '- s ;t I i; iIy itu-fdtN ' t d i fi il t(]W(t fr aftf'ec:t 

(.tI ,ritio icv f'/,'hl ,' , i,it 11 by /lut,' I ,"I. 

i,. AI' 

/ / oidoll 

v f-It ;i 

I 

I I1l, 

rvi(, 

1 ; ,1 

severe( 

h , I t,[ :; if I. :, t lU:S k i I.I1 in gF ino I-(! 

c y iI. ,-( iI t Ieai I I i f i I t v II i T iI- I ' I] i i' e (hI I 

aId r ;I' iI c I Ii I I i - o t - rI ;Iv it i )d t it (.,It f'lt. d I tiff re- 

Lthey 

L(c: Y 

" 

fl 

,t( e 

- d . tii) c I ,iI' C , ;niIv , It-t;iv 

tI 

] 

;' 

11 , 

(c, 

t, 

f'll-n 

d ) 

Is. 

ii e I f, 

T[ 

s 

1ey 

o I it ce 1)i,i 

I , f 

tp.,d(I 

-( , 

so 

wih 

o ife 

chI 

I 

tha i /fi h.le-det ilnd (1II(1 ,'-;s ; ditnizge ft o Id I( _zIv e s, w f,hif~ gretsi 

Iitrger ;1itL ] t1V'd i cigi (-r t Liii c ti'" '; 0 ]ci I i1 i'it 0 ve s it int 

p 

act 

1 itf t s. TIIi s c c, li, )!; it.t rI g t- o 4 t i )y t 11tt i 1 ) r (!v ie t o,i loss of 

y t ii Ici a nid mI y itIv rIfut-(as t (i t t , is i ri Cii ,iI y I-y we igirt 

of the r t s It. it,( . e I(::-is coi list (itIti r ,easeI tl ie y i e lII of' 

-5


radish similarly. Loss of yield of turnip caused by Phaedon 

or of radish caused by both .. ecies of insects was negatively 

and linearly proportional to the number (;f larvae that fed on 

the leaves. [BA] 

0192. Taylor, W. E. and R. Bardner. 1968. Leaf injury and 

food consumption by larvae of Phaedon cochleariae (Coleoptera:ch 

"uomelidae) and Plutelia maculipenriis (Lepidoptera:Plutellicae), 

feeding on turnip and radish. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 

11:177-184. 

Larvae of P lutella maculipennis and Phaedon cochiearine 

were fed on the leaves of both turnip Branssica rapa and 

radish Raphanus sz,ti,,us. Both the weight of the food eaten 

and the area of leaf injured were measured. The weight eaten 

depended on the nutritive value of the food, whereas thu area 

of leaf injured depended on the leaf thickness and the method 

of f eeding of the insect. Both species developed fastest on 

young plants, which contained the most protein. They ate a 

greater weight of' old than of young leaves, and injured a 

greater area of radish than of turnip leaf, which had more 

(try mat I er/un it area. The area of leaf injured by P. mcu.iipennis 

was equivalent to the weight eaten, but P. cochlenriae 

wh ich had a di fferent method of feeding dcst.royed much more 

leaf area than was expected from the weight of' food eaten. 

[ BA 

0193. Taylor, W. E. and R. Iardner. 1970. Energy relationsh 

i ps between larvae of Phitedon cochleariae (Coleoptera: 

ChrysomeI i die ) or Plutel.lai macul ipennis ( Lep i doptera: Plutellidae) 

and radish or turnip plants. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 

13: 4 03 --4 0 6. 

The following is authors' summary of' of' further studies 

in which PlutoIla xjyloste la ( L. ) ( maculipennis (Curt.)) 

and Phaiedon cochiearin, (F. ) were reared on the leaves of 

turnip or radish. CalorifIic values per g freeze-dried leaves, 

roots, pupae and I at val faeces were used to convert the dry 

weights of' plants and insects into measurements of energy 

content. The extent. of the decrease in plant yield, or loss 

of energy, that resulte'l from injuries to leaves caused by a 

single insect during i t; larval l ife dif'fered considerably 

between each of the f'our possible combinatins of insect and 

plant, th( decrease being 0-22 times the energy content of 

the leaf tissue eaten by the larva and 0-76 times the energy 

content of the pupa. [RAEJ 

0194. Tborst.inson, A. J. 1953. The chemotactic responses 

that determine host specificity in an oligophagous insect 

(Pluteli maculipennis (Cur,. ) Lepidoptera). Can. J. Zool. 

31 : 52-72. 

The mustard--o i I g 'ucos (ds, sin igr in, s inalbi n , and 

glucocheirolin, and the mustard oil, allyl isothiocyanate, as 

well as tire enzyme myrosin, were prepared from the seeds of 

cruciferous plants. Larvae of Pieris brassicae (L.) and 

66

los t -II ant. I rr t ei t i on 

Plutellta maculiponnis (Curt.) were induced to feed on plants 

that they normally refuse by paint.inig the leaves with a solution 

of inigrin or sinalbin, but th,.y would not feed on such 

leaves treated with alyl mustard oil. The f'eeding responses 

oaf P. mru'uliponnis were tested on agar gets containing the 

powdered, dehydrated Ieaves of* various plants atone and in 

-omb inat ions with the glucosid e s, unistard oil arid myros in, 

anr(1 tihe amroun t of' f eedinig was es i (ited by counts of the 

frass pel lets produced during th1e test period. It was shown 

that s in i grin, s i r I!I i, ant gi ucoche ir'o Iin are feeding st imu 

larrts . S i(: the larvae feed readily on at least 40 plant 

Spc es report ld t o conta i rn mils tarid oi I gI (lucos i des , it was 

C,0n.C It (ded that these lucos ides are spe(i fi c feeding st imu- 

Iants. The t hresho Id concen t rat ions for gust.at ory percept ion 

undter I hIse (:0o1(1 i t i ar ol were o t' t ie orIder of 2 ppm for s in ig 

* in anid ab to 20 pprrI . 'or s iIralb in. Opt i mumn '(e( il g res ponses 

were oh1 a i nod e( o y when the g ItIcos ide was of fe red in a 

In leli III corrt a Iti rig other nut ri en ts ir tHie form of powdered, 

(ehydrated le aves or arti. ficial mixtures. In same experiien 

ts, he udd it i on ( a IIy I ills t ir(I o I s I i git. Iy Increased 

feeding on med ia con tain ing s i i i gr in. I'he aIdd it i on of viable 

myr -os in to diets C(ont. ai n i rg s i i i g r i rl (10(7 reas ed f, eed(1r g . S i n 

ce heat --k i Iled myros i n rad no rep I Ient o'foec-t, , it appears 

thlt. t e ( a t ion of myros il s due t o the de1pict i onr by hy d r o 

iyS is (f' tre ( uan t ty of sinl grin in the ed(illflm. Apparent I y 

the p ola(" r uc:ts of t he hydrolys is, ir lu(ling mustard oi I, are 

l !,, at t rae t i ve than the paren t g Lucos ides. Si nce hydrolysis 

of' uc s( i de w i I I r'e [es (e oni y nri111 t e iminounts I of' rius ta rd o i. 

in the short time i nterven ing between biting and swal lowing, 

it is un I ike I y that the ,rus tat or, 'receptors wi I I be exposed 

to appre iable ( oncentrat ions of, mustard oi I relative to 

g lucas ide. On the other hand, it, is possible that infinites 

imal amounts of mustard--oi 1 vapor enanat irig from leaves may 

st i mulate toe o l f'lctory sense, wh ich is characteristically 

extremely sensit ive in insects. While hrunger indu:es sust 

a ine( fee (til g i n I h e ibse)(.- nc of' tustrd oil provided that a 

g us t at o r y st i (11ul an t is present, such an O lfactory s t i mu I us 

i gIlt (-on(-(! ivabl I Niti t ate feed iln g more 1)rompt. Iy Th is would 

accourrt f'or the observation ill some expe'-iemrnts that larvae 

produed(rIIore Fratss wherr feeding (I n melt in c or t (ining a I itt le 

nrus tar-d oil as well as sinigrin. Thie power of' sinigrin to 

11(11(e 1'. wi,1cul ipennis t o feed on1 nlntri(7nt redif makes possibh 

e the development oC an ar t i f ic i a Ii medium 'or stud ies of 

itLs t ,r-i t ion. I[IA Y 1 

0195 . Thor's t( inson , A. J . 1955 . The exp( 'rimental study of the 

chernotactic 1(has is of IhIost S e( i fic i ty in phytophagous insects. 

Can. Enr.omiol. H7:49 57. 

The author revi ews techn iquls devi sed for the invest igat 

ion of the chemical stimuli that render part icular plants 

att.r(ct.i ve to phytophagous inse(ts an( dis cusses the reusIts 

of his own work with Plutellnl iaiculiponnis ((Curt. ) in Eng 

11111(1, ar(I Lept inotarsi (Ie(pmliri eat a ( Say) un(I Si t onn cyI ii- 

67

I}ianondback Moth ib l iography 

4'rvicollis Fhs. in Canada. Tihe techniques considered are F'or 

the measurement of feeding responses to plant. ext t-iets, the 

extraction and pur fi cat i ont I'o feed ing st i Illt tInts tnd t.he 

co Ilect ion and st orage o f plant mate.rial from whIhi the stlitu.1 

ants are to h)e i so Iat ed . Some -vi (en o was ob t ained thit 

t he 10esponse of [. d-ceR in0 ta to aill at t tarnt, ant of no nuLr 

i ent va tlue was enhanced by tie add i t i on oF c tI it nut r I en t 

subst nitlces , SlC-.h il s atlgtI, bul tli is was iot t 1 ciase %yit.h S. 

.Vi ndr i o is, t hough t he I at t rtvespolided ( o re 1at i vel y 

)UI eU(a' t,I i. S Fome tho I ea v ts and I'Io,, I-S o f sweI- I over 

,h'1i lot Us), li-ov ided t hat i t. (- ltd ed of] t te odgfes of, the 

t re;alod art i fi ia I ,Iiv o,; i n 1 t I a otr St,i ( Il nl r.- It 

showed 1)o I'- 0 polls t o C(:ou l.t" i n1, it we I I tllow l p I-fulne eOns I. 

t uen t o f sw ee t e to ' , when i was idded t.o a I s t d i -l , but 

J f) . T I scts ( 1) S CI-v) d th1 Ilwt1l'i ]t i li Illle slasvt eet o- I y i n f s-t. 

d fby tite we,v i I wh o n ' os, t telo i,Iuo than when at a 

( i s ta i ru ,ios I " I t ) (- zIaIuI s e c ltmill ii exer r s lln o I f tfl 

t ol-y st i 

ina I us o v I a s h o- t d i s t.an c e. ,i It] s t, Idi e s a r o f v a Lu e i n 

i nve.st i gil, ions of the cont r-ot ro F n(\i ou s weeds t y i)nsects an1d 

t he d-(!lo 1o p inen t o f c r o p 1an ts res Si talltit. o i ns ( t nitta Ck. 

0 196 . 'Ir'iyriie-, R. M. NI. 19G5 . {; toilts, Iimit I li oil (If, oV i )osi 

tioIn by tIte cabibage 0') t fly r o i:;chin er'ss 1t- zcna (Itou che 

Nat ore. 207: 21H-21 '?. 

The (1(,od plants o f 1t' I m..a 'r i o i.;'h i,) 1)11S il 

lieit WerFe t 11iiUightt to tie estI Ii0 (1d t o ' 1 oiUt S s 1) 1ces 

wh i It ha1110(c I e.i. ; i ("1{li i i I Vvt 1ait llut I il Id I I g 1roS i d0S 

Since ftma les of P/u1elI Iu telc I /til',u is' ((r't 1- and Perris 

hratss ic t (I,. ar-e st i nit I ittd to ov ipos ii b Y ini ;t 1t- o il and 

alti atqUeOU sot- so I on of must 'it oii I g Iuic ides , 1li ".!s i Ve I y, 

t, he i n po to tlt ii F tn Us l a t oil g I uC os i d s iri r t. i iiii litiiif{ otv 

p oS i t, o) II. ht -,ssi (elto was i i v ,st iga til in fi 1 (d and I abo 

I-1At 01',V ex) (- I I11n s in 1 1 rti I Ft g I on d Fe{ IT I I (-s o v i 1Sit e d 

tieo r a I I o f e ifh I :- 1c f'oous s pe)( i( I ed , s I x o t' wI i ch 

have riot. i0 1-'ii re ci Ide ' d Its F ood p I1it s , td rllal six of ! i gh t 

s 1e ies5 h! I irig i 1t t.o I i v eo 0L t C tit i I 

rTiut 

i --, 

alt 

that 

.d- oill 

a lso 

,t1u1co 

contained 

fam i I ies t la d Id 

s 

niotid 

eS, 

. 1 

InIt 

t ut. 

Iar 

nio 

) ot 

t 

;Itio 

ilit 

-V 

f'iV 

t 

I vu 

s t- 111oI( 

ese' 

u 

in1 

.9o 

f'ourI 

ur 

t, i or)s s Ii g t- r I tnaid it !; b v t,1Iitli w n 1 011 t tu I s I I I tituS u t a 1 -I 

o i I and Ibh t a ph nvItony t, hyI II in',ita l t VI I otUS C011 11 ttat L' t oils we t'e 

eac.(h exposed asti men i scutls leltween two c{n:lt .I-i u I ub.Is eadeadled 

ii) Ilattllli01 "1,11d iitt Ii i ago 1(1 1i i n1 ing .5 it ow I y emerged 

itdul{0 I sO 1;t,. It0 (:hh 

se lg 0 laig11s111! il I I he so lilt ions , 

a ri d tit 110( (7ill It,ott irt o1 (Ills ntsa w t fl 2

Host-Plant Interaction 

See also abstracts: 

0236, 0243, 0262, 0272, 0296, 0313, 0633, 0637, 0638, 

0824. 

69

3 

Morphology and Taxonomy 

0197. Alford, D. V. 197i. Synonymy as a source of confusion 

in distinguishing between certain tineid Lepidoptera. Plant 

Pathol. 20: 171-173. 

As a result. of nomenclatorial changes both the cocksfoot 

moth ( Gl.vphipterix simpliciel1a (Steph. )) and the diamondback 

moth ( PiutelIn xvlostelli ( L.)) are Iinble to be 

confused with other tineid species. To avoid this confusion, 

some details and i Ilu-;trat, ions are given of the species con 

cerned. [BA] 

0198. Anonymous. 1974. The diamondback moth, P.lutell x.vlostella 

(Linnaeus). Insect Identification Sheet, No. 2, Canada 

Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada. 2 pP. 

This leaflet deals with the external morphology, biology, 

injuriousness and control of Plutoia xlostol/a (L.) on 

cruci ferous crops and some ornamentals in Canada. The species 

does not overwinter in Canada but is carried northwards 

each year from the United States by southerly winds. [RAE] 

0199. Bradley, J. 1). 1966. Some changes in the nomenclature 

of British Lepidoptera. Part 4. Entomol. Gaz. 17:213-235. 

New specific synonymy proposed by the author includes 

Plutella x.vlostella (L.) (maculipennis (Curt.) , for which a 

lectotype is designated, Platyedrat subcinei-ea (tHaw.) ( vi.lelia 

(Zell.)) and (also on the basis of newly designated lectotypes) 

Arch.ips oporanus (L.) (pic'eanus (I,.)); A. podanus 

(Scop.) is a distinct species and not a synonym of A. oporanus. 

Lithocol./tis fib. is congeneric with Phyiionorycter fib. 

[RAE) 

0200. Chauvin, G. , R. Rahn, and R. Barbier. 1974. Comparison 

of the eggs of the lepidoptera Phalera hucepha1n L. (ceruridae) 

, Acrolepia assectell1a Z. , and P-lute/la racui ipennis 

Curt. (x.vlostella (L.) (Plutellidae): Morphology and special 

ultrastructures of the chorion in contact. with the plant 

support. int. J. Insect, Morphol. Embryot. 3:247-256. (in 

French with English summary). 

We compared the eggs of the three lepidopteran species 

Phaleru hucephala L. , Acrolepin assectella Z. and Plutella 

macuLipennis Curt. These eggs have a large, levelled under 

surface that rests on the leaf. This surface has no aeropy 

I es . The upper surface is convex, with a number of aeropyles 

and adorned with specific sculpturing. In all three 

species the under--surface shows a thinner chorion and a 

mucilage. In Phalera only, there are differences in the fine 

structures between the chorion of the under and upper surfaces. 

The absence of aeropyles in the under-surface perhaps 

protects the eggs against substances exuding from the leaf. 

70

Morphology and Taxonowy 

0201. Chow, Y. S., C. H. Wang, M. A. Liu, and Y. M. Lin. 

1984. External morphology of the sensilla of the diamondback 

moth antenna, with a special reference to the difference 

between male and female. Plant Prot. Bull. (Taiwan) 26: 135 

143. 

On the external surface of the diamondback moth antenna, 

four types of sensil la are described: they are sensilla 

t.richoden, s. chaet i Ca, s. coeloconica and s. styloconica. 

S. basiconica and s. aurici [1ica are not observed at the present 

time. The number of sensilla trichodea at each segment 

on the male antenna is more than on female antenna. No diferCnce 

is observed on the other three types of sensil la between 

the mlafle and female. By using electroantennogram (EAG) 

method, the male antennae give strong response to two components 

of its pheromone: c-I -hexadecenyl acetate and c-llhexadecanra 

I C-9 telradeceny l acetate and c- I --hexadecenol 

a Iso give considerable response. Antennae of' the female de 

not respond to the abovu ment ioned chemicals. Because the 

number of seasi Ila trichodea is significantly different between 

male and female antennae, it is possible that s. trichodea 

is the sex pheromone receptors of the diamondback moth. 

0202. Dosse, G. 1959. A hitherto unknown type of' damage by P. 

maculiponnis on winter rape and mustard, with supplements on 

the morphology of the larvae. Z. t'f1krankh. (;:150-15G. (in 

German with Engl ish summary). 

Plut l.a macul iponnis (Cur. ) was )timerous on w in ter 

rape and mustard (Sinapis tba) near Stuttgart in 1968, and 

as the former is seldom attacked, the damage is described and 

illustrated. The younger larvae fed on or in the pods and 

seeds, an(I the older ones destroyed the late flowers and 

shoots. In view of inconsistencies in the literature, certain 

characters of ti.he larvae are described. [RAEg 

0203. lDuann, Y. H. 1983. The postembryonic development of the 

compound eye of diamondback moth, P/utella x.vlostella (L.). 

N. S. thesis, Fu-Jen University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC. 73 pp. 

(in Chinese with English summary). 

The pos tem)ryon i c developmen of tIre compound eye of 

diamondback moth, Plutella xvlostel/a (I..), has been examined 

from prepupa to imago by meanrs of both 1 giht and electron 

mic;-oscopies. From the pregressive o, ",zatiun, two major 

stages, the cell different iat ion stag .jd the organization 

stage, carn be identified. 'Tile former conv-ists of three substages: 

the cell dispersion stage, the -'arly cell-cluster 

stage, and the last cell-cluster stage. The latter involves 

four suibstages: the forming cornea stage, the developing cone 

and rhabdom stage, the developing pigment cell stage and the 

mature ommatidium stage. The subsequent ultrastructures of 

the developing ommatidium of each of' the substages were described 

in this thesis. 

71


0204. Dugdale, J. S. 1973. The genus Plutella (tlyponomeutidae) 

i n New Zea land and the fam i I y pos it ion of Ci rcoxena 

(Lepido(ptera). N. Z. J. Sci. 1G: 10O09 1023. 

'TIe itens t'luIhtell is r'epresented in New Zealand by 

th ee spcc ies , lnallly, P .vlost,olln (L,.) (which is cosmopolitan) 

, P. sorti Meyr . (which iF Oriental-Pacific in distribut 

iont) and t). untiphon. ,Meyr,. (which is nat ive to New Zealand) 

. AlIl three attack croci fers. [lIA, 

0205. 

dop t ero s 

t. I. I 90(O, Key cmett, to t he identification 

I a r va e in f'es t i rig h r as s i oa cr'ops . P I ln t 

of lepi 

Pathol. 

29: 122 123 . 

A kcy is )r1-eitt, d I for lit i denti I i fict.ion of" larvae of 

n ii e spec ies of" Lp i dop t ot a at tack i ng the ner i ia I par ts of 

)riss ica ('vo s i I t It t IeK. 'T'he sptc i ('s are Pit.,is br-assJcct 

, . ), A,'I I o ie) t;Ztpato) ( L,. ) ( 1'. e'ejo' ), A . nap i ( I,. ) ( P. napi) 

lut' I .vy/ Y s tI I , (I,. ) , 'v't'r-gIst is f r i ('1 is 1,.) , Lacrino 

t in l1,'ac'a, 

s in': ' ( L,. 

I,. ) , AMol'u /(m ':t pIo.r; c , i 'aV I 

and ,uI e r ' hat 

( [,.) . 

o ( ,.) 

1A I, 

, M emoS Ira t br-as 

0206. Ktizireit.sov, V. I. and A. A. St eko I ' i ikov. 1976. Phyl 0ge 

1et e I: tit Lt i on Ph i ps of 1ith ape r farr i 1 i es Ps yc(ho i (tel, ' i 

neo iden arid Ypoane) o i dea !,,pidop1 t era ) w i I I e 1",rence to 

the fInct i onaI m l)ph )logyof' tht gen i t a I ppa ratus of' tie 

ma I es, Pa t.I . Faluct iorral mo l hology' of' Ihe gen itiliia of thlie 

ma I es, Hi, t onto I . Ob oz '. 55 :,: : 5'1 8. (1 1i 1?aS iain 

In,v,!; igi ions on I.1he inUscti Iatlalll'11ld skeletal s t et c 

tare of t lhe gen i Lal ia of' t hi mat:; of" I G g e, 1cI'a i 1 sev en 

fai i I i cs ill the Palaeiavc i r lsytho i deil, 'Ti 0( oi dit and fp)on1 omeu 

I. (ca, , iic I alt di rig s MOll c ;I) pe : i es of ecollom ic i11 or tance 

sach as t-lutc I b? x.ylos tIllit (I,.) ( Ma(.I:I itonnis (Curt.) 

showed s it i L; ui t iIes in funr t i,on and a c I oh;c iv I og!ne t i c 

re Iat i on bet w(r) t ies ( s riprfa- t iI I es . 'rhe silni Iar' i t.i es an.I 

di fferernres are rIi ;,'rrs, ed arti i Il s trat. ,it , . IA' ] 

0207. Ri ppor-, W. 1.9!H. The lar'.,e, of cabblag ,Imot h ( Pl mIte l a 

macu Iip onn is Cart . ). Z. Iisl i oI. 23: 195 203. ( i i German). 

l)et Iai Icd n i rI-o: ' c o)i c observa1 i (is If niolrphologfical 

chara:Ir', artI cons idr(lr (i c sar'y for- t.he ident i flicat ion of 

li I-va e lt)(. I( Iigrig I.o l e faint I ies rr M i I:r'-- I,(t t(o t ia. The 

pos i i (If i)mary aid ! econlda 1iVl i r Ol i l oraIc i c and abdo 

in it I s e,g Inei taut p n'r' p ut)sas i (('Y for (torli 1t' iu:at ion of 

var i ouasp i t'.s The hair i ; Ire d iv i d d i nit o 15 groups . TIe 

aut ho r- co)mpa r d Ii1a c Iafas i f'icat,ion s c:he In w it. theI s chemes 

proposed by ot.lie taon(oin i s ts . According to F'a''ke' the follow 

irig t:hrt a(: t ci s i ()" f' lit'I rr'vri a of l'r , l/ II M 'uiipoinnis 

just i f'y its 1i: 1 .rig ing t f'a ilV Plate l ida(a : ( I ) (etta ha iIs 

i r e in so rItet dt .e [) tr tlil i aI p Ii Ii a i r".;o ir p r'o I. ito r"a , ( 2 ) pnCo thorax 

ha. thiree and abdomen has two kappa group Iai I's, (3) 

tie 1) gnoap ha Is oia ir e; Itir h( r ax (. ris i at o Iic, I lie air aiI fnd 

(4) theLI engih of' lar'val fo-t is grt ater thani the width. rn 

order to class i fy p lute IIid larva its Plui ell it must have 

two dor-sal alpha and beta hairs as well ns beta and kappa 

72

Morphology and Taxonomy 

hairs set far apart on prothorax and the claws on the legs 

from an open circle. The author gives cletailed descr i p1tion 

of the Plutel i macul ipnvnis larva. 

0208. Swezey, 0. It. 194,1. Keys to somei lepidopterous larvae 

found in gardens and homes in Ilawaii i Proc. lawaii En tomol. 

Soc. 12: 1:3li-145. 

'I'lieU ut or f iI's t I i st s keys t o various ep i(I op t erous 

families and then kevs to viri ot- spec ies w tti it e-ach family. 

In plateI 1 1 itde, he Iist s to spec i !s , ,lcroI,'t) ,I issc t ell 

(Ze 1e r ) and Pluto,!I ma'ul ipeonnis kC rLtis) and gi es de taiIs 

of i dent i f icut ion ci I 

fication crit eria n cte: 

iia. I'or I'. m1Cu1 Itenn is, ite i dent i 

the plate at the base of' seta I1I not 

enclos i ng abdomi Ia inI sp i rode; set,:te not i n consp icoon l igmen-- 

ted p at,es; obdo inu I pto l(,gs Iong and t erl-nder, ctot chef s in 

a pseudo(c i 1c l c. The i risec t 1 arvae feed o n cabbage and other 

crucifer plants ill Ilaw.ai i. 

0209. Wang, C . 11. , If. Y. Ciho , nd Y. If. DunnI. 1983. The 

light evoked structural clhanges of tlec compound eye of diamrondback 

moth, Plutolli x 'vost l (c .I ) . Proc. Nat. Sci. 

Counc . B . ( ROC) 7: 322-335. 

The Ii gh t -evoked s fr i tit ,'hang .- o f t hI- compound eye 

of di amondb a k ifo t h, P1ut cl a xys lost I , ( 1,.) ncludi ng t he 

forma t ion of t ,;e do i) 1 it1t ((ye gl I ow , 1)1 nietit i ifg ra t iof, 

changes of ' neo ( !;lipt! , rhItllo)i iliti.t t 'clItoi t ittit w t oh[, 

* ef! ed . Whiir f 'uoc i oItt I cols idt a1( on it01) )tt I I lit' s I tle tt r' I 

chat gos, uri 1 a d 1P t ation t o I i g hi i (- d i ; cussed . HA j 

0210 . W'ai g , C . It. and S . J. tlsu. I 2 . The com!pound eye of 

diamondback Riot h1, ' iute t ,.vlos.-/ i ,. ) aid i t pi 1 gmen t 

migrzin ion. It I I . [nsi . Zool. Acad . Sitn. 21 : 75 92. 

Tlihe -onipotmnd eye, ) f the di aPondb a c1 tito 1i, P10,el l 

x ylostol ]i ( ,. ) froni t he cortn a to tHie bas erent I ientltbr ne has 

been invest igoted w i t it scannii i rig and t a snsiF.s ion e Lect ron 

w i c rsc opes . The cotpound eye of' the di amondback mot h is com 

posed of 

co rneal ii 

1500 -2(000 otitin t i di a. .ach orit ia t id join con S is ts of 

)1c s, i I ate I I at'r cor'i C" , I l on-h1 In o 0 ge1 i crys t it I - 

Iin. cone , 2 t' i i itlp f ignent c I I , 6 IIo It en -tI ype at'ces siry 

p i gientt c(! I I ;, 7 r'e t in I ar ct. I 1 wi t it ih it i r' t ill lit 

* el 11, L r'ac hl - titp ( t tlt iltid Ii Ff.l e r tt ed bits ,itll li n rica e. 

The char'ttcterist i: f'eat U tU;; of, t le t( lom (und ct of, lie ( dia- 

Rondack moth a e,' itfi lar to that of tite nocturnill nioth. The 

pitt ter'n of' the p igiecl inigrtt ion in dark and I ighl condit ions 

was also discusgsod ill t li; papter. 

0211 . Yang , I,. C . n(d Y. S . Chow. 197H. Sper tt. lphito'e f'ttrnti 

on aid he ilor'lhol Iogy o f 1lht re p,) o c t i v c s y's t e nr o f' I,he 

dli amondback moth, P1 l '] ll xv lost /lI I (I,. ) (Lop dopt ern: 

PIutel Iidae). BuI I. inst,. Zoo . A cad. Si i. 17: 109 115. 

Obs (!'r Vil i0ins Inad( iri th le li)I orat ory i n Ta iwii oil sperma 

0opho re forma t i n at)d I.te nit or p ho Ilo g y o f t he i ep ro du c t i v e 

sys tern of' the cabbage pest Piutclia .'r!lost(lI (L. ) atre de 

73


scribed. It was noted that once formed, the spermatophore 

persisted for 96 h, thus being available as a tool for the 

identification of mating success in this species. [RAE] 

Se, also abstracts: 

0242, 0248, 0979, 1015. 

74

Physiology and Development 

0212. Agui, N., N. Ogura, and M. Okawara. 1975. Rearing of 

the cabbage armyworm, ,amestra brassice L. (Lepidoptera: 

Noctuidae) and some lepidopterous larvae on artificial diets. 

Jpn. J. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 19:91 -96. (in Japanese with English 

summary) . 

Atm .s tra br -ss i c e ( I. ) was rea red in the laboratory in 

Japan fur two generations asept ical ly for the first five instars 

and semi-aseptically for the last instar on one of two 

larval diets of which the main ingredients were soybean flour 

and wheat bran, respectively. The larval and pupal weights 

were generally higher on the diet with soybean flour than on 

that with wheat bran, and the mean pupal weight and rate of 

pupation were higher on both diets than on cabbage leaves. 

It was found t hat ['lttllla .vlos te]lit ( L. ) and M. illobis 

(B'lr.) could also be reared for 2-3 generations on these 

diets, arid five other species of lepidoptera for one genera- 

Lion only. (lAt I 

0213. Biever, K. D. and P. E. Boldt. 1971. Continuous laboratory 

rearing of the diamondback moth and related biological 

data. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 64:651-655. 

A technique was developed for continuous laboratory 

rearing of Plutella xY.vlostelln (L.) (Lepidoptera:Plutellidae), 

on artificial diet. The life cycle from egg to adult 

required 19 lays (egg: 3, larva: 11, pupa: 5) at 230C and 60% 

H1. Survival from the egg to adult was 70%; adult longevity 

averaged 8 lays (6-21). Females laid an average of 139 eggs 

(55-266) and 50% were deposited during the 1st 3 days of 

adult life. The majoritLy of the eggs (ca. 75%) was laid on 

paper toweling. 

0214. Chi, If. and C. N. Sun. 1975. New method for rearing diamondback 

moth (Plutell xylostells L.). Sci. Agric. 23:500. 

in Chinese). 

The paper describes new and s imple method of rearing 

diamondback moth in laboratory. Place one common cabbage head 

with bottom dipped in water maintained in a petridish, in 

oviposition cage (20 x 20 x 30 cm) and release 30-50 diamondback 

moth adults for oviposition. Transfer the egg laid cabbage 

to a rearing cage (25 x 45 x 50 cm) with cut portion of 

the bottom still dipped in water. Add water to petridish to 

maintain fresh ,ess. Place the cage at 23 0 C in window to receive 

sunlight. By this method one cabbage head can support 

100 mature larv,i. One generation needed 20 clays at 20-230C. 

0215. Given, B. B. 1944. Longevity of diamondback moth (Plutella 

maculiponnis) adults in relation to nutrition. N. Z. J. 

Sci. Technol. 26A: 192-194. 

Feeding honey alone yielded 70.3% hatch; honey and pol 

75 

4

)iamondba:k Moth libI iogrntphy 

len yielded 87.3% hatch. Continuous feeding with honey, or 

with honey and pollen, gave significantly lower mortality 

than I -day feeding. Cant ro Is without food showed no appreciably 

greater mortal ity than those ted only one day. [IIA] 

0216. flou, R F. anl J. H. Ifs iao. 1979. Ant i i i c rob 

in 

i aI 

a semi 

agents 

synthoti c diet for the Idiiinondback 

x• 

moth, 

1los I I/ 

Pluteloa 

1,-.() e' i dop era : Ypariomel t. i dae) . P Ian t Prot 

u lA . (Ta i wan 2 1: 25 1256. 

,U' ec, s o F thlee, ant timiv rob i a I agents 

de 

oil 

v,- )Pne 

surv 

t 

i 

o 

valI 

f P Iu 

and 

e'1,t v/ I;, o; I t a 1 . we re s tudi 

i, 

e d 

oln by feed 

at somi sy nt het i dI et. T he opt iinum 1eve 

hydrtoxyieiizonie 

1 of me t Iy I p- 

i'1 d amo at(lac k IIIoth is 

di 

ca. 

, t, 

0. 

wIti 

15 

I I 

g/ 

e h 

100 

i 

g 

h ('.l vent rat io ovi vs (1. g/100 g 

:ilp 

d iet 

r( !;s,alarvitI 

may 

ur val i . AniI Au onycin (chlortetracycline) 

S itt ht I Co r dov 

is 

e Iopinent of' tht moth at 0.015 g/100 

but i 

g 

I 

(liet 

nay Iid 'e norma I ;IduI lI eIrnergence i f its 

ias 

concentrat 

licro !;t 

ion 

p 1t 0 . 0 Li I00 g i t . Fo r lnlhII 

be 

iI 

d 

wOs 

e Io 

foui (I 

t- s 

to 

t I a v a a t ( n e nt ta t i ons over 

(I i 0. 

e I 

2 

wh,,l-et 

ml/100g 

s o I !;s i o i t" I i(s l p ni iu-I f mii 

atCI 

d i( t. s 

ec t ilarvial 

(Ii(I not 

surv i v a . It s thoref ore suggested 

II i I i it 

that 

uiii 

f'orte 

(!. ,itt t f FrI om t he (I iio it rv F o 1 I i ta i ol pe cial 

I n Ihe 

ly 

p) i (s 1ll' "Iotl i ct i le - i 0( ii lI fil1t iit) it cs . 

02 17. IUs i ao .1 . Hnd P. F. 1hn. 197H. Ar-tifici 

t Ihe 

'Il I ea ring 

,II l 


tI, IIk Io h , 11 tl'0,L, x.y , ."e ,1Ia ( L,.) 

sviitht 

, oil 

i(it 

Semi 

diet. it I I . Inst . Zoo I. AcI (I. S in. 17:.97 -102. 

An i imnproved e ari ynt i hiet. c 'dIet devll 

rat. 

p0(1 

er-v 

, 

in 

it) the 

'a iwan 

labo 

for- fna1 : 0('aring PlIut t /la x.v Io.;; 

d 

c 

7(2 s 

I( 

,ed. 

,. ) 

The 

is 

diet of K. ). Itower and P. 

was 

,. Bo 

fiod 

1( t 

i 

(1 971) 

t'fdt ) vy (li i n g ('hales te I- I , I inseed o 

tot 

il and 

( i-i 

myo Iios 

1os i tot and by eplacing rape--leaf powder 

bage, leat 

with 

powder. 

cab 

Three. generat ions were successful 

oil the di 

ly 

et 

reared 

f. At 21 2WIC and 70% Pil, the 

f'roa 

developille 

the irvol 

fital period 

to adult stagge lasted 18.5 dfays, 

'pan I a; t 

adult 

od 

life 

9. 5 days , lelllt5 i( a Ia f about 12 - egs P(i7 

151 

lil(] thi' percentage adu It emergence was 15 .7- 58 .2 

0218. Kos' hith,-lii , . I t141t. 197 G. 

r 

A s 

r 

i 

gnieI-i 

tn,1e 

t i 

inns 

(-h 

s- 

iI no (,o at C thli te in tIb;ick PI1 Ih , -'lut 

I 

II 

(1,. 

.yI 

) 

xv lostte/l-- 

, oil gi- rIII i lilt t IIlkg lI'pw s eetds . J1p .i J. Appl . 

Zoo I. 

rn 

2(1: 1 

t amo 

10 1 I 4 il .Ii aparleso wi I h Elngl i;h u m ,-la i 

A 

. 

;i npl t e- . i ,t o r- 111 1; roe i ri riei g P/I/ lt 

was 

an xv.1 

; I s d'vi 

s te Ila 

s d ns i fg I11p1 seul I i rigs germin a ted delise 

l s 

I y 

I 

in 

I ( v s ;e I f wi t 11 opa: hriv i a g a l ' 0;rf 

i ( 

ol tIe. (11 t, he gef. 

Hgg;s 

Il we I'C 

i. iig fi ;1)f :;- do a l1l( . l I itI 

lowe veI 

d 

e( 

t re 

o eld 

v a 

(m ,')I t 'ledoris i stems of [. e 

r e 

( d 1 

I rig 

ings 

t 

. 

llrpi! 

The 

;.ratu-i,. wa:s 25()C. Wheii t hI e pa i r 

re I(c1(1,;1, 

of' hioths 

I i 

were 

(lieih V i! (-I', (coIl t- in inr the s (-ed 

Fron 

I i n gs 

7 

go 

g 

i-mi 

of s 

na ted 

( ds , mosi . of' thi larvae o mp Iet ed 

I oipmen 

tIheir 

t, 

(evend 

nbou t 100 pupae. wore_ obt ai ned in 15 

r elea 

days 

sinf a fter 

the atdlnIts. The dells ity t o f about ) 100 1arvI per 

76


vessel seemed appropriate; more than 90% pupated. The duration 

of larval stage, the pupal body weight, and the fecundity 

of resultant moths were also as good as those of populations 

fed on cabbage leaves. The larvae could be reared without 

changing the seedlings. A folded filter- paper was p1,ced 

on the seedlings as a pupation site, so that the pupae could 

be gathered easily. Successive generations were in this way 

reared on rape s eed I ngs and it is concluded that the method 

is well S11 itId to Cenit inruous mass product ion of the moth in 

the laborat ory. I RAE 1 

0219. Liu, M . Y. nnd C. N. Sun. 1,982. Rearing diamondback 

moth on rape seedl ings. Sci . Agric. 30: 302. (in Chinese). 

A simple mass rear ing method for (Ii amondback moth by a 

modification ()f an existing technique using rape seedlings is 

de sc r ib e d. 

0220. Miaa, 

(iamondtbd Iac: 

C . .1. W. 

moth (lFlu 

and M. I,. 

a,t?xvIstl 

(Chaing . 1 9 I3 . Es t erase of 

I ,. ) I. Enzymatic proper 

I.i es of larva I es t erases. Hit lI. lcc;t . Z oI. Acad. Sin. 22: 

123 - :3 1. 

llydiro Iy t i c t(- t iv ityt, ' 111aph t y1Irce t tt cat abo Iized by 

larval es terases ot 

wits invest i goted. 

di amondback mo th ( Plut oIIn x'loste' Ila L. ) 

The opt imal conl it i ors for es .ieras(.,; were 

determine(d. React io n of' the es terase with the substrate in 

0.1 M potassiurrr phosphate buf'fer of p1l 7.5 under 27)C for 15 

minutes, showe d the groit st act ivity. The rnon--speci fic 

e s t cr uses c Ira ra : ter i ze (I by i athib i t a s , was f o u n1d to be mainly 

the alies terases . I icrea s ing pro te i n conten t to the enzyme 

irix ture showed no cff't-ct t o the ,'-st eruse act ivit y. Alcohol 

and] acetone solIat.ion either enianced or inactivated the esterase 

atctivi ty. Storage of the enzyme under 8100C for several 

months showed no effect to (Hie esterases. The activity decrer 

sed rup idly whell I ' (iin;:vn wi stored lit 0°C or -2(oC. 

The 

and 

a p par en t K fo r t e 

Vma x was (f;. I f(.2) 

sut)s t r ite, wits ( 3 . 5 

x 10- 

+ 0. 1) x 10-5 M 

6 M. St artn subcel lular 

distribut ion ,F " t ie es t erise act i vi I y reveit led that approximatel 

y 6'IO of the act ivi ty was in the so u1)1 ble fract ion and 

6 inr%,a I I the merrrb r, neots f'r- tc i oi. Iowever , wheit enzyme 

s pec i Fi r 

'rftc I. i oris 

ar I v i t y was accouin ted fr the a -t iv i I y 

wh irI ra it I((e( i i in order of r. i c r, .,oll , 

of these 

lliIochorldr 

iii, soluble tfraut i. tn. aid ( 1,l l b -i a . The possible role 

of the I irva I ,'.;terit:; es t.hat p [ y-(I on pe';t ici t, dgid dation 

was (Ii srt issfd . 

0221. Sakharov, N. and V. S.tr-i'kov. 217.. 'le l study . of the 

no(-t, an I ] in n citu11a, 

Exp. lariw . Soda(; t. I l- 

part 

r tI 

co I fur] v (ot' lIh 

s.;. -: 2,19 2 . 

n 

( in 

ct U i doe. J. 

Ru.;s iir w r th 

Stermarn s imi i .r 

T he I i t . r de (1e. Ire,; i it i;t s o I' it lir get' feunne I 

;uasp en ( d Un d e r a st rIo g :] c r ri , I light, w i t i h o t t Ie con 

t. i ini n g n t,It y i faI e d s p i r t a t d for ma I i it at t a cli e d t a i t s neck 

The i ri(e ts that. strike against .he lamp fal I i rito the funnel 

77


and slide down into the bottle. They are not damaged by the 

liquid, and they soon dry and are ready for mounting. A total 

of 70,224 individuals (33,879 coleoptera and 16,181 lepidoptera) 

were caught during 65 nights by this means. It was 

found that injurious noctuids such as Eu.von segrotiu Sch i ff., 

R. trit ici . , and Felt in, 'xclamttionisI. , are not attracted 

to light so readily as to sweet. ha its, while otheco such as 

Ph!.Ict(tonro(les st iet i.lis , and Plute/tin macul iper.nnis Curt. 

show a stronger react.ion to light. The possibility of using 

this lig ht t-ap inill onju i2t ion ith bait i ncre as es its va lue. 

j I? 

A|E I 

0222. Saknosh i ta, A. and Y. Yanagi tn. 1972. Fundamental 

st id i es on t he rep I-o(Itc t ion o IIi i ,nn(dback moth, Plu1 tel ln 

m cu I iprnn is Curt i. ( I) Effects of environmental factors on 

emele gellc ., copuilat 1 ol an d ovipos i t ion . Proc. Assoc . Plant 

Pro.. Kyusha . 18, 1 I 12. (i1 .a Japnese w i Lh Engl ish summary). 

In obstv-vat ions on lhe, dai Iy activity of Plritelln x.v1ostevIIn 

( ,. ( inneu lipniis (Curl . ) ) made from II to 24 December, 

1971 in Japan, it was found that moths emerged chiefly 

between I and p. I. , wi th a peak at 2 1). i. , when the temperature 

was 22 0 C . Mat ing occurred about 7 p.m. at 12°C and 

lasted 1 1 h . The per id from ci eme r gen ce t o ma t i n g varied 

from H Io 15 I. The first peak of' oviposi tion was reached at, 

about 7 p. m. , 2,1 25 I a ft cr mat ig, and a sf cond peak fo I I owed 

24 h I lator. The f'oa a1 Iaid 59 130 eggs, with i an over'age 

of 90. 3. [ RAE 

0223. Sakanoshi i a , A. air( Y. Yanag, i tia. 1973. Fundamental 

studies on the reproduction of diamondback moth, Plutella 

mrncu_lipennis Curt. (I I) Effect of photoperiodism on egg formation. 

Proc. Assic. Plant Prot. Kyushu. 19:104-105. (in 

1a pan es e w i t h En g I i s h summa ry ). 

It was found in laboratory invest igat ions on the effect 

s o I phto per 0 on t Ie eglg- Ii y i n g capac i t y o f PI u tel In 

x vIos tolIa (I,.) (maculipennis (Curt.) ) that exposing larvae 

to cont. i nuous darkness, or a pho loper i od of 12: 12, reduced 

the number of eggs subsequently laid by adult females derived 

from the t reated larvae, as compared with females derived 

from I r vae ma in ta i ned under cod it I, i ons of not ara r 1 1 ght gli ing. 

0224. Siat, Y. 1977. Technique f'or mass rearing of the rice 

sten borer and development studies of new insecticides. J. 

Pestic. Sci. 2:333- 344. ( in Japanese with English summary). 

A simple technique for mass rearing of Chilo suppressalis 

on rice seedlings was described. The insecticidal action 

of cartap hydrochloride, on C. supptressnlis by its mode of 

act i on and met bo I i sm is test. ed . Phytoecdysone effects on C. 

suppressa/is, PlutollI.nvlostella, Cul .x pipiens mol/es t us, 

MuSC8 dor(,St iC1n ViCirin and Pier-is rapne crucivort- were tested 

for insecticidal activity. Attractiveness of synthetic insect 

sex pheromones, (Z,E,) -9, 1 i nd (Z, K) -9,12 tetrdecadie- 

78


nyl acetate were tested on Spodoptera litura, Adoxophyes fasciata 

and A. orana, Water-bath and dry pheromone traps caught 

10-50 times more male S. litura than sticky traps. [BA] 

0225. Sato, Y., M. Sakai, S. Imai, and S. Fujioka. 1968. 

Ecdysone activity of plant--originated molting hormones applied 

onl the body surface of lepidopterous larvae. Appl. 

Entomol. Zool. 3:49-51. 

Three plant steroids, ponasterone A, inohosterone, and 

ecdysterone were surface applied to ChiJo suppressalis, Ephe 

-tia caute]lIn, and Plute.ll muculipennis larvae-to study the 

ecdysone activity of these chemicals. In the case of C. suppressalis 

screrotization appeared in the final instar. Activi 

ty of ponasterone A was higher than that of inokosteron. 

Ecdysterone was effective for molting of the Rphstia larvae. 

Ecdysterone and inokosterone were effective to Plutella larvae. 

The results ghowed that the plian t origilnated steroids 

pentrate through the insect cuticle and bring forth the ecdysone 

act ivity. 

0226. Wladimirsky, A. P. 1928. On the inheritance of' experimentally 

induced coloration of pupae of cabbage moth, Plutel 

]a mnculipennis. Biol. Zentralbl. 118:739 759. (in German). 

Pupal m.lIanic pigmentation depends upon enivironmental 

factors (ilum i nat ion, rather than temperature), apparently 

followed by a definite after-effect upon the progeny. Selection 

of phenotypes through 12 successive generations showed 

shifting of the average, apparently hereditarily fixed; but 

tie genotype involved in experimentally produced phenotypes 

has some t imes proved to be quite di f ferent from that expected. 

Such invisible, genotypical differences were presumably 

involved in the selection experiments. Hence the assumption 

of the inheritance of environmental effects is premature so 

long as no exact analysis of' the attendant process of genetic 

selection is at hand. [BA 


0193, 0274, 0576, 0675. 

79

5 

Biology 

0227. Anderson, T. J. 1922. Annual report on tile division of 

entomology, Kabete, fo.- the year ending :31 March 1921. Kenya 

Colony Dep. Agric. Annu. Rep. 1920-21, pp. 75-79. 

'i e best dust ing results against Phytometr-n 

p. 

orichalcea 

(flia.: cat erpi I I far) were obtia i ned wi l1 1i1 part Paris 

to 3 parts 

green 

extremely finely powder'ed lime. About 25 

probably 

lb is 

suirficient for al do'ro. On a nimal ! scalc this mix- 

,ire gave a miortaiI ity ,I," 95%. Tlie series of t raps 

colS 

on 

t 

t lie 

fa0 C(7000111] t beef le ; Oryt OS. /hinoCoros) tire 

cont 

to be 

inuoId 

disas 

they have served thei r purpose. 'File life-cycle 

of, this heetle i s : egg Iage 15 dIys , larval 80 or more 

pupal 

days, 

21 days, andd au It o t ern more thai 2 miontis. 

g 

As 

iarls 

re 

insect s at' fet ing cof fee the work on thrips ha- 

Ced, 

advan-but 

it 1li; i(ot e poO',L; I ) 1 t rert he inSeC t1oi11 

t ad 

egg 

It ., ) ting has been t ed for .4nt .t i, ( lint" 

lis), 

t oIbut 

with little Sucl es. Sife h I'it. histories of Plutell 

11li t/ I1 ,enn is (d iainon1lblac k Iot.It), Intrliqat pict 7)l U, A t 1.! 

s.jos 

it 

0t(d1 i I t L F i p S It f' y ) ari a ' p: .: i-0S of' AtUAvO have be en 

worked oil t and w iI I e p l) i :I led Ia IIC . [ AF I 

0228. Anonymous . 19" 7. Som ( of t hr ,:ciilom 1n, garde lpes t s of 

Iraq Agrio. Leaf l . D)ep. Agric. I req. No. ItI, F pp. 

A brief popuil l- account i given of' the bionomics 

con I.ro I o ' 

and 

t 1 1 ow in g i r ,ct atii rnIites ,, i oh a re common 

p.c s inill garden. ;i i 1I tra-i: Yf' io'lrd is l,1tdi/.ini 

A u-1tcopIot-0 B i g. 

trl fl, 

arnd 

t-1 o I s 1 1, L 1cs ()iic-ulit'-b i t.:, ; /'lut o] la mat-u 

pennis.i- 

Curt . on c ruec f'e i.; tI , -y l ) 1y fPe(go ii' hyOSc'vlZmi 

Pai z . inin i ig the 1 eiv.e (- ) 1) t, Ch.nopo/ i ur; arnd Po 

1,0t 

yB'gonuo; 

ran ch/IiS tlat-it 11 L. on a great variety of food-plaunts: 

end Pat t raI'cChus ( 01 ionV

Biology 

plant remains should be removed after harvest, and weeds, on 

which a first generation sometijies develops, should be dest 

royed . Sprays of mit thionI ( carbopho ) car be app lied in 

cases of infest ati on, but not. wi :hill 20 days of harvest. 

Tr i clto rnilt o 3 (,tit1 ) e us ed be ore c it(I fOlll I ion . Rn tobi 

ter in (a pirl)irat i on o I' Bi lus thurini ols is va. ga..leri 

a() i s it o ffect i ke . I I s hou I d not e us e( itt t e pitera- 

Lures hbelow 180C or wit hini 5 dav.; of harvest . Conitrol of" the 

larvae11 Call tlso Ie- obtain ed by I1inis of' extract s of' parts of 

Var io11s veg (,tl o I t1 UCh it po t iatO iS 10(a t onila toes . Ali (xt iact 

of1" Art olisill ciii I ikwise prove efoect ive, and di tect ions for 

preptrin it d11(1 Ii kew ise t ( x I t.tc I.of t oIn i Io I laves are 

g ivn . O her p1 ant ext va tLo a,: also u:;. fU I . [RAE) 

023] . Ilofidar, (;. I1)2H. 

t'Io us p(. st of t bb ige i n 

Pot t i s(e) . 

i'/ l lt ,incu / ipetoo is Curt is., a 

Bah i a . Chlri l'ar; On olitoles :3i0602 

se 

( in 

1'l1t1cill m 'icill pennis C111 t . , i- 0 s r'io011; pewst of' ca 

ha g se; in Balia. T ' ,Tegg, Ioivial, and pual)il o fiiSaes last 3-,4, 

t 10 , and 4 days, I .; pee t I v B.l, 

0232. It It J 1 TI I lbt 

nn ;. Ali. So R. Biii I A I itit i ri 57: I 2 1I G . ( in S pnnis ). 

A f)rt V ;rco p(Ii i s g i v eit f ItIf va r I ous s ti t cs of 

te cai 1)1);1 " inl ot, P 'lut 1 c011i l 7,'IC1i 1 iPe !s Ciiit . wht i ci ;tppe a rs 

to htt t firf, or s m it s tlieS (v oil f'oi r gi t! i-'ll i OtL isit ye;ar in 

Arg.. t It1a I i " gie! b I)egi IiI il i foreI-w in t er a nd Ii at cii rig in 

cl1)r i rio . s~~~i,)'ir~~~~~g,~ 

i,, um i l t lint-e Ii1 i fe cv c Iu l r(li oiiie I~i!!:! r ' es ';it honf 1)'( It o:'i O t it a fi0 I onl Ift h. t 

ni0 (itrFa I cl ci illit's !;li d P r 0o t e (I teA , -in( a inow piiras i te, Lim 

nf.riu l, /I') in Il,, is desc r ),(I, t iiS be i tig Ilh( F i vs t of Ithis 

>rt us o f, I ri te ille o[Ii I to ht)(fol.1id ii A r f it,irio . Foi' spray 

ilijf, 0i t)' o)l tllill ; iiip enll si s i l is c o iii, e111. T o p r o itr c th is 

. ' a 1p s ( s Ivl d i il I ga I io j i rii rip g wit t r c(1 a ftoeI 

thi 1 i1;1 ili il t s oo( I d 1 iloi 111 ) ti 'W; 'V . iI is w ' I Inixed w ith 

I0 ifitl i c.ttll Ili. Ibhis .l.o clk o1tu1 if isn di liit t,( for l use, with 

w it t (- so t hliftI t c pl)aity 

ron t in!; I I . 51 of t IIo Irit-n . ( A lF 

, , s, . 1 2:1 . ( r age Il t Ii, 'lit,c 8llIUcil ipo 

02 2. CiletiI -I-oi 

TI ris . li lihI. 

E.1.,936. IriseIc I ill)dother1 

A ii . Sc c . Si( t I. ,1I I p. 

t) -;t s of" 1935. 

Mo1 I.hon iill I 11 i ep)or - Con.; i ! ts of to t e s on 1 the 

)iio i it i ; ()t" .Hit c-(Oiti nlltrii Its( r t )e(-.s t. t evoi(l (I o ri : ru ife rs 

ill Sc(-ot lni l I 3 v i :,., CoilIaril i ti s I U art i K1 . 'f' ., ['hoi-h 

it brss i'. 1 :hi. , ( //' r/rnl'; q 1jualdri s Pio t an . , Pluteo lan 

mic'u I!t'rln)I CI- I . i(1 thrc Aph id,; , 8rcIicorj'n bratssi (i . 

aid "Vl .';spog/r a'#e.Su iz. together- wi thb b-i!f (Ile-si 1) t ion of 

v ori il"; 'I ta e of t, ol i a rlt i;klggs t i on5; for Fhi ir coit rol . A 

siIlliliIaiv i s ,I v l o of f It1h il li' 0ll s h!; e Iv ti o1)!; 0 ti (h rmes 

A tdl . C 00 1 il('i G I I I. I t ic If i g jI rn ' c il ii 1)miIn g Ii s f i r 

/s ul:it';t ,'i /I x i o,1. n ) , lit ,- to t tir f o) bow I i ng g ro0nns 

Woo; coil.S d by D)ilopc/us felsi /lt 

i . 1, , 

by Ilibio 1,,#in tci[ !inisZ t1_t..Flie 

iintdt o t i tlt on it farm 

I if i ,oI reou I(I he ro nt ro 

(I b y i nit llo s I(-c o lli nI(I( ( go i ts t I li I ids. l1AtIl 

81

Diamondback moth Bibliography 

0234. Chan, K. 1940. Notes on vegetable insect pests in Hong 

Kong. Part [I. Hong Kong Nat. 10:98-10]. 

In this second note, descriptions are given of all 

s tages of Plutella mculipennis Curt. , the larvae of which 

cause cons i derab le damage to cruci ferous crops in Hong Kong. 

The egg, larval and pupal stages lasted 3 5, 12-17, and 4-7 

days in the laboratory. The moths remain quiescent'during the 

day, normally among the leaves of' the food-plants. They are 

i a ctiv e in t he winter, and hibernation probably occurs in 

the adult stage.,. [IAFI 

0235. Cindea, E. , M. Costachbe, C. Raicu, S. Mihailescu, G. 

Marinescu, A. Tomescu, L. Tutunaru, I. Borcan, 1. Tanase, T. 

Roman, A. St oenescu , H. Mandr i cel, N. Dragom, r , G. SIan, M. 

osi fescu , and N. Mano le. 1978. Present status of research on 

the cont rol o f the patIhogens and pests of vegtab e crops. 

Prob I. Prot. Plant 6:421-443. (in IHoman ian with Engl ish sum 

mary ) The results are reported, studies in 1970--79 at Vidra, 

RoIan i a, on the biology and control of the main path-ens and 

pests of vegetables grown in the field, under- shelter or in 

the greenhouse. The object, of t:he studies was the detection 

of new pathogens or pests (which included o].Ovphtgotatrsonemus 

latus (Banks) on Capsicttm spp. , Tvrophotgus simiiis Volgin on 

cucumber and Colaphellus sophine (Schall.) on cabbage) and to 

determine tire best method of control; to find out the lifecyc 

le of some pests on which little was known biologically, 

such as Aulacorthux, soloni (Rat.) (/Macrosiphum soloni) and 

f. euphoi-b.ioe (Thos.) on tomato, P. l ttus on Capsicum and 

Ac.vi-thosiph n pisum (Harris) on pea, twames tro hrossicae (L.), 

Pieris birrssioe it . ) and lltitol~lt x.vlostel i (L.) (maculipennis 

(Curtis.)) on cabbage, and a disease of tomato; to determine 

the effect iveriess of severnl new pest icicles with a 

wide range of activity for the control of pests of vegetables 

; to ident i fy the races of certain pathogens occu1r ing in 

Romania, with a view to breeding vegetables resistant to 

them; fnd to develop integrated ,eontrol schemes by which some 

pathogens and arthropod pests of tomato, eggplant, pea, cabbage 

and caulif'lower might be controlled together. [RAEI] 

0236. Eastham, J. W. 191G. Diseases ad pests of cultivated 

plants. Dep. Agric., hart ic. Branch, Victoria, B.C. , Bull. 

No. 68:5-64. 

The 1 i fe- history, effect oil the host , and rmethods of 

control of the various insects among them Flu tell,, maculipennis 

(diamondback moth), are briefty described. [RAEI 

0237. Edwards, W. If. 193() A de'structiv, pest of crru-:iferous 

crops. The small green cabbage worm -I'lutella cruciferorum 

Ze!I . J. Jamoica Agr ic. Soc. 34: 582--5Q.. 

Lotes are giv,-n on th. )ionomics arnd control of' Plutel 

]o maculipennis Curt. ( cr1Cffor8'um Zl I. I, which was first 

recorded in Jamaica at the end of 1929, when it caused seri 

82

Biology 

ous injury to cabbages in one locality. It continued to 

breed throughout the year at lower altitudes on the Island, 

where observations were carried out, being more abundant, 

however, (luring the winter months. [RAE] 

0238. Elfremova, T. G. 1975. Control of leaf--eating caterpillars 

in kitchen gardens. Zashch. Rast. No. 3:62-63. (in Russian). 

Notes are given on the appearance, habits, distribution 

in the Soviet Union and food-plants of four leaf-eating species 

of lepidoptera that damage vegetables grown in gardens, 

together with general directions for control. Mam.stra brass 

icae (U.) occurs everywhere exccpt in the extreme north of 

the country. Pupae ovdrwinter in the soil, and there are two 

generations a year in the south, beginiing with fhe Voronezh 

and Kursk regions. The females lay 500-700 eggs each in 

groups of 30-80 on the lower surface of the leaves, and the 

larvae hatch in 5-12 days and feed for 30-50 days, after 

which they enter the soil to pupate Pieris brassicae (L. ) is 

most injurious in the south and west. It has 2-3 generations 

a year except. in the south, where there are 3-4. The eggs are 

laid in batches of 15-200 on the lower surface of the leaves 

and the I arvae are voracious, destroying a cabbage plant in 

2-3 days when full-grown. The second and third generat ions, 

developing in July-August, are the most harmful. The pupa 

ovrwinters on the branches of trees and shrubs, on the walls 

of buildings and in other sites. P. rapuo. ( L. ) is common 

everywhere and has 2-4 generations a year. The eggs are laid 

singly, but otherwise the hab its of this species are similar 

to those of the last. Plutella x.vlostella (L. ) is widely distributed 

but is most injurious in the south and south-east. 

Outbreaks occur in some years, when numerous cruciferous 

crops an( weeds are damaged. There are 3-5 generations a 

year, and the greatest damage occurs in July--August. For control 

, ,ic';truct.ion of weeds and atI crop remains is important 

and soil cultivation in autumn destroys many of the overwinter 

ing forms . The insect icides reccmlnended for control are 

trichlorphon (chlorophos), malathion (carbophos) , and trichlormetaptos 

3, and directions for their use are given. [RAE] 

0239. Fletcher, T. B. 11133. Li fe histories of Indian Microlepidoptera 

(2(1 set. ) Cosmopter.,gidae to Neopseustidae. Imp. 

Counc. Agric. Bes . Sci. Monogr. 4. 1 85. 

This publ icat ion describes data on many species, of 

which tLe following records are new. P1atellidae: Ps.ychromnestra 

isoniphns occurs on Lonicerii orientalis, probably 

roiling the leaves; i'lutell vaculipenris, larva, pupa, cocoon, 

feeds on tra.;sica, Althiola annua, and [beeis odorata; 

P. seran feeds on turnip leaves. [I1A) 

0240. Ghes.,ui ere, J. 1939. The diamondback moth at crucifers 

in Belgian Congo. Bull. Cerc. Zool. Congol. 16:61-66. (in 

French) . 

83

Diamondback Moth iibliography 

P-uteijla m177uJ.ipenn-is Curt. was 

Congo 

observed 

for 

in 

the 

tile 

fitst 

Belgian 

time in 1924, when it 

Province 

wits taken 


in 

Ka 

the 

anga. Since 19.33, however, 

ed 

it 

ats 

has 

a 

been 

pest 

recordo1' 

cruciferous vegetables in severnl 

ara 

widely 

t ed districis, sep 

tHie c'hief center.. of infestat 

shuurU ion 

ia 

being 

tih- Rut 

Province o' Kivu find Thysvi Ile in 


the 

the 

Pr 

Lower 

ovince 

Congo if I,he euas t , td 1 Iis abeht 

•a 

hv 

t Ii 

it Ie 

. i n 

It is 

t ie 

considered that the 'rineid was introduced 

import .d cab 

with 

b ges find has subsequent ly been 

the 

(list 

I,ra 

riblatud 

iitspo o f 

by 

in fe s te d v e to 1es The autho has al so 

ob0s erve( i t at Na irobi , in Kenya. 

Th, number o1 generat.1ions in the year 

reate; 

depends 

in 

on 

tf- cit 

lc' v i iue oF K iv tIle mo th appiren 

t 1lF 

t Iy 

a agh a1_ 

b 

t. 

reeds 

he le yI. a', p'odtlu i g G- I I guellerna t ions , 

t he, lower 

wh ereus 

Con 

in 

go, ' i rig il no it bundon t ta iinfn 

of I I, 

gelll'riI 

t he number 

i(an- s aI N earI- does at t. excteed s I .'. UIln(e r 

Coridi 

Iitbo 

t Ii 

intory 

:.. ita ki i, t.lie egg, aurviil i1nd pupal 

5-10, 

stliges 

15 hllsted 

_G and H-18 days, -es p),ct, ively. The 

it fcilia 

eggs, 

Ie 


I liys 

which 

100 120 ir 10 di,":, n ,e depos ited 

surfaces: 

on t he Iower 

of t he Ieaves al t Ihe i'I. t0 3 4 to 

Vyu 

t 

it 

lenf 

ill e 

I'. Th 

tlie If 

la.-- 

'LVei ; i1nd soiiiet In11r (leo 1.roy the 

end rep 

young 

roduiict growt 

i v 

h 

c rgigalis of' the p] ants . ('tolbage, 

l if 

r-dizsl, 

lower, ancl 

("flu 

('i t. ivfl t c R as,/ o Ii nel heavi ly 

I 

infes 

ocali 

t.e~d 

I i es 

in 

. 

solne 

I t.'ei I hll ,ut, wh icl i a icommon 

telgiao weed 

Co 

ii I.he 

ll , t I{so serve s S it food pIlant. , infes 

be(ome 

Iitt !.on 

li Fff 

wi 

i ( 

I 

l t t ( co 

((Ii 

ItI.l 

; 

No pal-lit 

'Iv 

t use oF i 

c.it 

t el IInc were 

I I ixt utr illeli t s; Ii It i risect i( i des , 9- 100% 

Ihe 

llort 

I ti'va 

aitI i y of 

', W 'ilg I Veil IV (IeI F i:; lsI t ( cOllt li riiig 

o 'Par 

1% 

i 

rotenone 

g eell ]Il xed w iI It W ad ash ('2: 15 ) , and 

superior 

wood ash 

to 

was 

tilc o ( i at(,,ilacelou o rth as it 

freen 

(I I uert. 

is Ihe 

Par 

o p e 

is 

r hi (1er i s , 1u t is (I ieifIer. o I.e1 0 

stains II 

Se 

Ite 

a nd 

v gt o1-; es . A Ilist a.s good resul ts 

a 

were 

IIn i 

given 

x t.nr-c 

by 

I : 6 ) of py riic iri n, piiwdc r ( coita in i ng I . 

hr in 

30% 

1 

pyret 

111d Woid 1:;h or. hV A sp ay cont ain i fig 

hr irin 

1.30% 

) [I 

p y 

i 

r 

wol 

te 

i a (f. by a sp ia y o:n1it I ni i g 

'lhe 

I ri i 1oI. ioine. 

[(I t,liiam 11nil riril e rlpid ,c- to 1 1 t11 t le lteiii-va 

derri.;, lha 

bu t 

the 

i t 111 pdret I',. the, p il.. 'so long. 

;rtay 

TheI In 

gave 

i eco 

I.Ihe 

i lie 

vegO itlhI(i o nI 1iine p ;"itnt r odor. A 

risec:l. 

I I t lit, above 

ii i: ; sI le II I , p,I Ited olI tll I ilts tt IaI e 

w (- 

vii, 

d , i Ild I 

t 

F 

lit 

a 

r-at. e, f' :ipp t ilc t i oI)t ho i ! 

b'/Ca 

t leu- I d he r't,. 

22 . 

1,I in 

5 

t i ; t I ii!; F w it i t o I ll I , lr oas Il 

ro1111d 

p c 

t 

op 

i k f rit ,lI t's-i-, I!; I( o r i'euoenI e t1111i I . I I AFC 

02"1 . G ii , i . 917 . 'I'hl ;.;i I I cif 1)1 1 t f n /I111t 

/I p 1)11) ,1l 

/ - 

' i 

C 11 

c'u 

1 , t I:i . IL Ier,l ;( t,i A F tlii i -p. Ag i I ., l ',i I it, 

Hul I. No. 

t'u t, 

I / 

1( 1pp. 

1 nT t 'l /Ip "lalcI) 1,1 t.'li' 1I ; i S In II I c it h 1 11 g e Ill(t) th )1 1 i ef 

w ides p 1-( ad p(.!;t I')f ,abbiag ,, cLII I i f' , el , i; l 

c 

o 

r'uui 

, 

V(! 

ii ( 

11 u 

other 

p 1,111 t ,; ri S oit It V' i 1 

- . TI' i ):;(, 

dep 

c 

end 

l i s e t i re I y 

( 

lit I I p()n1 ll el I I eog it'1 (:ofI(I I io111s ')l I 1 t 

in 

ex 

dry 

is I 

seaii 

e rc ; 

on.s i t is at d1it1ifn I , 1)1t1 t ien v r ni 

quni 

;i( 

I i 

t r 

if-s, 

oy 1111iiid 

g e 

i is yery scie . ie v e to noi sotar-c. f-ggs fire 

H 4

Biology 

laid on tihe leaves, usually on the upper surface near the 

veins, where they occur in clusters. In warm weather they 

hatch in about five (lays, the young larvae feeding upon the 

un ders ide of' the leat' and soon dispersing all over the plant. 

A gauze-like we.b is spun over the spot on the leaf on which 

tie larva is feeding, and here alter 15 to I18 days the cocoon 

is made. The pupal st age occupies 5 to 7 (lays in summer and 

about 14 d1ayt in winter. It, was previously thought that 

hibernation occurred in this stage, but this supposition is 

certainly erro,,(caus for the Transvan I . The adults are nocturnal 

and are attracted to liigits, but dto not fly far. Under 

natural condit ions tihe aidult life is short. Ten gnerations 

of the insect were reared i a few days aver a year in 

inset ar y c ages at t I t.same t eltpo rat u re as in the open. 

ines ted cabbages are constantly sent by ra il1, and thus the 

insect is dissem1initated. 

Tht priln(..,)il predacettus enemy is 0 large green Mantid, 

Shodronr I is gas t r i ca, wit ch des Lroys many of' the larvae. 

U.,f'or tunitt e I y this dot s not appear it t, i 1 Oct obe r , when much 

damage has already been done. Al chneumon id paras ite was 

reared from the pupie , but occurs i ni ilas i gn i f icant numbers. 

Another hymernopterous paras ite was observed to be very abundan 

t in Cape Colony a few years pao. ControI ifr the larval 

stage is comparativeiy easy with in arsenical spray, to which 

2 lb res in should be added to eve', 50 U.S. gal of' spray in 

order to render lie ilsecticide adlihesive. Cabbage and caulif 

Iowe r )1 ill,s gtown il sted btds Hint have become infested 

should be) Sprayed befo re they a re planted lin garden or field. 

For in t'es ta i rt ait theIheads have formed tobacco ext rac t 

or' Lar water should be used. All old plants should be destroved. 

[I A ] 

0242. Hlarcourl , I). G. 195;. iioLogy of' the diamondback moth, 

Plutella mnacul iponn js (Curt. ) ( i,epidopt(rta: Plutel l idae) , in 

Eastern Ontario. 1. ) iS l htI i on, ecoioi ci history, synonomy, 

and generaI de c rer'ip tiioll . 37th lep. Quebec Soc. I' rot. P ants, 

1955, pp. 155- 160. 

Thit' t I iat tili ila I it, I oiig unter rat vd ,is i pes t of 

c ruci C 'co is crops il On ta r i o , filas beon proselit litNorth Amer 

.i

Diamonidback Moth Dliili ogiraphy 

ing lasted about 10 days, the peak occ-urring on the 

night 

first 

of oviposition except when the temperature 

was 

at 

below 

sunset 

660 F. In the field, the number of eggs laid 

individual 

on 

cabbage plants ranged from 0 to 164. About 

more eggs 

50% 

were laid on Lite upper surfaces of the 

on 

leaves 

the lower; 

than 

few were laid on the stems and leaf petioles. 

Almost as many eggs were laid in small groups as we0r : laid 

singly. In a field cage the incubation period 

averaged 

for 2,236 

5.6 

eggs 

days. The larvae feed from the lower leaf' 

face,sur 

consuming all the tissues except the veins 

per 

and 

epidermis. 

the up 

First--instair larvae, however, mine 

feeding 

the leaf, 

in the spongy mesophyll layer. For 2,022 larvae, the 

average durations of the instaris, ill lays, were as 

first, 

follows: 

4.5; second, 4.0; third, 4. 1; and fourth, 

t,i onl 

4.9. 

noraa I I 

Pupa 

y occurs o i te hos t p 1an t . 'Tlhe prepupal 

was 

period 

I to 2 (lays; for 2,000 i ad i v.Idua Is the durat ion of the 

pupal stag e was 5 t.o 15 days , t.li, average 

ratio 

bo ing 

was 

R.5. 

normal. 

The sex 

The life- :,o (of 101 female moths 

16.2 

averaged 

days; that of 105 males, 12. d y . There were four 

six 

to 

generations per year. The first generation 

mainly 

developed 

on crucif'erous weeds, subsequent generations on 

vatedculti 

cruciferae. The insect apparently does not 

at 

hibernate 

O0t tawa. St.ud ies w ith a (:ontL.ro Iled in t erva I I i gh [ 

showed 

trap 

that the moth was in flight for an average of 

each 

136 

year, 

(lays 

that the heaviest period of Ilight was 

Ju 

from 

1y to 

late 

early September, and [hat tle peak of flight in 

night 

tie 

occurred during the hour beginning 90 oinutes 

set. 

after sun 

Barhnr a vulganris R. Hir. is a preferred weed ho3t. 

ever,flow 

in ain experiment oil at tract iveness of' hosts, the 

showed 

insect 

I i t.t le 1)refereancv bettween seven commonly cultivated 

crucifers. 

0244. Hlassanein, M. It. 1958. Biological studies on 

mondback 

the dia 

moth, Plutella mvacuI iponnis Curt. ( L:'pidoptera: 

Plutel 1idae) . Bull. Soc. Entomol . Egypt. 12: 32F-337. 

As PlutoI la macil ipennis (Curt. ) is an 

o 

important 

f c r u c i fe 

pest 

roa s v ge t, ib e s in thI e I)e I t a a r e a of' Egypt, 

bionomics 

it s 

were . udi(ee it) the laboratory in 1952 56. 

f ouI(I 

It 

that 

was 

the ad I ts emerge in t, Ie ear Iy even ring ind 

dur 

pair 

ing t Iti fol lowi rig aft ernoon. Eggs were I 'I .4 

after, 

2.4 days 

usual I y in clusters of' 26 a long the " i 1) 

on 

or a 

t. lie 

vein 

underside of the leaf, and tile cviposit i 

highst 

rate was 

during the i'irst three days. At 70% UIl the average 

numbers of eggs laid per female were 0.35, 224, 252, 

3 nt f 

134 

10, 

and 

15, 20, 25, 30, and 35o'C, respect ivcly, 

f i 

and 

e I(I 

in 

cages fema Ies laid 92 -364 eggs each. Bumidity 

} it t Ie 

had 

e ff ec t on the diriat ion of Hie egg s tage , Vhlich 

from 

varied 

H, (days at 10C. ( :.t.I 75% mln ili ty ) to 1.5 

35) 

tliys 

C. (wi 

at 

tI .95 mort. ity) ; o)lly 1% mortal itLy occurred 

300 C. 

itL. 20-w 

her t ie i n: ub at i on pe r i o ( was 5 .5 2. 5 day s. 

larva 

TIhe 

1 stage averaged 10.4 days in April May ario 29.7 clays 

October--:ovember, 

in 

when feeding was less voracious. 

occurred 

Pupation 

in a cocoon on the food-plant, and the pupal stage 

86

Biology 

lasted 5 days at 30, 7 days at 25, and 14 days at 150C. The 

average life-span of males and females was 6.3-15.4 and 5.7 

10.3 days, respectively, with the shorter periods occurring 

in June and the longer in April. Females died about a day 

after completing oviposition. They comprised 46.5% of the 

adults caught in light-traps in .952 atod 38% in 1953. The 

catches in 1952 indicated that peak populations occurred in 

April and July -August, and no adults were taken in January- 

February or November- December, though in 1953 they occurred 

almost throughout the year-, with moderately high numbers in 

February-March, a peak in April andi a lesser peak in October- 

November. There were four generations tn 1953. The Tineid 

overwinters in the pupal or adultL stage. Of 312 full fed larva 

e collected in 1954, 93 were narasi t i9ed by the Braconids, 

Mi crop lit is 1)1utellne Mues. , Aahi les sp. and Met ,orus sp. , 

five (I ied from disease caused by lot ryt is sp. and nine died 

from unknown causes. Of 256 pupae, 27 were parasitised by 

Br,,chYmerin femorata (Paniz.). [RAE 1 

0245. 1Ho, T. 11. 1965. 'he life-history and control of the 

diamondback moth in Malaya. Bull. Div. Agric. Malays. 118: 1 

26. 

The larva of Plut. llai xylostelIna (L. ) ( mculipenn.is 

(Curt.)) is the most serious pest of cruciferous vegetables, 

espec ial y cabbages, in the Cameron Highlands of' Malaya. It 

damages the crop by skeletonising the lacoves, and when the 

attack is severe the plants either die or produce heads of 

poor quality. Cabbage seedlings are very susceptible to 

attack 4--5 weeks after transplanting. Investigations showed 

that the average duration of the life-cycle in the Cameron 

Highlands is 27 (lays, the egg stage averaging 6.2 (lays, the 

larval stage 13.8 days and the pupal stage 7 days. The larva 

passed through four instars. The first instar lasted an average 

of 3.4 days, the second 3.1 d Eys, the thiri 2.2 (lays, 

and the fourth 5.2 days. The females laid 81-379 eggs. The 

highu3t numbers of eggs were laid during the first three days 

after pairing, and egg-laying generally ceased townrds the 

12th day, although a few females oviposited for R l days. 

Mated males and females lived for an averages of 16.5 and 

15.4 days, respe':tively. In isolation, mitles lived for an 

average of' 23.9 days and females for 21.1 days. In the lowlands 

(Kuala Lumpur), the average duration of ti,' life-cycle 

was 10.8 (lays, the egg, larval, andi pupa I stages averaging 2, 

5.6, and 3.2 days, respectively, and the four- larval instars 

1.4, 1.0, 1.2, and 2 (lays, respect ively. 

In spray tests with chlorinated--hydrocarbon ipsectici 

des , appl ications at, 4 -day intervals of' endrin and isobenzan 

(Telodrin) at 0.025% toxicant and endosul fan (Thiodan) at 

0.15% were found to be the most effective againsL Plutel[I 

larvae. In the organophosphorus group, trichlorphon (Di., terex) 

at. 0.1% was ti.-! most effective. Of' these four insecticides, 

only endri isobenzan, and trichlorphon t.r,! economical 

in use, but trichlorphon is recommended because of its 

87


lower general toxicity. An adhesive was benericial when appli'cations 

were made at 7-day intervals. Applications at 10day 

intervals produced no increase in yield. None of the 14 

insecticides te.ited was effective as an ovicide, but mortality 

of the newly hatched larvae was high with thc chlorinated 

hydrocarbons, especially endrin and isobenzan. [RAE] 

0246. Kanervo, V. 1932. The diamondback moth, a serious vegetable 

pest. Puutarha 35:71-74. (in Finnish). 

The last severe outbreak of fute.1la maculipennis 

Curt., in Finland occurred in 1928. it attacks a variety of 

wild and cultivated crucifers and has two or three generations 

a year according to the season, the first adults appearing 

in late May or early June. The egg, larval, and pupal 

stages last 4-12 days, 2-4 weeks, and 8-20 days respectively. 

The larvae live for about a week as leaf-miners or on the 

lower leaf-surface and later move to the youngest leaves, 

which they often completely destroy. The use of a trap-crop, 

preferably white mustard, and dusting with arsenicals are recommended 

for control. PAE] 

0247. Kaner.o, V. 1936. The diamondback moth (P. maculipennis 

Curt.) as a pest of cruciferous plants in Finland. Valt. 

Maatalousk. Julk. 86:1-86. (in Finnish with English summary). 

A detailed account is given of the bionomics of Plutel- 

In Jracu.lipenn.is Curt. on crucifers in Finland, where it is a 

very injurious pest and has been the subject of investigation 

for qeveral years and all stnges are described. The eggs are 

usually laid on wild crucifers in early summer and on cultivated 

ones later; they have been found on 39 different 

plants, all belonging to this family, a list of which is 

given. Two females were observed to deposit 238 and 255 

eggs, respectively, in 16-)7 days at 17-200C. In investigations 

during 1928-29, the egg stage lasted 3-11 days at 

temperatures ranging from 26 to 150C, and 60"-90% relative 

humidity, the larval stage 15.5-27 days at 20.5--14.50C and 

the pupal stage 4.2-18 days at 26-12oC. The development of 

the mle pupae generally required 1-3 days longer than that 

of the female. Development from egg to adult required 25-50 

days, so that three generations could develop annually during 

warm summers, and two and a partial third during normal ones. 

The actual figures for 1926, 1.928 and 1929 co: firmed this. 

Parasi tes found in Finland include Dlidaromus subtilicornis 

Grav., Angitia fenest, alis [llmgr., A. arrillata Grav. , and 

Apanteles spp. A. fenestralis is usually the commonest, but 

P. subtilicornis was the most numerous in 1928. Paraaites 

destroyed 20% of the second-generation larvae in 1928, 70% 

in 1929 and 55% in 1931. Entomogenous fungi killed 50-60% of 

the larvae in some places in 1928. The conditions for an 

outbreak of P. maculipennis are that a preceding warm dry 

summer without drought, but with rainfall not heavy enough to 

destroy adults or larvae irn large numbers, should permit the 

development of three generations, that parasit,.s and diseses 

88

Biology 

should not have been plentiful, and that the third brood 

should have pupated before the frosts. Notes on the control 

effected Iy various proprietary i nsect ici (es are given, and 

also an account of two laboratory experimetus in which, of 

two lots of 50 adul ts, 42 and 15 wereii IlI..d in 2 days by 

baits contain ing sodium fluoride, sugar and watec at concentrations 

of 1:2:100 and 2.5:3':100, respect ively. Arsenical 

dustS were shown to he of value against the larvae in 1928 

and 193 1 , blt two appl icutions are 11uii iIy requ ired, the 

second 1-2 weeks after the first. IRAH 

0248. Kao, 1t. W. 1974. Out I ne of study of diamondback moth 

I-'luteliu xy]ostel/,) . Sci. Agric. 22: 45-55. (in Chinese). 

lit this comprehens ive art i c1e, the author reviews most 

of the ovai lab Ie informat ion on diamondback moth. The article 

contains bri(f intformat ion on taxonomy, geographical distribut 

ion, the causes underlying the outbreaks of diamoidback 

moth - hi gLh reproductive potent Li a , highly migratory habit, 

ability to adapt to temperature, development of res istance to 

insect ic ids. a,,d destruct ion of natural enemies nature of 

damage, natu'al enemies, ecology, and control measures. 

0249. Khcistova, ". 1957. I'lutel.an mauiculipv,?nnis Curt. and 

its control. Nauchn. Tr. Minist. Zemedel. l:239--255. (in 

u Igar ian witII Eng t i sh summary). 

P/ut e/a maculipennis (Curt.) is widely distributed in 

BIul gar i a and at t.Icks cru(: iferous vegetables of many sorts. 

The eg gs are Iu ill on t lie 1aves and h a tcI i n 9-- 14, 3--7, a rid 

25 days at average temperatures of I:I. 9, 17.9, and 23.4oC, 

respectively. [he larvae feed on the leaves and become fullfed 

in 40-42 days at II O.C and 8- Ii days at 24.5 0 C. Pupa-t 

ion occurs on the plants, and the pupal stage I asts 5-11 

days tt 17.2 0 C and 3-7 days at, 23. 2oc. The pre(oviposition 

period lasts 1--13 (lays and the oviposit ion period I--12, the 

females laying upto 161 eggs each. l)uring 1954, six generations 

developed. Parasitism of' the larvae is high, ranging 

upto 98%, and Lhe para;ites responsibl e are Angrit in nrn illata 

(Gr v. ) and Tetruistichus (Geniocerus) ropo (WIk.). Good 

control is given by 9praying or dust ing with IIT or dusting 

w it h IiB C . RA', 

0250. Ko, L. T. and J. L. Fang. 1979. S tudies on the biology 

of the diamondback moth, Plutella .ylostella L.: life hist 

roy, annual g erilt Ions Iinl temperature relat ions. Acta 

En omol . S in. 22 : 10- 3 19. (i.n Chinese with Engl ish summary). 

Since the i 960s , "'lute-l I v/ylost 0 l1 ( . ) has become an 

important pest of cruci f'ers in China, especially in ';Ie Yangtze 

liiver Va I ley aind sout.hern find south western areas, des-piLe 

iise 'tici ( al treatment. An account is given of studies 

car'rie( out in 1971 76 on the b iology of the mot.h. 1,1)u rot -ry 

rear i rig showed that there were 9--14 generat iois a 2 ear in 

Ilangchow; ! 2' ol" mot hs gave I ise to 9 gerierat ions and 20 -30% 

to i4 generations. The greatest overlap of generations de 

89


rived from a single pair reared from October onwards occurred 

in the following September. A generation lasted only 9-10 

days under the most favourable temperature conditions but 110 

days in winter. Examples in all development stages were pressent 

in the field throughout the year. The average survival 

rates of eggs, larvae, and pupae throughout the year were 

75 .6, 80.2, and 93.6%, respect ively. The re lt ionsh ip between 

devel opmen t t ime (Y) and temperature (X) 1for the egg, 

larval and pupal stages was shown by the equat ° 

ions Y = 1997X 

2.0,6 5, Y : '345 - 2 .0258, a 

and Y =7 21127X-2.0025. [RAE] 

025.1 Kuznetsov , N. N. 1971. Pests of crucifers in the Sakha 

[in reg in. Zasich . Ras t.. 16:50. ( in Russian) 

/'lutll .v lost ol L (I. ) ( mnacu ipenn is (Curt. )), Mamesra 

1a11 t h r-2) brass i'le L. ) and Pioris rapae orientalis 

O er th . Itre the most important leaf- eat ing pe.'its of cru,.i ferous 

crops in the Sakhal in region of the Soviet Union . Plu 

/ e. lI hais : gf V( ll 'a ions a year in) the central area and 4-5 

in the south and on Kutash i r . Cabbage is the chief foodp1 

lnt.. 1aras it ism by Ichneumon i(ls and llracon ids reduces 

numbers. In a field test in the Aniva district in 1968, 5.5% 

DDT (20 kg/ha) gave 6;1 . % contro I , 0. 2% met hyl --parath ion 

(me t a fos ) 73 . 3% , 0 . 2% t.r c h Ior p11o n ( c h I or o f os ) 92 . 41% con t ro , 

0. 5% nt.ob-l ter in-- 3 (a preparation 0f of itc ilus thuringiensis 

var. al Ier t1) 84.2% and En -tobakterin3 with trichlorphon 

v dde (I a t 1he s u b I e t ila I(o1s e o f 0 . 02%, 9 . 3% . hlamns tt' has 

one generation a year throughout Sakhal in. Young larvae eat 

the outer leaves of cabbage, and fourth- instar larvae bore 

into the heads in mid August. Control should therefore be 

carrie(d out. from 10th 15th August . In 1968 G9, good results 

e.ere obtained with 0.2% trichlorphon (500 litres/ha). Pienis 

has two generations a year it, central Sakhal in arid three in 

the south aid on Kunnshir In the southern districts the 

first du It,s appear in late May and ov ipos it ion occurs in 

early June. The larvae damage the leaves from July to Octo 

)er. A dec I ine in number:; of the 1)e: ies in 1965 resul ted 

from paras it ism by ,.panteles glomeraltus (I,. ) and a Tachinid 

of the f enus A'rnost i a; par as i i SitIn ao u ) te!d to 7 1 . 4 880. 9% in 

1968-69. The use of" trich l.orphon and Entobakteriii 3, alone 

or togetIhr, hat caluse d over' 94% redct1, iris i ri numbers of 

Pier is. [ RAE 

0252. Lounsbury, C. P. 1918. 1i vi s ion of Entomology. Annual 

report, 1916-- 1917. Onion South Aftrica Dep. Agric. Re. , Cape 

T own , pp. 93- 105. 

Field n(d laboratory studies, tLe results of which have 

not yet been publ isherd, have been cont inued on the structure 

and economy of termit es; the South African Coccids; the control 

of the house ant, Pheilole punc'tulata, in !'retoria; and 

life-cycle studies of PIut el/1 macu iponnis (small a1bage 

moth), Colins .'oditn (lucerne caterpillar) and Arg.yroploce 

(Knirmonia) hatr-,--hopa (false codl ing moth). It is hoped to 

make similar studies (luring the following year on Phryneta 

90

Biology 

spinator (fig borer) and Bag.rada hilaris (bagrada bug). As 

the effective disposal of maize stumps before spring is necessary 

as a remedial measure for the maize stalk borer (Busseo 

lta t'usca) , much time has been spent. in devising and developing 

mechani(-al appliances for uproot ing and raking up 

maize stulimps , and n comprehensive report on th is pest will 

short ly be pul ished. Combined field and sys ematic study of 

the Bruchid enemies of peas find beans has been cont.inued, and 

parasitised material of Saissetiet ( Loranium) olene (black 

scale) has been c ollected and despatched to the Horticultural 

Commissioner of California, this work being now suspended 

owing to the iriegultr sailings due to the War. [RAF,] 

0253. Marsh. It. 0. 1917. Life- history of' Plutt.la maculipennis 

(diamondback moth). J. Agr'ic. les. 10: 1- 10. 

Plutel Ii macu lipennis Curt, is is found infest ig cab'bage, 

caulifoi er, rape, and other cruc i ferous plants throughout 

th. [n it ed States. In Colorado there are seven genera-tions 

in a year. Adults emerge from hibernation early in May 

and reprodurtion continues throughout the summer. gg s are 

laid on the under- s ide of leaves, ca)bbage being the favorite 

host. --p anlt , and tho Iar-vae burrow between t he t issues of the 

leaves. Tab I es of rear ing records i're given; the life-cycle 

was found t.o occupy froin 16 to 17 days. While potentially a 

serious pest, the dii mondback moth is normally held in repre-ss 

ion by par-as i t es , the chief of which is the lchrneunmon id, 

,.-ng in platollao Vier. This parasite is occasionally infeste(1 

by a Chmi Id rIid hyp'paras ite, Spil-.ch l is deli ra Cressor. 

Other par-as it es of P. loit, n is are Mot(oorus sp. , 

Me,7ochorus sp. and a new species of Aficroplilis. When tihe 

paras i tes are not suff ic ient ly numerous to hold the larvae of 

P. m1 c 1ipennis in check, a spray consisting of 2 lb Paris 

green n d G 1 h) onp t o 100 U .S. gal wat.er is an effective 

remedy. {IA E] 

0254. Mi Ies , H. W. 1924. The diamondback motl , Plutella1 

mac lulipern .is,Curt. annu. Rep. Kirton Agrie. Inst. 1923, pp. 

45 -4 . 

Plut ollI mculipvnn.is Curt. (dianmondhack moth) was a 

scr ious pest of -ruc i ferouq crops i) Li nco lishi re in1 1923. 

The mothls are on the wi rig in July and oviposit arn the lower 

surface of the leaves. The larvae eat holes and mine in the 

leaves, ant lat e' devour them in irregular patches. When fully 

fed they pupate in (cocoons on the backs of leaves or on 

(lead leave s aid Iubb is I on tIhe ground. 'he moths from these 

pupae give rise to another' generat ion that apparently h ibernr 

t es in the pupi.1 stage in rubbish, dead leaves, etc. Weather 

con dit ions greatly infiuetne the numbers; rain is very 

(let r i mental to the larvae; n t.urnal enemies include bi rds 

(particularly [parrows ) a nI insect paras i tes, the second 

generat ion in 1923 1)e ing pract icil y (lest royed )y Angiti a 

fenestralis HoImgr. A hyperparasite, Mesochorus sp., also 

occurred. [RlAR] 

91


0255. Miner, F. D. 1947. Life history of the diamondback 

moth. J. Econ. Entomol. 40:581-583. 

Owing to a large increase in the cultivation of crucifers, 

especially mustard, turnips and cabbage, in Arkansas 

and the consequent probab i I i ty tha t l elIit i maculipennis 

Curt. will become of greater importance there than in the 

past, studies on its l ife-history were carried out in a 

shaded greenhouse in 1945 by a technique that is described. 

The adults lived for an average of about seven days, and the 

preoviposition period averaged 2.7 days. Generally the larges 

t nurcbi r of' eggs was depos i ted on the first day of oviposit 

ion and the rate of deposit ion de c ined s teadiIy until 

death. The avergae and gre test numbers per female were 1 17.6 

and 332. The ratio of males to females was 1:2. The egg stoge 

lasted 2--4 days et mean temperatures of 75 800 F, and the four 

larval instars averaged 2.4, 1.6, 1.8 and 2.1 days on mustard 

at mean temperatures of 67 --820 F. Sma 1.1 numbers of larvae were 

reared on various other cruci fers and showed no great dif 

ference in rate of development. The pupal stage lasted 3-8 

lays according to temperature (means of 66-840 F). Maximum 

temperatures of 96 and 980F had no observable ill effect on 

the pupae themselves, but the resulting fe:jales were nearly 

s ter i le. It is evident, that a generation could be produced 

in as little as 11 days, and since it is commonly recommended 

thut no insec ti cide poisonous to man should be appl i ed for 

the control of cabbage caterpi 1 lars within 30 (lays of harvest, 

wh i h might permit two or more generations of' P. maculipennis 

to develop, a serious outbreak could result if natura 

I con t rolis were t. mpora ri I y inadequate. [RAE J 

0256. Newman, I,. J . 1914. The introduction, increase and 

control of various insect pests. J. Dep. Agric. W. Aust. 11: 

201 - 2 0G;. 

Discussion of' introduction, and distribution in W. 

Australia, life histories, and control methods are given on: 

f ru it fly ( cerati t1j.; c1pi tut?), black scale (Suissetia olerae), 

cabbage aphis and cabbage moth ( Aphis brassicae and 

Plutc:lei crucifor'um) , mealy bug ( Det.;' popius s p. ); plague 

locust ( Chortoicetes ternifera) , armyworm and webworm (Persect 

u ia ew ingii and Sclero, in t tri t i.lis) , various blowflies, 

the Lucerne flfea ( Sminthuris vi ri (is), the red-legged 

earth mite, the apple woolly aphis, codling not h (C.vdia pomo-nel 

It), green tomato bug (Nozara viridula), buffalo fly (ry-pe 

ros ii ex i gun) , anti( h r i ps i mug'in is. [ B A 

0257. Ohira, Y. 1979. Mating behavior and egg maturat ion of 

the diamondback moth, Pl1itella xvylostel la (L.) ( Lepidoptera: - 

P Iute liI idne ) . Proc. Assoc . Plant Prot . Kyushu 25: 104- 106. (in 

.Japanese wi th EngL ish summary). 

When t he mat ing of Plute llo xy lost e lit ( L. ) and t he 

maturation of tIte eggs were studied in the laboratory at 

about 250 C and LI) 16:8, the mating pattern of moths was 

identifical for all adults tested 1--4 days af'ter emergence. 

92

Iti o 1o g , 

Mating almost always occurred during the scotoperiod, with a 

peak between 1 and 2 h after 'lights off' In about a quarter 

of the pairs of adalts, t.-re were several matings in a 

single day, with a maximum of' four. Females that had paired 

lai d (or hal ifa their ova ries) at. least ' eggs , regardless 

of' age. Using t.his minimum value of egg maturnt ion rate as a 

criterion of' sexual maturity in females, the est imated percent 

ages of' individuals having thet abiliy toe pair wvre 54, 40, 

6H and 9H for fema les 1, 2, 3 and 4 (lays old, respectively. 

0258. Ooi, 1 ) . A. C. and W. Keld rmn . 1979. The biology of 

three coIIIIIoii pests of' cabbages in) Cam oron Highlands, Malaysia. 

Malays. J. Agric. 52:85 IP. 

Information is given on the I i f h. listory of' three common 

inseoct pests of' cabbage if) the Cameron H ighlands i a t he 

s tat e of Pan an g, West Malaysia, frow biological it.udies in 

the anboratoiy at Kuala Lumpur. The ypoa ome utid '1 utel li 

xv os t IlI a ( ,.) was t he nit o t. i mnpio r ta a t o F the t hr e(e e s t s and 

had I I iarve itn s La ; t Ie egg s Iage l'veraged 3i days , the 

tr va la tage (idays and the piupal st. a ge 3.7 (ays, the average 

number of' eggs pe f'emnIle was 28H. The pyra I id (roc ido lomia 

binot is Zel I. had 5 larval instars the egg stage averaged 

4. 1 days, th total larval st age 11 .7 days 111d the pupal 

stage 9. days, the average numnber of eggs per female was 

21 I . 'I. The pent ato IIi ( Furydjera pu lchrum (W es . ) had five 

nymphal ins ars; the egg stage averaged 5. 3 days and the 

iyinpha1 s t age 23 . 4 (1hay , and the average number (f eggs per 

female was 64.8. The rat. s of growth in successive larval or 

nymphal iristars in 1'. xvlos to l and F. prilchi-um we re roughly 

in ac ordance w i t h 1)yar' s ,aw, but the growth rate of C. 

binotalis appeared t( be an exception to this. IRAEH, 

0259. O I an et,-,F . 0. anad P. Sison. 1.927. Notes on the- diamond 

back moth, f'lutol i mtculIpennis Curt is. Phi I ipp. Agr ic. 

Iev. 20 : 25 1 25I. 

P 1 11t fI t 11Mi i' It 1t1t -- 1is Cart . (d i amoidb ack met h ) , which 

I "es ei tlo pt, of aibt)ages ind ether cIu(- i l'rolis vegetab- 

I es , i'a part i cuaI r I y dIo,; t,ru' t i ye in t he h lI I pp ines at higher 

alt i tuido,; where clhba .s ni'e grewn ext ens ively. The eggs fi'e 

usu l I ])lilt Iy oil the lower- a- rlf c' of tlie leave", and the I ar'vile 

feed on . he plants, vhi ch may be so damaged that they become 

stunted and produce no h,.oids. T' e! i nj iry resemb les that 

caused by the larvae# of' Cr'ocidolomia binotilis ZetI . , which 

is evE!.P mo-e crommorI un([ m ei- iles.I.ru ct ive t, cr-ui f'erous 

plants in t, he Phi i 1iPP s . On rad i shes and pe(hay ( Ir.rica 

junc os), the.IoI' arvae even d ; Iroy I.he flowe rs and young pod s 

and feed on the skin of' the stem. All Stages of the insect 

are 1 r I elI y d escir ib(d. 'The egg at age lasts : 5 days, the 

larval stage 7 11 (lay; and the pupal stage :- 6. 'rh, moths, 

wh i cl h ide on the lower surf'ace of' the leavs dllr ing the (Illy, 

begin to lay eggs after a (lay or two. Oviposition usually 

takes place at. night., each female deposit. i ng ln average o f 65 

9 3

Dianondbnck Moth Bibliography 

eggs, either singly or in groups of 2-4. The larvae, which 

are very active, generally feed during the cooler parts of 

the (lay. Pupat ion usually takes place on the lower surface 

of the leaves near the mid--ribs or at the folded margins. An 

Ichneumonid parasite, probably 4ngitil pluto:llaoe Vier., has 

been reared from the larvae and pupae, and is attacked by a 

hyperparasite, possibly Spilochalcis tolio',az Cress. 

ihe larvae may be killed with a solution of 0.5 lb soft 

yellow laundry soap in t gal water sprayed early in the morning 

or late in the afternoon on the lower surface of tht 

leaves. Lead or calcium arsenate at the rate of 1.5-4 lb to 

100 gal water may also be used; it will adhere better if a 

small amount of resin soap is added. If aphids and aleurodilds 

are also present on cabbages, the following combined 

formula may be used; 10 25 lb soft yellow laundry soap and 

1.5-,' lb lead or calcium arsenate to 100 gal water. The soap 

is lethal not only to aphids and aleurodids but also to the 

larvae i f the max imum amount (25 lb ) is used, and at the same 

t i me it serves as an adhesive for the lead or calcium arse-nate. 

Collection of the eggs, larvae, and pupae is also recommended 

. PAE 

0260. Pat i , S. P. and IR. N. 

noth -- a serious pest of crucifers. 

Agric. Univ. 2: 134-13.9. 

Pokharkar. 

Res . 

1971. Diamondback 

J . Mahatma Phule 

The life-i Iis tory of' Plute 119 xylos I oli0 (tL . ) ( maculipen 

is (Curt.)), which is a serious ' pest of crucifers in India, 

was studiie(I at a ,-onst an t Lemperature of 80+20F. Mating was 

noted immediately after emergence of th. adults, and the 

female laid 71 . 03 eggs in) 1-2 days. The incubat ion Peciod 

lasted 4-6 days, with an average of 4. t days, and 96% of the 

eggs hatched. There were five larval instars, and the larval 

period lasted 8-il days. The pupal period varied from 3 to 7 

days, wirihi an average of 5 days, The life spans of the adult 

male and [,wmale were 19.'1 and 12.1 days, respectively. Of 12 

insecticides tested, a 1% dust of endrin was the most effective, 

folloved by one of 2% parathion, another of 5% DDT, and 

an appiL:atio, ,,f 0.2% endosul fan in an emulsion spray. [RAE] 

0261. Pen, B. A. A. 1976. Study of' the Biology of the 

Cabbage Moth Pluterlln x.vlostella Linnaeus ( Lepidoptera: P lute- 

I I ide) . Thes is, Univer-sidad Autonema df- Santo Domingo, Dominican 

Hepublic. 62 pp. (in Spanish). 

1l1utcl111 ylostel In (L.) causes heavy yie).d losses to 

cabbage in the I)ominican Reoublic. A detailed account is 

given of studies on its biology there. All stages are described. 

At room temperature (14-230C, average 18C) and 60- 

80% Rtt, the egg stage averaged 6.48 days, the four larval 

instars averaged 6;.18, 5. 1, 4.52 and 4.88 days, respectively, 

the pupal stage averaged 13.38 days and the adults lived for 

up to 43- 52 days (average about 35 days). At a constant tem-perature 

of about 20 0 C and 70% Rt, tie egg stage averaged 

5.79 days, the four larval instars averaged 4.47, 2.78, 3.39 

94

Biology 

and 4.5 days, the pupal stage averaged 9.07 days and adults 

lived for 13-19 days (average about. 17.67 days). The ratio of 

males to females was 1:1.5. Females laid an average of 162.57 

eggs each; when they were confined in small glass jars, they 

laid about two thirds of their eggs on the glass walls and 

about one third on the cabbage leaf provided. (RAE] 

0262. Reichardt, A. N. 1919. Bulletin of Sub-Section, Control 

of Plant Pests. Petrograd Committee of Rural Economy, 

Petrograd. 1:6-77. 

The literature of the Tineid moth, Plutella maculipennis 

Curt. (cruciferarum Z.) is reviewed. During 1918, investigations 

into the life-history c.f this pest in the vicinity 

of Petrograd were undertaken, the reoults of which are here 

described. The food-plants include many wild and cultivated 

cruciferous plants, but beetroot is apparently generally 

preferred for oviposition, though the injury to this crop is 

less than to cabbages owing to its greater resistance. Besides 

cruc i fers it has a iso been found at tack ing Snilsola kal 

(Chenopodiaceae) and Cicer arietinus (Papilionaceae). The 

eggs are laid singly or in groups of from 2 to 5 on the lower 

surface of the leaves, the total number laid by each female 

varying from 70 to 90. They hatch in about six (lays, and the 

emerging larvae eat through the cuticle into the parenchyma 

of the leaf. The larval stage averages 16 [/'! days, during 

which time three moults occur. As a rule the larvae remain 

in the mine in the leaf until the first moult., after which 

they feed externally, but occasionally the second stage larva 

may make a fresh mine. If the leaves of the food-plant are 

very thin, the larvae feed externally from the beginning. 

The cocoon is formed on the leaf, and pupation lasts on the 

average 11.5 days, giving a total life-cycle from egg to 

adult of' about 34 (lays. This time varies, however, according 

to weather conditions and latitude. Farther south, in the 

vicinity of Voronezh, the total cycle is from 18 to 19 days; 

the egg-stage three, larva ten, and pupa five to six days. 

The number of generations in the year in the Petrograd 

district has not been definitely ascertained; there are probably 

three , though occasional I y only two may occur, or 

sometimes a partial fourth. From the middte of Jui, to about 

the middle of September all stages of the mot ma be found 

simultaneously on cabbages. Hibernation occurs in the pupal 

stage. 

Natural enemies include various birds, the predaceous 

larvae of Coccinelia septempunctata L., and C. (Propylaea) 

quatuoidecimpunctat,'i L. A list of all the known hymenopterous 

parasites is given. Of these, the Ichneumonid, Angitia 

f'enestralis Holmgr., and a Braconid have been reared from the 

larvae near Petrograd, and Sagaritis lntrator Gray., Tamelucha 

plutella Ashm., and Phaeogenes plutellne Kurd.j., have 

been recorded from other parts of Russia. 

The remedial measures suggested by various authors are 

discussed, but their efficacy when applied under existing 

95


conditions in North Russia has not yet been proved. Spraying 

witth stomach poisons is not advocated owing to adverse climatic 

conditions; but the need for the application of measures 

such as clean cultivation, the planting of trap-crops, and 

general care of the plane.s, thus increasing their resistance, 

is emphasised. [RAE] 

0263. Robertson, P. L. 1939. Diamondback moth investigation 

in New Zealand. N. Z. J. Sci. Technol. (A) 20:330A 3634A. 

Plutella maculipennis Curt. is an important pest. in New 

Zealand of cruciferous crops grown for fodder, on 'hich the 

use of insecticides is impracticable, and investigations were 

therefore carried out on its bionomics and the extent to 

which it. is attacked by natural enemies, as a basis for further 

work on its control by means of' imported parasites. Tbe 

literature dealing with its life-cycle an(d importance and the 

extent to which it is parasitised in various parts of the 

world is summarised; all stages are described, and characters 

are given distinguishing the four larval instars, which con- 

Iorm approximately to lDyar's Law. The author concludes that 

the presence or absence in various regions of a hibernating 

per iod during the I i fe-cycle is det ermi ned by the intensity 

o f cold during the winter an( not by independent physiological 

factors. 

The eggs are lai d on t he Ilives of the food-plant, 

singly or in groups of up to 20. A table shows the total 

numbers depos i ted in the labornt ory by nine females fed on 

d i lute d honey. The longevity o f the fema I es varied from 11 

to 28 days; the two that lived for 28 d&ys deposited 427 and 

176 eggs, and the two that lived for- only 11 lays 175 and 87. 

Another tabJe shows the duration at. temperatures approximat 

ing to those out-of-doors of the '4 larval instars in 20 

individuals; 12 that hatched on 20 February completed the 

larval stage in 12-17 days at an average daily mean temperature 

of' G3.40F. , and 2 and 6 that hatched on 5 and 12 March 

did so in 17 and 19-24 days at average daily mean temperatures 

of 57. ,1 and 56.70 F. , respectively. When fully grown, 

the larvae frfupintly migrate to dead leaves on the ground or 

to cruci fer-ous weeds, where they cons truct. cocoons in which, 

under laboratory condit.ions, they remained for 1.5--2 days before 

pupating. The adu!ts shel ter under the leaves of the 

food-plant by day, and become act ive at dusk. 

Field surveys were made in summer (luring 1935- 37 in a 

number of the most important crucifers-growing areas, chiefly 

in the North Island, on six kinds of cruciferous crops, and 

the results ftr each area are discussed. Ichneumon id parasites 

reared from the pupae were identi fied by the Imperial 

Institute of' Entorology as undescribed species of *-ngitin and 

lf idiromuis; the former, which at tacks the larvae an d was 

previously recorded as r-esemb l, irng A. l ateralis (rav. was 

mor-e unda t . Both sexes of' Dindromus are described, ind 

characters are given distinguishing the species of Anit ia, 

the adul ts of which showed considerable morphological varia 

° 

9.

Biology 

tions, from .4. lateralis, A. chrysosticta Gmel., A. fenestrauis 

Hlmgr., and A. cerophaga Grav., which are the species 

rost closely allied to it and of which the lust two are 

important parasites of P. mn-ulipennis in England. The percentage 

parasitism was negligihle during the period in wnich 

P. maculipennis i, most. destructive, except in the South 

Island duri rig 19,37, where, it is considered that L high 

degree of parasitism at midsummer is not usual. In one 

district in the North Island, it increased to about 50 during 

the autumn of the same year, after a cool wet summer that wae. 

unfavorabOhle to the moth. A Pteromalid hyperparasite, Eupteromnlus 

sp. , was bred f't:m I)urae and prepupae of Angitia in 

1937, but only i% of them were parasit ised by it. The inefficienc, 

of the native parasites is attributed to their apparent 

nab i lit y to in(:reas - under climatic condit ions favorable 

Lo the moth. 

larvae and puvae of r. maculipennis were attached by 

Entomophthorn sphaerospermn, which caused high mortality in 

cool wet weather during the autumn of 1935 and the summer of 

1936-37, but. w)s not normally prevalent at the time when most 

damage was done to the crops. Field observations confirmed 

data in the 1i te rature indicating that a high degree of 

infestation by this fungus occurs only when the humidity is 

high, the temperature moderaite (about 68"F) and tIe host 

crowded. It also infests P. maculipennis in Europe, but not 

to any significant extent . It is too depeindent on weather 

conditions to be of great value in control, but is nevertheless 

one of the most important factors involved in the reduction 

of L. maculiennis in New Zealand, probably because the 

larvae and pupae are crowded in autumn owing to the absence 

of efficient insect parasites. It may increase the difficulty 

of establishing intr,)duced parasites. The only other 

natural enemies of P. maculipennis known in New Zealand are 

the Syrphids, ,;.yrphus novae-zea andiae Macq. , and Melanostoma 

fasciatum Macq., which have been recorded as preying on 

the larvae but are considered to exert little control.. [RAE] 

0264. Sacharov, N. 1914. Pests of mustard and methods of 

fighting them (preliminary observations). Rep. Entomol. Sta., 

Astrachan Soc. Fruit grcing, Markct -Gardening, and Agricul- 

.ure, Astrachan, 42 pp. ( in Russian). 

The author starts with a review of the cultivation of 

mustard in the ,Governmernt which atends to show that, although 

this plant is very valuable to the agriculturist and specially 

able to withstand dry weather, the yield is very small., 

renging up to only 400 lb/acre. The author attributes tnis 

to droughts, to insufficient attention from cultivators, and 

to insect pests, the last. factor being the most important. 

The Entomological Station of' Astrachan has conducted investigat 

ions on pests of this plant. during the pus t yfar', some 

preliminary results of which are here recorded. Plutella 

(crucifernrum) maculipennis Curt. oviposit s in the tingles of 

the veins of the leaves, laying 5 to 7 eggs singly, at some 

97


distance apiirt. The caterpillars pupate on the plant, the 

cocoons beinr sometimes compact, sometimes thin and transparent. 

Three generations were noticed on mustad, the first one 

appearing f-n May, the second at the end of June, and the 

third in August; as these insects hibernate in their pupal 

stage, it is assumed that a fourth generation must also 

occur. The insect is not as yet a serious pest. SeveraiJ parasites 

attack the larvae and pupae, but the author is able to 

record only one, Segaritis latrntus, identified by N. R. 

Kokujev. This parasite dexelops in the caterpillars, pupating 

in a cocoon inside that of the host.. RAE] 

0265. Sakharov, N. t929. The importance of insects injurious 

to the mustard plant and possible means of their control. Zh. 

Opuitn. Agron. Yu-Vostoka 7:53-69. (in Russian with German 

summary) 

Mvustard, which is an important crop in the Saratov 

Government, is often considerably damaged by insect pests. A 

study in the spring and summer of 1928 showed that over 50 

species of insects are involved, Fh.vllotretr spp. being the 

most. important. The species concerned included P. cruciferae 

Goeze, P. atra F. , P. undulita Kutich. , P. nemorum L. , P. 

sehreineri Jacobs, P. diademata Four. , tind P. v.ittula Redtb., 

all of which have two generations a year and attack the 

plants from the moment of sprouting till the ripening of the 

seeds. Otaier pests in order of their importance are Pliutel]a 

macul.ipennis Curt. , Athalin colibri Christ, o larhus hoefti 

Fald. , Evergestis e.vtimalis Scop. , , ieis dipl idica L. , Sur'ydema 

ornatum L. , Poeciloscytus cognatus Fieb. , Lixus ascanii 

var. albomarginatus Boh., Brevicor.yne (Aphis) brassicae L., 

Entomoscelis adonidis Pall., various beetles of the genera 

Omophius, Lydus, Podonta, Cetonia, and M.vabris (Zonabris), 

and the larve of Loxostege (Rurycreon) sticticalis L., which 

sometimes destroy whole fields of mustard. Short notes are 

given on the bionomics of each pest, and the damage done is 

briefly reviewed. Tho relation existing between the injury 

caused to the foliage of mustard and the ultimate crop of 

seed is discussed in detail, the decreane in the crop being 

in direct proportion to the number of the damaged leaves. 

The plants in which only the lower Iives were injured gave a 

satisfactory crop. 

Spraying with 1 lb sodium arsenite and 3 lb unslaked 

lime to 120 gal water, or with 1 lb Paris green and 3 lb lime 

to 90 gal water, killed all the larvae of A. col ibri and 

those of a few lepidoptera, and resulted in a considerable 

increase of the crop, but had no effect on the flea-beetles. 

Dusting with calcium arsenate killed the flea-beetles, as 

well as other pests, within 12-24 hours; the poison adhered 

well to the plants and was not washed off by light rains. 

The author suggests that combined spraying and dusting might 

be the be-t measure; he also recommendd experimetns on the 

best time for sowing mustard in order to avoid severe infestation 

by the various pests. [RAE] 

98

Biology 

0266. Salinas, P. J. and A. Briceno. 1981. Descripticn of 

the instars and observations on the biology of the green 

cabbage caterpillar. Pieris aripa Boisduval. Turrialba 31: 

189-193. (in Spanish with English summary). 

Asciti Joonuste (I.), PIutellu xy'lo.stv'lla (L.), and Lept 

ophob ia tripa (Boisd.) (Pieris aripa) damage crucifers in 

Venezuela. Prel iminary observations on L. aripa were made 

near Merida, at an alt itude of nearly 200 m. The egg, larva, 

pupa, and adult are described, and the durat-ton of each stage 

is given. The habits of the larvae are ojtlined. Polisters 

versicolor (01 . ) is a common enemy of th'.. larvae, and adults 

of an uniIei fI f'ed pentatomid were fou'Ad to cause death of 

both larvae and adtults of 1. a ripa by sucking out the haemolymph. 

[RAE) 

0267. Schreiner, J. T. 1915. Insects injurious to mustard in 

the Government of Astrachan. The Protection of Plants from 

Pests. Suppl. to Friend of Nature, Petrograd, No. 5 and 6, 55 

pp. 

This is another report on insect pests found on mustard 

crops in Astrachan, where Sinapis ,juncen L. is principally 

grown. P ieris daplidicu L. is one of the chief pests of mustard 

rnd occurs over the whole of European Russia, in Caucasia, 

Siberia us far as the Western Altai , and in Russian Central 

Asia. About 20% of the larvae were infested with Chalcis 

fIav ipes Panz. , and 2 or 3% of the pupae with Ptoromnlus 

puparum Sven., wnile the caterpillars were also attacked by 

Anilasta ebeninit Gray. As a remedy against the first generation 

of caterpillars, which is the most injurious, spraying 

with quassin emuls ion of tobacco decoct ion when the plants 

are in blossom is recommended; machorka tobacco dust may be 

also used in small plantations, the (lusting being (lone early 

in the morning. Pier-is brassicae has not been observed by the 

author on mustard, but P. rapae L. has been noticed in small 

numbers. Only the first generation of Phytometra (Plusia) 

gamma L. is of importance to mustard crops. Rvergestis extimalis 

Scop. (Orobena margnrit/.lis Schiff. ) is very injurious 

to mustard, though its cater-pi Ilars are much paras it ised by a 

fly. The best remedy conilsts of mowing the crops and harrowing 

the fiel. during the pupal stage. The first generation 

of Plutella maculiennis Curt. (cruciferarum Zell.) breeds in 

Astrachan on mustard, on which it also pupates; the moths of 

the second generat ion appear in the middle of June, the caterpillars 

only partly living on mustard. Ploughing in autumn, 

destruction of-weeds and spraying with the above insecticides 

is recommended. [RAE] 

0268. Severin, HI. C. 1919. Cabbag(e worms. The imported cabbage 

worm, the cabbage looper, and the diamondback moth. 

South I)akota State Entomol. Circ. 9, 10 pp. 

A popular account is given of the life-histories and 

habits of and metnods of control for Pieris (Pontia) rapae, 

L. (cabbage worm), Phytometra (Autog'rapha) brassicae Riley 

99


(cabbage looper), and Plute]., maculipennis Curt. (diamondback 

moth), all of which are serious pests of vegetable crops 

in South Dakota. [RAE] 

0269. Smith, J. I. 1943. Insect pests of' cabbages and cauliflowers. 

Queensl. Agric. J. 57:217--225. 

Notes are given on the lionomics fand control of the insects 

that attack cabbage and cauliflower in Queensland, with 

a key to them based on the appearance of the injurious stage 

and the character of the damage cause.. They comprise cutworms, 

t.he center grub (hlollutia undalis F. ), the cabbage moth 

(Plutella maculipetnnis Curt.), the cluster caterpillar (Croci 

do] o.wia hio taI is Ze I I . ), t he corn ear worm (1F] io this 

arnigera fib . ) , the cabbage aphid (Birevicor'.vne brassicao L.), 

the green peach Aphid (MAvzus persicie Sulz.), thrips, and the 

cL1bage white butterfly (Pieris rapae L.), which has only 

recently been recorded in Queens land, and has not as yet ap-eared 

in the main vegetable--growing areas. [RAE] 

0270. T[,ang,, P. M. 1968. The life-history studies and integrated 

control of the diamondback moth, P.lutella meiculipennis 

Curt is. Sino IS Tech. Quart. 13: 1-11. 

The larvae of the diamondback moth (Putolla macu]ipenn 

is Curtis) is the most serious pest of Cruciferous vegetables 

in Taiwan, especially' cabbages and Chinese kale. It damages 

crops by skeletonizing leaves and when the attack is severe: 

the plants either die or prcduce heads of poor quality. 

Cabbage seedlings are very susceptible to attack about 2 to 6 

weeks after transplanting. Th, average period of life--cycle 

of the pest in 'Paipe i is 37.7 !ays . The average incubation 

period iF 2 days, the larval period 12.4 days and the pupal 

period t3.2 days. The larva possess through a total of four 

instars. The first instar lasts on average of 3.6 days, the 

2nd instar 3.4 days, 3rd instar 2.2 days andI the 4th instar 

5.4 days. Longevity of mated male adults is an average of 

15.4 days, that of mated female adult s 14.6 (lays. Usually 

males live longer than females. In the case of Thuricide, 

applications at. 10 day interval or application of Thuricide 

90TS at 5 x 109 spores per gram active ingredient. have been 

found to be most effective against Plutella larvae. In the 

organophosphorus group, N-4543 appl ied at at 0.025% act ive 

ingredient was tile best one, then imidan, dibrom, and elsan. 

However, 10 day interval seems to be rather long as such application 

did not result in increased yields. For the use of 

thuricide for diamondback moth control, the applications be 

made at 7 day intervals. 

0271. Theobald, F. V. 1926. The diamondback moth (Piutelia 

maculipennis). J. Kent Farmers' Union 20(3):l--7. 

P.iutei1a maculipennis Curt. (diamondback moth) is always 

present to a certain extent in Britain and in certain 

years causes serious losses. Earlier records in this country 

are briefly reviewed. In 1926 the pest was a abundant in 

100

Biology 

Kent, particularly on the coast of Thanet and also in some 

local ities inland, many acres of swedes having to be resown, 

while other crucifers, both wild and cultivated, were also 

seriously injured. There are at least two generat ions a year 

in Britian and sometitne; three, tile first moths appearing in 

May and June and oviposit ing on crucifterous weeds, the second 

generation ovipositing in July on cult ivated cyucifers, and 

hi bernating as pupae. One feilal,- may deposit from 70 to 100 

eggs, which hatch in 7-10 days; the larval stage lasts from 

L6 to 24 days. The best remedy is to brush as many as possi-b 

1e of tile lariviae off the plants by mechanical means such as 

boughs at t.ach,-d to z, horbe shoe and follow this treatment 

with a nicotine or lead arsenate spray or dust. A home-made 

pyrLetlirum spray has also given promising results. [ HAE] 

0272. Tzedeler, 0. F . 1931. The cabbage moth P'IutielIn macu 

I ipenni s Curt. in connect ion witI the cult i vat ion of mustard. 

Zh. Opuit.n. Agron. Yu.-Vostoka. 9: 1;5-195. (in Russian with 

English summary) . 

Must ardi his recently been extensively cul t ivated in the 

Lower Vol ga region, where one of its chief pests is Plutella 

mucu I iper!l is Cur . A[ I st ages of this mot I are described, 

and an account is given of its bione..nics as observed in tile 

Saratov Government in 1929, many of the detai Is being similar 

t.o those recorded in the fPetrograd district. In the Lower 

Vol ga region there are usually four complete and overlapping 

generations a year, though occasionally only three may occur. 

The life cycle requires from 13 to 33 days, depending on the 

tempe-atur ., and al 1 stages are present simultaneously throughout 

pupal 

May. 

the summer. Iihernation takes place in the adult 

stage, the moths first appearing about 'he .iddie 

or 


The adults, which are readily attracted by light, may 

I i ve as long as a ni on t h , the oviposition period lasting 4-19 

(lays. On mustard the eggs are laid on the lower and upper 

surfaces of the leaves along the veins, or, in the case of 

young plants, on the cotyledons. A female may deposit up to 

84 in one (lay, the total number laid varying from 88 to 314. 

The chief damage is caused at the end of June and beginning 

of July, when the mustard is flowering and the larvae of tile 

second and third generat ions occur toget her. In 1929 the numhers 

of' the larvae began to decrease in mid--July, and towards 

t.he end of the mon itI t hey were prict, i cal I y obsen t from mus 

tard, though single individuals were observed later on wild 

crac i fers . In the insectar , larvae of the fourth generation 

occurred as late as'25 November. The character of the damage 

caused by the larvae and the various crucifers on which they 

were found are discussed. On mustard they pupate in cocoons 

attached to the leaves, pods or stems of the plants. 

In 1929 almost all the pupae of the third generation 

were attacked by various parasites, which, accounts for tile 

scarcity of the adults in Ae'Tust; over ten species were reared 

by the author from the scvae or pupae, four being identi 

101


fled as Angitia fenestralis Hlmgr. , Aplinteles ruficornis 

Nees, Diadromus subilicornis Gray., and Mesochorus sp. A 

list of the known parasites of P. macu] ipennis is given. 

Other natural enemies include birds and coccinellids, and 

ants, which carry away the pupae. Remedial measures suggested 

in the literature are briefly discussed. (RAE] 

0273. Umeya, K. and H. Yamada. 1973. Threshold temperature 

and thermal constants for development of the diamondback 

moth, Pliutell .vylostelln L. , with reference to their local 

differences. Jpn. J. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 17:19-24. (in Japanese 

with English summary). 

An account is given of" studies in Japan on the development 

of four strains of Plutella v.ylostelli (L.) in relation 

to temperature. The st rai ns studied were from liratsuka (Japan) 

, alang (Java), Sapporo (Japan) and Kagoshima (Japan), 

and the thresholds of development and thermal constants were 

calculated from the regression of the speed of developmehL 

fronm egg to adult, emergence on temperature. The thresholds 

of development for the four strains were 9.5, 8.6, 7.5, and 

7. 4 C and the th ermal cons tan ts 229, 250, 313, and 294 daydeg 

res C, 'espect ively. Covariance anilys is showed that the 

regress i on coef Fic ien t. (b ) was si grn i ficant.ly different between 

the Hi ratsuka and the Sapporc strains and between the 

fi ratsuka and Kagosh im a strains. There was a Iso a sign i fican 

t di f fe r en ce i n the r e g re ss i on i nterse ct (a ) 1)e twee n t he 

Sappor-o and Ma ang sI rains. However, there were no other sign 

ificant di f ere nces between any other comb i nat ions of 

strains. The resu Is appear to indicate only sI ight local 

di fferences in the development of the strains. The differences, 

however, are not re ated to the veographical origin of 

the strains or to the cI imat ic gradient. [RAE] 

0274. 1lmeya , K. and HI. Yamada . 1973. Sexual differences in 

development of diamondback moth, Plutelln xyvloste1,a ( L.. 

Jpn J . App . En tomo I . Zoo I . 17: 107 109. ( in Japanese) . 

Sexual di f'ferences in larval and pupal periods were 

studi e( in P . %VylosteII un(er various ter peratures. The 

egg- larval period was H.8 days for females and 8.0 days for 

malesi t.')0 C. The pupa I per i od was 3. 3 days for fema les and 

3. 9 days for males at 270C. The period from eggs to emergence 

was 12.3 days for fema les and 12.0 days for males. Thus, 

the sexual d ir'fer enc-,s in larval and pupal per io(s in P. 

.vylostol la were insigni ficant. (EA] 

0275. Wan, M. T. K. 1970. The hi onom ics and control of the 

(iamon(back moth Plutolla,, xv.lostellIa L. (P. macu.lipennis 

Curt. ) ( ,1,p. P Int elI id e) in Sarawak (Ma lays inn Borneo). 

Sarawak Mus . I IH: 377-398. 

Observat ions were made on the bionamics and control by 

means of insect icides of Plute. In xylostella (I,.) during an 

outbreak of the pest on Ptlssica spp. in Sarawak , a laysia, 

in 1969. In an insectary at 26.4 +- 2.70I' and 86 + 14% R.1., 

102

Biology 

the egg stage lasted in average of' 2.1 days, the first. three 

larval instars 1.1, 1.2 and 1.4 days, respectively, and the 

fourth instar 1.7 days including a prepupal stage of 0.6 

days. The mean pupal period swas 3.9 days and the total lifecycle 

from oviposition to adult emergence was completed in 10 

days. The food provided for tie larvae during these observat. 

ions was fresh leaves of B. raps, while the adults were supplied 

wvith water and 2% sugar solutin; under these conditions 

the I ife-span of adult females averaged 9-12 days and males 

lived for a similar period. Mating usually occurred 24 h 

after emergence , and the preovipos it ion period averaged 1.3 

days; in the insectary mat ing took place only once. Eggs were 

laid mainly between 2 p.m,. and 8 p.m., maximum numbers being 

laid on the first day of oviposition. The average number of 

eggs/fertilised female was 155, though over 300 were occasional 

ly recorded; the actual fecundity of the fertilised females 

was about. 70% of their potential reproductive capacity. 

A significant correlat ion was noted between the fecundity of 

emerging adults and pupal weight or length. 

During the epidemic phase of the outbreak of the insect, 

larvae were found in the field mainly on young and expandeo 

leaves of Brassjca? spp. Larval numbers varied from 

1,024,800 2 7 7 to 2 :3, ,600/acre, and complete skeletonisation 

occurred when numbers exceeded 20,000,000/acre. Two genenerat 

ions developed during the epi(lemic phase, the third being 

very much smaller. Parasitism of" the larvae by 41,nntlees pluteline 

Kurd., which was nil at the begiiai1i 1 z of the outbreak, 

reached 82.75% 6-7 weeks later. There was evidence to suggest 

that the infestation was (ue to the previous use of nonselective 

insecticides in the locality. In the present investigation, 

both laboratory and field trials of' insecticides 

were carried out and the latter indicated diamethoate, malathion, 

aminocarb (Matacil) and rotenone to be effective in 

controlling P. x&yostella. IRAE) 

0276. Wu, K. C. 1968. Bionomic study of' Plutella maculipennis 

Curtis. J. raiwan Agric. Res. 17:51-63. (in Chinese with English 

summary). 

The numbers of Plutolla vy.lostellu (L. ) (miculipennis 

(Curt.) ) have recently increased in Formosa, probably owing 

to the wi(lesprea(d appl ication of' DDT, I3t1C, malathion, parathion 

and diazinon, to which the pest, but not its larval and 

pupal parasites, (-an easily develop resistance. Field and 

laboratory observations of' its bionomics on Chinese cabbage 

were mae in 1965 6G. '. .x 'vlostel/n had 18-- 19 generations a 

year, of wh i cI each lasted 13- 34 (lays at room temperature, 

13-37 (lays in the field, and 17 20 days at a constant tcmpe-rature 

of 23C. The eggs (8-245 per female) were laid in 

groups of' 3-4 on a lea f-ve in, or pet i ole, on the lower sur-f'ace 

and hit:hed i it 2 7 days. I'll lar vie had four insit rs , of 

which the first was speni in iaiing the leaves and the others 

in feeding external ly. They spin silk not, only to make co-coons 

for pupation but also to anchor the body to the plant 

!03

Diamondback 4oth Bibliography 

during moulting or to form a sail for migration on the wind 

away from a source of disturbance or frow a site where food 

was scarce. Larval mortality was low (5%), but in fields not 

treated with chemicals parasitism of larvae in the last two 

instars by Apanteles plutelilne Kurd. and another species of 

Apanteles reached 37.5%. The liarval stage lasted 6-19 days. 

Pupation took place in a cocoon on the lower surface of the 

leaf, and the pupal stage lasted 3-12 dlays. Pupal paras it ism 

by Diadromus sp. was 34-14% in untreated fields. [RAE1 

0277. Yadav, 1'. R. , J . N. Sachan, and C.-T'.S. Yadav. 1983. 

Effect of temperat urae on development of diamondback moth 

PIu t elIn xy.lyos te_ In 1, inn . BuI lI . En t omo I . 24: 46--48. 

Laboratory studies were carried out in India on the effect 

of t emperat ure on th( devel opmen t of the brass ica pest 

Pluto I II .VIos t ella ( L. ) . At 25 26, 2G), 29, 32, and 350C, 

t e eg i st afes lasted 2. 21, 2. 6H, 2. 23, 1 .97 andI I.11 days, 

re--spect i Vel y , hatch was 93.33, 86 .67, 86.67, 73.33, and 

53.33%, the larval stage lasted 8.59, 9.33, 8.87, 6.87, and 

6.00 days, larval mortal ity was 13.33, 0.67, 20.00, and 

73.33%, the pupal stage lasted 4.45, 4.90, 4.47, 3.42, and 

3.38 days, pupal mortality was 3.33, 26.67, 16.67, lt .33, and 

23.33%, adult-male life-span was 5.15, 7.29, 41.57, 3.48, and 

1.55 days, an(l adult- female life-span was 10. 29, 10.55, 7. '17, 

6.22 and 2. 15 days. The data showed that 25-26 0 C was the 

most suitable temper'atuare for development of the moth. [RAE] 

0278. Yamada, M. 1979. Mat Ih hab its of the (Ii amondback 

moth, Pluto lla xj'los to Ila (1,. Jpn . J . App I. E,ntomol . Zool. 

23:43 -45. (in Japanese) 

Mating habit of' diamondback moth was investigated by 

direct observation of mating and the survey of the number of 

eggs laid by each female. When a male moth was confined with 

five virgin females, f he mating frequency reached up to nine. 

In the field the mating frequency is even higher. On the 

other hand most of the females mated only once. On average, 

ma I e mo th i n i t s l i fe t i me ma t e d w ith n i n e fem a I e s. If the 

male to female ratio is I then a large number of eggs laid 

are non fert i Ie . Temperatlre has considerable influence on 

matI. ng frequency. [RAE] 


0190, 0222, 0354, 0688. 

104

Ecology 

0279. Andaloro, J. T., A. MI. Shelton, and C. J. Eckenrode. 

1982. Seasonal abundance of lepidopterous larvae in commercial 

cabbage fields. Environ. Entomol. 11:144-146. 

From 8 to 18 commercial cabbage fields in upstate New 

York were sampled weekly from 1978 through 1980. Peak populations 

of lepidopterous larvae fluctuated markedly during 

the 3-year period, and these fluctuations could not be attributed 

solely to the use of insecticides. In all three years, 

larvae of imported cabbageworm and diamondback moth were 

detected earlier than cabbage looper, and initial infestation 

was not a direct function of planting date. At harvest, cabbage 

looper was always the most abundant species. This indicates 

the need for sampling individual fields for treatment 

dec is i ons. 

0280. Anonymous. 1915. Reports on insects of the Year. 45th 

Annu. Rep. Entom. Soc. Ontario, 1914. Toronto, pp. 13-28. 

[n the Ottawa district serious outbreaks of certain 

well-known insects occurred during the growing season of 

1914. Pluteolin maculipennis (diamondback moth) was very abundant 

in cabbage fields in the latter half of June. [RAE] 

0281. Atwal, A. S. 1955. Influence of temperature, photoperiod, 

and food on the speed of development, longevity, and 

other qualities of the diamondback moth, P.iutella maculipennis 

(Curts) (Lepidoptera:Tineidae). Aust. J. Zool. 3:185-221. 

Investigations were carried out in South Australia in 

which larvae of Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) were reaf-d in 

laboratory at different temperatures on cabbage leaves of 

various ages taken from plants that had been exposed during 

growth to photoperiods of 9 or 15 hours daylight and were 

themselves exposed to the same photoperiods. Larvae developed 

more rapidly at 25 0 C than at 18 0 C, but weighed less at 

pupation; the final ratio of dry matter to water was unaffected 

by temperature. The speed of developnent was influenced 

by photoperiod, and there was an indication that the influence 

of light. was different at different temperatures. Larvae 

reared on white or young green leaves developed more rapidly 

than those reared on green but mature or senescent leaves; 

the slower speed of development was associated with a higher 

death-rate and with a lower body weight combined with a higher 

water content in the pupae. Irrespective of temperature 

and the quality of food, females developed more slowly and, 

in the pupal stage, contained more dry matter and were heavier 

than males. Females reared at a lower temperature laid 

more eggs than those reared at a higher one, and this is 

attributed to their greater body weight.. Fecundity was also 

affected by the photoperiod to which the insects had been 

eyDosed, but the effect was not clear. Larvae reared on 

105 

6


leaves ex posed to a long photoperio( were more fecund on 

becoming adult than those reared on lenves exposed to a short. 

one, but the di fference was not quite si gn i ficant . When they 

were re.ared on white or Yo ung green leaves, the larvae produce 

d Inore silk, t.h(! result i ng adults sir v i ved longer, the 

females laid igni fi an l y more eggs, and a higher proport ion 

o f the ma l es were fer t i [ e than when t hey were reared or) green 

but mature leaves. Larvae reared on leaves from plants treated 

w i th s-perphos)ha t e a Lone or w i i. I i Iinio I i urI sul phiate or 

potass Im sul phat e showedt higher iort I i ty than those on 

leaves traom tint rent ed plants kind development was slower, 

though In,t si gn if icait ly so . It is con cluded that a balance 

of nut rients is required 'or heItilhy devel opmen t, reproduct 

ion, ird oLher normal acrtivit. ies in insects. If, through 

challges of' seasoll or sole other cause, it is upset, abnormal 

it i es Ina y a p pe a r , s aicI as d e fo r it i e ini wings and body 

shape, retarde(d developmerit., and re(duct ion in egg-laying capacity. 

Al though the behavior and activity of' Plutellii app)eared 

well atdjus te d to the seasons, the heavy r edact ions in 

numbers that sometimes occur- in the field indicate that they 

are riot ent irely so. (RAE1 

0282. Baker, P. B., A. M. Shelton, and J. T. Andaloro. 1982. 

Monitoring of diamondback moth ( Plutellal A.ylost 0 ) ( Lepidoptern: 

Yponomei, ti da ) in cabbage with pheromones. J. Econ. 

Eitomol. 75: 1025--102H. 

Stud i es were conlu(cte(l in ccrmmerc i al anid resear-h cabba)ge 

fields during 1979- 19 0 to determine the potential of 

phIeromone t.rapping for moni toring PlutoIlit xjlosteJln ( L.) 

and determin ing subsequent lar-val populat ion trends. Adult 

catches within fields indicated that seasonal trends were 

similar- between traps on the border and those in the center, 

despite variation between trap counts. I)ifferences between 

nearby plantings indicated that each field should be evaluated 

and tr-eated independent ly. Peak flights for both seasons, 

as dt. crmined by pheromone catches, corresponded with 

those pre dicted by day--degree accuimulat ions. In 40% of the 

sampled fields for 1979-1980, adult catches correlated with 

subsequent. larval populations which occurred 11 to 21 (lays 

later-. 1 BA 1 

0283. Bei Bieriko, G. Y. 1928. Insects injuring root crops in 

the Omsk reg-j)n. Tr. Sib. Inst. Sel. Khoz. Lesovod. 10:26 (in 

Russian with English summary). 

From 1926 to 1928 special observations were made in the 

Omsk reg i on on insects attacking cruc i ferous root-crops, 

beets and carrots, as these crops fire lqrgely cultivated in 

western Siberia for fodder. In all, 46 species are recorded 

from various parts of the region. fiurnthra brnssicae L. is 

not of great importance. In 1928 the first batches of eggs 

were found on 28 June; the Larvae appeared on 4 July and attacked 

the leaves of beets and crucifers till the end of 

September, the majority pupating at the beginning of October. 

106

Ecology 

Plutella maculipennis Curt. (cruc.iferarum Zell.), which attacks 

crucifers, has three generations in a year in the Omsk 

region. Hibernation occurs in the pupal stage, and the 

adults emerge in May or June. [RAE] 

0284. Bindra, 0. S., 1). Singh, lnd M. Ramzan. 1977. Seasonal 

abundance of insect pests of cauliflower at Ludhiana (Punjab). 

J. les . Pun jab Agric. Un iv. 14: 66-69. 

The population fluctuations of different insect pests 

oil early, in i d, and late- season crops of cau! i f ower were studied 

at Ludhiana (India) during 1973--74 and 1974-75. The 

max imum act ivity of the diamondback moth, Plutol/l xy.lostel.la 

(Curtis), occurred during August-September. Its population 

also bui Id up during January February. , as the season became 

warm. The tobacco caterpi llar, S.podoptern littoral is (Biosd), 

was recorded only on the earty season crop. Its population 

was highest during the 3rd week of September. The stemborer, 

lie I liitit (In Ii s F. , was mostly recorded on Hie oarly season 

crop and was most. active during August. The aphid, Lipaphis 

ervsimi ( Ka t. ) , appeared at, the end of November. and its 

populat ion gradually bui It Ip, reaching the maximum in the 

2nd week of Feb ruary or the 1st week of' March. The population 

of the cabbage semilooper, Plusin oric/halcoa (Fab.,) was 

negligible in both years. IBA] 

0285. Borcan, I. 1979. Biology, ecology, and the control of 

the moth, Plutella maculi,,nnis. Stud. Cercet Biol. 31:151 

158. (in lomanion with inglish slmnmary). 

In order to rationalize control methods, studies were 

carried out on the biology and ecology o, P. niaculipennis 

Curt. under natural conditions, in five successive generations 

of the pest. In terms of' success ion of generations and 

I arva l (lens i ty, t rea tment schemes were developed for each 

cruci f'ercus species, the most effect. ive of' which were achieved 

wi th pest icides containing organophosphorus and chlorinnated 

compounds and pyrethrum. (BA] 

0286. Bremer, 11. 1940. Observat ions on the -,xtent of injury 

to veget able:s in .Hie experiment al field of the Aschersleben 

Branch of the St ate Biological Inst.itute for Agricultural and 

Forestry from I!2'! to 1935. Ftrst. Commun ication. Introduction. 

Injury to Cabbage. Z. Pflkrainkh. 50:71-14. (in German). 

S ince I t It in f'ormnat ion is avai lable on the conditions 

under which injury to vegetables by diseases and insect pests 

becomes extensive, -observations were carried out in 1929-35 

at Aschersleben on t be var i at i ons from year to year in the 

numbers of certain pe:sts. III this piaper" are given the mon 

thI y records of temperatuare and precip itat i :n for aIll seven 

years and the results of observat ions i a various seasons on 

ltylemy.ia (Chortophila) brassicae Bch., Plute .lla maculipennis 

Curt. , and Phy] lotreta spp. on cabbage. To ascertain the 

abundance of 1t. brassicne, the author's method of' egg counts 

was adopted, but observations on this species were made only 

107


in 1935. Oviposition was found to occur, throughout the summer 

up to mid-September, so that the negligible injury by the 

suni,!,r generations does not necessarily correspond to a decrease 

in numbers. Most of the eggs were round in soil round 

the older plants. The only year in which P. ninculipennis was 

at. all numerous was 1933, when many adults were_ observed in 

July, but vecy little damage was caused. Plhyllotretn spp. 

were numerous in all the survey yes rs, P. at:n- F. representing 

about 95% of the adults taken. While an increased abundance 

of Y1. atrm i was evidently favored by dry weather, it was 

always sufficiently plentiful to cause serious injury. [RAE] 

0287. firet herton, 11. '. 19H2. t:!.pidoptera immigration of the 

British Isles, 196S to 1977. Pr-oc. Trans. British Entomol. 

Nat. list.. Soc. 15:9H--I 10. 

The author brings together, with short commentaries, 

recoi rds of the Lepidoptera bel ieved to have been immigrant 

to the 1ri t, ih Isles in each of the years 1969 to 1977. Many 

of' the species are pests, and of the 12 commonest or most 

regular migrants (records of which are not set out in detail 

hut are discussed for each year), this applies especially to 

l'!ute]la xA'lostlln (L. and AIgrotis ips.ilon (11fn. ). [RAE] 

0288. Butts, R. A. and F. L. Mcl,hwen. 1981. Seasonal populatins 

of the diamondback moth, P 1 utella x.vlostella (L epidoptera 

: Plutel I i doe), in relation to t'y -degree accumulation. 

Can. Entomul. 113: 127-1 1,. 

The life hi ist orvy of Plul Ina vylosteln (L.) was studi 

ed in plantings of brussels sprouts at Cimbridge, Ontario, 

iii L977 and 1978. Adults were monitored using sticky traps; 

and eggs, larvae and pupae were monitored by sampling the 

plants. In both years in spring, some of' the first eggs were 

found on the plants before adults were caught in the traps. 

The trap col lect ions indicated four flight periouds a year. 

Eggs were laid iil the last flight per-iod of 1977, but the 

fifth generation was not compltLed. Day--degree analyses indi-cated 

that 293 day-degrees above a threshold of 7.3oC were 

required to compteLe one generation. Using day-degree accumulations, 

it. was poss ib I e to pre(l ict accurately the periods 

when various stages in the life-history were doirinant, even 

though there was considerable overlap of various stages J.n 

the field. [RAEJ 

0289. Chang, L. C. 1961. The dynamics and insr.cticidal control 

of cruciferous insects. Plant Prot. Bull. (Taiwan) 3:22 

26. (in Chinese). 

Prodenin liturna F., Agrotis ypsilon Rottenberg, Plutel 

]a maculipennis Curt., Crocidolomia binotalis Zel ler, He.llula 

und(Iils F., Pieris rpae cand.ida Butler, Phytometrn-ni Hubner, 

Phyllotreta vittat F., Lipaphis orv'-'imi Kaltenbach and 

Myvzus persl'cao Sulzer are major pests of crucifers in Taiwan. 

Among them P. litura, A. ypsilon, and P. maculipennis occur 

throughout the year, especially in summer in Taiwan. All in 

108

Rclogy 

sects disappeared after the typhoon, but P. maculipennis, P. 

vitatta and A. ypsilon reappeared two weeks after the typhoon. 

Parathion gave good control most pests and diazinon 

was eflective against P. maculipennis. 

0290. Chen, C. N. 1983. Sampling for population estimation of 

major cruciferous insect pests. pp. 31-36. In C. N. Chen, W. 

Y. Su, and W. F. Hsiao (Eds.). Proceedings -if symposium on 

production and insect control of curci ferous vegetables. 

Plant Protection Center, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC. (in 

Chinese with English summary). 

Basic principles and considerations in sampling insect 

population are brieffly reviewed. Three formulae for the calculation 

of the sample size required are discussed. A sample 

size table, derived 'rot our unpublished data, for the major 

insect pests on three rticifers was provided to be adopted by 

the field workers. The pest species include Plutella xylos-tella 

and Artogeoia ( Pier is) ropae crucivora on cauliflower; 

Myzus persicne an(. hipuphis er.vsimi on cabbage; and aphids, 

Crocidalonia binotalis, Oehia (=lellula) undalis, Spodoptera 

litura and Phyllotreta striolata on Chinese cabbage. 

0291. Chen, C. N. and W. Y. Su. 1978. Influence of temperature 

on the development an'i feeding amount of diamondback 

moth larvae on cauliflower. Plant Prot. Bull. (Ta iwan) 

20:224-231. 

The effect of temperature on the development and feedding 

of larvae of Plutella x.vlostella (L.) on cauliflower 

leaves was determined in growth-chamber studies at various 

temperatures in Taiwan. The relationship between the larval 

period, Y (in days), and the ambient temperaturae, X (in OC), 

could be expressed by the equation Y = 61.00 - 4.08X + 0.08X 2 

and the range of 20 to 25 0 C was optimum for the species. The 

relationship between the amount of larval feeding, Y (in 

cm 2 /larva per larval period), and temperatuare, X, could be 

expre.sed by the equation Y z 21.92 - 1.7X + 0.03 X2. As the 

temperature increased from 10 to 25 0 C, the larval period and 

amount of' feeding decreased. During the cauliflower cropping 

season (usua I I y from )ecember to March) in central Taiwan, 

the mean temperature ranged from t5 to 25 0 C. The average daily 

foliage consumption of an individual larva (irrespective 

of inst.ar) was about 0.40 cm 2 , the relative amounts for larvae 

in the second, third, and fourth instars being 0.20, 0.50 

and 0.85 cm 2 , respej:tively. [RAE] 

0232. Chen, C. N. and W. Y. Su. 1980. Spatial pattern of the 

diamondback moth larvae on cauliflower and its sampling technique. 

p. 268. In 16th International Congress of Entorrology, 

Kyoto, Absti'act volume. 

Among five statistical distributions fitted to 1977 and 

1978 field data, the negative binomial distribution appears 

to give an adequate description of the frequency distribution 

of the diamondback moth ,arvae on cauliflower. The regression 

109


equations for the mean crowding - mean (i* - m) relationship 

were as follows (1)R- 1.29 + 1.23 X (r2 = 0.9295"*, n = 14) 

(for 3rd plus 4th instar larvae); and (2) X :: 1.80 + 1.32 X 

2 

( r :: 0. 8810"* , n -- 14) (for all stages). The required 

sample size based ol counts of larvae on a whole plant at 

different mean densities will be discussed. 

0293. Chen, C. N. and W. Y. Su. 1982. Influence of temperature 

on development and leaf consumption of three caterpillars 

on cauliflowers. Plant Prot. Bull. (Taiwan) 24:131-141. 

Influence of temperature on development and leaf consumption 

of three caterpillars, namely Artogeia rapae crvcivora 

(Boisduval), Trichoplusia n-i flubner, and Spodoptera litura 

(Fab.) ,!,', studied. The temperature requirement for che larval 

stage was 2580C-days above 5.80C 'br A. rapae crucivora, 

2030C-days above 9.80C for 7'. ni, and 0 

2l1 C-days above 10.90c 

for S. lit urn. The mean leaf area consumed by each species 

during larval stage at 15-250C was 58.9, 86.0 2 

and 310.8 cm 

and relative efficiency of food utilization was 2.30, 2.16 

and 1 .0 for Artog(ein, l'r.ichop.lusin and Spodoptern, respectively. 

A model relating the physiological time and cumulative 

1 ea f consumption was estabisheit for each species. The importance 

of the lepidopterous guild on winter crop of caulifloweI 

in dec(reasingf order was A1. rnpae cruci vorn, Pl 1tela 

.'y I ost , i Ia, TI. ni and S. Ii tur . A DBM (diamondback moth) 

equ i Va lent unit is proposed with a table for converting 

caterpiLllar counts into DBM-units to facilitate the establishment 

of control thresholds for these species. 

0294. Chin, T. 1974. Studies on seasonal appearance of diamondback 

moth in relation to environmental factors. Taiwan 

Agric. Quart. 10:81-84. (in Chinese with English summary). 

This experiment was conducted in 1973-1974, by planting 

caLbage in the fields at two locations, Sanchung city and 

Shihlin town. We did not apply any insecticide. Field survey 

was made regularly every ten days, and we studied the hu-midity, 

temperature, storm, natural enemies, and other factors 

that. would affect the occurrence of the diamondback 

moth. The results were as follows: The occurrence of diamondback 

moth was related to temperature, ordinarily it occurred 

in greater numbers in March and October, and the least from 

June to August. luring storm and flooding, the population of 

dia-mondback moth goes down sharply, but it recovers soon. 

Apanteles p-lutellae activity is high at. 21-25oC; the percent 

par-asitism is up to 27% or more. Relative humidity has very 

little influence on the incidence of diamondback moth. 

0295. Chu, Y. 1. 1981. Insect faunal displacement in cruciferous 

crops in Taiwan. pp. 1-15. In: C. N. Chen, W. Y. Su, 

and W. F. lisiao (Eds.). Proc. Symp. Product. Insect Control 

Cruci fer Vegetables. Plant Protection Center, Wufeng, Taichung, 

Taiwan, ROC (in Chinese with English summary). 

Among the thirty-eight insect species that are crop 

110

Ecology 

pests in Taiwan, turnip aphid (Lipaphis erysimi), diamondback 

moth (Plutella .Ylosfella), tobacco cutworm (Spodoptera liturn), 

striped flea beetle (Ph.vllotreta sltiolata), black cutworm 

( Algrotis ipsilon) , cabbageworm ( Pieris rapae), and cabbage 

looper ( Tr i chopl usia ni) are recognized as key pests. 

Green peach aphid (AMyzus persicto) , radish leaf beetle (Phaedo. 

hrassicae) , and Formosan cabbageworm ( Piv.,ris r'tnidia) 

were formerly considered as major pests. Fau al displacement 

for the past. 40 years is explained in this paper. Five factors; 

increase in cultivars and species of crops, expansion 

of cultivated area, incresed crop productivity, extension of 

vegetable cultivation in mountainous areas, and extensive use 

of insecticides; all contribute to the faunal displacement. 

Alth,,igh the planting of number of crop cultivars or 

c.rop spec.es has increased, it has not. resulted in any unusual 

i ncrease in the number of pest species due to other 

interact ing factors. The cultivation of crucif'erous vegetable 

has (Iou) led in past 30 years to 50, (00 hect ares. The 

presence off common cabbageworm through the interspeci fic competition 

with Formosan cabbageworm is probably caused by increased 

area under cruciferous vegetables. Diring the past 

10 years yields of cruci ferous vegetables per Unit area have 

dou) led( due to improved cultivars, better management. techni 

(toes, and use of insecticides. The ldominance of cabbageworm 

is partly due to these better cultivation practices. Cult iva-t. 

ion of crucifers in highlands during summer where nothing 

was grown before has provided suitable habitat for temperate 

zone origin pests. Although the impact of insecticide application 

on faunal displacement is not documented, insecticide 

treatments wili ind.e r-strategist pests which will produce 

more orligarchical fauna. The existance of striped flea beetie 

and black cutworm is attributed to the prohibition on the 

use of aldrin and heptachlor as no other chemical can control 

these soil pests effectively. 

0296. Chua, T. H. and B. H1. Lim. 1977. Effect of interplant 

distance on the distribution pattern of diamondback moth, 

Plutol.a v 'los tv/la ( L. ) among host plants. Malays. Appl. 

Biol. 6: 19-23. 

Adul ts were found to have a random distribution while 

the immature stages had an aggregated distribution, viz; negative 

binomial distribution on host plants. Adults (96%) and 

eggs (67%) were recorded mostly on the upper leaf surface, 

while the first larval instrr (60-80%) was in the leaf mines 

and the other larval-instars on the lower leaf surface. Pu-pation 

often occurred on the oldest and lower leaf (60% of 

total pupae), making it possible to reduce moth population by 

periodically removing o1(1 leaves containing pupae. Increasing 

interplant distance led to: (1) eggs being laid more 

evenly, i.e., less aggregated; (2) less dispersal activitry 

of feeding larvae because of less overlapping of leaves; (3) 

more even distribution of pupae; (1) significant difference 

in choice of leaf age for feeding by larval instars [I-IV. 

IlI


0297. Chua, T. H. and B. 11. Lim. 1979. Distribution pattern 

of diamondback moth, Plutel]Y.vvlostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: 

Plutellidae) on choy-sum plants. Z. Angew. Entomol. 88:170- 

175. 

The distribution of all stages of tlutelln .vvIosteIJa 

(L.', on choy-sum (Brassicn rtapa var. Spinach mustard) in the 

lowlands of Malaysia was investigated. The adult had a ran-dom 

distribution while the pre-adult stage had a negative binomial 

(aggregated) distribution. Adults and eggs were found 

mainly on the upper leaf surface, and larvae (except for the 

first ins tar-), an(d pupae on the lower surface. First instar 

larvae were usually found in mines inside the leaves formed 

by their feeding activity. Adults, eggs, and larvae were re-corded 

mainly on fully-openedl leaves of intermediate age, 

whi le pupae were found on the oldest and lowet leaves. The 

larvae tenoed to aggregate after hatching and during pupation, 

although they dispersed (luring the period in between. 

[RAEI 

0298. Cotton, R. T. 1918. Insects attacking vegetables in 

Porto Rico. J. Dep. Agric. Porto Hico. 2:2Gi5-313. 

Part iculars are given of a large number of vegetable 

pests with the usuai remedial measures. Among the insects 

mentioned are Scapieriscus vc inus (mole-cricket), and Amph 

acusta caribbea (sick cricket), which are both nocturnal 

in their habits and feed indiscriminately on all vegetable 

crops; Cer'otoma ruficornis (bean leai beetle), feeding on the 

leaves, the eggs being deposited round the roots of the plant 

and the larvae feeding on them; Agromnyza jucunda (bean leafminer), 

which is reduced to a minor pest by a parasite; and 

the Pyralid moths, Nacoleia indica a (bean leaf-webber) and 

Maruca t est ulal is (bean pod--bore,r) . The insects attacking 

beet i nc Iude Pach.vzanci h ipunctaI is ( southern beet webworm), 

which skeletonises the leaves, its other food'-plants being 

chard and weeds of the genus Amarantus and Zinckenia fascia- 

Uis (small beet webworm) . Cabbage is attacked by Plutella 

maculipennis (diamondback moth), this pest being at its 

height during the summer months. Sys tenn hasalis (flea beetie) 

is a very generai feeder, but prefers the tender leaves 

of the carrot, the eggs being laid near the roots on which 

the larvae feed. Y.vlomyges sunia is a general feeder which is 

particularly abundant on chard, the eggs of this moth being 

laid in clusters of two or three hundred on the leaves. Maize 

is attsicked by the l)elphacid leaf--hopper, Peregrinvs maidis; 

the Syrphid fly, Mesograpta ( Toxomerus) polita, the larvae of 

which feed on the pollen grains and saccharine cells in the 

axils of the leaves and pupate between the stalk and leafsheath; 

and the leaf-miners, Agfronij.rn ptirvicornis and Cerodonta 

dorsalis. The Phycitid moth, Fundella (Ballovin) cistipennis 

(stalk and podborer) causes the death of cowpea plants 

and renders the peas worthless; Cha.1codermus ebeninus (cowpea 

pod weevil) lays eggs within the seeds, where tile larvae remain 

until fully grown, when they pupate in the ground, Dia 

112

Ecology 

brotica innuba (large striped cucumber beetle) feeds chiefly 

on the flowers of cucumber, squash, and melons. Acrocercops 

sanctaecrucis (egg--plant leaf--miner) often occurs 'n great 

numbers, but is kept under control by parasites, other pests 

of egg-plants being the weevils, Batis tot'quaia and !,'thono-mus 

[-pu/-icanius. fli abrotica Afra-minac attacks all vegetable 

crops and is particularly abundant on flowers, es pecial ly 

those of okra. P.vcnodores incurvus (small bla< k squisf, bug) 

feeds in all stages on squash and melon vines, eggs being 

inserted into tHie stems and larger veins of the leaveza, and, 

the nymphs feeding on the undersiroe of the foliage. The 

fol iage of sweet potatoes is attacked by a Cassidid beetle, 

Coptoc.vrla signit'oter, and Pilocrrosis tripunctata (sweet potato 

webworm); that of' tomatoes by the caterpillars o' I'htometira 

(Plusia) rogaitionis and a bug, I)ic.vpha.; pt'asinus, which 

inserts its eggs singly ir, the m idrib of the 1ea ". [Ith II 

0299. l)elobel, A. and J. Gut ierrez. 1981. F luctuat ions in the 

catches of' Lepidoptera in light-traps in the course of a year 

in a biotope in New Caledonia. Cahiers OS'lOM, Serie Biolcgie. 

14:23-34. (in French with English summary). 

Details are given of the catches of Lepidoptera in mer 

(:ury vapor light-traps operated throughout. the year in a bush 

area near arah le land in New Caledon ia. Almost 5600 examples 

wer'e caught, repr esent ing 1G7 sp,.cies in 18 families; 159 

species were i dent, if ied to generic level and 137 to speci fic 

level. Catches were greatest in December-January and April- 

May. Large numllbers of several species of economic importance 

were taken including the pyral ids lerpetogramma liearsisaiis 

(Wlk.) and HYmenin recurvalis (F.); and the noctuids Agrotis 

ipsilon aneituma (Vlik.), A. munda WIh. , Spodoptera mauritia 

(Boisd. ) (mauri tia icron.'ct oides Gn. ). Chrysodeixis chalcites 

(Esp. ) ( eriosoma (Dbd. ) and fydrillodes norfolki obscurioz- 

(Holloway), but other species of economic importance 

that were abundai:t in surrounding fields, [such as Plutelila 

x.vlostelln (1_ ), S. liturn (F. ) and th.liothis armiger'a conferta 

WIk. (Helicoverpa armigera r'onferta), were taken only 

rarely in the traps. [RAEI 

0300. l)hal iwalt, Hf. S. and It. 1). Goma. 1979. Seasonal abundance 

of various insect pests on cauliflower seed crop in) the 

lower hills of Solan, India. Indian J. Ecol. 6: 101-109. 

Seasonal fluctuation in the populations of six insects 

inIjurious to s,.ed cauliflower was studied under mid-hill conditions 

at Solan (72.20 E, 310 N 1550 m attitude) in Hlimachal 

Pradesh during 1973-1974. The insects studied were: Brevicor.vne 

bassic'ae I, inn., I/utell/ Y.v/osto.lln (L inn. ), Psy.liodes 

bretlinghami baly, Pytom,'za horticola Meigen, Pier is tiassi- 

Cre Linn and laitgra cruc'i fararum Kirakaildy. Analysis of 

seasonal popul at.ion and infestation revealed that October to 

mid-February was a period of no or low incidence. ligh incidence 

period for cabbage aphid was from mid--February to 

April, but for diamondback moth, flea beetle, leaf miner end 

113

[iamondb-ick Moth Bibliography 

cabbage caterpillar, it was from Mat ..h to April and for pained 

bug from April to about mid-May. This information can be 

used for developing effecti ve cont rol measures. [BA] 

0301. Fischer, F . 1929. Is a new outbreak of the cabbage 

moth, (Pluto! lo mculit,nn is Curt. ) to e expected in 1929? 

Die kranke Pflanze 6 :b( (8. ( in er man). 

Sudden out break of Plutel In mtcu / iponnis Curt . occurred 

in 1.928 in Germany over a wider area than had been not i c d 

for years. At Erfurt, where there was a loss of' L25,000 to 

thIie cau I i f lower crop, thIle increase of' the caterpillars in 

1928 was due to the dry weather from August 1927 onwards for 

about a year. The few pupaie or moths that had survived the 

winter ( temperatures of -280C) produced a first generation of 

larvae nearly all of which pupated as a result of Warm, dry 

weat her in June. The resultant. ca t erp i I 1 ars in July were in 

numerab I e , aii the plant s (wh Ii bad a lsIo suffered from the 

dry weather) were in places ent irely destroyed. As a further 

outbreak may occur in 1929, th-, measures advocated are t lie 

removal of a II cabbage deb r ;.s and of weeds, especially crucifers, 

and the use of light- traps. [RAF) 

0302. French, F?. A. 19(7. Long distance of movement of two 

migrant iepidoptera in relation to synoptic weather condit 

ions. t: ometeorology 2:565-569. 

The di amondback moth ( Plute.lla maculI!ipennis) and the 

beet armyworm ( Iaph.;,'gmot e.x'igud) are known to migrate over 

long distances. On two occa(sions, one for each species, their 

movements have been related to wind trajectories. These are 

the only two well documented instances of long dis-tance 

travel ofi migrant Iri t ish lepi(optera related to synoptic 

weather. Both involve journeys of some 23,000 miles and 

continuous fl iglit of several days. [RAE 

0303. French, P. A. and J. if. White. 1960. rhe d iamondback 

moth outbreak of 1958. Plant Pathol . 9:77-814. 

In l1ritain, Plut0 , I l( ritculipenni. (Curt. ) is an indigenous, 

but. usually unimportant, pest of cruciferous crops that 

occa isonal ly reaches outbrenk proport ions. In the spring of 

1958, it was common in many regions, but at the iend of June 

itId III al ly ,July vast. numbers of' aditl s appeared on ttie 

north- eastern coast of England and the eastern coast of 

Sco t,I n(1 , and i t was , 1so recorded on sh ip,; i i the Nor t h Sea 

and the North Atlantic. It was not particularly numerous 

France, 

in 

Bel gium, I) l and or Germany, bit. Dlenmark, Norway and 

Sweden appear also to have been subjected to an influx, as 

well as Finland and Estonia, though these latter countries 

may have been at or near the origin of the movement, lnvestigation 

of meteorolocial conditions on the operative dates 

showed the existence of easterly winds that could have carried 

the insects from the central Soviet Union to the British 

Isles and beyond. From the wind trajectories, art attempt is 

made to define the area of origin of this migration, and both 

114

Ecology 

meteorolocal and entomological evidence indicates that it was 

probably in the Soviet Union. The damage caused by the larvae 

was less than was expected because of the use of insecticides, 

of which DDT proved the most effective, and of cool, 

wet wea t her when the eggs were hatch i rig. [ RAE ] 

0304. Frost, S. W. 1949. The diamondback moth in Pennsylvania. 

J. Econ. Entomol. 42:681-682. 

Collections of adults of Plutell a macu.lipennis Curt. in 

light-traps operated in 20 localities in Pennsylvania in 1947 

and 19413 showed that the moths were common in the central and 

eastern parts of t he St ate, but rare in the west and north; 

lack of cru(:i f'erous crops in ('certain areas doubt less accounted 

for the low catches there. The traps were equipped with 

a 25 -watt. bulb, a motor, andt a fan producing a down draught 

of aboui. 400 f't./minute, and a cyan ide bot tle. The use of 60and 

[00 -watt lamps did not seem to increase t he cat ches. 

Traps were in operation from 23 May to 12 Scpt ember, but the 

motlhs were evidently in flight for a longer period than this. 

They were taken almost cont inuously, but fluctuation in their 

numbers indicated that six generations were produced in the 

year. Observations in l'348 indicated little or no relation 

betweeii moth fl ight and weather, though temperature was more 

important than rainfall or wind velocity. Counts of caterpi- 

I tars on cabbage at State College in September sh-)wed that 

the imported cabbage worm (Pieris rapae 1,. ) was much the most 

abundant s-pec ies , and the crbbage Iooper ( T'ri chop Iisi ni 

Fib. ) ,as more numerous t. han PlutoIla m ci (1 ipenn is, h ut the 

catches in ight-- trap i n(icat, e that P'. mculipennis may 

sometimes be numerous eiolugh in Peninsy lvan ia to warrant- consideration. 

[ P AE1 

0305. Goriainov, A. A. 1914. The pests of agricultural plants 

in the government of Riazan. Zemstvo of the Government of 

Riazan, Riazan, 67 pp. (in Russian). 

This is a preliminary report on investigations on entomo 

lgoca I and phytopathological problems in the government of 

Riazan. Pest. of market gardens included: Ph vllotreta nemorum 

L. , P. I-i L . , /l it ica olorce, L, , l'ieris brassicae L. 

P. ra1pac L,. ,P napi 1,. , Barathi ( Afarnes t ri ) 1)rass i caevL, 

against, which hand pick ,ig the cat.erp i lars was t r ied, but 

spraying wi ti Paris gr,,,n found to be preferabt; Plutella 

maculiponnis ( cruce1i-r.-,rn) of wh ich it. is thought that three 

generations occur-; and the cabbage fly, Chortophilia brassicne 

Bouche, the larvae (if' which ;.njured some 4 0% of' the stalks of 

hemp in the district of' Mic tilovsk, and which was said to 

have done much greater ,lama ;o in t.he [rev ious year. [RAE] 

0306. Gray, R. A. H1. 1915. The pr-event ion of egg laying on 

turnips by the (-iamondib ck moth. J. ld. Agric. 23: 222-226. 

The presence o! P.iutelIIa macul ipennis ( (Ii amondback 

moth) amongst turnipF wds reported early in the summer of 

1914. A later report or 17 June fror, BIelford, Northumberland, 

115

Diamondbuck Moth Bibliography 

s tated that the moths were abundant. among turnips and potatoes. 

The occurrence of the moth in large numbers at more or 

less distant intervals is apparently dependent on weather an(l 

food conditions; the number of overwintering pupae is greatly 

reduced by excessive rain and wind. Infestat ins are very 

local, hence any effic:ient methods of control , appl ied at the 

beginning of' an outbreak, shoul(1 have the ef'efect oft sav i rig 

the crop. Test substances were applied oil 2.3 .lune aid exami 

nations made for several coil,;(c'ut ir e days f lowing. It was 

found Lh a t p',ra f f i n an (I san I i n t be p r op or t io i o f I. 5 p t s 

,arafi'n 1 o I bushel of sand, sp-ead over and round the turiips 

at the rate of'(h .wt/acre, and ground lime at the rate 

of 2.5 (!wt / i( r,, gave good results in preventing ov ipos it ion. 

The appl icat i o of para f f ii and sand had however to be repeat 

ed , wheeas a s ing le appi icat,ion of' ground Iime was suff'i 

c i eri t. The ol iage su F'fotred io inj u ry . When tlie I r v a e 

we r on t ie- Ie(. v es , ti e b es L res u It s were ob t a in ed 1)y b r irs 

h i rig tie Ieaves hv mfans o I' a "seu f fl er" to whi ch branches 

w(I C a tLt a c t (I . Tie p 1an was adopted of f ixing a po Ie in 

front i of t,he scuffle r w ith t ) bags conta in ing sand and para- 

Sff'iii hanrg i rif from the I o oI e i etch s ide i it such a way that 

thi bags brushed foUr ui IIis ot" turnips. ft was noted that 

pl lnts s irig I e (I wlil siii a I I , s i Utf eired more than those which 

we re .!; iigled lalt or. S t a r I iris ar d 1(1 p ver s pro ved uSeflu l in 

one li t'-!; ted f'ie I d. Ai West iart lep ool, ('oke fires littracted 

large ii uiinrr s of inoths at night. ( I?AE, 

0:307 . ( ra v , It. A. I. 19:31. The d i arnoridb ick ,o t h (PI t elIa 

macul ipenn is) (li u rig i the years 1914-1929. J . Roya 1 Hor t. 

Soc. , 5 :11 55. 

Notes ire g iven on the occurrenice of l'lat ella maculipenn 

is Cur L. i n Itr ita iii duri ng the years 1914-29, with an attempt 

to c orr, late the f Iuct uat ions in popul at ion with var iat 

ioris in weather coin(i t ions aind parasites in the various 

years. [ ?A V j 

0308. Hami I ton, .1. rT. 1979. Seisoral abundance of Pier is 

r-apae ( L,. ), ['lut l lin .vlostl l.r (L. ) and their- diseases aind 

paris i Les . Ge . AppI . , I.omo I. I I :59 ;. 

Popu I at ions of A t ogeo ia rape#, I,.) (Pier 

Pflulel/n ]I.) I Anlst ,11n and the ii derre, (if 

is tapae) and 

heir paras i tes 

an( diseases were minoito-e (on cabb)a1) ig(. a t tichi ond, New South 

wiales, in 197 1- 74. A. rnp, , was inost aburi an , ili spring ard 

autumn arid winter-. fin A. :npae, three epizoot i.es iof granulosis 

virus were ozbserved, while Apnntolvs lome ,ii us ( L.) 

paras it i sed an aver-ago of 3M% of larvae and ,'te romti Ius puparum 

( I. ) :15% of' pupai. Iilldegmn spp. , l'hYrn yellu coll ris 

(Gray. ) and A. ippus Nixon paint it. ed ai averige. of 72% of 

pupile o f P'/ut o I .ylos t cI ii clI I e c , e(d . [I? AE 

0309. HIarcourt , 1). G. I9HO . I i logy I of (Iiairon(iback moth, Plutel 

ma culipennis (Curt.) ( Lep idoptera: P lutel I idae) , in east- 

I IG

Rco1 ogy 

ern Ontario. 1II. Natural enemies. Can. Entomol. 92:419-428. 

D)uring studies in eastern Ontario in 1952-56, the priacipal 

parasite of Plutellit minculipennis (Curt.) recorded in 

permanent field plots of 'ubbage were theIchneumori(ds, Angtin 

(Ho rogones) insul Irins and Dai(romus plutelle (As hm.) 

which dlestroyedi an average of 316% of' tihe prepipae and 16% of 

pupae, respect-ively. Less f"l et I y recorded .were the Bra 

(:on i (I,Aicropl i tis plut] l si Mues ., and an I chneumonid of the 

ge.nus Cninpolotis, both reared from the larvae, and the Eulophid, 

T'trnstic'hus sokolowskii urd., the Chatci(lid, Spilochalois 

alhifrons (Wash), the Il(.hneumonlid, Uelis tonellus (Say), 

an(d the Pt 0 romai I i d s, , 1) brtn.h' ; oauls (Wlk. ) , A'upteromalus 

vir ide cons (Walh) aind // /ll o vt u .sp. near e 1. ph.ycidis 

Asham. , a I I If t'r t h pi pae m piepuple; K. vi'i'l(10scens is a 

pa ras i tL (of A . IIs u/11r is. Proda tori"s recorded inctu ded birds, 

mites, spiders, C h yso0,) ids, aid a M1i rI larvra. Deaths due to 

diseasc was Iel igiblt. [a I) rie , discussion of, tithe relat ions 

betweeen popilat ions of' hosts and parnsitits, the aithor stat. es 

the rage of at ( a'k by both A. insullt'i"s and P. plut ol lne 

dIecrer as e d with in (:t-re s i n g i o, t dt! n s i t v RAE]I 

03 10. iiaror rt I). G. 19G(J. l) i. tribut ion of, i miriiture mt. ag's 

of di a IoII1d , ut r t h , Ptlut o! h mI 1 u I ip on i, C r t . ) ( Lep idoptera: 

P I : - I i de, ), on catbage . Cair . En t rrro I . 92: 5 17 52 1. 

(r r If)tI t.re 1,s itm:a t r0r t ges of' PIl0t) Il,' C1ulIiporn is 

(Curi't-. 0ii t:ilbag(, Itr Ont ar io di d riot con forni t lie Po i sson 

ltist ri)ut. ion, s i ri e t her was air excess o f uni in fes ted p I ait,s 

ort (thloexpet. d nu n eilr'r . A I sior, t l r e wr s ain r .ue ss o f0" heaIv 

I v in t'"s tted p I ai t s l[tow ,ve r , whe ii t.h e ot)s e v-d list ri hutions 

W e"rI' I i t. ed - o t li nega t i e ritori il I s eries (1-p )-k 

the chi square test. 'of- goodness of fit indicated close agreni(on 

t . 

*ritt rggot I hod 

Th (. t is t-i 

'IF. rs; 1s't. I ow.s : 

) t i on o f t he var i orus stages may be 

I k , 1 1) inst r (q p 

des 

. 

ind iins ;I r ( q - 2 , 3 I3d i Is aI- ( q 1 ) - 2. - , 4 t Ii i n s t ar 

(q p) -/!. , iqtUpi ;)-'I The i ntirease iii k from egg to first 

in.itar ,ue f tI t 

t.o s (o 1i(1 i ri.; ti" 

,,gg 

ri 

mor -aIity, ai1d the inr-roases from first 

t'r t(.ur rIdlit at)re Il tolrp'r t i p a It he ( i spersa I 

of I a i-ci'( f-,ro r c rowed t o tI .Ss rrowded p 1 ait t s . A comparison 

of t.he reai aid Variairce of u'ount s ii 

showed "hat, t[ie vair-i i (e was. d ettil 

ea uIh of 2H field 

upon the, mean. 

plots 

When 

t.he :o un IS w e e t iret I a oasfo I g (Ix t I ) or tog x - k/ 2 

i nd0pe ,0 diic.. was at(: ii ved . RA EI 

0311 . It ircoui ,t . t) . ( . 1961; 

s. u di es on t ie po p ult I o ii 

. t)es i ri o V sr'.mp I i rig pl 

i ini: oF t. he d. a ii oi(11)d ack 

in for 

mo t h 

l'liut?l l m tcI1 lon iS (C 1r t . t, t 0lit t.( ,opr-rIt: Pt it,e 1 id ca 0 I, 

E rrt ornoI . ,93: 120 H.3 I . 

Var i fit i o s tte tween s im)l It, o f i irinat t (r ; t ages oif Plt t -a 

mi t crntI ipefnni s (CuI- L . ) on (:ihbhage , and be.tween some of t ie 

mort al i ty frc tors affe t ing its ahuirdane , 

long- tetin study p lots ii) e astern Ontario in 

wots dot.er'm ined in 

195H G . For each 

of the Five ag'- intervrls, comprising of' egg stage, three 

SatjC:.ss ive int.ervais in larval stage terminuat ing with the 

117

Diamondbaick Moth Bibliography 

middle of the fourth instar, cocoon formation and pupation, 

respect ively, and the pupal stage, inter-plant variance was 

tie major source of population variance. nt ra plant and 

block di fferences were rarely significant. For sampling, 

eaci.I cabbage was cut into quadrant; one quW(adrant, wIoS found to 

be the iiost. aip)'opr'iat(! sample unit. Ap)C t ion of the vanri-le 

comnpoll n t technique i nd Cat ed t, hat rot mort' tI han one 

s am p e nti i t per plant s ho u I(d be ti k en Fa e : h na e in e r v at. 

To eotL ima t e pop !ati ion means within a t0% standard error, it 

is ii-'immcndetd that 150, 50, 50, 40, and 10 plants, respecti-- 

Vetly , be SWilcipI ed f0r' t'i VU age intervals. [RAE] 

0312. Harcourt , 1). G . 19 ( . Major norta i t y factors in the 

pop r tat i rlndyn a ii (.s of' t 1i kIi aiaN d baCk r11o t h , P] Ut0 1 Il n78cUli 

pirvInis Cil) t..) ( l (tidop t era: I'lI I Iidae) . Mem. En t o o i . Soc. 

C(in. Neo. ;',55. 

n s.Iive S td i ,s o t hie 1 )pi tiIt ion dynan iIs of' the 

(I Ianolldbe k Ino it hlv e iien i ,rr i ed out a t Me r iva Ie , Ontario, 

. ine c 195 H. A met hod f'or' ) i1) i g I ife t ab Is is described 

airnd oe ,xaip 1e given. Survival ard( deth-11rate 

! . t curves for 18 

enc rat, i ois s how that t lire are f, .)III- per i ods in the Ii fe 

(yc- Ine of I is muit iv lo I i rwo en)( ios du ring whih extensive 

norIta Ii ty CmCV o) cur I:) b t et . nin hatchinrg mid thi middle of 

the tic r.l t inus t a r , ( 2) betwen ncocoon format ion aric pupa t ion, 

:f) dliii ri he pupal I s t. , a,Id ( 1 (Iu) rring i the ad t stage. 

A ( r-i(s of' s i 1, 1-( i res ion aaia lys es show,,d that I mor'ta Ity 

dIur ing the a Ca(liIIt Is C- coiint ri 1)11 ed most of the vill' int io:i to 

c)po tlatI, i n r nd . Ix amII it at i cito F the I i' I t Ct 1 es s towel 

moitthat 

iti ty of gi-av itt fnacalesI lue to inclement weather is the 

key f'actor in th(- population dynamics of the species. Major 

mor t In it y fanto. a i-; a tso Io I uc(e i-rin fa l , pa ia 1 tes , and reduc(ed 

fecucdi ty. 

0313. fta-court, t) . G;., R. If. Backs, aind L. M. Cass. 1955. 

Abundan ce and iela- a ive importance of' caterp i I I ars attacking 

cabbage in eastern Ontario. Can. Entomol. 87:400-406. 

An cira lys is of the compl ex of lepidopterous larvae 

found it tacck ing cabbage at Ottawa in 195 1-54 showed that the 

ec eas rig order of abundance was Pier is -11)ae, fIL. ) Plutella 

C, ;'I ipe-un is (Cu t . ) , itin (I Tv'ichop Is in n i (fib. ) on early 

crops and 'Ilutol In, P''otj -is, and T -ichoplusia on lat.e ones. 

In! ger Ia I, P'I clis was t he mos.I. abundan t. s ti is. li iarir June 

and July, after which a highly contag ious larval disoease p-event.,d 

e ut I he Ir' i ti 7 , s and oe /lCt/ (l l ur irig August -October, 

;Ifter wh i,.h the popu lat ior was re(dlncec by coot weat lher arnd 

p arasI I.; , ,: hi I' I y Pi ilromu.s I.,/cit ] I Ashim. ) ni] a 

0 f 

spec 

-In.:t 

i es 

2Ca (tto.o' ncc,s) p1hit ol Inc (Vi eir ) . lirjnhol, lls ia at no 

t ia(. f, o, 'cI a sI ifn i cic it. part of t he coimn Iex onTr e i I her 

-- o p. ltat, ia-tI (ry stud ies i nd icated that the feed ing r-at io 

ca I Icit.l a'Ii ' t.hre relat ive amount of food i r es tee(l per 

larva ;rid licemean 1iMb r' of generat ions per year) of equal 

popul at ionis of lar-vae of Plute.lln, Piet.-js, and l'richoplus.ia 

is 1:7.5: . . The mean percentages of total (onsumpti on of 

118

Ecology 

foliage attributable to each of the species for the four 

years under review were about 13, 85, and 2, respective]y, on 

early cabbage and about 26, 66, and 8 onI late cabbage. [RAE] 

03 14 . larcouro -t , I). G . and L. M. Cass. 1958. A controlledinterval 

I1 i g ht t ra p f o r a i c ro I op ido p t e ra . C a n . 1Fnt o Ino 1 

90 :; 17 -22*. 

The (Ie s i gri , operat i on , anid performance ofai I ight trap 

for capt0u ring inict ,lepidoptera it predetermined intervals are 

described. The m oI Its are (Irawn try a fan i at iI collecting 

cart ridg !, wh'rc Ithey are apportioned by means of sweep 

(Ii scs. The di 5scscont it iai crys ta Is of potass i urn cyanide and 

f1it snugly togeth(tr, forming an arsphyxiat.ion chamber between 

aI.j o in i rig (I is cs . 'The discs a re released by a tripping mechan 

ism act ivated by a solenoid. The tr-ap was operated successfUt 

l f' ivye year's, A 1.y. icat night. 's capture is i I I us-t 

ra tod. 

0315. !larcourt 

and fiecund it; 

217 2 1.8 

, D. G. 

in PlutelIIa 

and I. 

nia u 

M . Cass. 

iponnis 

1966. 

(Curt. 

Photoperiodism 

. Nature 210: 

Ii the northern part of its range, 'lut i ,ll v.vloste.In 

L.) ( macu ipennis (Curt. ) ) is dest royed by frost each year, 

and in eastern Ontario infes';tation oif ucrtc i fe-ous trops is 

i it1t iat ed ea cI s pr in g by i mini tr air t adu Its thiat have ov,er wia - 

tvred in the contral and sou Ihern 1n it ted States fouri or" 

sometimes up to s ix generat ioni develop each year. Product 

ion studies daring 1 39O - G4 showed that tthe nabIPer o f eggs 

laid per fema te decreased in successive gonerat ions in each 

year, the mean number fal I i ng from 175 in the first. to '17 in 

the fourth and 31 in the fifth, when a fifth developed. It 

was found that larvae in the field were exposed to effective 

photoperiods (measured from sunrise to the end of civil twilightt 

(solar e levation -60 )) decreasing from 16. 1 h for the 

first generation tc 13 I or less for the fourth In an invest 

i gat.ion of a poss i b te causal re I t ion be tween photoperiod 

and seasona l act iv i t y , progeny of the f ifth generat ion of 

1964 , wh i ch h-ad deve I oped at a phot ,oper iod off I t It an d i n 

which the mean number of eggs laid per female was 32, were 

reared on cabbage I eaves i the Iahor IIory at 200 C in a di vidod( 

ce a mbeor p r ov id iii g p hI ot Pp 1) io (Is of' 12 and I16 h, an d the 

number of eggs la id by the resu I t, ing fema les when kept a 

250 C and 70% re lIlt i ve hum it( i t,y , t I owed ia phoi. ope r iod of 16 1h 

and . 

fed on sugar solut ion wte oImpa r e . The mean numbers 

per femr I e were 37 f-or the sh,,r I phot oper i od and 74 for the 

long one. The relat ion beitweern photoper-iod and fecundit ty ap 

pears t. o l)e a ni I ogo s to thait 1) !wf. e11 Ihou r ri d adit it 

pause in other i ns cts , inI the decline i r fecunIi ty may re 

rep res e ri t inc i i rient reproduct. iv diapalise. S hoc t ph oi. op 

r iods ofton promote the development of the fat body instead 

of the ovaries, and this process is acconpanied by other body 

chanages that result in cold-hardiness. The effects of dects 

ing daylength may therefore enubi(, the moth to survive 

119


the moderate frosts of the northern limits of its distribu- 

Lion. [RAE] 

0316. Hardy, J. E. 

natural ani biological 

1938. Pltite.l/a 

control in 

m.cu-lipennis Curt.., its 

England. Bull. Entomol. 

Res. 29: 343-373. 

Owing to the absence of natural enemies in New Zealand, 

Plutella maculipen is Curt. , a pest of crucifer,, that was 

introduced there about 60 years ago, has reached a permanently 

high level of population. An account is given of work at 

the Laboratory of the Imperial Inst itute of Entomology at 

Farnham Royal in 1936 on the collection and breeding of parasites 

of the moth for export. to New Zealand, together with 

information on the bionomics of the pest accumulated in the 

course of the investigation. All stages and the distribution 

*f the moth are described. Laboratory experiments on the 

effect of temperature and humid i ty showed thatt atmospheric 

h urm i di t y had no effect on the i mma Ltu re st ages , as they developed 

i it mi c r'o :I i mate charac t er t sed by hi ghi humlidi ty , but 

that rain might wash young larvae off the leaves. Breeding 

an(d development. ?c'urred between [0 and 400C, and adults were 

active up to 500C. This tolerance probably accounts for the 

wi de distiribut ion of the mo t h . Young pupae and adu ts surv 

ived for- severa 1 11. oil t rs, and eggs and larvae 2 and 6 weeks, 

respec t j ye I y , at OC( C. The moth usually h ibernates as an 

adu ILt , a Ithough a few pupae may survive the winter. 

From several thousannd cocoons of P. riculipn[,nis colIected 

in England, 14 species of" parnsites, inacIuading eiglt hyperparas 

i tes , were recovered, and a key to the adults of 

these is gi ven . The only two that Were numerous were Angitia 

c:erophag'a Grav. and A. fcnes trali. sHlagr., which infested the 

larvae and exercised almost complete cotrol. They have been 

recorded as parasites of P-lutelJh, throughout the world, are 

not appreciably a ffected by hyperparas it isim, and have alternative 

hosts, a list of which is given, in which they pass 

the winter. Apanteles sicarius Marsh. appeared to he only an 

occasional parasite of the larva, but. it is the only one that 

may not need an elternative host in winter in countries cold 

enough t o i nd U :e h1i bern at i.1n o f t he ad ld t ho s t s . No parasites 

of the eggs are known, and there is very little control 

by p ip at par-as ite s or by f u ig i or ha c t e r-ia i ri En g li n (. Syrphids 

possibl y attack the larvae. Shipments to New Zealand 

comprised ol,-r 25,000 parasitised cocoons of PlutelI , collected 

in the field, from which 10,000 adults of Ang'itia were 

obtained, aid over 50, 000 1abora tory-bred puprie off Angi tin, 

the adults from more than half of which arrived in good 

condition. [RAE] 

0317. Harrison, P. K. 1946. Insects attacking cole crops in 

Louisiana. J. Econ. Entomol. 39: 820 -82I . 

The 17 species of insects that. were found in different 

cruciferous crops (green and red cabbage, cauliflower, collars, 

broccoli, Brussels sprouts, kale and kohlrabi) in the 

120

Ecology 

course of an expe riment. carrieod out in Louisiana in I1939-4 

l Ut, recoir'ded in a table, which shows the crop or crops 0n 

whic e 'c oc cur'I. U . The ex'pe r i IIvrl t was (Ies i gnied to I le IrltIIne 

ho f it, . at Ive 11tl ll(tdi (t. F' 'Ir (. /top I us i a i Uh . ( PIus I0 brss i 

c ' ', It( I. ) , P I'tt.I;s t1 ! . ,L it n (I P / 1d- 1u1 1711 C U'ti iP0 '/ 1It is Curt , 

ol tii, di f f.r ellt c [ro Sr whith were set otu.t it rand(lm so that 

thiey ;;cr el tillil ly liable t.o inf,e tI at ion and il of which were 

in f*( ;I 'd Iy ' (';h Of tlih .e t hre(, n-pet i i .; A I is t i s a Iso g i v 

(e11 () C 1 it I j( iIit1)0il it ! e' Is t lit wI'e U 0 1'ali d oni it glee I(i it c bl a ge 

IIIU ing I ho! -Ir III' aInl ;ltlnti n ' o,is( s n f' !1)' 2 ,1 . I I A ' 1 

0:318. lnm r,;, NI 19M. St ud (,t on Ith' lite)notp p u I at I it I dy n am i cs 

n 

(t I 

TIepr ' 

i I i tI lt 

d 

i l 

(IIIl0! ()1 ,;ttd) ti 

lititllei t I a I I lit 

Iesnt s. NI II- o I [u 1ge n 

it,.;t ti , un( Fors I w - 1t 

airs 

[ a ft 

No. 2 1 , 2 I 0 1qt. 

S t I i ( i h thi , l i (ai I ot I Ii G iltl i (I(,t' U "I I l I? tilt I ic 

it I9(1 H1 I I I tI I hi' ,I In III f' ii) h vi Itiji ri art ;11 it) eg ratI ci to 1rt I 

w h' to ll g it a si t 011t ,I M I ;t ( I id Na ITi ] (tS I aI witr in'tl ha.


0320. Jary, S. G. and M. D. Austin. 1937. Dlepartment of Entomology 

Report [935--36. J. S. E. Agric. CoIl. 39:9-15. 

Bri vf notes tire given on the more important pests observed 

in south-eastern England during the year ending on 30 

Sept ember 1936. Some damage was also done by Phorl ia ( Chortophi 

I ) brass'icale Bel. and by ,lut ella maculipennis Curt. 

which i s hr lieved to be largely a migrant from t he Cont nent 

and appeared in large numbers i i one local it y on 21-22 June 

when warirm weaLt her andit a light sou H-eas terI y w i Id succeeded a 

per iod un favorable for ini grat ion. Serious innjury to lettuce 

wis causetd Ioca II y by PI's Ial miJriC.-ornflis Njg. Other vegetable 

pests mo'e thn Usual ly ilbundant were P. r-osae F. and Anur-aphis 

tIilitac [oy. on carrots, Acic/i tlhoraicle.i L. on celery and 

parsrinip, and C'ioceris ragi 1,. -spont asparagus. [RAE] 

032.1 . Jo -s , R . F. t1977. Sea rch behav i or : A st udy of three 

caterpillar species. Behaviour 130:237 259, 

The searching behavior of Pier-is tpl I,. , Pllsill cv lit'a1r1) 

iCl Sp.yer arid 10ut Ill 1ma9Cu 1ipenn is (Curt.) is described 

an t the dsc r ipt i ons in corpora ted i n to s i mu lot, ion models 

Canadian P. r-11jle were st u( i(ed i fM0S t (let a i I . Their behavior 

c han ge: w i t h hun ger . When rep lete , a Inrva moves slowly, 

turns often and head waves freqtentl y. As i t becomes hungrier, 

it s peeds up, st raightens out. and 7tops head waving. 

At the same t ie, the distance from wh icI it can perceive a 

his t plant decreases. All these changes can be temporarily 

rev(.-secd by allowing tilie cater pillar to contact (hut not necessarily 

feed or,) a host planI. The rate at. which the changes 

occur is tSn peratur-e-dependerrt Simulation of these search 

pat toeris shows that the replete behavior (cat led conservative 

sear'ch) is appropriate to searching wi.Ltiin a small clump of 

plants, whereas the later behavior (radical search) is appro-priate 

to random or untiform distribut ions and low plant densit.ites. 

Aus t ra I ian P. it'pno showed the same pattern of behavior, 

but tie changes were less pronounced. They neither 

began their sear-ch as conservatively, nor adopted such radical 

search pat terns later. Neither P. ca.lifo

Ecology 

are discussed. [BA] 

0322. Kanervo, V. 1949. On the epidemiology of the diamondback 

moth (Plutella maculipennis Curt.). Ann. Entomol. Fennici 

14 (Suppl.):99- 105. 

In Fi nilnd the maxima of the abundance of Plutel.1a 

x.vlostel~la seem to have occurred at least to a certain extent 

sittmul taneous ly with the maxima of the sun spots. The caterpi 

I Iars of this species are unable to hibernate; thus the 

cat erp i I tars whi ch have in the tit(! autumn not reached the 

stage or pupat ion (to not survive. Parasitic wasps and fungus 

diseases affect inif later st ages of caterpillars seem to be 

the main factors regulat ing the abundance of the species. In 

breeding experiments a relatively high temperature (30 0 C) 

caused retductin in size of adults and inl number of eggs. [BA] 

0323. Kharchenko, N. N. , and V. '. Bunyak in. 1983. E st imat 

in g the a)undance of cabbage rests. Zasch. Rast. No.7:45 (in 

Russ i on ) . 

The regularity of' spat. i l dist ribut ion of the large 

cabbage white butterfly ('Pioris brass icao (,. )), the small 

cab)agfe wli te butt er fly (Artogein rapn ( L. ) the cabbage 

mo t It (Ainmes t ra1 brass icae ( L . )) and the diamondbacked moth 

(Plutell n xlvostelln (I,.)) was studied in cabbage fiel(is in 

the Minsk region of the ISSR in 1973-81. From the Iata obt.ainted, 

graphs we r-, drawn up which enta bled the number of 

samples necessary for accuracy to be determined quickly and 

simply for es ti it t ing numbers of the various pre-adult sttges 

of the pests. (RAEI 

0324. Kirby, R. D. and J. E. Slosser. 1981. A sequential 

sampling plan for three lepidopterous pests of cabbage. Southwest.. 

En tomol . G: 195-200. 

A sequent. ial sampling plan for three lepidopterous cabbage 

pests, namely Tiichoplusia ni (Pb. ), Plutella vylostella 

(1,.) and Artogein rapse ( L. ) ( Pieris rinpne) , was dove loped in 

studies in the Texas Rolling Plains during 1975--77. The plan 

was base(I on a composite threshold for the three species and 

on the binomial distribution of infested and uninfested 

plants. Simple 1 inear regress ion was used to determine the 

relationship between the number of larvae per plant and the 

percen tage of' infested plants. Agreement of treatment deci-sions 

between whole-plant inspection and sequential sampling 

was reached in all but. one case; the sequential plan required 

an average of 5-f.?more time in sampling research plots but 

yielded a 79% saving in time in a commercial field. When sampling 

was continued pest the point where a decision could be 

made, the dec ision always remained the same. [RAE] 

0325. Knowlton, G. F. 1933. Notes on injurious Utah Insects. 

Proc. Utah Acad. Sci. 10:153, 159-162. 

Among the more important insect pests observed in Utah 

in 1932 were: Erythroineura comes Say which became extremely 

123


abundant in late summer on vines and Virginia creeper in the 

north; the Penta,omid, Chlorochroa say.i Stal whi ch caused se-rious 

damage to v,,,at i.n a number of localities; Mysius ericae 

Schill. whi ch was very abundant on Russian thistle (Salsola 

kali) and other weeds in many places before in igrating to 

wheat and vegetable crops; lj'poir-i (Phytonofrus) ver ab iiis 

ibs t. ( post icus Gy 1 1) which caused more damage to lucerne 

during 1931 and 1932 than in several preceding sesons; Protoparce 

sex ta Joh. , P. quinquemaculta flaw., and Ce.lerio .ineatan 

F . wh i c h a t tackeled po t a toes and tomatoes; and Plutell a 

maculipennis Curt., which in some localities was unusually 

abundant on mustard in spring. Grasshoppers on lucerne and 

other crops and Rutottix tenella Baker, on sugar-beet and 

tomatoes were considerably less injurious than in 1931. An 

adult male Stylopid, Agailiaphagus sp., was found emerging 

from an individual of R. tene,ll, and of 850 examples of' 'rythronoura 

comes, one was attacked by an internal parasite, 

apparent ly a larva of Piptunculus sp. [RAF] 

0326. Kopvi lem, It. 1966. Significance of fforogenes ichneumon 

wasps ( Ichneumonisdae, Ophioninae) in chenges of population 

s ize of the diamondback moth (Plute.l in mnculipenn.is) .in the 

Estonian SSR. izv. Akad. Nauk. Est. SSR. Ser. Biol. Nauk. 

1:90-98. (in Russian with German summary). 

In 1962 through 1964, an outbreak of diamondback moth 

Plu t0.11i mtcu! iOenn is) in the cabbage fields around Tartu 

was subs Lant ial ly checked by par'as i tes . The ichneumon wasp 

of the genus liorogenes, highly active in various meteorologi-cal 

and host--densitN condit ions, played the basic role among 

the paras it es of this pest . tigh parasite in festat ion was 

noted in the diamondback moth in conditions of both high and 

low pest--population concentrat ion. The capab i Iit y of the 

parasites (lorogenes fenestralis and H. tibia.Iis) to multiply 

in proportion to the increase in host density is manifested 

especially clearly on cabbage fields in immediate proximity 

to busher trees, and thick grass cover. Although this pheno 

menon is still not fully explained and required further careful 

study, it is most probable that the parasites find the 

best possibilities for wintering and feeding of the adult 

phase in these ecol ogical condi tions, possibly even ad-dit ion-al 

hosts, and that this allows the entomophages to incr: ase 

their numbers in the spring more rapidly if there happens to 

be an outbreak of the diamondback moth. When due regard is 

given to these specific environmental requirements of the 

parasites, there is a good chance that their effetiveness in 

biological control of the diamondback moth can be considerably 

increased. [BA} 

0327. Kramer, K. 1967. Applied entomology in the warning 

service. Z. Pflanzenkr. Fflanzenpathol. Pflanzenschutz. 

74:627-';4. (in German with English summary). 

Information is given on the ways in which data on local 

pests are collected at Frankfurt-am-Main so as to provide a 

124

Ecology 

warning service for farmers wishing to apply control measures 

at the most appropriate times. The insects include Cydia 

( Carpocapsat) pomonl I in ( l. ) , Adoxophyos ora na (Fisch. v. 

Roesl. ) (reticuinna (fib.)) , C. ( 1,aspoLvresin) funebrana (Treitschtke 

), He(dya nub,i f'.'r1n1 (tlaw. ) (Olothroul os vraiogana 

(fib. )), Ost ri in ( Pvraust ) nub iIal is ( Hb . ) , Af/mes tra ( flarathrn) 

brtss ic-i'-( L. ) , P ittatrnxia (PoI ii) oIerac, (I,. , Auto-grnpha 

(Phvt omet ra) gamma ( L. ) and /tut,o lnII .l I o.ln L. 

(m ni ipe'nn is Cu . ) . [RAE I 

0328. Kt t sen iii i . A. 198( . The cabbage mivI 1 on the Kola 

Peninsula. Z a'hli . Rast . No . 1 5 1 ( ill Russian). 

li t n ia .%-ins tIe/i ( I,. ) ( cabbage i ot h ) has been a n 

important pest of' cabbage ; nmd oither cr(I'c i ferous vegetables on 

the Ko I a Peninsula (Mum'marsk tmeri, n of' the ISSR) for many 

years . Ana ou lbreak of ito rmot i occu rred on tlie pen i nsul a in 

1978, m ass f I ight of a du It s reac hi Zig i l pelk oil 25 June. 

Ov ipos i t ion bogan at the end of tile montI1, when I heire wore up 

to 200 eggs/plant such numbers had not been seen since 1958. 

Severe damage was caused during July, principally during the 

heading st age, and at the end of that ionth there were 89 

larvae on other crucifers. Two treatmen s with Itrichlorphon 

(chlorophos) halved the lea f damage and resulted in an alinost. 

da:miago free harvest . [ BA 

0329. lit eef', M. A. nd R. 1). Irwin. 1983. Seasonal abundance 

aid parasi t i m of lep idopterous larvae on Brass i a 

greens ia Vi rg i am 1.JG . . Entomol . Soc. 18: 164--168. 

The seasona atundance , host creference and parasitism 

of e i lopt eran insects on tlrassica greens (cul lard, kale, 

mustard and turnip) were investigated in Chesterfield County, 

Virginia, during 1977 and 1978 growing seasons. The imported 

cabbageworm, Pieris r.tpa, (L.) and the diamondback moth, 

l'iut ella .ylostoIIn (1. ) were the major pests in the spring. 

The cabbage looper, Trichoplusin ni (lluebner) and the cabbage 

webworm, eu liti rogntal is (fHulst ) occur-med ill the fa I I . 

There were no s igni ficant di fferences in 'he preference of 

these inserts among the lrass ir' greens (collard, kale, mnustard 

and turnip) included in this study (P>0.05). Parasites 

of P. rapne, P. xv.lostelln and 7'. ni were: (flindegma insulIae, 

Microplitis pluteIllao, Apanteles glomeratlus, Lespesia 

archipp ivora, Pteromais 

rural is, Copidosona truncat, 

puparum, 

'l i ). 

A. 

IBAJ 

marginiventris, Vorin 

0330. Lempke, ft. J.1. 1975. Migratory butterflies in 1974. 

Entomol. Ber. 35: 161-165. (in Iutch with English summary). 

Thi: 35th report on mi grat ing Iep idoptera in the Netherlands 

in 1974 ment ions the f'ol lowing observations: Colias 

hyale L. , (. croceus Fourcroy, Vanessa atalanta L., Cynth.ia 

ctirdui L., Issorin lnthonia L. , Acherontin atropos L. , Ierse 

convolvuli L. , Macrog.lossum ste]Ilaarum L. , y-les .lineatu 

livornica Esper., Agrotis ipsilon flufnagel, Diachrysia chryson 

Esper., Macdunnoughia confusa Stephens, Autographa gamma 

125

Diamondbach Moth Bibliography 

L., A. bractea Den. et Schiff., Margaritin st.ict.icalis L., 

immigrant Nomophila noctuella Den. ot Schiff and Plute)la 

xylosteJla L. Dates, location of observations rind the number 

of each species observed are included. [AEJ 

0331. Lempke, B. J. 1977. Migratory butterfl ies in 1975. 

Entomol. ter. 37:1--5. (in Dutch with English summary). 

Nineteen species of migrating lepidoptern observed in 

the Netherlands in 1975 are listed (Pieris brassicae (L. ) , P. 

r-apae ( L.), Colins hyn 1t (I,. ) , C. croc'ous ( Fourcroy) , Vanessa 

atalanta (L. ) , Cynthia ctirdui ( L. ) , [ssoria Iathonia (L.), 

Acheoronti t t ropos ( L. ,Agri us con t'o I vul i ( I,. ) , acrogiossum 

stelIntarum (L.), Ag'otis ipsilon (Hufnagel), Helicoverpa 

arm ig.r'1 ( Huebner), ( Miiciuitiough in conftfusn (Stephens) , Auto 

,qri 

Iis 

Ir), 

phn gatnima (L. 

(lluolhner), 

[ninsein 

( L ) . [BA 1 

) , HAarpritin sticticalis 

Aonoph i li noct noI In 

litternt' (Scopol i) 

(Den 

and 

(L. ) , 

is et 

Plutella 

Udea ferruga- 

Sch i ffermue]xylostella 

0332. Lempke, P. J. 1978. Migratory lepidoptera in 1976. 

,ntomol. tier. 38: 17-24. (in Dut ch .aith English summary). 

A report Is presented on the migrating Iepidoptera 

observed in the Netherlands in 1976. Species observed were: 

Colins hyale (L.), C. c(roccus ( Fourcroy) , Pont in dtp.lidice 

(. ), Vanessa ltta11nta (L. ), Cynthia cardui ( L. ) , Istoriat 

Inthon itt ( L. ) , Achront in at ropos L. ) , Agrius con vol vu.1 i 

(1,.) , Vacroglossum steIlantarum (,.), Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel 

, Pe'r idroma11 sn. it I.ia ( Huebner ) Chr.isodeixis chalci tes 

(Esper) , Autographa gamma (I,.), Autographa bracten (Denis et 

Schi fferauel ier) , Macdunnoughin confusn (Stephens) , S.vngrapha 

interrogationis (L.), C(yclophorp puppillarin (Huebner), Margrri 

tinl st ict ictlis (L. ) , ldae, forrugalis (Huebner) , Nomophi- 

In noctuollt (Deris et Schiffermuel ler) and P.utella xy.lsote- 

Ini (L. ) . [ AP 

0333. Lempke, B. J . 1981. Migra tirig butterflies in 1979. 

Entomol. Ber. 41: 17-23. (in Dutch wi t Pnglish summary). 

Spec ies discussed are: Pieris brassicae (L. ), Colias 

h.yale ( L. ), C. croceus ( Fourcroy) , Vanessa ntalanta (L.), 

Cynthia ('-nrtui I,. ), T..sorin lanthonia (L.), t.vsandra coridon 

(Podal, Acherontin atropos (>.), Agrius convolvuli (L.), 

Mcr'oglossuml stellatarum (L.), Agrotis ipsilon (Hlufnagel), 

Peridroma su'cia (Huebner), Afvthimna unipuncta (Haworth) , 

Macdunnoughia confusa (Stephens), Autogi-npha gamma ( L. ) , 

Rhodometra scrnria (I,.), Ortho,a a obstiplita (Fabricius) 

Sctorocona acuteltis (Ever.smann), 1/den ferrugal.is ( Huebner) 

Nomophila noctuella (Denis et Schiffermueller) and Plutella 

xylostolln (L.). [tBA 

0334. Lind, J., S. Postrup, and F. Kolpin--tavra. 1914. Summa-ry 

of the diseases of agricultural plants in 1913. 79 Beretning 

frn Statens Forsogsvirksamded i Plantekultur, Copenhagen, 

No. 30. (in Danish). 

t26

IE:co I ogy 

Th is paper cons ists oIt a review of damage caused during 

1913 by insects and fungi in Denmark. Turnips and cabbage 

were at.tacked by ilh( iiaggots o f Chortoph.iln (Anthomyiii) br s- 

S'IC',, which Were vory numerous in 1913, and from June to 

late i n 1 he ll ttlilra r illl i g t'e re a t Ioss e . In t.he nor t h o f 

S1 esw (:k, as eanly as the end of' May, both young and fullgrown 

I a rvrit an d ilso eggs weve f'olind, the latter. e eing i n 

g r tlI iilnrhfrs at tached to I.lit s ( alks close to the ground. 

At So;n ;o, a s criou'.; at tai'k in .lu ly dest roved one--third of the 

,(eed cooI i w1' ( rS. s The sever-i ty of the attack in 1913 depcnded 

on h, droIf, It wii(' (heck - vd the growth of the plants. 

Phvl lot r,-ta n,'morul7, P. tiat-'m and possibly ether spec iios, 

it) e it r rId ii NIay in g reat rirlel(r.S. Iit inost. of these ocaulit 

ct ,ie ra i it otc u r ri rig t th e id of the month stopped the 

at I ai-k. lhe w(I % V i 1, ('eit It/rerhj'ni(/iL'; sulcicoIl is, wis recorded 

in July i i several p act aid C. q iidridons was cormparat i ve ly 

e'oriritif . At. Aithuirs , uryedema ;iiFUlo (tct damaged the turn ips. 

tlutIl n macuI ipennis c:rueit','n',rum) wit; observed from the 

end of ,linr* to August i n sevtra local it ies without. however 

cans iig any (a ia'e as a rule. (;i1l i flowers in one locality 

were conp let. e Iy des t roved( by Forficulin oricul ]ril. Aphis 

h I-, Ilss cicn o rcOru It. d ii iriustilla I Iy gr(,a t numlllbe r s ard ( caused 

great damage, i e es pee i ly toi turn ip, and it I I k iis to f cab- 

Itapes . n s - ttl t a ec tfs i t p (r tI as oar I y ais .lune, but gen 

ern I I th, t re wis no c:omp lit i t off exeep. ionnl i nj i ry be fore 

,Jl Iy . Ate' I igothos Itano s I ot thorrhvnchus O,,,ss imi Iis, and 

Pert- i.,; i ( (7Ccidota' inl) /ril/ssi .ne ocCirl ed( in gre t numb ers 

aId i i s,,ver a I p 1i-',,s r irIse((I grlt. (rlaagt '. 'e carrot fly, 

I.>;i /ll ros.ne,, wis ver-V eommon aid(chiefly dainuged early s own 

cIa ro t, . RAEI 

033.5. 1,1id, .1., S. Rostrup, ind F. Kolpin--Ravni. 1916. Report 

0ii Agp r i-i I tIn ritr-a p s I s in Denmark in 1915. 105 felretning fra 

St Infterl F(r sogs v i -Irs orihed i r11nt ekil I ur, Cope nhagern, pp. 

:397 -12:3. ii l),1n is I . 

1,'st, ; of cahobt ges , swe(es , furnips, et . , i ir Iuded 

Phrrbin ((heitophilol) brassicae Bi. , Cothorrhvnchus quadri - 

1().l Pz, Ph.;, I Io tre ta nmorm 1. which i r 1ired swerles 1 h roughmirr 

the summer , ,r'r (.i it I y lilfe-sown i)lail ! ; tP,/toe Iil mac 11ui 

penn is Cii t ., /i iis t'lpute IL., A'.r.;',t I ) e-r -l t('r.im I . , i n Ju I y 

inn(I Air gi i 0in w It' , tIinln ip. aind cuir I y Li, ,e, tIle itI. tack 

be irif cI i- I I v (tn. f red to f I e Idir ii s ie IL e red p1 Irces; the 

I or:is t , S/ turood,.ro.; St ,nol(, t hrus) h ico lor Chia rp . and Omo ce -stu.,; 

vr'tlt i-l ; . t I . u'ipos l F isbh. ) which iocurred in 

1ti sri itI I Y I ]r-g- r11111 tie; iiid oi- lpl I , v tn dvllfed cr 1r ()t, e r 

r(Ws in rl r r 1p fIt-It ; 1(l,jtat ,nt I I( I i trh s 0 r road s iides 

[I -cr' I" oi nfl (./,I .is; hi ,;si neo .,se r- i oris Iv in fe t i ng swedes, 

1urn ps, ind -a t1)tit eg r I t f,-.dfo r I it it,,1 the end of' Juie ; 

Afe ige thlis nercolss F. iin gr-en t lnuthers in seed turnip f i v I d; 

(Ind t hii I fil vae )I 's llio(hs chry;soc'othilnl ,L. c'ius i n g 0InI 

inj ir y i n Apr i I n iI May. [RAF 

0336. li s , (. M. 19:17 . Foss itt le migrat ion of di itmon(l1ack 

127

1) i amondb It k Mat Ih ii I ilI o g 1- ihy 

moth. 

eastern 

J. ca)n. R tomrol. 30: G76. 

lutel la macql/ ipena is Cu;I . 

CO a r'ado dil' i frig eary' I and 

.vits v(,y iI 

i -,N, 1,-37a I t 

Itl nat'hit 

alr Ii I Ihe 

ii irrirlie r 

S Inin erI 


a rimI 

I If1 a Vat '1 

a"a tamI o 

ail a1tihh ag 

I 9 t a;; 

a[I it ( 

I . 

I c r i ikI 

i Iiamn I'iI 

w 

a 

rV I- 

I 

1 I 

I i ' at 

a)V#a1ite 

I r1 

*f %Y I i, 1 U I a1T illi at i t I'lre i - i ;; (I matII l I I '; fU t i(e 

he a vv u ',,:atat l iit wtte oh v ,i n ',!r 27 A pti I Tireri :t wi ii t lhnt 

?an t !; 0i1 a l fI o hi i l) i tg1 ,i t Ith i lhitt V c, I mill;; ot1 ttqI 

,1' i a 1i 1, 1 11 llU Inf, ' 1 It) -el it S t il itC o I I(ia 1111 rt I I)r e r- I 

' iiw 'Icx i o HAF Ra 

OAi ' . t , i i . t . Ch i C,. N . Cheri, 

)tl,){(I I;i!l;!NII) ~ t 

i| 

(I K.tiiri . i)'Jr I t I 9 ,i , 

8A 

11)1ll 11 1 f Ill l , 11 ~ 111 ! f I it) I 

,IT n't I I, t I II I v 

ii , i , ; i ,i I I It ' i i I r i, ' I Iii l! II 'I I I I I I I , 

aIT i I I I ; i ; r ' l i I t air ii ' I tt it . arria I 

t (ti,a1 ni" i-tII ': i I '. V a / 1 ; I / . , a ; S p it 

I 1,ii 1 1lIii I i) ; t cii -t, hii !';i ;" :icc I , !I t I IIt , ici . 

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t 1 4 t1t f i' ' . I 1 0. r' . t t 

i i 1 Ii l l tti, I ; t oio); II Hk a- I I 

t . .l I I' I I) , I V r . l( I I T I 

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r -1ra1t-n~ I t i t 9 

0 A i ; l rh , l II y(lt li1 I i t . I t ; ; !i II "tt i Ittit ,. I ) h ,,fI 1 ; )0 I r i -n 

I11 1 ,' ) , ,F, ( Fv,,r ;1 1(n HII ' I tl F'.I it o . o ~I N ,,' t;' ,a II; ') o ) 

)', t A ) 1 0 l M' I )ji" I i t 

r- i Ii i iI I I t 

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h ,, , o,. 1) t- 1,1,;f it [ I,, 

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it 

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auI 

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}1.. 4,: 1 ! ID I I I 1 1 1 It VI/t 1, ': /I I''l ( ,I v , 1 Ill , i l I I )110 ' 71C 11 . 

11o Ol'.71 , i , I.Iu 1.) . 

¢l i l ) ~ , i,, t.i I innli eilr-* lli I I )rkIi1 1, 

G) It!() A ' ,, .Fl r l . . P r i h E , ln ~ . N | l : : . , ) ' 

I 2H

Ecotogy 

03,10. M gIiI o, ,. A. 1.9 H3 . I nfl Ieni e of c lI Itd pat ch s . ze 

0n p, (it t i,,it dI.n it ie ' t p ldopte rnn pe.sts (l,epidopterI:i 

i,eI i dae , p i ,,It I i ne F IIv '.i n. tiit o no I . 1 2: I' 15 1419. 

TItt It it ri - t i IIII; I I :; (- i 1 a1 i o I d ex pe1,r i Rief' 11 tvs e pat a)o , 

t i n den! I-' i if I We0i l it ho rl i X ore.s It I ffered s i gl i fi 

I t I : Fa I 'at' ' i I .*,'l p"It - , - I r t 1 1 Pit1e' (1li 1 [tt e it.)srI d 

Ilt ntlI ! . i t d,p 1 ,tw i,' In :int I r 1 9ri p 1 i, t) t M.o t 

I~I II ~ I I (i: ; I , i Ii9 I I t , I' I p I; I it it e t 

,f/e ,/eit v; i ,' tr "'l,,' . ' I['!,i't't 1

Diamondback Moth Ilibliogrophy 

alfalfa field i.n Evin (Tehran). Plant Pests Dis. Res. Inst. 

Trhran (Entomol. Res. Pro.) 2:45--51. 

Between 4 April and 30 November 1970, 36 species of 

Noct ti (is, 20 Pyral ids , 10 Geometrids and four species of 

three other families of moths were caught in light--traps in a 

lucerne F ield near Tehran, and these tare enumerated in table 

showing the month or months in which they were taken. Notes 

are given, partly from the literature. and partly from t. rap 

ping observat ions, on the habits and population f'tuctuations 

oF the two commonest species, Nomophil noticti llI (Schiff.) 

(an important Pyral id pest of clover, lucerne nai other 

forage crops) and Plutll, .%vlos tel . (,. ) (a pest of crucifers, 

celery and clcurbits) . Other common species were the 

Noct a i (s Agro/ is (S-'ot ill) ips ilo i( af'r . ) , A. (S) seget urm 

(ch it f. ) , A. ( S) ox 'Iilm t i on is (l,.) (rep resen ted by form 

s'r101n A It) itky ) , 4. ( S) Crnss? (I ). ) (repres ent (d by form 

go] i(ke i Ersh . ), Spodopter ox itui ( lib . ) and Porphyr ii in 

wa)gnucr i (If.S. ) and the Pyrn ids 1/Il/u/: ndnI is ( F. ) , Noct ue- 

Iia (.Apor'odes) floralis (fib.) and K'uohromius bellus (fib. 

0344. Mo gge rid(I!g , . . 193 5 . En t.omo logy Sect, ion. R p. lep. 

Agric. WeIlington, N. Z . 1934 35, p. 47. 

Daring 1934 35 instct pests were more abundant than 

usual iu New Zealand, following the warm dry weather of the 

preN ious :-,s -.. 'l/u/,llIn rmet

Eco logy 

P1uteliJ xv.l oste 1Ii (L. ) and Croc idolomin binotalis Zel I. 

reached peak nuienr s in di f ftcren t seasons and t.hut. under 

favorable meteorological rondi Lions P. xvylostell was reduced 

eIow 1b e(conom ic i n.jury I eve Is by i ts paras it es Alpiit eit s 

piutell/a Kurd. and Tetrastichus ,sokolowskii Kurd. A Itlthoagh 

t ite outer I(:avies i li ight show so eli( daiiiifge Frolin 

heads of ICO r1 l iZ C ald ( - i ih wctre foried, . 

P. 

T 

xvIsot f'. 1 , 

.he p a ras it e 

compl I x of C. bii ot it lis was po r iif (I unabit t li I I o the 

pest, which even at d-ns it i es o f 2-3 lvae/planl tcou Id 

des I roy I he pr i iordi it and pr.ven; I es I l i sbrimtn t of t fi young 

plants. '[h, aph ids y'zus r.C i t t (S lz. ), L iplph is orysimi 

(Ka It . ) and Rrer'icoryne btrassicace (i. ) were kelpt in check by 

s yrph i i t (I UI0c c ne v f i l p i-ed t rS , a nd therefore (did no t 

wit r rant I i !' r. t c (lit I t rea t men t . II ist suggested that sprays 

a ghin I he ,p i d()pt e ria (tn i t. e rfe te w it 1 the nIl't a I ene- 

Mies of' aplhiids , and ti n a ,I'ti 1 r) 1 in i c'rob i a I prepartt i on is 

i ti'tded lg i'llC t .. bI I ol t'II is , Yi Il, , I!; I1 I()[1ig t in s t I-iatI fgg , 

t.he i in t iIdul i( it ofI' one oi I noue t xot I(tc i V St i '. It A E] 

0:14(;. Newmonr n, L. .. 1921;. R t*-i',r, oI' F( I o it Ento (1oi11)logist. 

W. Aus t . I) ,'l,. Ag i . An i m . R , . It 2) ! ( , pp . 2! 1. I. 

Ii ;ect pest; s we I pill I icluaI a I ia b ili,! 1 ill !u I0 26 , the 

:Iost, umliIIOU er-ous inl uidi W: It ill t. fly, Cor"l it is (11)itit tU 

Wi ed. , h i;h w aIs re a t ( t' 1 li e f ir I t Iii( (o i n aI11)er ry, 

Ne?:aii vi I' i - i (ili I a ,. 

( l?u1th rl(vIen 1)11, ) , 

g - ee terr ni t 

l h rit.,s tiibii'i 

b ug ) 

Lindt. 

Nyq i us I, i it 

1111d t.lhe 

or Berg r. 

ntrmy worm, 

'i't'sectanill owig i WstI w . Mutich damage wats causerd to V In1 e - , 

frui i t Ilees filld gao dernis by swil rills (It I o111 st s I Chort oi roc.c " 

te.'m I a Ia WIk . I , wlI ich i 0t 1,11 I-0'(I ii NIov e i1)e" ar(1 t)ecaime 

w i )gc(1 )11 11 10 Febi a v rnd Mil (11 . T is i s I Ite f i rst recoI' de(I 

( ( u 11r,_1nc,. of t I e i n se c I a t. I Ii Is se a so ri. A C a I ' ill pat as i te 

Aph I/ lus .iaspiti s.o flow . , tlhat has of'f'ec i v I ly cont ri) I led the 

r011 ("1( s I ., Chrysomphit lus our-an Iti i Mis k . , has a I so been nume 

runs. T 1 o( I,ii t moit Ih , 'hl hot-im i i operci le /lit . e II . , and 

th. rabiae a 

Zel 1. ) , 

mc h , PIte 

c) bot h t rou l ( 

/11 i mlci I iponn is 

o a e i i t he [ate 

Curt . ( 

suliiel-. 

rucru lorarum 

?A E I 

034 7 . Oa til n , E I?. and . H.I ' t eIn- . I969 . An e-o 1o g i crii 

,-t.ity o F itr e p t an i Ioipu )1 (:;1)11) a Ar i i .;out s t lie rn C al I for 

i I I t),Iit I'l ,10 : I I . 1 p 1n0 

E" I ovi n (o de !-; of'" i|1-; c'r - w i I- e/. t l) 1-, it I , w i tI t Ilyme.llopt(er'la 

f' irs +t i I t Itl+ , t tlllb) e.I .l o [ , s 1) (:i es.' r ~t'- I !se I ted ( I 111d ~ C, I(). imbo Ia 

f'irs t i 1 t I , 1) t il) ! o f, 1 )(1i v i ( iu1 .r co( I ~(Id Tlh ree hutirn(Ir ed( 

1r11s even-.it. V - f ve - r)c es we e o II ct e(1 , 25 e h ila Ilymenop 

011 aridt 1p)c it i it 50 i a Co I o1) tt r'a . i er, i vi it rape, a 

)r-imil-y pritr I-t ( I "o l-re'vi cor vi 1) ssi 11 t ( If "rll I l ' a , Homo) 

t!r t:Aphidid ) wit Ht l ie ns. i b1tinl dtlt t pa ta'st I ( s'ec i es and IB. 

bzi ss i'n e het mW f bU da nt 1hy [Illy tLopbllg hilgOC S s. Ilil)podamia 

qu In os Ii/t I at p ic it 1 ( Ccl eo 1)1 erI Crcc i ri)e I I I ie ) aid Al / o 

gR-lp t a ob rli ( ) ip t. eI-i S yrph i da !) w.e e1 1ho t w o c ommonCs t. 

p ve(dt t o rs . The, l11o -t I 1 rime - o I Is eio opt(1)1 t oVl. Ia WO( t hose 

ofU Pieris r'aipmc (P eII de ), Tri chop/us i an (Nor:tuidae) and 

/'/1tllin macuilipeinnis (Pttel I idne), with Vorill rurnlis (Dip- 

131

1)iImondbttk MtOt h IHi hI iography 

teri T:ra h i nid e) , P t romaius pulrum ( IlIIeIeI oi I er t 'tevro III1 idae 

) lin d )jadog ma il artis (Ilynictnopt.erti: 1 thllm idat ) the 

;ommones paras 

r;k i I 'i, on t hei. AI 

0 14 H . l)ti; I(I It T' (' i ;' ,I I ii, h f. woon I Ithe d i f 

C','r fit Ip,-., t ' ,n c;ll itag Il at I F I I t mno I I ! '+0G 09. 

I i vt!.:; I g itt iot it Mi il t t,- ; 0 A I ) thc t11i1t11e .-s o f" 

it t ilt I it i l t t a I ~/a o r 1r11 o I 

t 

IImI( i / I I l1?fl i 

i 1 1 

h 

I tt' a 

t 

Iv 

i ' i I 

t w' 

a 

' Icho 11 , 2[¢1 .1 n, .p 

I ci irI il, o I t' 

I'I Iii J: I I a. 0 At 

I 2P (1, r 1 1 ( I) .1,11 

r ; 11: d Il I s I t.r 'i tt I.II 

t,it (nI i Ait rut I it'( 3 

( -'p A I t, I i ll I t I() oi I . I T i ) tI ld o f 

Ni t ll i i II ' II I ; , ,-,'1li ; I ' oI , 11 I? t,e o [ 1 ,w I' I 1 u 

I I l I 11 : 1ii i it t 1 1, 11 ,, i i 1 it w ( f.'i 'IiI / I its it 

Ii it I-.. , it J' h , lt I I . , I;I Io ) f %Y v: t h 

[ , , ) I I i I i ; . f' 

ppitIo1 

t f - In:tI It 

!1i 

I 

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Ii 

1 a 1 r-I I I I ,t It v I ''j tiri -v 

; I dI 

1 

'I d t 

)ttb]oted 1p 

t 

1 

n ';, iI . .t :i S i t 1 K i fi rit nlli I hew t." 

i el - i i I -tili li a I ; ' a ti ftI I / ' e I / ' I/ v a I in . I (); 

i'' } i 1 /' / i'l ; I , (it I '! ' ;I' . t [71h t' ] \ i ' l. l ft t i "Ii i il , ] It 

: 'iif aI; at .' . f f . itt,; iii t'.'i I t it1t IIF 1 11 t l i 't (lIt i 

i I',t I i t it It 

t i t , r i f r ' '.ll 

1 

'it I lr / '[tt 

1111 

It11? 

' ,1 1 i ii li I f t 'iii I ii t q It I o f 

a) ti n .r 

:lI I.' )t , I 

,;i I I . k 

I)~~~~~~ it,t 

i t in 

it 

t 

I [. i it 

.t 

ilt I I 

I ' t i 

ttn 

t Il I i i , in k i o I 

,. t l i h.I nt.; a 

~~~S A5( 2 2 tl1' 1 li ll 

-I I [I 

t' 

toii wit d 

itaiti t i' 

't ' I. " I CIl 1 It f. , Il, [' i 

i 1811 1 1 i e :1t . a 1 t t 

Ii , it , I 1' :1t f 11 1I 

l

Eco I ogY 

in it tlus'r' 1-t1nd lII I Niovsitber Oil spr ing grown crops, Plut5 

/' l // U~l~ I tI'; I /,tIFI 11 'i) 1't tI 1.h t A1 )IFmlI IhI iii 1tI, tIIi k i I t v , IgI I ItI tI ll 11 

L I L ,t I i t r! v IIi it'I I F ,', I I t i;i ', v ( , II f ( ' '.F I,. I 

PiIl~ F. i IFIt t .T f IIt l sl - k it i lIi I~ i sYII it t i , C(-I I 

if, f 1t itil I h ' A , 

0 A,5 1 . !:I , ," , 1 1 1 1 1 I I 

t);, 5 .I IT,1 , -' t i i I i , , h Ik It t,, F, 1 .hi 5 s1 t,, 1 1 i i o it aI 

(FF5I .;'i suii, .1 . mi itoFIt I 1'.[t 111 I 1 i- 'll 

It! l I I1 ' 

((1,."]/~ Ii FI l I: I I s1s i t I In ! i i; H:v 

ti l t ilI IIt Il t l F ;tgt t- II ;1 F (I, . 

nt'' i) t i 1 I Ii 1 t It i'i l' i tI I i I jI ttii .1 F t i i Ioi 

At-Imit : , llft'] i iti" t, t i f I' F IF F. 1, F I I'.'t" !"1S c .,' ut 

i p! F i i it "I I ' Li t it ItI ' it lF II v i I N ,''Ij I F I'i" [lit Il , 1i f 

it st si l iiiI nlt' lt I i t t 1t' ' i 1' s11 I, l it ' 'ilL i li F t i1i " s' l1 it 

1i1Ft "1 I t I / 1 is. 1 111- 1 1 ,'w 

} , 42, 1, 

I/ t K ' s i1' , t 1 112'1 ty .(i (Ft /isI FIF, ' L ' Iii' i:) tt I . ,q it I :, i L 1 stt I F ii', I1.i. 1 iLtI ./.ti.l1. I F , LIst / t;," 'i. 1 'it'tt>'t' /' ; L, l. it;. 

F35 2L it c It F'Ft it it I Fi IFIS K (;t1 I It It i I)H I. if' I d Iss'i 

I 1Yl II ( ii I t,/ ; il i is. )1 I istt 1 11j o It I I I %i I i 'l it ' It 

rt 11IAi f I i F~ i (I d f Iwti 1 .v1';l I tsi' % 1'~ I 1 1,t s/ru 1 (I1l FIil ' () 1h I , !. + 1 ()d 1,s I I (1 11 (I i Mh.'g :1 '. 0I! I'vi - I/ts [1 tiil 

1' I1fI ifs' an iI( i/Ib v ~ t e I' Ft ),,Iv in ' I itI' it ( tio I /- ' I nkLi ;II J/i F'l i t lIuii 

ri t I I if LL I I ' I II F I lIit I FI ' v L '' ii I s l iF t I tt., . l lli t .I t,)Iil I lt' . 

it I t I , 

l il l i I 

),,St i1. 

ki 

t 

FiF !I I h..s. 

t 7 0, f) 10 0 0 l 11 ili 

I II ei. t F 

l i 1, 1 , 

l 

t I k I I .Il 

,, ,H In w . ?,I '!vK -, tI 

i If [I,/,ll I it , f l ' I)i~ I,' III l 

;l, i ., (;.,. F ! 1>,1 FI t t 1Iil 

rIlhi it(l m , ilt i li ;i1, ' II1 s W I lr i t1 d' ll 

W' i FI i l I P,. F ht h I ".I,,:, t FI ! !; i I I ,I 1 ' .l' 1 ; 1 ()tH ll I 

I lut ls t 

sit' f it l l. 1-1t niI ntitt l I h'tt 

' itF ' iistI ill 

sIr ,, s / ,;. FtslI I II, 1i~ I [l F 1 (1 . '..'I i I F 

1. 

tl 111d 

I I,I/s ] t lsl; ,i:F ', . I 1* ov 1 1 112: t 1~,'!t c il IwU 1 a w ,c /) I " l'l'l ,l t II 11 1 ti.1) ll,s' U ; I > I ' '. U,: 1, 1 I 1 I I 

S /'l3 I . I t ;i.t 1. 11 '1it I 1 lS"yls I . d 1,.;1. rll Ihb I .it,, r-atsr P .l ; S it I foI',Fu Iv ] i t r T t t. itl vl , . I. Fs 1 ti ' A1 I u1t t 1tiIf. i t!; I,'.\ I ol n ,It 

;tf,~ lZf'. 1 IIA.' . 33 i' 

IJ 1w i a, s o I) itl i; I. I h n' sil(c .- tl 1w , s. I I "o f'1 I1 A, it I I I t (II it I l 

T[liIt !z a i) I) tl I n11cI-d u IIc e ofV four pt,'.; t;s oilII c i 1) ) 1if i n 

133

I)i amondback Moth i1 i ogrttphy 

RUJas thatn, India, where tie crop is grown Ihr1 1 I.e I iInes a year, 

is described it) r-elation to mieteorologi.r-atl conldit ions from 

obs irvit i ons i I 1967 70. Lar'vle of tlie /.,til u (dl is ( F.) 

i fes (I d ! -60% of, the planits , usul Ily appsi lr ing in early 

Augus I., achh in , g I pe ak i i ini d Aifi ust n ( (I' c I i iti if g ii Ot t. o 

bef, No a I v t C w I- e ou i(Id a I' . er . a u a c y. Th , n uimbe r s of 

ltrvlae lld , pil e of 1'i '/loplusill Ili ( [lb.) ' tailted to irlc -o se 

floin ea r-Iy Augu tI, reitn( Ih d 11 ,;k 0 i e ar- I y sept -,Inbl,or and 

itl, ined if ,t u Inti I t lt, I ust wee k of' I lit minth . Al ut 30% 

o f 1h ) Iattlt. wole I it ,ested it I-i a g th. p(etk per i o , itnid 

Iit[(f t itt i Olt ti v u t' fI l I l Vtva, 

;iitd 

It li t . 

)p i fl' - 

i, I' 1 

t.t 

'1 

t 

I 

i 

t I I .'t 

otl 1ty 

.1.1/o.s 

lit-vite 

eI ,1 1,. ma cui ip '1) t 111s (Cu -t .) ) 

t1"1 2 .2, ' I 1tiIt [ d I i Ftf f eI fent lo i1 Its ill I.le y -i1-, 7 - % of 

the p I titt s ht- i !)a Iit , I,(-itbei- October, when i ifestail 

t ; Iitft I e I , fl it(f 1I 0 n . fI1 .11Ma olth, at I t ht peak 

"\Aph i&' ( 1, f i L; t,' .': i (K I t I . ap etti',d I if N ov enbe r-, 1)o l) i 

I t t 1i n s I.f iia 1 1 I ow 1111 i I ii d l cf)-')' m i , . 1 h' i 's i i t I ln t i 

t u i e ip i oe Ma itit l"avOtlr'e mu t, 1 ) 1 at ; it t , it it I Fit v't it o v I silhIt 

i,t tI I ha io l iti t I .;( V ' f ,, t' . 1 I I I i t i oll val.'ted flom ,4 

to W-t ()Z I tIt pl int a t i f t 'I It ,toii t i . t t ie o C tIh( lie Year. IP A F 

U:54t zII it 1;, I'. . 1 972. St i tf I es tin thee co I o gy it i b Ith1 o i 

I ( t , 1ho ;1rtv;'t I 't / / l t .xyIo-sft,/Il t ( 1, i i tsus u ) I1e p i d o 

St 1It:a I IIt I I I d n Pit . 1). 'lhes i s , [lnivt - ; it 

dioI), 

y of 

A5t t)1) 

l.,nouI 

. 

i , oIn 

1[if ~l II oI I o f, I ;I vv i nz-;Iitvs , tw ihav iof , it11(1 (d i s !,e v.. i onl o l' 

1 lU/11 t /I a v' I 1t' / / a It IVt' lIttle,:)o p Iitt if Io ll 11d IIs i I It s W 'r(1 

,;iuldI .(I t I ' a, go t !1; itt 20'' C , '1I1 52% tI?I w it.ft 1; f1 i g iht. 

: It h ifit' i - 1 i tIs Iit I o trat or y , eat- it f'emi t , ai tf !,16. 4 

eggils . H') 1 gii s II t, I:! I( -aI i . 2 t1fitv.i,; I ' i I I i its I tit, i'. 

s 

7 (lays 

c. 1t(i i I ;I I- A tY 

2 . it (lIV .';, p pt I . (Ii;,'s , t I la 7 ( it s it if itlI i t 1 7 1 

days. t"re:! t IYl y ht latc d I trviae c orst ruI:t, in iies it the leaf. 

The initt(7s do no . 11e0I . [1 f',Ito moot. i ig anio I.her- ntilt , t, ie 

I "a'I.vite ( l(-I t "( _ itI (I s It I- t n ,w ni ni0. Thi s " It ti i z ... C 0Iilll e t i 

' t it . I v , . i I d i. LIS ti l :.i . 2 d , fto I- t i ns tar 

t i ol o ' Fo d i, ill (71-(ttIses sci 

i t lI!; I oF n!t it I g t ft I 

po i u t itt tk I ilt it 'I i niI 1it t t(d 

ea. i if t ho hoe psI itt . 

a I i t it i (ith W I I bt( I' it I 

se l hI i litcv Vo r - r itt I (lly , illd 

d ets nsti it I, oe , I te s ItrI us [ar-va I 

Ith Is a i rt,1 i IllI i it Ihi' doIigr o f' I - 

Tfti s tIp. s t( (-I Ls itI s ft lIt Ii I-ge 

rt'ft tt't iti (l t :l -( t I i-' fdLIs' , S IIc. 

fden i i y i)I i f - I :1I esr t ts i d f I tlt t s y i, Itt . t Pu'lt tI I-(o iA t h pu p a 

wI t t di ii tit-ifFtI-g .1 v s uoIIt -t oI itI ' ( I 1 t r i Ius -t 

Ssih . I't I itwI' 

I . . T Ir i n s o 

ill- I Ijt it itins %- 

tlt ll I 

lF II j I f 

)e ft I st 

i ocie r' i ( I l as td it r t i 

I itt rt (I i t whon I tif i i I b it d , 

- t,itn I iv it, ; e i' f (t i 1 dit 

I I 

i i 

by i he 

s o Litse. 

uIt i ,( Sit ( .n 

di I'fert'(in tlitFto eS I 5[ie- 1f r e ,c 1 ( 

s-s;. It Il y4 t I i ii ItsI, o ; t I t f e(t i It t t I. r.- no 

inor t.dl i t.y. F iI-st nid s IsI:)n ins t. itt-Iit r- va se m Ii ( t-' sub jected 

to MoiortI of i I, y f'iom inI I it S epc i ' ic comp(p tI I iion. This 

int:- -11st ei i c rompet It ior seems tio cause dlens i ty deperident 

134

geolIogy 

morta I i ty fi rect.ly, However, an isolated larva may also die 

unless t he cndi i ons are very, x' orabte , for examp te, the 

leaf' tissue is not. tender criough. Older larvae suffer very 

little ilto I I i y aid pupa I nti I it v is vi r t ul IIy zero under 

Iaboratory rondi t ions. The dispOrs ion of' laboratory populati 

ons i s ait 1 i t Iirr r i i h i Ii h y a g g re g at e ; t hen t he l arvae 

st.art Lo move or t.,he I eaves lid bt((t)int' ri'artdonl |y, and at t ilmes 

regularly dist ri buted; t.he, heroetr I'lupat ion, they eggrefate 

again. 

i. ton i s 

However', this latter 

por hup re at ed tI o 

tondency to aggrogate Ft pupa 

t he test r ict ed env ironriuent. of the 

Ca ges F, 1 iiu t t dI not rd hrapperr i ni th F i e Id popu Iat. ions. 

un er, 

Mor I I I iII aid (i Ispe's iorn o I'. A.Vlostv.l/ was studied 

Ii.t ,nd it. ions, dfuring siuimmer- and autumn 1969-70. 

HIrtu; 

s - I:;p r it p at a; we r art i r iaI Ily infested, and cages 

in tlit, ' i, ,t Ii I, 

fact or , 1II , I 

p IartI , , r . I a1; 

t # tt the inserts from di fferent mortal ity 

avr, a IIt-s, p I &at I I.; , h I i s, and rai i fe II, 

I I I til l l .cI t,t 1 l so er re o f I y t Np s ed 

i I It t I it i ;. lhr ''iii t it- l i%at 

vae were 

il I()!, I v k i I I el by ) V t tp tot r !; ,qr 1 1h I i ItSoa wer Ihe ma tin cause of 

InI) 

tat 

l ti 

II; 

v o) tit' 

t, cI',' 1d it 

u loI larer-',I., IvI, 

H 1 r11u1w I-t ant r 

trait a 

i ri 

tt sI tr 

It iI I g 

h r with 

v i rt ua II y 

pre 

a 1 I 

il 

Ii r 

Il' rI 

% '1i 1 ; Ii t l ;I iV V(i I 

i; ir t an :; ii r 1 1 1 1t.h1I l 

I t I v :ta I ;e, I ,ghit 

to pre plp ie o r )11p te. a i n, 

f (I i t or1 a c r-i ira i grit ificit as 

tta1t r11 ime y (ait u.e aI r it1it y in 

ti,' ar I v IItf; t A ; . 

w Is a In' pea :; t .l, 

I)i t lit 

Iita I ity 

a;O 

(t - 

lii' e o 

to i1 nt 

it it i ut r I 

; :; IC i 

enemies , there 

comp .' i Ii i n . 

TIhe 

t) 

If otr t , 

r in i i li t 

ho I I I i Ii t 

its '.r r if,iff- t 

e ell t I i,I ,.. 

l ftV p r' I Ilit I n 

Ic it r e tI t. Ir e , inigh t 

i Ialter tI rty experi- 

'i' d,t i :1 ,,. til~, !, i t v it', 1 ,:; , i ll I it to I 11Ii I ) o 

r. It r t u ( I I t Io., 1i ghl IvV egg g, r' g ;it . .(d at ,th! hog i n i ng 

t t1 n i I t il itt (I t t1 I s (i rV - It itichr ii I'iii dtnIll ( (Ii1( t imes 

ro-fgil 1 ar , 'I ti h 1 1 (ill . lfitdi. fFr -, I dif . r r ii t. i otils , I li ' , r s i no 

I Pg r s' i, ; I ( , i ft I , f dr l l I ' it I (i :t 1t I toI t itn t. o r V of ( i I b is 

Ilit C H r Ie-1 

,, I at' -s t it t 

a.'a ' 

cit i 

(1it; f e it tIi l ii oh1A g t ,;t t ! l- iioin )t,T. 

t irt.1t 0 t to 70 uII ii k I I irt','e ";, 

0) C 

mist 

s i i trib) I e 

oF them 

W I I ii 100 - ) .) i 0' r aqtillt' citIa r ';i , comt )it r e (I t o t o 7 rrither 

aSmooit lh I 

i 1 t hi; 

,.t 

I i 

, 

I 

, !., ),t 

I . 

)tfIf t iill ,w i t i 

t'N pie I lilt, It,s 

1t0 

i ' 

oi 1 '!; 

t. , I 

's; 

lit 

la l'l e t' cI'm ar ca 

s; i I t - ; 1). 1 It -'UI I (+ () ( ()1' ( ) [I!; . 

it I. tar Ft' iind 

I t I ; t : )tl I aitl , t t a it),' ll t I ' r li it t ii It 1t- Ia)Itt it I. .l' I 

st inc s aillt ht ilf; 1 I r.' t'r ;;.;it I!titv.Sa , togt tier witI tt 1 Ur'al 

p r'it :{ l(t I : S11 (1 1 I s 1 ) 1~ it111 1 1g t. li e Il ld l ,t !l(Og 

u il(n(- tl o f f natLu ra lI 

err tn i ; fV 11 t t t (- (t Iio 1 ft r' " (thi ir halr t itt., t he need for' m,fre 

I V f! ItVll IoI I llt' iit S11U0 S,'Uto tUtI ) t ('d 1 (!t(I in i Iatc es , whoI r'e P. 

0:355 . S; t I I it t; I' .1 I 7.75. St u( i f ()It t he ''(, Io g N , f Ihie 

(I i iltit 1 i it It l I i ' ,1t ]/t/I li t x , I t tt- ,sI i ( Il, l lrtjt 1i t v r : P I u 

I tcI I (IlO I Ii t r i bii t Iti rnd t(:, (tr i1i1 i t t ite'(Ii U ' e Iit 

!;I Ige-s p 1, p. i 0 .1) 1 V I I I 1 rt.Ie rr1nat ito t at 'lint I F Protect ion 

(r igVrels ;, Mto )ow, 1975. eportIt itd I n tor m;t t i s . Sec I i on I1 . 

I'o g r .S; It t lit Sti'dy o I Bir1o1Iuig v i I ,s 1 0 rgnisi is a n d I e 

135

Di amondback Moth Bibliography 

Deve'lopment of Forecast Method. Moscow. U"SU, 

Al I s. I., alge; 

world di st rib u t ion 

are deser ibed and riot es ale g iven 0n 

of P/ tolla xy I ty o II li.), which is 

Ithe 

an 

1in1. I- I i wit 1he wa oi I..! f -; i tf, 'ta I ,, ;o, n w i 1 (Iitit 1 ; ,-i-ei 

it(I )iJt, 'u:lyIt rtit(I(II wit ,t v t ,I I 1s c .it 1 1 t I is t t1 

to DDT) wk1it i-eoi tl . IA F. 

0356{ . SIt I I1'. , [1 .J 1I 7 'i.S tId 1 -; - 1 thIce c, ,oo o f" th11e 

 

,ii7ln1lldh ,i 'k r1'h, P ! t e/.u ! /7 h! 1 og-; I I. /I : 1. ) l,'i d 4-t,1, 1 cta : P1 1 

t '"I t (I e 1 1)1 t ti I)i t )I t tle'-; ( rI it iol of Ihl di if erenI t 

s t t ,.>.s . A t't 11iI Vt i't u '' (. -t :27 1 2i12 

All I tiges; of" t/it t, ii "1 v.a : , /"I (L. li-r d rI it )e d 

Itnd li' w ot Id d i t I i IItt i II ot I it p1o - it 1 est o f ruc i 

f'(.-; I!; d tIscI'lIt;.!;t . i t Wa.!; ti't t tI-t tI-I d Fi t Solt it Amer icr 

It titt I .); ll 11d 1ya ; t1 ( t I ( I 0 li)V , I it 4.;, tit I I f,ot' t hit I"i I-S t 

t I ,I ' I it 1 9.19 w I , i I t w :; i tI I!ld t) tt *i' h )itge ,.1e iI t t (d 1i (.i i Citi r a 

((iS. t 

AE 

03]5-7 '5aI 1i.;, . . I 'l S.IULdtI :; I)tt the i) ttvioI o t the ,f 

l r,,1 V oI ') tt!!I,/Id-I ./ Io h/ 1I oit17,e7,7 ] t ( l 1(i 1pt , t:p, P i1 etel - 

I til , it)W, I dI p.!; o f itt7l' ' t(r )t I o p!; Noi lI itti ' spa 

- IIi ' 1 1 14t1 1.',( 1 1 1 :'!ti I1,l. .-11 7 '1 . 

T 1 (i I i ,t': V II}l Hh' i I;I' V Itl " II,' i V I vII 'I']F Itt I ] ,I H 

tiI k I 

o i' t I x 

it I77' I it I t I 7; uI I 

orI tI In I rt 1 

I: 

h (1, , 

I 

I ii1 

tt t 

ot 

t tt, It i"' it; 

Up i Ben ttt; 

1 1 lt,I 

1,' I 

f.it(c 

f'ood , 

:1 ;SN;''i itI - ! :; 'it : ' t[I ll I Ix'' I (] wIft '., ' c I- I i d 

i 1tt I , It t o, !tt 11 t I t) ' il t it io tti:'0 - I(' I t) 1 ! ig lit 

V -r t ( 7 lid I I:v I 1,111lt ; vtI le;i iit Sf t,.1 (711 i S i . 

I:i It ;f ( i itb ' +.,{ ,,,dii't :;t ihu. +LIIf i IIsq cd tI " ! !)i +d ig i ll 

v.It 177 ; tt1 11 tn. p !;(It ie.i 17:h :hI i A I;k i,(wt t I i,I to 1 t( 1s I, I-i I Il17 titli 71) ed r-od I si s)1'd I v 1 t, s dC h':d 1it helI 1 1 he t 

t lit : I I I I , -h I I 1 

,m Ftn I 

h, In g I t I I i < 

t 

' 

('I7: I 

tIII'-.Ilgtl 

n I It 1 I t gI. o t t c s 

o l 11 ; 1'1 VI 10( s h 1d1T)hwee 

tI i 

I i . t I it t Ill; Vill ;, I 1)7t i ; it ts 

I I I Y 'T77I- It Ii Iit 10 S 1 e5r, 

1 7I I I-f I t7+0 d 1 tIiV, I V ' 717, 1 I Ii, Ii i f vS I 

W h " .it I I' I z I- tv" I 1, g) 1 d (_1 r 

11 ., lo i t I 1 !:1' 1 I iii i -77 v,' 1v'I I i7i i i i ; I Il 

w1r171lt177 lI , ' 1 ri ,tioo,,r lh, ili- 7 1l eil oll ,, l I.'s 

L"VI I ) Ii t rig It 7' 01. " (IXs p f Io ii,' l.,t,0 t+f , i ,.11)1 (1 , P S~t)' . , I .,1I .vl 0 

IVl.y; 

['it 7-1)1 (1W 1(1 U 

Ii:) ]ill ,' I117(-7l 

t )) 

it 

((Jl 

,,,. ( 

I I II 

,1't1i 

'77.i I lh, mt.ie 

0(, 

v I r11 I i lO 

, t i i: n'lVi 

It 71111, tiwi h11)17. - er- (l 

hI) OIl s - I it , i 

T ill f- ;s it< 1 11, 1 1]~d li 11 .: 

v I 

1 , - 

i I) g 

(d I .; 

I , 1ii s 

!,{,. t I oI'1 ( Ill 

k~li lIe'I fi 

Iiw (I ,(( t

ico I ogy 

0358. Saringer, G. 1967 '['Theprincipal insect pests of rape 

and mustard in Hungary. ;ovenyved. Kut. lntez. Evk. 10: 135 

162 . ( in 

'Ih,t!i 

Hungar 

u ho 

iam w th ,[Ing] 

not.e,; 

i sh summary) 

o~il t,(i bionoi(: f t e m ~ o 

SS au tSI)r 9 1 V PIS 111 t,[-a ' o)f.e he ma *jo r 

Ii -;(' I penlI ot ir'i 1' it 11 1 llI t: rd i [lll il , l'y , wh ieh were 

nllve t. i at. eA I I t i I I ov( r, i pJ 'e (!I t ye( ' .+-;. itmage 

Io ra te by,' /':r' II o . IhrIvi. o h.u:; uihi1 1,,. i'; Ilost ; V.'e' , in 

th , h ti1 i ( i"'I ;; 2 Fr l ii 1 Ii . tte I It . le i -1 1 ef'c" Iw t i oil a 

v'(';I r, aid Iti e itad I I; (iet i t C ('C l. I or/ i. 'vI'l 'hj] u q/!a dr i dens 

(I'lnz 11Z i ; 1 ill ij ,r pf..-t o tr c w ll IC'I o %Ytt slila i lhhag,, arnd a ]lso 

it Ic f, i 1) ,1 1 11'; ()11 (-1)I e (I it I 1 .1 i V I , . i t a, l ii nll c 

•iit I ii e .,, I i )l itiw l i, e itit, I Ie-;. 1 I ,i g I r e r' 

ill. I i t l 1 in21 t , I t I !lFi I ,eI i., F I,''i I '4 I:I :; "I1,ih"l . . 

I/c ') It . ' I()it!; rIn W i t ..i : I , ' iI I ; i 1 1,.1i I m i,-; I. ai gaVr y 

1i r", 4 1. I t I t o [Ii oi 1 ii ri . 

1 iij t.' lI Y ; -) 

t d I ] i 

(' )~~ I l i ;),I I [ tit,( tit m t IllV; ill 1, 1 1 It t 1' b utlt I 

I 1 w I 41';I I[1( ''in' I'le-t eI, ' v ;o ;/)' li Ilt . l l I n I 11Sc pi 11. 

t l ! 

. 

I 

II':; mFl I 

S ,i)i5, 1 i, T;. 

i' I 1. 

ll 

I 

1-. 

I , 

it 

ft 

141,;,l / ll/ 11/ I '1' l .' /1/1 

} i ,*'e, IraF ,I e' in: Ft tiit 

I 1I I ! n/ I , 'i' i , I I IS I e l 

i. . 

i e r; 

; it , 

r!;o.t;, /mes 

allt Ve' l l r 

(. Rrt II I - 

I 44'2 it I t!! I uI 441 l r 1 i I I I o i ' r ie t v I '1 e r . 

I I 444I2.4 I 1 v 4 4l; t ' 1 11 1 iiiti t 1 tu/%q /' 1 )1 i q t.a; 

ii M1 tix t i' f 41 tt" .,, in . I t tr , i ' . i;t 

I 1t, 

t I 5lS 'J I 111 I,'11 ;i i . 1 11 11 ,11 Ix I 4' 442 1 ; 241 ; I , 11 : I g i's 

trJ:ly 

' 

' 

I 

attUn 

o2 

,'11 ,2~p~ ' 

h t44 I i.I I 

' ,'1 St 

.4 (2 I. l 

2:41' 411* : I;I't' 

i/k 4 ,( ' i ]'I Ili 

'. II 

I r'l 

4'.mmJt./ ','I 

., liI ft 

t 

.7, 4p ]I 

p . 

iniy 1-p t I it I InI I - , II iII ;; I 1 14 1 it 4r 1 i 1 srs ,, v t1t 

r. c , it r II I I!I )In I'lhI?1it I , II: 414) It. I 1h ,e-1 rr I /aI t () 

et:l It (2 ZI,;t tjI :2 'I 0 11 11 to . 1) I it.'./r 'i . , aI Il.l 1]1-' , k, , ', II (t 

1 11,M Z 1, ilrit I 10J111 , '11141 1 ;, :,v I ; i v 't.:0,41 1 I I 2 1112 f' 1t1 

I42 ., W it i I i i I 1444 it'tt1. 1,p[, 11A Ii 

l+ r ii.t rli ,a t 1. , 

0360 

'+u r iil:v ls 

Sh r. a w d'li' 

i h 

[ M. Wf. 

.€ 

I 95 

' gvoe 

ii iio t lt l 1t 2, I /'it I fl/ I It I 

1ipt n, i;h Car'2.I . il .fA 4 r en 2l 1we i t !.I [tO''i4;I re 14Z14ecI 

2 t. n 144:1 rI.: I( . in S 1;,, l[1 d in 12. 21 1 4 . t . !l i I . S (1 . 

S tIt ao .424We I . -o 14 : 5 a I' I I l I i r ti 1 2) 41144I? F.. j41 221 I 14 9 2 i 

03604.1( Sflim( M1 . iW . 1 5.1 ThI (11 IIi io1 it )t u lt't oi ( ri P1 1111 1Il mm(111 

.I l , t d i[2 i 11d 412 11 1. I' ( . V''I i I . e a fi il; yt( i . r 

an e g -, ill 2rzinl 24 t ' i t4 II n 2 ill i 14,5 (r1' , It I 4 -'(4+.( r t 

11 f(1re2 [;41 '.s of fr i t. a in .c It It A 2t1 wii t ii 2' t I ce I 1 1re 

137

I)i amonidbAck Moth Bib Ii ography 

described; the duration of its life cycle in northern Scotland 

is 6-7 weeks, allowing not more than two complete generations 

a year. Sho(rter durat ions have been recorded else-where 

in Britain, and overwintering lifas been reporte( in both 

the pupal and adult stages. DIring 1955 --57, very little 

damage 'rrim P. mcti1 lipjern is was reported in Bri taini, but two 

separate migrat ions into eastern Scotland occurred in 1958, 

about 22 June and 28-29 June, the latter being the more 

nume' ous. Flights of adults were seen from lighthouses and 

sh ips at sea, and s imi lar increases iln numbers were ceported 

from [beimark , S w (den, and Fii Ioitd; it is thought that the 

source of' migrat ions was ".It(west of Soviet Union. In July- 

Augus t , severe damage to cruciferous crops occurrea, especialI 

y int eastern Scot land, wIt icIt was not mit iigated by heavy 

ra itfa)l ill the second hal f of .July. 'Tihe inaj or it y of larvae 

had pupa ted by tIe f'irs t week of Augus t; furthter eggs were 

seon on 12 August , atd Iat-vae and pupae were present on 

cal)bbage in I alte Oct o)er. Ear Iy t,'p, Ii cations of" sprays of 

Dieldrin, D T or D)T with BttC , affid(_d d control; a field test 

of" sev(.ral ins ct ic i (e sprays oit swedes showed no increases 

in1 y i e I d (1te t o I e att me n t , but a spray of 0. 05 % DDT at 80 

g l/'acre resul It d i rr 50% i incr-case ii y i e I d o f cauliflowers. 

Fungus irtfect iof), p rob ab Iy due to Entoophthora sphaerospermat, 

afforded some conttrol of' the larvae, especially on tur-nips, 

but rates of' attack were aot. high. Numbers were much 

reduced in 1,959. 1IAE I 

0361 . Shaw, M. W. 19(62. The (diamondbick moth migration of 

1958. Weather 17:221 -2341. 

Although the indigenous populat ion of Plute.lla macul.ipennis 

(Curt. ) occas iona I I y increases and the larvae cause 

economic damage to cruci ferous crops in Brit ain, immigrations 

are of rare occurrence. The most recent immigration of 1958, 

comparabl e with those of' 1891 and 1914, established beyond 

any doubt that tie phenomenon occurs. The evidence suggests 

that. in 1958 there were two immigrations. The fir st immigrants 

arrived on 22 June, but affected only certain estern 

areas of' north rind nort h1 east. Scotland an( the Orkney and 

Shetlaid Islands, while the bulk of immigrant moths started 

t o arri ve on 28 ,Juic aid affec't 0d a far Iarger arefa of' Brit 

a i n , wherre the (lpop it,i o i o f mot Is f i rs t occur red a I on g the 

east ern seaboard. Movement also extended is fur as the Faroe 

Islands and Iceland, and itt a westerly direction moths were 

reco rded out a weather ship 500 miles west of Cape Wrath. 

Fxamination of the relevant weather charts and air tra.jector 

ies curijig the imm igrat ions shows that. a ger..ral ly easterly 

air stream, between a high to tite north and north-east and a 

low to the west and south west, was tHie main cause of the 

movement. During the course of it, a pressure pattern known 

as a colcoi nc t ded w i Ut both mi grat ions across the NortIh Sea, 

particularly during the period of the main migration. AI-though 

these conditions would tend to slow down tire movement, 

it is probable that the light winds encountered in such an 

138

Rcology 

area favored movement over large areas of sea. However, as 

the easter]y air stream became more pronounced, moths were 

carried wef,twards into the North Atlantic, where relatively 

calm condi I.ions were ag ni encountered. [RAE] 

U362. Shaw, M. M. and G. W. Hurst. 1969. A minor immigration 

of diamondback moth, t'lute.llit xylostil-i1 (L.) (macul!ipennis 

Curtis. ). Agric. Meteorol. G: 125 132. 

The sudden appearance of adults of the diamondback moth 

P. .vlostellii (L.) (macuilipennis Curt, is) in the Aberdeen area 

and the Orkney and Shietland Islands in June, 1966, and subseque-i 

. damage to -'uciferous crops in these areas, suggested 

thri t a minor i mm i gi' t i on of motl s had occurred. Evidence to 

support this was hosed on known sources of potent.ial migrants 

iti Finland and other areas to the east of Britain earlier in 

June, on the meteorologi cal synoptic charts covering the 

relevant period of movement of moths. It was found that the 

movement was atffected by a siinilar synoptic pattern aa in 

1958, with an easterly to south -easterly air-flow between an 

anticyclone to the north and northeast and a depression to 

the west and southwest of the area of movement. It is suggested 

that immigrant mot.hs probably augment the indigenous 

populat~on in Britain more frequently than is realized, and 

only when migrations are on the scale of those in 189L, 1914 

and 1958 have entomo) ogists been conscious of the phenomenon. 

0363. Smith, C. E. and R. W. Brubaker. 1938. Observations on 

cabbage worm populations at Baton Rouge, la. J. Econ. Entomol. 

31:697--700. 

As the insecticides used in the United States for the 

control of lpidopterous larvae on cabbage and other cruciferous 

vegetables are largely specific in their action, a 

knowledge of the seasonal abundance of the various species is 

necessary for the adequate use of control measures. The 

results of a survey of infestation of cabbage made in Louisiana 

during 1936 and 1937 are here reported, and the number 

of plants examined and the average number of larvae of different. 

species found per 100 plants for periods of ht lf* n mnth 

are given in a table. Plusin (Autographa) br'assi'ine Riley, 

Pieris rapae L. , and Plutel1n macul]ipennis Curt. were the 

most abundant species, in the order given. Plusin brassicae 

is predomninant on autumn crops and appeal-s late on spring 

crops. Pier-is rapae is the most important, though not necessari 

ly the most abundant, species in spring, but does not 

usually appeal- in injurious numbers on autumn crops until 

late in the season. Pluteiln mnculipennis may become abundant 

on either spring or autumn crops if they are near a source of 

infestation, and natural control agents are lacking. It 

spreads slowly and thrives best in dry, cool weather. ffellu- 

In undal is F., Eve-gestis rimosalis Gn., and several species 

of agrotinae, including Ileliothis armigern Rb. (obsoleta F.), 

Fe.Itia annexa Treitschke, and Agri-otis ypsilon |ifn. are most 

abundent on autumn crops. [RAE) 

139

I) i i Ind I 'jv u Mtt h i I ()IgNIpIity 

 

0364. Sim it t , 1). . nnd M. K. 

n I o f t I b Iu mo t it 

0o lPII.t) id it' I ?I c7 it tI t.ri 

0 11t . t I ?l 

S ( '- . 

I 

II [I I 

I i 'v 

I 

i, :i LoU o c2Vdi s 

los t 111F 1, I,1)i d op 

i t -FIIt() III S or. 

t.i oTIS- ill 

t ub0 nl ,i 

irh,' 

. t 

r 

I 

Ad )r o r. )u V,-I *,'ntle,. 

I d) o, I-' 1''.hI i 11 t 

',onlit ,'ni ; 

' ,,InII C'')l[1 d i I II 

in 

i io 

the 

t he 

) r' r 

Ift'o,,pF h " ,. , " 

in'; o F '1 . r'.i( 

,, Z-) 

')r'. :,,r ;"''' '' ; 

i 

,liii in F ; = !.'i - r, i , .. t e t1 

I 

p , t-t 

o m I p ' i I , t i t 

h d - , t F ( ) I ri I ;I II f ; 

d i . e ;ii,' Ii; !r : .1 I ., ; iii orr I. , - 0 i I 

(. I ;b -o*F j ' FF1 tIr :* tfl pi '[I-v' 

Si. II 

I ,' I i'' '2'.) p r FlFt F r I it ; rgr';i,Il t'hi ri g ' , 't' r, ,S ! / 

Ftu 

I 

1I ir rr F .F' tF F F . , Iii! F I ) 'i I(FF.FI 

I 

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::;o v i , f i or). , Sorf" o f I h,' 1,', ! tts 1111 . hitI '- Id v t ,.-f- I puI I P 

l ed . r' 1 i 1 . ] it n at I I I h '' - ' F f'F 'c - f i mu i Fil f., inp ,,' it 

1 4 0

Ecology 

tul s on Plutella maculitpennis, Phat don cochletrit-ne, Af. brass 

i'cae, A. rose, ['ievtis brass '1, '. niipi wtnd S. opaca 

,howed thoti. ii velI pini t wits cwUfpl) ,ttdi n 2 l d2 (ys by flutella 

/5!c I?'1 i 5, t5; u v ; h)V It. 1 -t' : ,2i1-tw: mid ill dav t:n by 

t 'i I.I nTi 1 ( 1" 1th !e C ITI -!I I' tt I , .,,ll; (I ilI ,tt t I pr. t o rtrI 

l ] t(m iI t tte inpt, li it . hVit ti t it I t-l 15 I0 ()C . W ith t tor 

it ,!'t :I'it l 'i ';i in t t I .,ii I, ,,,'t' , t0l .i i , , , 1 0 H , dirii 

ll)" Iv I t I / I i I ' i , I ( I t)I I . 't ' I I rt Ui t -' q 

' '[, i I'1 1 iiI, tttI;p .I ' F , i f I* 'Ii"tIt' , 

( , fii.' t.'t r , ( 1 -F,. u n d i , w i ,t1) i m ' m iw I )w Il ' , t li fi h . fotlr, S . 

" I ()111 0' AOili t l e. I /t rn/ull I 1 -;, / ' t N it it H 1 i VW C t o v 

lii' I ' I Ii ' )p CtI 0 il 1 1wi, Iii 't ~ .ii'it (I # I ititl t C,'I 

T ,. i . t'' . , t-ti )T ('1 o .ti', i , I' i,l>' i tii '

Di i i n roi nt k Mlit, h I i li o g r Ip hy 

of individuals in diupause was estrt)l ishti, those species 

react ivitted by n1row ruoges of t ,mpeI ttire hov ilrig i hi gher 

res istance. As regtrds int. rn;p ci fic vat iat ions , the cri t i-cal 

phot.operiod, teriearot ure Ill i I s ind opt oinIphot oper i o0( 

we 1' found t 0 Iboi 101W iil SoUt lit I'i t 111it it i1 rI it oiii fo'rms , 

wh I I v h ybr- i (Is we re( i n t rme,IIl i tv. Thtt e .i s p1' F cbo tI, I ii g of o v r 

w int er iritg adl Its of P'lutol In ma,ul i/,'nn is wis s t t(ti ed 

rit 

with 

vIitI from vot hern K tre t in t t I.en i igrad , e i tL bred 

t. I 

in 

I ott o t rI v nt 25 or 150C. or co I [(or:t etdii n It(' t i ( d in 

out urin. T'hi(r- wa ; 1 'LIe vor-in io( inT -upercoo I rig tminpera 

tLr(. It wee 111tY of' t he s t in.i , th otI gh lie( t I d stri i l ts , r om 

no ther I Kartl Ia wis s I I ghItI y mo t, it's is tt t, 0% Sr v iv inrg 

I [I the lI It) o r.t ot t IN it lt hette it it i ig o f Novtmrber its ( o if)ip t 

w 

(d 

it ith 10% for- t lt- let, ii g r'ad f I ('Id st r i ; the Iwo w t'rt 0 t her 

w i ' di - t-t i ta] iit I )w ji t (rTlp ' tot or( ' .t t i ons. 

A I I t lit' ispj.'ies s I it led arFe wi fl I v I is t ri, t e t in the 

In it e it( t it r eg I on, li i rig I ti I t (' () th e so I t)y i sit tf i 

ri 1) t I Y I w I eni)0rllt UI-OS f'o d i [)ItLIS 0 il11( o 0 h(1 11o r0o r by 

insUfI'it-it,1t wtirint.h i Ll SuInInOF. 0)the.cr limit {rg fit ors 

the 

tre 

upper t t'mperntture I imi ts n( humid(itY r equirtmtents. All 

di con ids I 1 1 e am(I amit ge in sI(1 th, rn K roI I it , 1btit i [ ii or the r-r 

Ku rt-1 i o Al. btrass i'rc is asen t ad(t it r tIter io r t.it olIy P. 

M11 i 1 1 / 1t'1 i , S. ot'11c I? I I.ftl h raiss I (-i'tc 0( c1 v . 1'1 i r e {s 

f itU o 0 V' t th i FCuMn1 P li F teg 10 irS C (11r IS t.S of t S 1 ! its r f! Iui 

r ri i g s u i o f i t't i vt t,'mpor1 r.It u r s o 4(10 di y teg roes C for, 

Lh- i r (IveI opmen t. T e Ir td e I o1m.int it vc I -. re r I it tod t.o 

t, ho I ocir I e('iv I roIrieri t I (I re (tIu i e tin V0I vloa ge t ei (lily t.cin )(!t.-i 

tor( oif lcs s than 151'', bevorid whirh, Os shown ecxper'ir neritIl-- 

I y , d i a pou sa' int t rvyti es ev n in t oitg tdy it iconl i I ois. Pi P r-is 

nass Ic,,? c(" c ctu rsI in ri n ()'t it I KrIr I it , )lj )liertiOs o of i t.s 

s pe , I h oit tt I i)tt c (1 I c t I onil, inil(: It or- 0v, t t lit who lo of t he 

popu I itt ()n rr v oit I t.o entt rI n I i , s e w i t I tIho I on g poI fr dny 

ind die us ai ,.l t. Ithe di st r i )ut I on of these spec ies to 

th v e tI s t i.i; f i I i t ittI (1 1)y t,lie rt' q uits 1t c I i nimum w in t er 

tem)1!r It11o s , d sPet or es w i t Ii oI I gh deg ree of co Id -res istance 

ire- wi desP read, 's p)te i I Iv S . opicfa and tH. f/ornI is in 

t.he rr t It ( s t. The re ore ol s o ri o0 s t ri)I e s t.o thIe i r ex t en 

s t oil w S.Iw0 t ds. S . opa n. , ic I t III s ot . nov t h er I y o f thies e 

specie05, !tan d Put1 oll / n'ul ipn is t lie inost sout herI y. The 

d iS Itr i tinI o ri )f'i I I tl it')o(i s ies ii t, it' Soviet, 1n ion is des-c 

r ihet it r ;iIto it t o t It r"ec log i c I rqo ui r-me Is nod opt imum 

;ores t rt' i rdi t d. K Irow I (dge of' t. Itese fc i 1 titt es t he 

foreas Li rig of'" outtleuks. RAE 1 

0367. Sudo r'wotit i , S. ind If. A. M. van den, Oever. 19 74. l, tf 

eHll. i rig (at erpi I Ilr- o f cit)bag, (Plut clIn macti / ipenn is nd 

C'ro ct doIlo t i b1 oI l is): Ittl )it Ilt ioin fI :tut t iois Ind chItin icuil 

(ort t to I . pp . 035 I ' . I t Ag r i ', I t itra I Coope rat i on Irdonts it. 

T'lhe Ne t-her- In s l?es. t I t Iet ,()tI s 1 I 974. Sect ioi l Ir . 

T ( c Ii t it I;Il Co rI t ti li)t i o i s . Mi i tI r trN V ,o Ag 'I c t It tivt', itikir I n , 

I rdove ill. 

Iut /l I )'lost o I In I,. ) Macul Ip on/) is (Curt . )) 

C'rocidolorria 

n(d 

)1not fl is Ze I I rouse sever'- damoge to c:taitige 

!42

Ecology 

seedlings throughout Indoensia. Some evidence has been obt 

ained that very wet conditions keep populations of both 

species at a low level. In field tests on control carried 

out oil cabbage seed! ings infested mainly by Plute.ila and to a 

lesser extent by Crocidoiomin, the most promising of the 

newer cempounds were t riazophos and acephate. [RAE] 

0368. Tlan, K. H. , 1'. I. Chua, G. S. L im, P. A. C. Ooi and K. 

I. Sudderuddin. 1932. The ecology of pests: Insects. Prot. 

Ecol. 4: 179- 199. 

The various f'ictors regalat ing insect pest populations 

are discussed under broad headings: natural (density-independent, 

density (JcpeCndelnt and inverse density-dependent factors) 

and man initiated (cultural pract ices (habitat modificat 

ion ) and pesticide stress). The various techniques used 

in inse(lt pest population studies, inclu 'ing population modeling, 

are nlso discussed. A case history of' diamondback moth 

(Plutelln .xCylostella')problem in the Cameron Highlands, Malays 

ia, is presented to illustrate the various populationregulat 

ing factors and the importance of knowledge of pest 

ecology is an aid to contro I program. [EA] 

0369. Tao, C. C. 1973. A review of' vegetable insect pests in 

Taiwan during seven years. Sci Agr ic. 21:230-240. (in 

Ch i nese ) . 

In this article, the author discusses the importance, 

biology, geographical distribution, host plants, arid control 

measures of insect pests of various vegetables. These pests 

include noctuids, pyrids , agromyzids, drosophilids, cecidomyioids, 

I'ier is, diamondback moth, beetles, thrips, aphids, 

leafhoppers, crickets, mites, and snails. Among these pests, 

diamondback moth ( Plutel/u.i x.vlostelln L.) is the most di fficult 

to control. Diamondback moth has 19 generations per year 

in northern Taiwan and 20--21 in southern Taiwan. One generation 

needs 13 to 34 days and there was no overwintering. One 

female laid I83 to 215 eggs. 'rile duration of egg, larva (5 

instars), pupa, and adult stages were 2-8, 6-15, 3-11, and 3 

11 days, respectively. Before introduct ion and fIrequent use 

of insecti ci(des, it was a minor pest ard its larvae were 

parasitized by Apanteles plutelle lKurdjumov (2 to 48.5%) and 

pupae by Dindromu3 sp. 'rile total parasitism reached 70%. 

Tihe larva I parasites had four hyperparas i tes and the hyperprras;it 

ism rea.':hed 60%. The parasites were very sensitive to 

irsect-cides. After the development of resistance in this 

insect to various insecticides, the control became very dif-ficulft 

but Butcillus thuirng iensis was found to be effective. 

[BAJ 

0370. Tao, C. C. and I. S. Lee. 191 . Population fluctuation 

of cruciferous insect pests and their control in Taiwan. pp. 

16--31. In C. N. Chen, W. Y. Su and W. F. tHsiac, (Eds.). Proc. 

Symp. Product. Insect ConLrol Crucifer Vegetables Plant 

Protection Center, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan, HOC. (in Chinese 

143



Thirty-eight species of insect pests are recorded on 

cruciferous crops in Taiwan, of which 22 are major pests. 

Lipaph.is e.vrysmJi Kalthenbach, M.vzus persicne Sulzer, Pieris 

rapae crucivora Boisduval, Plutella xylostella (L.), Crocidolomin 

hinota-lis Zoller, l'richoplus.ia fi lubner, and Spodoptera 

litura are among the most destructive pests that affect 

crucifers throughout the island. The author reviews one year 

data on seasonal occurrence of various pests and lists chemicals 

used in their control. Cruciferous insects of Taiwan 

have to be controlled by insecticides to fit market demand, 

but how to select and use of insecticides and application for 

decreasing the inort a Ii Ly of preda t ors and parasitoids of 

aphi(s and (caterpillars and minimize as wel I as to prevent 

insecticidal resistance of' P. xYlostella need further study. 

0371. Theun issen , J. and H. Den Ouden. 1983. Comparison of 

sampling methods for insect pests in Brussels sprouts. Med. 

Fac. Landbouww. lijksuniv. Gent 48: 281--286. 

Five sampling methods: systematic sampling according to 

a grid pattern, systematic sampling as is used in supervised 

control in cabbage crops, simple random sampling, cluster 

sampling, and pilot sampling, were used to sample pest populations 

of Maamestra brassicae, Pieris rapne, Pieris brassicte, 

Plutella vostella, and Evergestis for ficalis in Brus-sels 

sprouts twice during a growing season. Based on their 

relative precison and variable costs, systematic sampling and 

pilot sampling proved to be superior to others for insect 

pest infestation study in cruciferous crops. (AEJ 

0372. T'hygesen, T. 1968. Insect migration over long distance. 

Ugeskr. Agron. No. 8:115-120. (in Danish with English 

summary). 

The author reviews long-distance migration by insects 

that affect crops in Denmark, mentioning Plutella xylostella 

(L.) (maculipennis) (Curt.), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) 

and Autographa (Plusia) gamma (I.). Rhopalosiphum maidis 

(Fi t,:hp does not overwinter in Denmark but has been found as 

an immigrant twice in recent years. Myzus persicae (Sulz.) 

may also migrate, but thiis is difficult to determine as it 

overwinters in large numbers in Denmark. R. padi (L.) also 

overwinter in Denmark, but evidence of an invasion from the 

south-east in May 1967 is presented. [RAE] 

0373. Veitch, R. 1931. Report of the chief entomologist. 

Annu. Rep. Dep. Agric. Queensl, 1930-31, pp. 43-46. 

This report. contains infcrmation on wide range of insect 

pests of various crops. Agromyza phaseoli Coq. (bean 

fly) was unusually abundant during the winter months. Plute 

11a maculipennis Curt. (cruciferarum Zell.) occurred in large 

numbers during the winter on cabbage, and severe losses were 

experienced. The weevil, Listroderes obliquus Gyll. (Desiontha 

nociva Lea) is apparently increasing, being reported from 

44

Ecology 

various vegetables, strawberry, and tobacco seedlings. Infestation 

by Heliothis obsoleto F., a pest of tomato, cotton, 

an d tobacco, was again severe. Repeate d appli cat ions of 

arsenical sprays did not give satisfactory results, but a 

bait of molasses and water attracted large numbers of the 

moths . Damiage by the Pyralid, Psarn ( Botys) phaeopteraiis 

(Gn. , to paspalum grass occurred in the autumn in the southern 

coastal districts. The attacks terminated as suddenly as 

they began, and control measures were not necessary. [ AEI] 

0374. Wang, S. If. 1983. Observations on seasonal occurrence 

of diamondback moth in vegetable field of northern Taiwan. 

pp. 72--80. Iit Proceedings of Symposium on Insect. Control of 

Vegetables in, Taiwan. Department of Agriculture and Forestry, 

Taiwan Provincial Government, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC. 

( in Chinese with Engl ish summary). 

Tb is experiment was carried out in field in northern 

Taiwan to survey the seasonal occurrence of' the diamondback 

moth. Plutella ylostoll L. The results showed that the 

popul at ion of' this mot It was much in February-March, June- 

July, and October-December. The occurrence of the moth was 

11nirec t ly related to the environmental factors viz. tempera-ture, 

daylength precipitation etc. The cultivation period of 

the main (:ruci ferous vegetables, nutual-a enie ies, and extend-ed 

app1 icat. i otn of insect icides were directly related to the 

OCcuII'UtlCc Of'. he diamondback moth. 

0375. Wilson, J. W. 1957. Abundance of aphids and caterpil-lars 

itt commerical cabbage f'ields iii the vicinity of' Sanford, 

Florida. Florida tntornol. 40(:95 10t. 

turing four growing seasons, Apr iI through October 

195'2-56, popu I at ions of' the importe d cabbage worm, diamondback 

moth, cabbage webwotrm, and green peach aphid were very 

low in this region. Graphs are pres,.nted showing the average 

t e inpe.r atu res and t lie pop ul a t i ons o f' t he cal) b ig e looper at 

weekly intervals for tilt four seasotis , and of' the cabbage 

aphid for the last two seasons. 1HA] 

0376. Yamada, If. and K. Kawa.saki 19813. The effect. of temperature 

and hutnidity on the developmnent_, fecundity, and multip1 

i ca t ion of the diamondback moth , 'lu' .tel11Ix 'lostellu (I,). 

.Ipil. J. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 27: 17 21. (in Japanese with Eng 

I i sh summitary). 

Rit te of hat chiin g , p u l oil itin and adluI t emergence and 

f ec untd it y we re i at, i ve y hii gh at 2(, 22. 5, atid 27. 50C and 

low at i.7.5 and 300C. No ad It. ov ipos it ed at :12.50C. It was 

demonstrated that. the mu 1 t, i 1 i ca I joti of popo lAt i oti was highest 

it. 27.50C, wliie very low at 3(1C. It Japan, mean daily 

temperature dur i ig mid summer seldom e(eeds 27 .5o C, and 

t here for e , i t is unl ikely that ti e ma rke d s u le in er dec I inc ini 

(Iai aiIontdba:k u th popu I at i on observed cou Id be xl) liii ned by 

the existence of a high temtperature itn this sea sorn. Rates of 

hatct i ng , pupa . ioi and adu It emergence were not af fccted by 

45

the level of humidity. 


0377. Yamada, If. and T. Koshihara. .1980. Flying time of diamondback 

moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), to light trap and 

sex pheromone trap. Jpr. Appl. 

J. Entomol. Zool. 24:30-32. 

(in Japanese). 

The hourly catches of Pluteil xy.Iostella (L.) in lighttraps 

and in traps baited with virgin females were recorded 

during two summer nights in Japan. The traps were operated 

from i9.00 i (sunset) until 08.30 h. Dawn occurred at about 

04.40 h. Largest numbers were Laken between 23.00 and 24.00 

I in the female baited traps and between 21.00 and 22.00 h in 

the light-traps. JRAEI, 

0378. Yamada, H. and K. Oimeya. 1972. Seasonal changes in wing 

length and fecundity of the diamondback moth, Plute.ll, xY.losttolln 

(L.). Jpn. J. App L. Eant.omol . Zool. 16: 180 186. (in 

Japanese with English summary). 

In Japan, th;.. extent of the damage caused to crucifers 

by Plutelia vjylostella (L.) varies with season and locality. 

[n Kanagaw i Prefecture, damage is moderate in summer but 

severe in winter. Studies carried out there during four 

yetrs showed that, peak numbers of adults were present. in May 

and June, and that the population declined in August. The 

length of the forewirigs of adults present in August was 

generally less than that of adults present before or after 

Augu-; t, . Adult females that emerged from pupae col lected in 

August 'ind kept at 250C and under a photoperiod of' 12 or 16 h 

laid fewer eggs and lived for a shorter time than those that 

emerged from pupae col lected in December and January and kept. 

under the same conditions. Intermediate values were recorded 

for individuals emerging in spring or autumn. It is concluded 

that fecundity is determined by pupal size and that this 

is affected by temperature during the larval stage. The day 

length experience by the adults appeared to have no effect on 

fecundity or length of life. [IHE 


0238, 0240, 0248, 0250, 0257, 0271, 0273, 0439, 0472, 

0542, 0622, 0786, 0824. 

146

Predators and Parasites 

0379. Adashkevich, B. 1966. Conservation of parasites of the 

cabbage moth in chemical control. Zashch. Rast. No. 6:21-22. 

(in Russian). 

Popul at ions of the cabbage moth (Plutel]i xyilostella 

(L.)) in the south of' the Ukraine were unusually high in 1961 

and 1964 , high in 1960 and 1963 and low in 1962 and !965. 

Observations in 1960-65 showed that 14.2-97.3% of the larvae 

and pupae were destroyed by parasitic hymenoptera. Many 

parasites were killed early in the season by DDT and BHC 

app 1 i ed to control the mo th, and parasitism was as a result 

greatest from July onwimrds. investigations in 1963-65 showed 

that total parasitism reached 66.4-78. 1%, with about half or 

more of it. ascribable to Nythobia spp. , especially N. fenestr 

ulis (II lmgr . ) , anid most. of the rema i ider to Diadromus 

subti licornis ((Gray.) and Apanteles spi.. In tests on the 

effect of chemicals on the parasites, a 5.5% DIT dust applied 

at 22.5 lb per acr(t, a dust containing 2.5% methyl-parathion 

(metafos) at 22.5 lb per acre, andi a 0.15% solution of 50% 

technical trichlorphon (khlorofos) at 54 gal spray per acre 

were appi ied to cabbage in field and laboratory tests and 

their effects on thc parasites were assessed. In the field 

Lest, parasite emergence was 70% (7.7% less than in the 

controls), 23.9%, and 12.6% after the trichlorphon, DDT, and 

methyl - parathi on treatments, respectively. In both field and 

laboratory, Nythobin and Pindromus survived relatively well, 

whereas many adults of Apanteles were killed as they emerged 

from their cocoons. Adult parasites were killed by trichlorphon 

only immediately after application of the chemical and 

were already emerging normally after 2-4 hours; they effectively 

checked P. xyloste.lI in the treated plots until 

autumn, so that no further treatments were necessary. The 

DDT treatment, however, severely reduced numbers of parasite 

adults, and the normal level was regained only after a month. 

Methyl -parathion al so severely reduce d parns ite numbers, 

which began increasing again after ten (lays. It is emphasisedI 

that chemical control of P. ,'ylostell a should be carried 

out only when the population exceeds a critical level, 

usual ly in the second generation. In the southern Ukraine, 

this is estimated to bQ 150-400 larvae per 100 plants, depending 

on the stage of development of the crop. Treatment is 

best carried out before most of the moth larvae are eposed 

to parasite attack or, since the parasite pupae appeared to 

be less harmed by the insecticide than the larvae, after 30% 

of parasites have entered the pupal stage. [ RAE] 

0380. Adashkevich, B. P. 1981. Biological control of cabbage 

pests. pp. 6-10. In V.P. Semyanov (Ed.) Noveishie dostizheniya 

Selskokhozyaistvennoi entomologii. Vsesoyuznoe Entomologicheskoe 

Obshchestvo, Vilnius, USSR. (in Russian). 

147 

7

Di a iondbitck( Mo t IIi )b1i ogIIphy 

'fie use rf pitrasi tes, predrat or s ind 

a icroorgai 

eltomopathogenic 

1 s ns for the b io og i a I coni ro of 

iIl d(IIrg 

cabbage 

Ite cabbage 

pests 

aphid (lrricovne brass ira0 (IL. 

chrysom,. I iis, the spr rig cabbage fly ( Po / li 

the 

i'irdi'.r 

suI iIll .r c al)bage 

(I. 

fly ( d. flor l is ( Fa l1. 

molh. 

) ), 

( 

the 

Pl t, ol 

cabbige 

I Xylos t1 ! 1 ( L. ) ) and pierid.) 

d s(us 

in 

s eI. 

the USSR 

The ntI 

is 

rni I enei es used rn 

he 

Iude a Ieocharids 

(i, n t ro I of' D. 

for 

t/li cum, Tr'ic/'hogrjlllm for 

y los 

the 

tc 

cont,iol 

111. of' 

Flitobak 

P. 

terin (I]C iils thur 

pa I, , 

,i 

irt,) 

ns is 

fo 

subsp. 

r the cont rol of P. .vy Ios to !I aid IPier 

t le i dae, 

Co0lM0ori1 

and 

1lcew ing ( Chr.v'sope.'t Ii rt-'noa ' (St eph . 

co)t 

) ) 

t,roI 

for 

o f Bver 

the 

i c'oryrl b .assi ctao; the LCO 

t(gt-o 

1' nat 

e Itev 

ira 

w tti 

1 enemies 

iris f-tfc ides hair les t o I hem can 

hI 

a iso 

ghI 

be 

y f' ec, t I ve g a iIrs L t hi o aphi i d . IRAE] 

0381. A nonymous. 19:17'7 . i ItomolI ogI i Ia i lives I i gat ions. 

C un. 

Rep 

Sc. i (Id ; ttr".Is . Au st . I : 15- 2 . 

A I t uli ) f s;I o I ft roduce Angit iii f'en 

ri 

s 

g [nd1' 

ra 

ag1o 

/ is 

1i 

l Imgr, 

i' P 

from 

ls macl tl ipfn is Cur t . 

urSIIc-ceo;: 

on cabbage 

sf'ul were 

this; para; it e has, however, been 

into i nt 

New 

roduced 

Z ea Iand , a n it i t i s h p ,cd t. o ob ta i1 supp 

tIerIc 

es 

when 

from 

i I Ias ) (crIle, '; t t) i ! ted . I RAE, 

0 382 . Anonymous. 1939. I.,It oloI ag i p rob l ems. Rep. 

Sci. 

Coun. 

n (u, l sf . Res. Aus t. 12. 14 22. ' 

A siia I I cons igiment of Atgi ti/i 

o1) 

fenestralis 

t ined f'roni New 

tit lgr., 

Z: I arI 

was 

aIn l 1 i ber' it ed in New 

ag 

South 

inst I Wales 

P / oIIl titcii / ij' nris Ci (is t, . , on cabbage. [RAE 

0383. Aioriymioas . 1910. Cawt tir-on Inst i tut e, Nelson, New 

Iand. 

Zea- 

Annu . Rep. 1939. :31 pp. 

ParIts of the reportt, 

p ) . 17 18, 

0n 

24-29) 

ins e 

deal 

c ts 

wi th 

i n Ne-w 

work 

Zea I and dur iig 1939. 

two 

Observat 

I rnneumon 

ions 

i 

on 

(I-: 

the 

i i t. roduced aga iris t, th,, (Iai 

(Plt 

rifondback 

ollii macaIip.nn 

moth 

is (Cart.) s howyed that 

wus) 

Thyrnoellin 

(10 1l/1- 

( Diadro 

is GraV . has ,become we 1I es t ab 

Bay, 

Ii shed i 

having 

I Hawke 's 

apparent ly spread nat ural ly 

area, 

over a 

wh 

cons 

i I e 

iderable 

Angi I ii celrophigi Gray. is til iv i 

Is 

ng 

I 

in 

and 

the 

, but. 

South 

i.s no t to i ng so wel iii 1,he Nor thI Island. 

II ii was Plute-res, 

ois i b 1e for pricIt ( I I y it I I the 

mage 

c ft e 

to 

)1,i 

cr 

lftr dI 

I I er. repo tI (I, as I te whi te 

ripe, 

butter 

L,. 

fly 

) was (Pieris 

we I I cn t ro I I ed by l'teromnl/us 

the 

purJI)/IVur, 

larva I paras 

I,. Of 

ites introduced against 

tols 

Pioris 

I'utc-rul/i 

rapne, 

Marsh. 

Apan 

, seems l ike ly to be of more value than 

A. g lororntts, I,. I RAEH 

0384. Anonymous. I 10. Hn t ono loI ail prob ems. Rep. Coun. 

Sci . f ndus tr. i!s. Aus t. . 3: 15 22. 

Sev(ral I i ber t. i oiris of Angi tii enostra 

A. ceroping/i 

I is HIIlmgr . 

Grav. 

anI 

reared from a rack of about 

imported 1,000 

ifrom 

cocoons 

New Zealand, were made against 

pennis 

Plutejllt 

Curt. 

maculion 

cabbage in New South Wales, 

South 

Victoria, 

Aus t i I ii. 

and 

liruchus pi so',:- L. is a serious pest of 

148

Predators and Pains i tes 

garden and field peas in Western Australia; it is proposed to 

import the parasite, Triaspis thoracicus Curt., for its control. 

[RAE] 

0385. Anonymous. 1942. Annua I Report 1941. Cawthron Institute, 

Nelson, Neu Zealand. 34 pp. 

Of the parasites liberated against Pieris rapae L. 

Pte'-omllus puparum L. continued to exert major control and 

Ap.,int(les glomeratus L. reared from material introduced from 

the United States was found to be establ ished in one dist 

r i c t . A Tachinid of the genus Compsi-lurn that was recently 

imported tcom Canada, where it parasitizes P. rapne and many 

other hosts, readily attacked larvae of P. rtupne in the 

laboratory. Promising results against Plutella maculipennis 

Curt. ;r'ere given by Angi tia ctrophngia Grv. and 'l'hyrneelln 

Diadromus) coll ectis, Gray.; field surveys in the Waimea 

p1 a ins, Nel son, showed that the former destroyed 20% of the 

larvae and the la tt ter 61%; of the pupae. Serious damage to 

cocks foot. grass (1)aotvl is glomoraiti) was caused by an un ident 

if i ed I ,p i dopter-ous larva that bored in the stems. (RAE] 

0386. Anonymous. 1943. Annual report. 19,12. Cawt hron Insti 

it e, Neison, New Ze tland. 32 pp. 

Not s on entomological work in New Zeailand in 1942 are 

given in two consecutive sections of this report (pp. 23-29). 

Further evidence was obtained of the successful establishment 

of Angiti a cerophaga Grav. and Thyrnee I!i ( Diadromus) coil aris 

Grav. which parnsitize the larvae and pupae, respectively, 

of Plutella maculipennis Curt. on cruciferous crops. An 

analysis of material col lected from 835 different crops taken 

at three localities on the North Island in February showed 

that the comb ined percentage paras i t ism average d 77.8, as 

compared with only 3.93 four years before. Pieris rapne L. 

was again kept in ch(eck by Pterorlnlus puparum L.; and Apani-Ues 

glomerntus L. has become well established near Nelson. 

The dat a indicate that. control was more effective where the 

two parasites occurred together than where Pteromnalus was 

present alone. [PAEI 

0387. Anonymous. 1944. Annual Report. 1943- . Cawthron Insti-tute, 

Nelson, New Zealand. 35 pp. 

Two cois(cut i vc sect ions in this report are concerned 

with entomological work (pp .25-30). The parasite, Rhyssa 

persuasori a L. , introduced in small numbers from Britain for 

the control of Sirex noctilio F. about 14 years ago, has 

multiplied an(] spread remarkably, and, in view of the great 

importance of the extensive forests of Pinus ra iiata in New 

Zealand, surveys are to be made of the damage done to mi 1-lable 

timber by the borer, and breeding and further distribution 

of the parasite will be carried out if' necessary. Plu-tella 

maculipennis Curt. was well controlled on field cruciferous 

crops by Angitin cerophaga Gray. and Thyrneella (Diadromus) 

collairis Grav. particularly on the North Island. 

149


Consignments of T. collaris were sent to Fiji for use against 

P. maculipennis there. [RAE] 

0388. Anonymous. 1945. Annual Report 1944-5. Cawthron Institute, 

Nelson, New Zealand. 31 pp. 

The section of this report dealing with fruit research 

(pp. 14-18) includes a note on the introduced parasites of 

the codling moth (Cvdia nomonella L.) in New Zealand. It is 

stated that Mastrus (Aenoplexy) car pocapsne Cushm. was reared 

in small numbers and ]iberated and thai A'phialtes caudatus 

Ratz., was not found in two orchards in which it had been 

liberated in 1943. Two further sections are concerned with 

entomological work (pp. 24-26). Supplies of Rhyssa persuasor 

ia L. obtained in the insectary from logs infested by Sirex 

noctillo F. were released against this pest in the districts 

of Canterbury, the Bay of Plenty, and Nelson. The biological 

control of the diamondback moth (Piutella maculipennis Curt.) 

on crucifers was even more satisfactory in both islands than 

in the previous year, and the larval parasite (Apanteles 

glomeratus L. ) of the white butterfly (Pieris r-apae L.), 

estabished at Nelson was collected and distributed over a 

wider area. A. glomeratus and the pupal parasite (Pteromalus 

puparum L.) together were effective in checking the butterfly, 

even though conditions were less favourable to them than 

usuaul. [RAE] 

0389. Anonymous. 1946. Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand. 

Annual Report 1945-46. Nelson, N. Z. 39 pp. 

Apanteles glomeratus, L., which parasitized the larvae 

of Pieris rapge L. was distributed to further places during 

the year. The introduced parasites, Angitia cerophaga, (. av. 

and Thyraeella collaris Grav. continued to give exceiient 

control of Plute-la maculipennis Curt. on crucifers, especially 

on the North Island, although isolated crops showed 

marked infestations. A dust of 1% DDT in talc -pplied early 

in February to cabbages so heavily infested by the moth as to 

appear ueyond recovery gave excellent control and even the 

most severely damaged plants soon showed vigorous growth. 

(RAE] 

0390. Anonymous. 1951. Cabbage white butterfly parasites. J. 

Dep. Agric. South Aust. 55:68. 

The introduced Braconid, Apanteles rubecula Marsh., was 

released against thl cabbage white butterfly (Pieris rapae 

(L.)) at three places in South Australia between November 

1950 and February 1951, and was becoming well established at 

the time of writing, despite a scarcity of host larvae and 

the presence of DDT residues. At one place, where dusts were 

not applied, the parasite increased rapidly enough to control 

P. rapae, but populations of the cabbage moth (Plutella 

maculipenn.is (Curt.)) and the cabbage aphid (Bre vicoryne 

brass-icae (L.)) increased considerably. Other parasites of 

P. rapae already established in the State are Pteromalus 

150


puparrum (L. ) , which attacks the pupae and affords considerable 

control, and one, thought to be Apatnteles glorneratus (L.), 

of which earl ier releases were made at one place. [RAE] 

0391. Anonymous. 1983. The start ing. Leaflet N,. 208, -Ministry 

of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, London, U. f' . 6 pp. 

In this revised leaiflet on the starting (Sturnus vuigaris) 

in the IlK, there is a section on the feeding habits of 

the b i rd . Although !a wide variety of' animal and vegetable 

material is eaten, the hulk of the diet, especially of nestlings,rtant 

spP . , 

lirge 

consists of' inr;,cts arnd other invertebrates. An impo 

dietary item is the Ieat her~iacket, the larva of Tipula 

which is avi I tab I e t'ot' most t Ihe year and is eaten i V 

numbers. However , i L seems unl ikel y that starling, 

play a sign ificarlst part iit con I ro I I i fig 'ipil la spl . 

the Iarge numbers ')f I arvae present in tihe soi I . 

oirvae and ad' I t s ,I, I tohafe' va,., whi cIt (I aitmige 

ow ifg t.) 

Elaterid 

plants by 

feeding on their t-ots, i re . r errt . S t ai i rigs destroy 

not only surfarce- ! trig lepi dopt erous Ialvie in turnip and 

marigold f i eIids , but also the larvae of' Corapter'.'x graminis 

I..) (Chiarncns gritwin is) itnd /IiI //It Ios t II: (L. ) (maculipennis 

(Curt. )), whih are import itott ,,g iulturtal pests. 

The hir ds often associate with i'at tle, ''oding on tihe insects 

disturbed by the grazing aninitls. They ntay a lso alight on 

the backs of sheep to rerove larvae ot' Aorloptgus Ovinus 

(L.) and other e topri-asitos; however, this [,,t .ntially usefu 

I 

that 

function is somet imes cliainied to 1w of'Usel by the fact 

the wool i.s ofterr ' truck' ib N diptterorts t la rvae where it 

has been so iled with the iroppings (,f' t h bir'ds. [RAE] 

0392. Atwal, A. S. 19,59. Oviposit ion behavior -, f Piadromus 

(Thyraell ) collaris Gravenirst ( 'hneamnton idae: Hynenoptera). 

A paiaras i te of' cabbage diamondback mot Ii, /'li, olln macu lipennis 

Curtis (Tineidae: Lepidopter-a), Proc. No I Inst. Sci. India 

B: t1i ol . Sc i . 25: 80 89. 

Iindromus ,o I 11ris rwasps, kept a', I1 C, laid eggs and 

lived longer than those kept at 25 0 (,. The femirles when 

offered unparasi tized hosts ,tistti1) ite d t hfi eggs selectively 

. n s ' te ,f this some of' t ie puplio we re s rrperprrasi 

t ized, whereas others were rnrp rras it izt.d. Thus the parcsites, 

throughout heir I ift e, distributt d eggs selectively in 

a proportion of the host pupae o'f'eted Whereas thle production 

of mature egrs in the f'emale is; in some way st imullated 

by the presernce of' hosts, the prosent staulies rever-l that the 

numb' 2 r ot' hos t s ovi ilt e has no i it Ienice on the total 

number, of eggs produced by the parnitsi . [IAE, 

0393. Bach, P. De. 1962. Art an lysis of' ';licesses in biological 

control of insects in t he P c i ific at'en. Ptr . Hlawaii. 

Entomol. Soc. 18: G9- 79. 

The author arra lyses tie successes of i ) t ogi cal control 

of insect peLs in the Pacific rvea and disi: usses various 

factors to learn whether common denorinut,(ris for success 

151


exist. The biological control cases are analyzed according 

to taxonomic orders of insect pests, countries, latitude, and 

type of natural enemies imported. The author reports that 

Plute]la maculipennis (Curtis) has been partially controlled 

by parasites in Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. 

0394. Bennett, F. D. and M. Yaseen. 1972. Parasite introductions 

for the biological control of three insect pests in the 

Lesser Antilles and British Honduras. PANS. 18:468-474. 

Details are given of work begun in the West Indies and 

British Honduras in 1968 on programs for the biological 

control of Plutel Ia v.vlostella (L. ), an important pest of 

crucifers, Heliothis zea (Boddie) on maize and other crops, 

H. virescens (F.) on cotton and other crops, and Ilpysipyl 

grandejln Zell. , a borer that causes serious damage to Cedre 

]a spp. and Swietenia spp. 

The indigenous natural enemies of P. xylostella observed 

in the Lesser Antillci were a species of Trichogramma 

reared from eggs collected on St. Lucia and St. Kitts, a 

species of Apanteles widely distributed in the Lesser Antilles 

and Trinidad but uncommon, Tetrast.ichus sokolowskii 

Kurd., which was reared from pupae collected on St. Kitts 

Nevis, 

and 

Montserrat and Antigua, and Spilochalcis hirtifemora 

(Ashm.), which occurs seasonally as a parasite of the pupae 

in the Leeward Is. find in Trinidad. A. plutellae Kurd. 

obtained 

was 

from India and relesed in the Lesser Antilles and in 

British Honduras. It has been recovered from several of the 

release areas so far sur\.eyed. A. vestalis (Hal.) was obtained 

from the Netherlands and released in the Lesser Antilles 

and British Honduras, but no recovery surveys have yet 

been carried out. Initial releases of Thyrneella collnris 

Gray. have been made. 

Though no insect parasites of Hypsipyla were found 

during surveys in the Lesser Antilles, eight species were 

found in Trinidad and six in British Honduras. They are 

listed. The parasites of H. robusta (Moore) that were obtained 

from India, mass-reared in Trinidad and released in 

the Windward Is., in British Honduras and in Trinidad were 

Trichogrammatoiden nana (Zhnt.), which was recovered in Trinidad, 

Phanerotoma sp., which has not yet been recovered, and 

Tetrastichus spirabilis Wtstn., which has not yet been recovered. 

Antrocephalus renalis Wtstn. was released in St. 

Vincent, St. Lucia and Trinidad, but has not yet been recovered. 

Laboratory programs are being set up to rear stocks 

of the Ichneumonid Campoletis flavicineta (Ashm.) (Ecphoropsis 

perdistinctus (Vier.)) from India and a species of Trichogramma, 

also from India, for release against Ileliothis 

spp. [RAE] 

0395. Blanchard, E. F. 1947. Descriptions and notes on Argentine 

microgasterines. Arthropoda 1:6--22. (in Spanish with 


The parasites dealt with in this paper are all of the 

152


genus Apanteles and all from Argentina. Those described as 

new are A. crouzeli from Cydia (Grapholita) molesta (Busck); 

A. desantisi from C. molesta and Tortrix (Argyrotoza) sp. ; A. 

lesbiae from Callas lesbia (F.) ; A. lizeri from Tolype proxima 

(Burm. ) and 7'. guentheri Berg; A. piceotrichosus from 

Plutella mculipennis (Curt.); A. subandinus from Gnorlimoschema 

operculella (Zell . ); and A. haywardi, which was probably 

a parasite of guzophera me.lanostathma Meyr. attacking 

Tachardiella argentina (Dom.). The Argentine parasite [of 

Leuctiania (Cirphis) unipuncta (Haw.)] previously considered by 

the author to be A. m ilitaris (Walsh) having proved to be a 

new species, he proposes the name A. muesebecki for it and 

gives characters (list inguishing it from A. militais. Comparison 

of type material has shown that A. williamsoni Blanch 

is a synonym of A. aierza.i Breth, but Brethes record of the 

latter from Colias lesbia has not been confirmed and is 

considered doubtful. HRAE] 

0396. Bondarenko, N. 1982. Prospects of biological 

of pests in cruciferous vegetable crops in the 

control 

USSR. Acta 

Entomol. Fenn. 40:3-5. 

A review is presented of a complex of biological control 

measures that, combined with rational agrotechnical methods, 

would protect cruciferous vegetable crops in the USSR from 

pests (especially Phyli-.treta spp. , Delia radicum (L.), 0. 

floralis (Fall.), Pieris hrassicae (L.), Artogeia riipae (L.), 

Plutella xylsotella (L.), Mamestra brassicae (L.) and Brevicoryne 

brtss icte (1.)) without the appl ication of insecticides. 

A number- of these measures ha',e already been elaborated 

and are now being introduced, others have been tested 

and await the solution of practical and methodological problems, 

and the rest require scientific development. Special 

attention is paid to the establishment of economic thresholds 

of harmfulness (ETtts) and efficiency levels of pests' natural 

enemies (EIPNEs). [RAE] 

0397. Brethes, J. 1923. Report of the Entomological Department. 

Inst. Biol. Soc. R,,r. Argentina, Memoria Mayo 1922-23, 

pp. 37-41. (in Spanish). 

In this report for the year ended May 1923 the insects 

dealt with include the alfalfa caterpillar, Colias lesbia, as 

yet found only on lucerne, klniocmpoides limacina, probably 

introduced prior to the establishment of the plant quarantine 

service, and a beetle, lDyscinetus gagates, attacking wheat. 

Both the larvae and adults of a Chrysomelid, Plagiodera 

eryth-opterl, destroy the leaves of willows. A Halticid, 

Caeporis stigmu], feeds on the foliage of Cucurbitaceae. 

Coccid pests included the pine scale, Leucaspis pini, Dinspis 

(Aulacaspis) pentagona, Aspidiotus perniciosus and Pulvinaria 

(Lecanium) cestr-J, which infests Cesti-rm parqui. Cjd.ia pomonella 

is a serious pest of applies, pears, and other fruits. 

The orange caterpillar, Papil.io thoas thoant.iades is parasitized 

by a Chalcid, Pteromalus caridei, arid Plutella macull 

153


pennis, which is a pest of cabbages, by Limnerium leontiniae. 

Tie control of the woolly aphis (Erisoma Ianigerum) effected 

by Aphelinus mali, introduced from Uruguay, has surpassed all 

expectation. The employment of Tetrast.ichus platensis and 

Parexorista caridei against the bagworm (Oecet icus kirbyi 

var. pltensis) has also proved beneficial. [RAE I 

0398. Burgess, L. 1980. Predation on adults of the flea 

beetle Phyllotreta cruciferae by lacewing larvae (Neuroptera: 

Chrysopidae). Can. Entomol. 112:745-746. 

Larvae of Chrysopa carnea Steph. are reported preying 

on adults of Ph.vlIotreata cruciferne (Goeze) on rape in 

Saskatchewan in August 1979. C. carnea also preys on larvae 

of Plute.ll.a xylostellIn (L.) on rape there. (RAE] 

0399. Castineiras, A. , and L. R. Hernandez. 1980. New hosts 

of Spilochalcis hirtifemora (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera:Chalcidi-dae) 

from Cuba. Poeynna. No. 209, 9 pp. (in Spanish with En-glish 

summary). 

It is reported that Spi lochaicis hirt i fe rora (Ashm.) 

was found to be hyperparasitic on about 50% of the larvae of 

Diadegma insulnris (Cress.) parasitising Plutolla xylostella 

(L.) collected on cabbage during studies near Havana, Cuba. 

It was also hyperparasitic on some 20% of the larvae of a 

species of Apanteles (possibly A. dignus Mues.) parasitising 

Ke.i foria jcopersice IL (Wl sm.) ( Gno-imoschera lycopersice]la) 

on tomato an( on 15-50% of a different species of Diadegwa 

parasitising fle.liothis viresc'ens (F.) on tobacco. It was 

reared as a primary parasite from pupae of a syrphid of the 

genus Mesograpta preying on aphids on cabbage. A table is 

provided showing the hosts and locality records in Cuba of 

the numerous species of Spilochalcis now known to occur on 

that island. [RAE] 

0400. Chang, L. C. 1974. Studies on the ioxicity of insecticides 

co a parasite (Apanteles p lutellae) of the diamondback 

moth. J. Taiwan Agric. Res. 23:143--148. (in Chinese with 


Laboratory tests were carried out in Taiwan to determine 

the contact toxicity of insecticides commonly used there 

to Apanteles pluteoilae Kurd., a parasite of the cabbage pest 

Plutella xylostella (L.). When 20 adults were released into 

organdie bags that had been dipped in insecticidal solutions 

and allowed to dry, dichlorvos (DDVP), phenthoate (Elsan), 

mevinphos (Phosdrin), and methomyl (Lannate) gave 100% mortality 

within 6 days. When 20 adults were caged on treated 

cabbages, quinalphos (Bayrusil), phenthoate, Salithion, dichlorvos, 

naled (Dibrom), diazinon, and methomyl gave 100% 

mortality within three days. [RAE] 

0401. Cherian, M. C. and M. Basheer. 1931. Brachymeria excarinato 

Gahan (Family Chalcididae), a pupal parasite of Plute 

1]a _acuJipennis Curtis in South India. Proc. Indian Acad. 

154


Sci. 7(B):289-299. 

Life-history of the host is briefly summarised. At 

CoimbaLore, the life-cycle lasted 15-18 days in September and 

October 1937. All stages of B. excarinat are described. 

The adults pair and females oviposit on the (lay of emegence. 

The eggs are deposited in the pupae of the host, the maximum 

total and daily numbers of eggs laid by a single female being 

213 and 16, respectively. When only one host pupa was available, 

the female oviposited in it more than once, but in 

such cases no adult parasites emerged. Pupae may be parasit 

ised by mote than one female, and those of all ages are 

acceptable, except those that are very advanced. Parthenogenesis 

also occurred, the progeny being exlusively male. 

The egg stage lasted 1-2 days, and the egg and larval stages 

together 6-8 days. Larvae pupate within the host, and the 

adults emerge after- 4-7 days. Females that were fed on honey 

solution and oviposited survived for an average of 14 (lays, 

while those that were kept without food died within four 

days. The maximum percentage parasitism in pupae collected 

in the field was 59.9, in August. In September, October and 

November, the percentages were 15.5, 22.6 and 20.4 respec-tively. 

IEAE] 

0402. Cherian, MI. C. and M. Basheer. 1939. Tetrastichus sokolowskii 

Kurdj. (Family EuLophidae) a larval parasite of Plu-tella 

maculipennis in south India. Proc. indian Acad. Sci. 

9(B):87-98. 

Brief descriptions are given of all stages of Tetrastichus 

sokolowskii. F._males of this Eulophid oviposited on the 

day of emergence in the larvae of P. maculipennis, the maximum 

total and daily numbers of eggs laid being 127 and 25. 

Several females oviposited in a single host larva, and the 

maximum number of adult parasites that emerged from a pupa of 

the host was 39. Not more than 13, however, emerged from 

pupae collected in the field. Partheno genesis was common, 

the progeny being males. Females kept without food lived for 

four days, and those fed on honey solution for up to 20. The 

eggs hatched in less than two days, the egg and larval stages 

together lasted 5-8 days, and the pupal stage 5-7. The 

percentage parasitism in pupae collected in the field was 

highest (68.5) in November and lowest (18.2) in August. A 

list is appended of other species of Tetrastichus that have 

been recorded from economic hosts in South India. [RAE] 

0403. Chio, I., and K. K. lHo. 1972. Effects of five different 

kinds of food on the development of the rice moth (Corcyra 

cephalonica Staint). Plant Prot. Bull. (Taiwan) 14:129-130. 


Corcyrn cephalonica (Stnt.) is used in Taiwan as a host 

for the laboratory rearing of the parasite Apanteles plutella 

Kurd., a promising agent for the biological control of Plute- 

Ila xylostella (L.) When the suitability of five different 

types of food for rearing C. cephalonica was determined, 

155

de'velopment was most rapid on rice husks. [RAE] 


0404. Chiu, S. C. and C. C. Chien. 1972. Observations 

Apanteles on 

plutellae Kurdjumov, a larval parasite 

back moth 

of diamond 

(Plutolla xyloste.lln Linnaeus). Plant Prot. 

(Taiwan) 

Bull. 

14: 145-152. (in Chinese with English summary). 

The bionomics of Apanteles pluteilnte Kurd. 

parasite 

, a larval 

of Plutella xylostelln (L.) were studied 

laboratory 

in the 

(20_2oC and 66-75% R.H.) in Taiwan. 


Descript 

all stages 

ions 

are given. The number of days required 

velopment 

for de 

of the eggs, larvae in the three instars, 

and 

prepupa, 

pupa was 2, 2, 5, 1, 2, and 5, respect ively. 

survived 

The adults 

for 20 days, the preoviposition period lasting less 

than 1 day. [ RAE ] 

0405. Chiu, S. C. , C. C. Chien, K. C. Chou, L. C. 

S. 

Chang, 

C. Chiu. 

and 

1974. Mass production and field liberation 

1 arva I 

of a 

parasite (Apainfv os plutoll ae) of the 

moth. 

diamondback 

J. Taiwan Agric. Res. 23:48--59. (in Chinese with English 

summary). 

Plutv.lln xylostella (L.) is one of the most 

insect 

injurious 

pests of cruciferous vegetables in Taiwan. 

is 

A 

described 

method 

for rearing it and its larval parasite 

plutellue 

Apanteles 

Kurd. for use in an integrated control 

cluding 

program 

chemicals, 

in 

diseases, and natural enemies. Larvae 

P. xylostella 


were reared in plastic trays with 

ble 

fredh 

supplied 

vegeta 

daily, and adults were kept for oviposition 

wooden cages 

in 

containing growing crucifers in pots; 

and 

the 

its 

moth 

parasite were also reared under natural conditions 

a large field 

in 

cage covering an area of 0.05 ha. Larvae 

the s,--cond 

in 

and third instars from the insectary 

cocoons 

and parasite 

from the field cage were used for obtaining 

tionoviposi 

by A. plutellae. Owing to difficulties 

regular 

(in obtaining 

supply 

a 

of fresh vegetables or arising from 

conditions 

climatic 

or virus diseases) in rearing 

large 

P. 

numbers, 

xylostella 

Corcyra 

in 

cephalonica (Stnt.) and Ephestia 

tellacau (Wlk.) were used as alternative hos, 

production 

for the mass 

of the parasite. Releases were made in 

1972 

December 

and in March and May 1973 at three di fferent localities 

in Taiwan, about two weeks after the fields of 

been 

crucifers 

treated 

had 

with Thuricide 90 (a preparation of 

thuringiensis). 

Bacillus 

Comparison of the pest and parasite 

t ions 

popula 

at release and two weeks later showed a reduction 

the larval 

in 

and pupal density of P. xylostella and 


an 

18. 

increase 

26--26. 3 l in the natural rate of parasitism 

plutellne; by A. 

the rate of parasitism depended largely 

rate 

on 


the 

adult emergence, the location of the fields, 

weather 

and the 

during the fortnight after parasite release. [RAE] 

0406. Chiu, S. C., C. C. Chien, L. Y. Chou, and II. H. Chen. 

1981. Biological control of insect pests on cruciferous vegetables. 

pp. 32-73. In C. N. Chen, W. Y. Su, and W. F. tHsiao 

(Eds.). Proceedings of Symposium on Production and Insect 

156


Control Cruciferous Vegetables. Plant Protection Center, 

Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC. (in Chinese with English summary). 

The responses of natural enemies to insecticides are 

different according to the diversity of insecticides and the 

species and developmental stages of the natural enemies. The 

insecticides, Thuricide, virus, JHA, JHM, and IGR are relatively 

more specific and harmless to the natural entmies. If 

we could properly apply natural enemies with cultural practices 

and resistant varieties, then the population density of 

vegetable pests will be maintained at low level, and the 

natural enemies could very effectively perform the role in 

the integrated control program. Cruciferous vegetables have 

numerous insect pests. The control of these insects almost 

solely depends upon chemical control. Biological control of 

the cruciferous insects has been attempted in many countries 

and has mostly emphasized the survey of natural enemies and 

their basic studies. This paper presents a literature review 

restricted to the biological control of six major insects, 

viz. diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella (L.)), cabbage 

worm (Pieris rapae (L.) and P. rapae crucivora Boisd.), 

armyworm (Spodoptera lituru (Fabr.)), cabbage looper (Trichoplusia 

ni (Hubn.)), green peach aphid (Myzus persicae 

(Sulz.)), and mustard aphid (Lipuphis erysivi Kalt.). All 

recorded parasitoids and predators of these insects ar- listed. 

Biology and ecology of some important natur)l e:iemies 

and their field experimental achievements are nclude. 

0407. Constantineanu, M. I. and G. Mustata. i972. Ichneumonids 

(tIymenoptera:Ichneumonidae) new to the Rumanian fauna. 

Rev. Roum. Biol. Zool. 17:87-95. 

Nepiern moldavica, reared from a pupa of Plutella xylostella 

(L.) (maculipennis (Curt.)) and Hemiteles moldavicus 

from a pupa of Microplitis spinulne (Nees) on Autographs 

(Plusia) gamma L. are described as new, and new host records 

and distributional notes are given for Scambus eucosmidarum 

(Perk.), Diplazon (Homotropus) asyntactus Schmied. , Campoplex 

(Diadegma) gibbulus Brischk., Phygadeuon trichops Thomps. , P. 

geniculatus Kriechb. , and Stilpnus gagates (Gray.), species 

here recorded as new to the Rumanian fauna. (RAE) 

0408. Davis, C. J. 1974. Recent introductions for biological 

control, XVIII. Proc. Hawaii. Entomol. Soc. 21:355-358. 

Entomology Branch of the Hawaii Department of Agriculture 

maintains a conti'nuous program of introduction of beneficial 

arthropods for pest control. This paper lists two new 

introductions and gives a few notes on the status of pests 

and their purposely introduced enemies. In April 1972, Apanteles 

plutellae Kurdj. was imported from Taiwan and released 

for the control of Plutella xylostella (L.). 

0409. Delucchi, V., M. Tadic, and M. Bogavac. 1954. Mass 

rearing of Apanteles plutellae Kurdj. Hymenoptera: Braconi 

157

Diamondbalck Moth t ibi iography 

dae) and Angitin tibialis (Jrav. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), 

endoparasite of P lutella macultir,.-nnis Curt., and biological 

notes on the par'asites. PlIant Prot . (Belgrade) No. 2 L:20-41. 

(in French). 

In 195 , aIvae anid cocoons of Pluto lli maticul ipennis 

(Curt.) were collected in the district of' Versnilia, on the 

coast of Tuscany, For investigation of their parasites and 

rearing of the latterLFor despatch to Australia. Tie district 

was chosen becaise it hadi a ci mate resembIi ng thfat of 

southern Australia and the fields were seldom treated with 

insect, i ci (les. The species oh ta i ned wer-e Apa telos p'it el.1e 

Kurd. , AnigiI it ti, i. /is (;t'av. ) and Thytrnoe.1l i (Diadil-omus) 

collaris (Gray.). The lasi aff'orded not more than 2% parasitism 

in the fie lId, was I ittI e more effect ive in the laboratory 

, arid appeared t o be at Ilhe southern Iimit. of its European 

distrib ut ion. A. libitilis was abundant in the field and gave 

57. 9 7 O.():1% pa ras i t itsin he tweer, .1uly anld September. Apanteles 

plutollao was less frejuert. rirod gave 10.8--18.3% parasitism. 

Two hyperpa itasi tes e einer, ! ged, osochorus t'acialis tridgm. from 

25% of A. /,lutoll+ie, and T'tiastichus sp. from 15% of Angit 

in. The pres et.cie oF the.se rendered i . necessary to breed 

p ra i tes in the I ahora tory for despa t ch. los t larvae were 

reared on cabbage From field col leet-ed adults, and Apanteles 

ind A git it we-r e reared err them by a method resembling that 

prev ious Iy used for rearing Apantlbs ruboctuln Marsh. on 

Pieris r'apale ( ,.). The host larvae were exposed to the fema 

Ies of Apnnt ol.s ii 1 the( second iris tiir , find to those of 

Angitin in tite third or fout-tb. 

The eggs, 1lanvie and pupae of AI)intolos plutellne and 

the eggs of Angit ia tibialis are described. Total development 

of Apaat olos last e(1 I I (days, v ith an average of 13.5 

days, at an average temperatuare of 2511C., the egg, larval 

and pupal stages last ing 36-38 hours, 8 days, 1rd about 4.5 

days, respect ively. Many eggs were laid in each host, but 

only one larva dev'!loped, till the others dying soon after 

hatching. The host larvue d(iedia few hours after the parasite 

lar-vae had left, them to pupate. A. plutell e is known 

to parasitise larvire of Ityphintria cunon (Pru.) ,n Yugoslavia, 

but., in tests with some of its other recorded hosts, it 

(lid not attack Pieris r'pac or P. b raissicue (L. ). At 230C., 

the larvae of Angitin tibialis hatched in 12-49 hours, with 

an average of 45, but only one completed its development per 

host. The larval stage lasted about 6.5 days, and the pupal 

stage about 8.5 11.5 diys , wi t an average of 9.5. Cocoons 

of Apanteles and Angi tit on musnI ili :ere despatched to Austra- 

Iia by air in the autumn, in special boxes, which are described, 

and arrived in good condit. ion. A few adults of T. 

col/ris were also sent. (RA,'I 

0410. Dresner, E. 195,5. The present tnatts of economic entomology 

in Indonesia. FAO Plant Prot. Bull. 3:49-55. 

The author lists important crops and their insect pests 

in Indonesia. Discussion of insect control is divided in two 

158


groups: industrial crops; rubber, tea, cacao, coffee, sugarcane 

etc. and small holders crops; rice, potato, cabbage, 

soybean etc. Industrial crops are adequately protected but 

small holder crops rarely receive protection for insect pest 

infestation. Derris and pyrethrum are the only two locally 

produced insecticides. Synthetic organic insecticides are 

imported but are not used properly by smallholders. Plutella 

maculipennis is the most serious pest of cabbage. Since the 

first use of DDT on cabbage in 1948, resistance of the insect 

has increased considerably. Hfeavy and more frequent spraying 

is necessary. Angitia cerophage? introduced specially to 

control Plutel i is well estiblished in low insectticide usage 

area but failed where insecticides are applied frequently. 

[RAE] 

0411. Emdcn van, F. I. 1942. A Tachinid parasitic on Plutel- 

In maculipennis, Curt. Bull. Entomol. Res. 33:223-225. 

The author describes the adults of both sexes of the 

Tachinid, Cadurciat plutellae sp. 'I. reared from Pluteila 

maculipennis Curt. in Kenya, and gives characters distinguishing 

it from the other species of the genus. [RAE] 

0412. Evans, I. B. P. 1939. Solving the Union's pasture, crop 

and insect problems. Annual report of the Division of Plant 

Industry. Frog. in Soutn. Afr. No. 117, 22 pp. 

Observations on the parasites of the cabbage moth, 

Plutelia maculipennis, Curt. , showed that the percentage 

p,'rasitism by the introduced Ichneumonid, Angitia cerophaga, 

Gray., amounted in one instance to 50; 18 indigenous parasites 

'f this moth have now been recorded. During the summer 

its numbers were greatly reduced by the fungus, Jntomophthora 

sphaerosperma, but they have now reached a higher level than 

before. [RAE] 

0413. Fan, S. If. and K. K. Io. 1971. A preliminary study on 

the life history, rearing method of Apanteles plutellae Kurd. 

and effects of different insecticides to it. Plant Prot. 

Bull. (Taiwan) [3:156-161. (in Chinese with English summary). 

Apanteles p/ut el l.oe Kurd. parasitises the larvae of 

Plutelln x.vlostelln (L. ) in Taiwan; in 1970, parasitism averaged 

19.6%. In the laboratory, the egg, larval and pupal 

stage of the Braconid lasted 1, 6-7 and 3-5 days, respectively, 

and the adults lived for 7-10 days. When host larvae in 

the second or third instar were provided, the female parasites 

laid 100-150 eggs each. Only one parasite completed 

its development in each host larva. The adults and early 

instar larvae of A. plutellne were very susceptible to bromophos 

(Nexion), diazinon and dichlorvos (1)DVP); larvae in the 

later instars und pupae were somewhat less susceptible. [RAE] 

0414. Fedosimov, 0. F. and D. Tsedev. 1170. The useful insects 

of Mongolia. Zaahch. Rast. 15:51. (in Russian). 

Investigations in 1966-68 in the Selengin Aimak in 

159


Mongolia revealed 16 species of insects that at times played 

a major role in reducing the numbers of arthropod pests of 

cereal and vegetable crops. The commonest pests of cabbage 

were the cabbage moth (Mamestra brassica (L.)), the diamondback 

moth (PIlutella xylostcl II (I. )E) and th o small white 

cabbage butterfly (Pieris rapate (L.)). Krnestiit consobrina 

(Mg.) was the most effect ive paras ite of Al. brassicne, and in 

1966 was responsible for about 6% parasitism of the larvae. 

Nvthobiit (florogenes) fenestralis (IIllmgr. ) parasit ised up to 

8% of the larvae of Plutelln and Pieris rapae was parasitised 

by Apan te!es glomera t us ( L. ) and Ptcromalus pupartrum (L.) , 

which caused l- 2% mortality of the larvae and pupae. The 

numbers of the summer cabbage fly (tfylemyn floralis (Fall.)) 

were reduced by Trybliographi rapiie Gylh. fed on the eggs and 

larvae of 1t.vlemyn, while the larvae destroyed 3 4% of the 

pupae and Bembidion sp. attacked the eggs. Among the predators 

serving to reduce the numbers of aphids infesting cereal 

crops and lucerne were Adonia tmoena (Fald.), Coccinula (Coccinell1n) 

qunttuordecimpusttulatii (L. ) and Coccinella trifasciata 

L., which were widespread, and C trainsversoguttata Fald., 

Propylon quaiuordecimpunctat (L,. ) and Calvit dlc imguttata 

(L. ) , which were less frequent. Though these Coccinellids 

w, re not individually numberous, in the aggregate they pre-vented 

aphid numbers from increasing. Chrysopa perla (L.) 

and Syrphus vibesii (I.) were also predacious on aphids. The 

cereal aphid (Schizaphis graminum (Rond.)] was parasitised by 

Lysiphlebus (Aphidius) testaceipes (Cress.), but only to the 

extent of 2-3%. [RAEJ 

0415. Girault, A. A. 1922. New chalcid flies from eastern 

Australia, III. Hymenoptera. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus 

10: 148-154. 

The species dealt with include Stonatoceras colliscutehlum 

sp. n., reared from Coccinellidti, Tuidicoxella plutellophagn 

sp. n., reared from Plutelln ,culipennis (maculata), 

and feselatus ficus, gen. et sp. n. found in fruit of Ficus. 

[R AE ) 

0416. Glas, P. C., P. ff. Smits, P. Vtaming, and J. C. van 

Lenteren. 1981. Biological control of lepidopteran pests in 

cabbage crops by means of inundat ive re lease of T'richogramma 

species ( Trichogrmmo evanescens and Trichogramma cacoecine): 

A combination of field and laboratory experiments. Meded. 

Fac. Landbouwwet. Rijksuniv. Gent ,16:487-,198. 

Large numbers of two Trichogrnmmn species, 7'. evanes- 

COnS a1d T. cacoocine were released in Brussels sprouts 

fields to study whether these parasitoids were able to con-tro 

the lepidopteran pests that occur in cabbage crops. 

Laboratory exp)eriments were carried out to study the host 

pre f'e ren ce o f t he painasitoids and tho iifluence of hos t 

di st, ance on the pars it iza t.ion efficiency. Although pest 

populations were extremely low this year, a reduciton was 

found in the numbers of Plutella xylostella larvae and the 

160

Predators and Pairs i tes 

damage done in the corp by Evergestis forfica.lis larvae. 

Laboratory experiments revealed differences in host preferences 

between Trichogramvt spp. and between strains belonging 

to the same species. 7'richogramma spp. parasitize more efficiency 

on egg batches and on eggs that are laid. singularly on 

the leaves. [BAJ 

0417. Goodwin, S. 1979. Changes in numbers in the parasitoid 

complex associated with the diamondback moth, Plutella Xylostel 

In (I,.) ( Lep id(opt era), in Victoria. Aust . J. Zool. 

27:.981 939. 

A study was made in 1972174 of the parasites of Plute]a 

XviyIOs t ell I ,.) aa t a r a I I y inaf*es t inag Four successive crops 

of cabbages in V ictor in that rce i ve d no pest icida I treatment. 

Plarts it isI f'uctUated in each crop, averaging 49%. The 

ma *j ov panrasit s were 1 itad gina ceiophuaga (Grav.), D)iadromus 

colle 'is (Gritv.) ( ''h.vr'ieolli coiI tris) , and D adroirus rapi 

(Cail .) whi c1h average. d 93% of t.he paras i |sii n recorded. Six 

mi no- primary parasites and ,'- hyperparasitc are also recorcl 

d. Paras i te act.i vi ty was high in spring and s ummer, 

a Itlioiigh '_xtremely high temperatures in summer reduced the 

nunibot). of both the host an(d its paras it. es . Drought conditiol,; 

a,(tniuated this. Parasitism in autumn depended on the 

s eve!, iv of' this dep1et ion and on the ensu i g rate of' recovery. 

The rInore irinportant larval par-as ites wer closely syn--- 

I'roii s ( w i I I l) t 11 In111(o rs , wi t.It ii di:s t i nct lag (fur i ig the 

w i t er. [iAH' 1 

0418. Gtapt.a , V. K. 1974. S tudi es on cert aini porizontine 

ic hne umn ids reared from economic 1osts (par'as it ic ftymenoptern). 

Orient. insects 8: 99- 116. 

Certa i ri s)ec i es of 1)itiogma, ivborus and Campoletis 

often reired and misdetermined are discussed. The species 

t rea terd are: Diadleglua fenesti-nlis (lIolmgren) reported from 

[id i it r'id Pak istan from tP1utoli1 xylVost ela ( -P'. macu lipenn 

is): P. Varun, from India reared from P. xy.lstclla; D. turcat 

o Aubert from Phthot'imalca op.rculo] in from Cyprus; 1). moiliplum 

(lbol igron) ( LinAnorium sto/lenhoschense Cameron) from 

Rhodes ii aiiid St . te leria Is. r,.ar- d from P. oporcut l I; 

Ar-iboru., tr-ohnnternttus (Morley) parasitizing '. opercuiella 

in rid ilil a d Nophar,t is sc- inopn ill Sri Lanka (:Cey Ion); . 

trgen t !op i I .; us t(me r,01pa ) ras i t i z i n g lie io thi az-migo ra in 

India; antipo l't s oh ori dene Uchi di ( C. "perdis t inctus" in 

Sndi a ) paras i i a ( I. itr7ige I, Cr.yptophlebin ombrodelta, 

and Adisurt sp. in 1r(1i ; and C. mo osus (Cameron) f'rom Tridia 

and Sr i Lanka. [B1 

0419. lam i I t on, .1 . T . 1979. Biological con t r o I of, insect 

pests of vegetables. pp . 230 235. In Aust.ra1iaii Applied Entomological 

e.'.qs arlh Cort ,r 11 , v , in vit cd 16,.vi ows (111(1 Situtation 

papers. CSI O, Canberra, Aus li-a ii. 

This,; review of' the current status of the biological 

control of insect poss.. of' veget,ablle crops illoItid(es irif'orma 

161

Diamondback Moth Bibl iography 

tion on the use of predators, parasites and pathogens as 

control agents, and of the use of pheromones for monitoring 

pests, and insect. resistant plants as a control measure. The 

target insects mentioned include Phthorimaea operculella 

(Zell . ) , Artogein rapne ( L. ) ( Pieris rapae) , Pluto I InVylos-telia 

(L,.), Heliothis armigera (Hb.), Trialeurodes vaporariorum 

(Wes Lw. ) , Nezara ,iridui (IL.), and Ophiomyin phtteoli 

(Tryon). Vegetable crops are diverse, have short growing 

periods, are generally planted in small acreages over wide 

areas, and have low damage tolerances. These factors make 

biological control difficult, and it is suggested that successful 

control is likely to require both passive biological 

control mesures (with natural control using native or introduced 

enemies) and active ones (with the periodic releae of 

enemies) . RAE ] 

0420. llarcourt , I). G. 1953. A species of T'etriistichus new to 

North America. Can. Entomol. 85: 251. 

Adul ts of Totrmstichus sokolowskii Kurd. emerged on 31 

October 1952 and 1O and 15 May 1953 from cocoons of Plutella 

mulculipt-)nlis (Curt.) collected in a cabbage fieldi at Ottawa 

14 -16 days earl ier. This parasite had not previously been 

recorded from the Nearctic region, but is known from the same 

host in the Soviet Union and southern India. [RAE) 

0,121. ftarding, J. A. 1976. He]lioth-is spp. : parasi t ism and 

paras ites plus host plants and parasites of the beet armyworm, 

d inmondback moth and two tortric ids in the Lower Rio 

Grande Valley of Texas. Environ. Entomol. 5:669-671. 

A four-year study of parasitism of Heliothis virescens 

(F.) and 11. zea (Bodd i e) in Texas showed that paras it ism of 

eggs by Trichogm'aimmat was highest in August, September and 

October (22--46%) and larval parasitism highest in April, May 

and June (5-6%) . Nineteen parasite species were recorded 

Larvae of Spodoptera exigua (fib.) were found on six cultivateI 

and five wi t( food-plants. Plut ella Yylostell , ( L.) 

was found on five (uI i ivated hosts and n ie wild hosts. Two 

s pec i es ofT r t r i c i dae, Pin tyno tt ros trana WI k. and 1'. fIii V 

dann Clem., were found on cotton and 4 wild plants. Para-sites 

reared from S. exigull and Plutellit v.vlostellit are 

Ilisted. [ RAE, 1 

0422. tlavranek, D. 1982. Observations on the four principal 

pes ts of' brassicas in the region of San Cristobal, Capacho 

and Rubio during the years 1978, 1979 and 1980. pp. 1257 

1273. In P. J. Salines ( Eds. ) . Zoologia Neotropical Actas 

del VI I I Congress Ltatinoamer i cano di Zoologia. Univ ersidad de 

Los Andes, Merida, Venezuela. 

An outb r eak of' Loptophobiii arip., (lboisd.) occurred on 

cabbage at a farm in the region of Sari Cristobal, Venezeula, 

in the 2nd half of 1978, and the crop was r'ompetwely lost. 

This prompted laboratory and field studies on this and other 

pests of crucifers in the region, a detailed accont of which 

162


is presented. Other pests were found to include Ascia monuste 

(L.), Plute]a xylostelhi (L.), Trichoplusin ni (Hb.) 

(which was kept under control by Hymenopterous predators and 

egg para-3ites of the genus Trichogramma), Brevicoryne brassicae 

( 1.) and M4yzus persicae (Sulz.). [RAH] 

0423. Hto, K. K. 1979. Studies on the effect of low temperature 

storage of Apanteles plutellae. NTU Phytopathol. Entomol. 

No. 6: 16-22. (in Chinese with English summary) 

Studies have been carried out in Taiwan on the massrearing 

of A'antcis plutellae Kurd. , an important larval 

parasite of the ,-, ci fer pest Plutella .ylostella ( L. The 

braconid prefern to oviposit in second- and third--instar 

larvae of the moth. Care is needed to calculate correctly 

the t ime of paras ite emergence so that releases can be ma(le 

when pest populations are at suitable stage for attack. An 

account is given of laboratory tests ,:arried out to determine 

t he effect of low-temperature storage on the parasite. The 

data showed that the pupa was the most su i table stage for 

such storage, the optimum temperature range being 7-10 0 C and 

effective storage length 50 days. Females survived better at 

low temperatures than did males. However, oviposition and 

emergence after" chilling were significantly lower. [RAE] 

0424. llorri, 1). J. 19813. Select ive .,rtal ity of' parasitoids 

an(d pre dator-s o"f' iyzus pers icae on oIl ards treated with 

malathion, carburyl , or luncillIs thuringiensis. Entomol . Exp. 

Appl. 34:208-211. 

A field trial was carried out in Ohio in June-July 1977 

to determine the selective effects of insecticides on predators 

and secondary parasites (Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Tachinidne, 

Encyrtidae and Pteromalidae) of Afyzus persicae 

(Sulz.) on kale (collards). The numbers of aphids increased 

markedly on ka),o treated with carbaryl, which may have been 

due to eliminat'.on ",f both predators and competitors (larvae 

of Artogeini riapa (L.) (Pieris rapae) and Plutella xylostella 

(L. ) arid adults of Phyl lotreta spp. ) . The lowest aphid 

densities were observed afcer treatment with malathion, but 

these were not signif icantly lower than those on watertreated 

control plants, on which predators apparently kept 

densit ies down, aided by the poorer-qual ity vegetation resulting 

from feeding by the other pests. Aphid densitites 

became significantly higher in plots treated with Bacillus 

thuringionsis subsp. .kurstaki (Dipel); these plants showed 

little defoliation and had small numbers of syrphid larvae. 

Diaeretiellu rapne (M'Intosh) was parasitised by a complex of 

secondary parasites, mainly Asnphes lucens (Prov.) and Aphidencyr-tus 

aphidivorus (Mayr.), which were attracted to higher 

densities of the parasite; secondary parasitism appeared to 

be selectively reduced by both malathion and carbaryl. [RAE] 

0425. Illingworth, .T. F. 1929. Preliminary notes of pests of 

agricultural crops of Kona, March 15, 1928. Proc. Hawaii. 

163


Entomol. Soc. 12:248-254. 

Tomato pests are ffetiothis obsoletan F. which 

very 

is not 

injurious; the Capsid, Eng.ytatus geniculatus Reut., 

which is the most serious pest of this crop; and Ihicus 

todacus)(Chae 

cucurbitae Coq., which is heavily parnasitised by 

Opius fletcheri Silv., but also infests cucimbers. Aphis 

gossypii on cucumber is attacked by Allog,-apta obliqua, Platyo,,., 

lividig'nster and Coelophora inequ lis. Pests of cabbage 

ure cutworms, which are probably controlled by the 

Tachinid, Archyts cirphis Curran; PIu tel]a maculipennis 

Curt., which is parasitised by the Ichneumonid, Rulimneria 

(Limnerium) plyncs i l is, Cam. ; tlre,'icor.ync brassicae L. parasi 

tised by snall 2 raconids; Agrornyza pusilha, Mg. ; and Pieris 

(Pon t i) rapie L. , fron a pupa of wh i ch Rrachyrmeria obscurata 

was collected. Beet and spinach are ;tLtacked by vmenia 

rec, rvali.-S F. and Aphis gossypii. [RAEI 

0426. Jakimavicius , A. 1973. On the parasites of vegetablegarden 

pests in Lithuania. Acta Entoruol. Lituanica 2:183 

188. (in Lithuanian with Engtish summary). 

Observations were made in Lithuania in 1.966-67 on three 

par'asites of vegetable pests. The-se wecc Apntolvs glozeratus' 

( ,.), attacking Pitris brassic.,e (!_.), P. rapae (L.) and 

Aporia artaoegi "L. ) , and Nythohia ( Angiitin) cerophaga 

(Grav.) and N. (A) fones tralis (1tlmgr.), attacking Plutella 

.v'lo ste/ll (,.) ,maculiponnis (Curt.)). Four secondary parasit 

es noted parasitizing A. glomoratus comprised Tetrastichus 

rapo ( Wtk . ) , 1'. gal tic top u. (Ra .z ), Ljsih it (Hemi teles) nana 

(Gray. ) and Alesochorus sp. [RAE1 

0427. Joshi, F. L. J. C. Sharma. 1974. New record of a braconid, 

Aptntelos pluto/e Kurdj. parasitising the larvae of 

Plute-lla xylostella L. and Trichoplusin ni fib. in Rajasthan. 

Indian J. Entormol. 36: 10. 

Abott. 25.0 and 36.6% of larvae of 7'richoplusia ni (Hb.) 

and Plutolla xylostella (L.), respectively, collected from 

cabbage and caul iflower in Rajasthan, India, in 1969 were 

found to be parasitised by Apanteles plutellae Kurd. This is 

the first. record of the braconid attacking 7'. ni in the 

country. [HARI 

0428. Kamath, M. K. 1979. A review of biological control of 

insect pests and noxious weeds in Fiji (1969-1978). Fiji 

Agric. J. 41:55-72. 

This review of the biological control of insect pests 

and weeds in Fiji in 1969 78 was presented at a workshop held 

in New Caledonia in 1979. A table showing at] introductions 

up to 1978 is included. The target insects were Or.yctes rhinoceros 

(L.) , Graeffe crounn. i ( Le Ga i 1 l ou) , Agonoxen argaula 

Meyr. , Aspidiot,tis destructor Sign., Karias vit tella 

(F. ) , Plutelln xyloste.12a (L. ) , fiel iothis armigera confertus 

Wlk., Afaruca testulalis (Geyer) and flenosepilachna vigint ioctopunctata 

(F.) (Epil,chna v.igintioctopunctatn); and the 

164


weeds were Lantana camara, Xanthium strumarium, Cyp-rus rotundus, 

Eichhornia crassipes and Salvinia molesta. Of over 40 

natural enemies tested as biological control agents, only 

five have been observed to be established in the field and 

affording sotisfactory control of the target organisms. [RAE] 

0429. Kerrich, G. J. 1967. A new oriental parasite of the 

diamondback moth (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Orient. Insects 

1:193-196. 

Macromnlon orientale, sp. nov., is described from India 

as a parasite of Plutella maculipennis. Macromalon was known 

previously only from USA. [BA] 

0430. Kopvillem, K. G. 1959. Parasites of the cabbage moth 

and diamondback moths. Zasch. Rast. 3:36-37. (Translation 

from Russian). 

The caterpillars of the cabbage moth Barathra brassica 

in the Moscow Oblast are mostly parasitized by the tachinids, 

Ernestia consorhrinn, Win themina quaaripustulala, Tachinp 

Iarvarum, and the ichneumon, Eevotastes cinctipes. Ernestia 

is of greatest importance, since, like its host, it develops 

a single generation a year. The fly emerges during the late 

June and early July and the larvae emerge on leaves, where 

they contact the caterpillars. The larvae of Ernestia develop 

normally only in instar [ll caterpillars, they frequently 

die (70-80%) in instar I and 11 caterpillars; older caterpil- 

Iars ara immune to A'rnest-in and are not at tacked by this 

F., asite. The flies require additionai food from the nectar 

of umbellates (parsnip, parsley, and( dill), and the seed pod 

of onion and other plants. To increase the efficiency of 

tachinids, umbellates should be introduced near cabbage 

fields on an area equal to about 25. of the cabbage area; 

chemical control should not be practiced during the mass 

emergence of tachinids (end of June - beginning of August). 

Six species of' parasites were discovered in the diamondback 

moth. The most. important of them are liorogenes tibialis, H. 

armillata, and H1. fenestralis. Parasitization of caterpillars 

of the moth attains 90% in spring. Parasites of the 

diamondback moth, like their host, have several annual generations. 

In cabbage fields which border on plots of clover 

and other flowering plants, the paras i tes success fully suppressed 

the pest without chemical treatment. [BA] 

0431. Kopvillem, K. G. 1960. Material for the study of parasi.es 

of the cabbage cutworm and the cabbage moth in the 

Moscow region. Rev. E'ntomol. USSR 39:806-818. (in Russian 

with German summary). 

Mames tra (Barn thra) br18ssicae (I,. ) and Plutella maculipennis 

(Curt.) are the chief pests of cabbage in the Moscow 

region, and a detailed account is given of investigations 

carried out in 1957-59 in the laboratory and field on the 

bionomics, ecology and importance of their parasites. The 

moat important parasite of P. maculipennis was Angitia (Horo 

165


genes) fenestralis (Hlmgr.), which constituted 80% of all the 

parasites reared from this host. It attacked the larvae in 

the first three instars, and its life-cycle was completed in 

47-48 clays it 10.8 0 C and in 12 days at 24.70C. Pairing began 

immediately after emergence, and oviposition occurred two 

days later. The larvae pupated in cocoons of their hosts. 

P. maiculipennis was also parasitised by various other hymenoptera, 

including D.iidromus suhtilicornis (Gray.), which principally 

attacked the prepupae and pupae. Total parasitism 

amourted to 70-90. Nevertheless, there was an outbreak of 

the moth in 1958. P. maculipennis apparently has difficulty 

in overwintering in the Moscow region, and migration from 

more southerly districts is suspected as the cause of sudden 

increases, which parasites are unable to prevent. [RAE] 

0432. Kopvi I lem, K. G. 1962. Parasites of the cabbage moth 

( Barathra brassicae) and diamondback moth ( Plutella 

macudipennis) in Moskovskaya oblast. In Biological control 

of pests and diseases of agricultural crops. Sel'khozizdat. 

Moscow 1:89- 113. (translation from Russian). 

The tachinid Ernest i consobrina is the principal parasite 

of P. ,rassiciio in Moskovskaya oblast. Despite a number 

of positive aspects in the biology of this parasite, the 

species is unable in nature to effect independently a suppression 

of' the host's propagation rate. This is explained in 

terms of factors limiting the parasite's activity, such as 

its more specialized external environmental requirements in 

contrast to those of' the host. The activity of the parasite 

is particularly limited by a lack of proper food for mature 

individuals in proximity to cabbage fields and by the use of 

chemical applications during periods when the entomophage is 

in flight. Tl-e effectiveness of the parasite can be increased 

significantly by assuring its imago an easily accessible food 

supply in areas where offspring are deposited (i.e. planting 

umbelliferous plants near cabbage fields) and by combining 

this with protection of the parasite during the period of its 

peak reproductive activity (i.e. by interrupting chemical 

applications at the end of July). Small ichneumonids of the 

genus Ho-ogcnes were noted as the principal parasites of P. 

maculipennis. forogenes is capable of suppressing independently 

propagation of the host at its very inception, especially 

where cabbage fields are in direct proximity to lush 

flowering vegetation which offers optimal conditions for the 

feeding and wintering of the parasite. Ichneumon flies are 

characterized by relatively high resistance to DDT types of 

poisons. [BA] 

0433. Kozlowsky, S. and C. Rungs. 1932. On some insects harmful 

to vegetables in Morocco. Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Marocco 

12:66-68. (in French). 

Brief' notes are given on the following insects attacking 

market garden crops in Morocco: Scaptomyza flaveola Mg. 

on cabbage, Phytomyza atr.icornis Mg. on crucifers and legumi 

166


nous plants, Anthomyia (Chortophila) radicum L. on radishes, 

Pegomyia hyoscyami var. betae Curt on beet, P. winthemi Mg. 

on sorrel, Sphaeroderma ocularium Alld. on artichoke, Phthorimaea 

operculella Zell. on tomato, Phytometra orichalcea F. 

on onion, lucerne, and ornamental plants, Plutellat maculipennis 

Curt, which attacks crucifers, and is parasitised to the 

extent of 50% by Angitia plutel.le Vier.; and Eriococcus 

cactearum Leon. on cultivated cactus. [RAE] 

0434. Lagowska, B. 1981. Ichneumonidae and Braconidae (Hymenoptera) 

as parasites of the small cabbage moth - Plutella 

maculipennis Curt. (Lepidoptera, Plutellidae). Pollkie Pismo 

Entomol. 51:355-362. (in Polish with English summary). 

Of larvae and pupae of the cabbage pest Plutella xylostella 

(L.) (maculipennis (Curt.)) collected near Lublin, 

Poland, in 1978-79, 40-100% were found to be parasitised by 

the ichneumonids Diadegma ft.,estralis (Hlmgr.), Diadromus 

collaris (Gray.) (Thyraeela colirris) and Dindromus ustulatus 

Hlmgr., and by the braconids Ap teles emarginatus (Nees) and 

Apanteles sp. The most common parasite was Dindegma fenestrslis. 

[RAE] 

0435. Lai, P. Y., G. Y. Funasaki, and S. Y. Higa. 1982. 

Introductions for biological control in Hawaii; 1979 and 

1980. Proc. Hawaii. Entomol. Soc. 24:109-113. 

Records are given of introductions of beneficial organisms 

in 1979-80 for the control of weeds, insect and snail 

pests affecting crops in Hawaii. The weeds involved were Salsola 

pestifer and Ageratuim riparia, which infest pasture land 

and Coleophora app. and Procecidochares alani Steyskal (a 

stem gall-maker) with Oidaematophorus sp. (a defoliator) were 

released against them, respectively. The insect pests were 

Aleurodicus dispersus Russell on many different plants, Carpophilus 

spp. on pineapple, Plutella xylostella (L.) on cabbage 

and liriomyza spp. on several economic plants, against 

which some 10 species of natural enemies (mainly parasites) 

were released and are listed. [RAE] 

0436. Lakon, G. 1934. Study of Entomophthoracea. I-IV. Z. 

Angew. Entomol. 21:89-95. (in German). 

Entomophthora pseudococci, which was originally described 

from Pseudococcus boninsis Kuw. (calceolariac auct.) 

on sugar-cane in Hawaii, is stated to be synonymous with 

Lamia (Empusa) apiculata which was described from the United 

States. The author confirms his treatment of the genera 

concerned. Entomophthora blunckii sp. n. from Plutella maculipennis 

Curt. and Tarichium hylemyine sp. n. from Hylemyia 

coarctata Fall. are described from Germany. [RAE] 

0437. Lenteren, J. C. van, P. C. G. Glas, and P. H. Smits. 

1982. E valuation of control capabilities of Trichogramma and 

results of laboratory and field research on Trichogramma in 

the Netherlands. pp. 257-268. In Les Trichogrammes. ler Sym 

167


posium International, Antibes. Institut National de la Recherche 

Agronomique. Antibes, Paris, France. 

Joint studies have been undertaken in the Netherlands 

and the German Federal Republic to select species or strains 

of 7'richogramma that will afford effective biological control 

of lepidopterous pests of cabbage. It has been concluded 

that extensive basic research prior to the introduction of 

new oatural enemies is generally unable to provide reliable 

information on the likelihood of such species affording successful 

biological control. In tests in the Netherlands in 

which large numbers of 7'. evanescens Westw. and T. cacoeciae 

Marchal were released in fields of brussels sprouts, even 

though pest popultions were very lew, a reduction was obtained 

in the numbers of larvae of Plutella xylostelle (L.) 

and the damage caused by larvae of A'vergestis forficalis 

(L.). In the laboratory, different species of Trichogramma 

showed preferences for different host species. It was also 

found that the females parasitised more eggs if these were 

presented as egg-masses than if single eggs were presented. 

0438. Lever, R. J. A. W. 1943. Entomological notes. Agric. J. 

Fiji 14:77-83. 

Notes are given on the life-history and control of 

Plutella maculipennis Curt. which is increasing in importance 

in Fiji, owing to greater cultivation of cruciferous crops; 

it is often associated with Crocidolomia binotalis Zell. 

which is also a serious pest, and its development lasts about 

a fortnight. Thyraeella (Diadromus) collaris Gray. was introduced 

against it from New Zealand in March and May 1943, 

mass rearing was begun, and 240 individuals were liberated 

between June and the end of August. The period of development 

of the parasite in the host was 11-12 days in March, 

June and July in spite of variations of 7.70F in the mean 

monthly temperatures. [RAE] 

0439. Lim, G. S. 1982. The biology and effects of parasites 

on the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostel]n (L.). Ph.D. 

Thesis, University of London, 317 pp. 

In the Cameron Highlands, Malaysia, diamondback moth is 

a key pest of cabbage. Farmers apply only chemical insecticides 

to control this pest. Frequent insecticide application 

has resulted in diamondback moth becoming resistant to insecticides. 

It has also increased the cost and incidence of 

accidental poisoning, and resulted in presence of residues in 

the produce. In a search for alternative control measures, a 

survey revealed the presence of an endo-larval parasite, 

Apanteles plutellne Kurdj. It is wide spread in highlands 

accounting for 29.6 to 35.8% parasitism but on lowlands, it 

was found in only 12% diamondback moth larvae. Hyperparasites, 

chiefly Ilemiteles sp., were important in the highlands, 

causing 21% A. plutellae mortality. Studies conducted 

to assess parasite's impact on diamondback moth revealed that 

168

Predators and Paranites 

A. plutellae can delay host build-up by one generation. It 

can cause significant host suppression; the k-value for generation 

I, II and III being 0.47, 0.57, and 0.62, respectively. 

Host suppress is only partial and not consistently 

adequate. The parasitism can increased cabbage yield significant 

ly. 

The biological and ecological investigations of A. 

plutellae revealed that the parasite has three larval instars. 

Irrespective of the number of eggs laid, only one 

larva emerge from each parasitized host. Development periods 

of the parasites are: egg = 1-2 days, larva = 6-7 days, pupa 

= 4-5 days, and total life cycle = 13 days. The parasite's 

preference for host was 2nd>3rd>lst>4th larval instars. Irrespective 

of host larval instars, the development period of 

A. plutelloe was relatively constant, being approximately 

9 days. For different stages, the temperature threshold were 

11.2, 15.5, 15.5, and 13.80C, respectively, for egg, larva, 

pupa, and from ovipo:.ition to adult emergence. A relatively 

humidity range of 70 to 80% was most favorable. Only one egg 

was usually deposited per ovipositor insertion. In the field 

sex ratio of A. plutellac was 1:1, but in laboratory, usually 

more males were obtained. Adult longevity ranged from 3 to 

14 days and fecundity from 193 to 494 eggs/female. Many of 

the 16 flowering plant species were capable of increasing 

parasite's longevity and Crotalaria striata L signficantly 

increased fecundity. In the laboratory A. plutellue parasitized 

Crocidolomia binotalis Zell and Heliuma undalis F. but 

in the field, only diamondback moth was parasitized. 

Diadegma eucerophagi, a recently introduced parasite, 

ana A. plutellae can be found parasitizing diamondback moth 

on the same head. Studies on the field abundance of diamondback 

moth over 32 overlapping and unsprayed cabbage crops 

revealed that diamondback moth infestation occurs mainly in 

drier period. Diamondback moth parasitism increased from 1.8 

to 12.7% for the first five crops to about 70.3% by the 32nd 

crop. 

Among 48 insecticides tested none had ovicidal or pupicidal 

effect on diamondback moth. All chemicals were effective 

against diamovdback moth larvae but only fenvalerate was 

relatively safer to A. plutellae. In the development of 

insecticide resistance in A. plutellae, resistance ratios of 

2.4, 2.7, 0.99, and 3.9 were res ,. - rely obtained for lindane, 

fenvalerate, malathion, and i' "imidophos. In general, 

development of insecticide resistance by the parasite is 

limited. 

Among biological insecticides, Bacillus thuringiensis 

Berlinger showed good promise for infegration with parasite. 

Under field condition, more parasites are spared and yield 

was increased significantly. 

D. eucerophaga was superior to A. plutellne in locating 

and pa-asitizing diamondback moth over a fixed period. Both 

parasites avoided already parasitized larvae but at low host 

density or higher parasite: host ratio, superparasitism was 

169


common. Superparasitism exceeded multiparasitism and D. 

eucerophaga complemented the activity of A. plutellae. 

0440. Lim, G. S. and W. W. Ko. 1975. Apanteles plutellae 

Kurdj., a newly recoa-ded parastie of Plutella xylostella (L.) 

in Malaysia. MARDI Res. Bull. 3:94--95. 

Apanteles pluteilat- Kurdj. is reported to be present in 

Malaysia and occurring as an endoparasite of Plutella xylostella 

(L.). Under the natural condition in Malaysia, its 

life cycle is quite short; the egg-larval and cocoon period 

being about 9 and 4-5 days respectively. From egg to adult 

emergence, it averages 14 (lays. 

0441. Lloyd, D. C. 1940. Host selection by hymenopterous 

parasites of the moth Plutella maculipennis Curtis. Proc. 

Roy. Soc. (B) 128:451-484. 

The following is summary of work on tie European parasite 

complex of Plutella maculipennis, Curt., and the possible 

effect of one parasite on another, in connection with the 

introduction into New Zealand of Angitia cerophaga, Gray. and 

Thyrneella (Diadromus) collaris, Gray. and the probable future 

introduction of Aphanteles plutelle, Kurdj. An investigation 

is being made of the inidence in the laboratory and 

field of superparsitism (defined Fs involving 2 or more 

indiv.duals of the same species in a host.) and multiparasitism 

'involving individuals of di;ferent species in a host) 

in the primary parasites of P. maculipenn-is. The present 

paper deals mainly with laboratory experimental work on the 

three species, T. collaris, Angitia cerophaga and Apanteles 

plutellae. From the experimental point of view, the probtem 

of multiple parasitism is being regarded as a question of the 

nature of the oviposition responses of the various parasites. 

The procedure adopted consists in confining the females in 

tubes for a fixed time with a given number of hosts and 

observing their oviposition behaviour and the subsequent 

development of the immature parasites, to note the effects of 

competition. (RAE] 

0442. Lloyd, 1).C. 1942. Further experiments on host selection 

by hymenopterous parasites of the moth, Plutella maculipennis 

Curtis. Rev. Canad. Biol. 1:633-645. 

Experimental work on the interrelations of the discriminatory 

faculties of the hymenopterous parasites of Plutella 

maculipennis Curt. has been extended to include the oviposition 

responses of Thyrate]la (Diadromus) collaris Gray., and 

D. subtilicornis Gray. Females of both species rejected 

pupae containing advanced larval stages of either species. 

T. collaris also rejected hosts containing 24-hour-old eggs 

of D. subtihicornis, but the latter sometimes oviposited in 

pupae containing eggs of the former. When supplied with a 

choice of hosts containing eggs of either species, they both 

laid majority of their eggs in hosts already contianing eggs 

of T. collaris. This tendency of T. collaris to superparasi 

170


tise hosts and that of D. subtilicornis to multiparasitise 

hosts was confirmed by experiments in which host pupae containing 

eggs of either species, unparasitised pupae, or prepupae 

containing larvae of Angitia cerophnga, Gray., were 

given to the females for numerous brief exposures. Elimination 

of supernumerary larvae in superparasitism and multiparasitism 

was usually by combat in the early instars and 

neither species was intrinsically superior. It is concluded 

that, on the evidence available, the introduction of D. 

subtilicotnis against P. maculipennis in New Zealand, where 

T. collris has already been established, would be justifiable. 

[ AE] 

0443. Mani, M. and A. Krishnomoorthy. 1984. Toxicity of some 

insecticides to Apanteles pletelilae, a parasite of the diamondback 

moth. Trop. Pest Mgmt. 30:130-132. 

The susceptibility of adults and cocooned stages of 

Apanteles plutellne Kurdj. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to four 

synthetic pyrethroid insecticides and five other chemical 

insecticides was tested. The chemicals, formulated as emulsifiable 

concentrates were decamethrin (0.0014%), permethrin 

(0.01%), fenvalerate (0.01%), cypermethrin (0.005%o), dichlorvos 

(0.05%), monocrotophos (0.05%), endosulfan (0.05%), phosalone 

(0.05%) and quinalphos (0.05%). Adults were exposed 

for 6 h to filter paper impregnated with insecticide solution 

and were then transferred to untreated vials for observation. 

Cocoons were sprayed with the chemicals by means of a glass 

atomiser and held for adult emergence. The pyretbroid formulations 

and phosa'one had little or no harmful effect on the 

adults and cocooned stages of A. plutellae, but quinalphos 

was highly toxic to all stages tested. Dichlorvos, monocrotophos, 

and endosulfan were highly toxic to adults but relatively 

safc for the cocooned stages. 

04,14. Vanjunath, T. M. 1972. Biological studies on Trichogrmmmatoideii 

armigern Nagaraja, a new dimorphic egg parasite 

of le liothis armigera (Hlubner) in India. Entomophaga 17: 131 

147. 

Hleliothis rmigerEa (fib.) is becoming an important pest 

of tomato, 1)olichos lablab and other economic crops in India. 

During a search for parasites of' the eggs, the author reared 

a new species to be described as Tnichogrmmatoidea armigera 

by If. Nagaraja from eggs of I. tm-.igern collected on the 

leaves and flowers of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa) in Mysore 

State. This is.a new food-plant record for iH. armigera. 

The parasite was also reared from eggs of an unidentified 

moth collected on Caz,jinus cajan, and in the laboratory it was 

reared successfully in the eggs of Corcyra cephalonica 

(Stnt.) , Achiten jantti ( I. ) , Ph horimatea (Gnor-imoschema) 

operculella (Zell . ) and Plutella xylostella (L. ) . It was 

also reared to the pupal staei in eggs of Spodoptera litura 

(F.), but no adults were obtained from this host. 

Both alate and apterous males are produced by this 

171


parasite. Apterous mules were produced almost exclusively by 

fertilized females and were extremely rare among the progeny 

of virgin females. Among the progeny of a single fertilized 

female, in general, only one parasite developed in each host 

eggs; however, when two developed in the same egg, either tiwo 

males (of the same morph) emerged, or one female and one male 

(either apterous or alate). Oil no occasion, even when one 

host egg had been parasitised by more than one ferrile, did an 

apterous male ,-merge alone. In some cases, the progeny of 

more than one female developed in a single egg, and the 

relations were then more complex. 

When the parasite was reared on eggs of C. cephalonica 

at about. 25 0 C and 75% R.H. , the egg, larval, and pupal stages 

lasted, 1, 2-3, and 4--5 days, respectively. When honey was 

provided females lived for an avurage of seven days, a ate 

ma les for six days and apterous males for one day. Females 

i id a max imum of, 118 eggs each, the average being about 63. 

They paras itised 2- 26 eggs/day the average being 9. The sex 

ratio was 62 females: 38 males (35 winged and 3 wingless). An 

,late male paired with up to 10 females and an apterous one 

with up to 4. [RAE 

0445. Meier, N. F. 1925. A few words on the biology of 

,ngi tia fenes ta lis Ho lmgr., and on immunity in insects. 

D)efense P lant 2: 147-150. (in Russ ion). 

Angitia fenestralis iolmgr. is a parasite of various 

mi crol ep i doptera, especial ly PIute.lll maculil.,onnis Curt., 

Spargtanothis pilleriana Schiff. , Cl.ysia ( Coch.ylis) aIrbiguella 

1b . , Pol chrosis botr'nt, Schiff. , and al I species of' Hyponomeuta 

( Yponomeuta) . Near Leningrad, it is most easily bred 

from P. maculipenn is. Its development is dtescribed. Though it 

will attack the host larvae in all stages and is able to breed 

throughout the year, it does not completely control its 

host. It will riot oviposit in all larvae, and some of the 

eggs deposited do not develop, as in some larvae they become 

surrounded by t he tissues of the host rind perish. This 

apparent immunity of certain larvae has also been observed by 

the author in connect ion with the eggs of K.Yetuste s cinctipes 

Retz. I RAE1 

0446. ie ier, N. V. [941 . E'ichogr'mma: 

Ecology and Results 

of (ti Ilization for the Control of Injurious Insects. Selkhozg 

i Z, Mos-ow. 175 pp. ( i nI.Russ ian) . 

The author has summarized and brought together in this 

book dat a from the wor Id I i t cra t ure on the b ionom ics and 

ecology of e-gg paros'ites of the genus Trichogrrmmo, with 

spe(:i a I ref( --en(e to recent work carr ed out in the Russian 

U1iio n on their vailue I I or pest (:0,t r ot. T he fi rs t chapt er 

deals with the species of 'l'richogrnrnrmn that have been observed 

in the Union, and following ones with the effect of 

environmental an( other itactors on their development and 

fertility Sitotroga' ceralella, 01., has proved so far the 

only suitable host for breeding the parasites oi a large 

172


scale in the laboratory, and since special precautions have 

to be taken to prevent its spread to stored grain, attempts 

are being made to produce a wingless strain. Further subjects 

dealt with are the means by which the parasite spreads 

in a locality, its distribution in the crown of the tree, the 

technique of Liberation, and methods of estimating its effectiveness 

against pests of different crops. 

The final chapter comprises a detailed survey of the 

practical resul ts obtained with the various forms of Tricbogrammn 

in the Russian Union. The pests against which they 

have proved of value include Cydia pomonella, L., on apple, 

C. ( Lspe.vrs.i ) funtebt-nno, Trei tschke, on prunes, C. ( L.) 

nigricann, St eph . , a n(d C ( L. ) dorsuna, F. , on peas, Pyrausta 

nubilIlis, [lb. , on maize, t'hnloui epilinana, Zell. , on flax, 

Loxostege sti cticilis, L., on cotton, lucerne and clover, 

Heliothis ntrmige'a, lb. (obsoleta, F.) on cotton and tomatoes; 

Mames t ra ( Bitr tthra) brssi cue, L. , t'ieris brnssicae, 

L. , P. rapae, L. , Plutell maculipennis, Curt. , and Pontia 

(Leucochloe) da iplidice, L. , on cruciferous vegetables; and 

Agrotis segetum, Schiff., on various crops. It also appeared 

to give some cont.rc I of Oscineliln ( Oscinosomi) fri. L., on 

wheat. [RAE] 

0447. Meyer, N. V. 1926. The biol ogy of Ang itin tenestralis, 

t he pa ras it e of Plutol]a maculipennis, an d some notes on 

immunity in insects. Z. Angew. Entomo1. L2: 139- 152. (in 

Dtit ch ) . 

A briefer account of these observations has already 

been noticed. Besides Angitia fenestrtlis Htolmgr ., a number 

of other parasites, which are, however, of comparatively less 

importance, attack Plutell i maculipennis Curt., viz., Phyga 

(leuon rusticelInIe 1iridgm. , Phiieogenes plutellne Kurd. , Apantoles 

plutellne Kui-., and Apgitiv armillnta Gray. (RAE) 

0448. Miczulski, 1. 1966. Community studies on hymenoptera 

found on Braissicn nupus Ti. Ichneumonids ( Ichneumon idae). 

Po I. Pismo. E it ol[. Ser. 1. Entomol. Stosowana 3/4:263- 292. 

(in Polish with English summary). 

In 1953 1956, 1958 and 1960, 8,403 specimens of Ichrieumonidae 

were caught by netsweep ing on B. napus, both winter 

and summer c:ultures, in the environs Of Lublin. The [chneu-monids 

represent 38 genera and more than 70 species. Most 

numeirous were isurgus torionel lus (Ifolnimgr. ) and . heterocerus 

(Thoms ) . The following species were also found in 

Iarge numbers : Aneuc l is i nci (1ens ( Th oms), Ang iti, t'v nes t ra is 

(Holmgr . , A. .'hr.vsost io GMe I. ) Th.vraeel Ia co lltris 

Gray. ) , !Diplzton littttorius (F. ) and Co llvri a punct iceps 

Thoms . ) . The seasonal changes in the (Jualitative and quan-ti 

tat ive composition of' the [chneumonids found on B. napus 

arr discussed with regard to the phenological stages of the 

plant. Almost a I I wasps were caught. on the investigated 

plantings of rape in full bloom and pod growth stages. On 

winter rape, 58.9% ,,f the wasps were taken in the b looming 

173


stage and 40.3% in the pod growth stage; on summer rape 

(investigated only in 1953 and 1956), 76.4% of the wasps were 

taken in blooming and 16.3% in pod growth stage. The Ichneumonids 

were classified into five biological groups, according 

to their hosts occurring within the communities of the cultures 

of rape. There were parasites of the beetles (predominantly 

those of Meligethes spp. , Psylliodes chysocephala 

(L.) and Ceuthorrhvnchus spp.), parasites of the moths (predominantly 

those of Plutellu macu!ipennis (Curt.)), parasites 

of the sawflies (predominantly those of Cephus pygmaeus (L.) 

and Athal-ia rosae (L.)), parasites of the flies (predominantly 

those of Syrphid and Anthomyid flies), and hyperparasites. 

The major part of Ishneumonid species taken on B. 

napus was common to both the winter and summer culture. Both 

Isurgus species parasitizing the blossom beetles always outnumered 

all the remaining [chneumonid species. The parasites 

of Plutella M8culipennis (Curt.) arid of Syrphid flies, were 

found in much higher numbers on summer cultures than on 

winter one. Considerable numbers of Collyria puncticeps 

Thoms. were caught on some winter cultures of rape. Isurgus 

species affected the numbers of the blossom beetles, but they 

were unable to prevent severe damage by these beetles. [BAJ 

0449. Miles, H. W. 1927. The Agricultural Entomology of the 

Holland Division of Lincolnshire. Lines. Nat. Union Trans. 

1926, pp. 129-148. 

Notes are given on insects of economic importance observed 

in the Holland Division of Lincolnshire during 1923-25. 

A wide range of crops is grown there, and the pests imentioned 

include nearly 40 species of coleoptera, 33 rhynchota, and 44 

lepidoptera, while about 20 diptera are of importance as 

injurious or beneficial insects. In addition to the many 

well-known pests, the following hymenopterous parasites were 

also reared: the Ichneumonids, Herpestomus brunnicornis Grav. 

parasitic on llyponomeuta spp., Pjxpln pomorum Ratz. on Anthonomus 

pomorum L., P. brassicarine Poda on Notolophus (Orgyia) 

antiquus L., P. alternnns Gray. on Oxygrapha comariana Zell., 

G.lypta bicornis Boie on Tortricids, Ophion mocsaryi Brauns on 

Notolophus ntiquus, Angitia fenestralis ttolmgr. on Plutella 

maculipennis Curt., and Thersilochus morionellus Holmgr. on 

Me ligethes aeneus, F. [AE) 

0450. Miller, D. 1918. The economic bearing of hover flies. 

N. Z. J. Agric. 17:129-135. 

Syrphid flies which are probably of greater value in 

the control of aphids than are Coccinellids, are well represented 

in New Zealand, not so much by the number cf species 

as by the abundance of individuals. The two most abundant 

and important species are Syrphus novaezealandiae and Melanostoma 

fasciatum, the larvae of which devour large numbers of 

aphids and injurious caterpillars. 

Another aphid-destroying species, S. viridiceps Macq. 

(obesus Hutt.), which is very common Jn Australia, is some 

174


times found in New Zealand, but is not yet well-established. 

The larvae of S. ropalus and S. ort.as, two less abundant 

species, have been found attccking the caterpillars of the 

moth Venusia verricu.lata which feed on the foliage of the 

cabbage--tree (Cordy.L.ine indi visa) , and of Kainthot-hoe p.rnefectata 

and Melanchra steropastis, which attack the leaves of 

the New Zealand flax (Phorm.iun tieltt.). The larvae of Ph (horimaea 

operculella (potato-tuber moth) and Plutella maculipenn.is 

( cruciferarum) (diamodnbacli moth) are preyed upon by the 

larvae of both S. novae -zealand.iaeand .f. fascia tuM. 

About 10 species of the Larger injurious forms of 

hover-flies are known in New Zealand. These include Erista 

.lis t enix, whcih has frequent ly been recorded as causing 

larval myiasis in man and domestic animals, entering the 

digestive organs by means of witer cress or drinking-water, 

and is now well established throughout the country, and 

Mi-odon equestris (narcissus fly) , the larvae of which burrow 

in narcissus and daffodil bulbs. Some bulbs recently imported 

Front Japan have also been f'ound infeste(I by the larvae of 

this or an al lied species, so far undetermined. [RAE] 

0451. Miller, 1L. W. and N. M. [ludson. 1953. Biological control 

of pests of cruci fers in Tasmania. Tasm. J. Agric. 

24: 125-131. 

-ier is rapaje ( L.), Plute- ll maculipennis (Curt.) and 

Brevicoryne brasscae? (I,.) are the main pests of cruciferous 

crops in Tasmania, an d as the us( of insect ic ides is undesirable 

on those grown for foruge, control is being attempted 

by means of parasites. Those introduced against Pieris are 

Pteromnalus puparum (L.), which ii established in all the 

areas concerned and affords some measure of control, Apanteles 

rubecula Marsh., which, following an unsuccessful at- 

Lempt in 1943, was re-introduced in 1951, from Canberra, but 

is not known to be established in any of the four localities 

in which it was released, and A. globerattus (L. ), which has 

been liberated in 23 localities, is now established in most 

areas and, owing to its rapid rate of natural dispersion, is 

likely soon to be established throughout the State. The 

parasites introduced igainst Plute l/a are Angit in cerophagta 

(Gray.) and Thyraeellai collar-is (Gray.), which are established 

over fairly extensive areos, and A. tibia/js (Gray.), 

which was introduced from Canberra early ,n 1952 and liberated 

in three places. Ilymenobosmina iapi (Cam.), which was 

described from New South Wales and is believed to be indigenous, 

is widespread and, apart from the introduced species, 

the only common parasite of P. maculipennis. Two unspecified 

Bracon ids attack B. brassicue in Tasmania, but little is 

known of their habits or status. Notes are included on the 

bionomics of the pests and of' most of the named parasites. 

[RAE I 

0452. Moiseeva, T. S. 1979. On laying of eggs by entomophagous 

Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera:[chneumonidae, Braconidae) in 

175


unnatural hosts. Zool. Zh. 58:1350-1353. (in Russian with English 

summary). 

Hymenopterous parasites in the laboratory often oviposit 

in hosts that are not natural to them. [n tests in the 

west of the USSR, parasites of cabbage insects were found to 

(to so. Diadegma fenestralis (Hlmgr. ;, which normally parasites 

Plutella xyloste-1l- (L. ) (maculpernis (Curt.)), parasitised 

Mamestra brassicae (L.), Pieiis brassicue (L.) and 

Art ogej'a rapae (L. ) (P. rapae); MAicroplitis tuberculifera 

(Wesm.), which normally parasitises Almestra brassicne and 

Autographai gamma (1,.) (Ph ytometra gamma), also parasitised 

Pieris h-assicae and Artogeia rapae; Hyposoter sp. , which 

normal ly parasitises P. brassic ne and A. rupae, also pirasitised 

M. brassicae; Microplitis marshall1i Kok. , which normally 

parasitises Autographa gaqmma, 'llso parasitised MAmestra 

brassicae, and Apante les ruficrus (Hal.), which normal ly 

parasit ises Art oge.ia rape. It is noted that the unusual 

hosts had similar modes of life and habitats to the natural 

ones. Some were only weakly pairnsitised, and some to the 

same extent as the natural hosts. Selection of unsuitable 

hosts was noted also in cabbage fields, but to a smal 1 extent 

only. [RAE] 

045:3. Muesebeck, C. F. W. 1922. A revision of' the North American 

ichneumon-flies belonging to the sub-families neoneuriaae 

and microgasterinae. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 61:1-76. 

The above two sub-families of Braconids are incorporated 

in this paper for the reason that one or both of the 

genera, Neoneurus Haliday and El9asmosoma Ruthe, which constitute 

the sub--family, neoneurinae, have been generally placed 

in the sub-family microgasterinae. Tables are included of 

the known genera of both these sub-families, with keys to the 

North Amercian species and notes on their synonymy. Thirtyfour 

new species are described, including MAirax texana reared 

from a Tineid, Adlius nigripectus from the larva of a 

poplar leaf-miner, Apanteles alypJae from Alypia octomaculata 

F., A. olenidis, from Olene vagans Barnes & McDunn., A. 

wimorist ne from elitara junctolinee.lla Hulst and Mimorista 

flavidissimilis Grote; Microigaster acdytolophae from Ecdyto- 

Iopha ini t ici;7Jva Z. , Canirsi a hammondi Ri ley, and Gelechia 

sp.; M. schizurae, from Schizura unicornis S & A. and S. 

concinna, S. & A. ; M. hatrnedi from Pyrausta ainslJei Heinr. 

and Diatrnen sp. ; M. pantographae from a Pyralid leaf-rollor 

(probably Pantographa lineata Grote & Rob.) on lime (7'iIia) 

and from Gelechia cercerisella Chamb. ; M. swammerdamiae from 

Swarmmerdami castitneae Busek, Ml. phthorimaeate from Phl.volnenia 

ferrugfalis fib. and Phthorimaea operculeila Z. Microplit 

is kCwleyi from Ruxoa spp. , M. bras sice from Plutella 

maculipennis Curt., Al. scutellatus from a Geometrid larvae on 

lucerne M. mon tanus from Catocala verilliana Grote, and M. 

feltiae from Feltia gladiaria Morr. and F. annexa Treit. 

[RAE] 

176


0454. Muggeridge, J. 1939. Parasitic control of pests. Experiments 

with white butterfly and diamondback moth. N. Z. J. 

Agric. 58:305-307. 

Bio log i anI control by P'te-omalus puparum L. of P ieris 

rpse L. on cruciferous crops in New Zealand, supplemented 

wnen necessary by dusting, is now suff'iciently successful, in 

spite of occasional outbreaks, and the rearing of the Pteromalid 

is therefore to be discontinued. A single species of 

parasite is unlikely to give complete control under the wide 

range of cliimat i c conditions to be found throughout New 

Zealand, but attempts in 1932 24 to introduce the larval 

parasite, Apanteles iflomerat us L., from England were unsuccessful 

. The author found that. A. rubecula, Marsh. and A. 

glomerntus were both common in Furopc- in 1938, and considers 

that the former may bt of greater importance in controlling 

P. r-apatu than is generally believed, whereas the value of the 

latter may be less, since it also attacks the large white 

butterfly ('iocris brassicao !

Diamondback Moth TB li ography 

are likewise favoured. Integrated control methods have been 

developed in recent years, and 'r-ichogr-mmn has been found v 

useful parasite of pests of rice, cotton, hemp, and vegeta 

bles. Three species of Trichogramma occur, 2 of which ( T. 

japonicum Ashm. and T. chilonis Ish ii) are of' ,alue in the 

contre of crop pests. Up to 20% of' egg-masses are oarasitised 

in the field, and up to 41 generations can be reared 

per year in tile laboratory; in summer, a generation develops 

in 7-10 days'. The main host for laboratory rearing is eggs 

()f ;orc.yra cephalonica (.;tnt.), but eggs of S ito trogat cere8 

1el.l0 (01.) and Samia cynth,a (Dru.), (Philosamia cynthia) 

are also used. Larvae of C. (cephalonicaare reared in rice 

fields, and generation is completed in summer in 30 days. 

Rearing of this host is easy and economical. [Fro, 5 kg rice 

flour infested with I g eggs of C. cephalonicn, 20 g eggs of 

Txri chogramna can be obt ained. The control effected by Ttni-chogrumma 

is particularly good in certain years, and figures 

of 45.5% of' Plutel lI xylostelln (L.) (macu.iponnis (Curt.)), 

77% of Ostn-inin nubila-lis (lib.) (Pyrausta nubilalis), 66-80% 

of Cn.aipha Ioc-ocis ne(dinnlis ((n. ) and 93% of AnOmis fl] Va 

(F. ) are , it ed. [ RAEI 

0457. Ni ki t ina, IF. F. 1940. ULi I ization of Trichogramma 

against Iair-zthri- brass icae L. Bull. Plant Prot. 3:83-84. (in 

Russ ian) . 

In view of the importance of Hamestr (Barathrta) brassictae 

L. , as a pest of cabbage near Gork i i , on the Volga, 

experiments were carried out in July 1939 on the usefulness 

of an egg--parasite of the genus Ti-i chogrannia. The adult 

paras i tes were rel eased from paper tubes oa plots of ear ly or 

late cabbage two or throe times between 3 and 31 July at the 

total rate of 80,000 -12t 000/acre. The results ar" shown in 

tables. Considerable percentages of the eggs were parasttised, 

and the larval populatiorns on the treated plots were 

from 24.5 to 83.3% as lnrge as those ,.: control plots, which 

were over 10) ft. away. The parasite was ineffective against 

eggs of' Plutella macu]ipennis Curt. [RAE] 

0458. Nurdin, F'. 

sitoids or, P/utella 

Penel i. Sukarami 

summary). 

1984. Iistribution 

xvlotella 

No. 4: 19--22. 

and parasitism of para 

Linn in West Sumatra. Pemb. 

(in lndonesia.: with En lish 

Parasioids have distributed in all cruciferae growing 

areas in West Sumatra. There were two species of them. The 

big one is 5 mm and small one is 2.5 mm length. The big is 

Diadegma eucerophaga, aid distributed on the hfigher area 

about 1600 meters from iea level. The smal I is Apanteles sp. 

distributed on the lower area about 1000 meters f 'om sea 

level. Paras 1 ism in aIl cruci fer growing areas we.'e not 

effective or below 70%, except at Koto Danau Diatas and Usak 

Al ahan. Infestation of P. xylosted.l on cabbage more severe 

in the lower area. 

178


0459.. Ooi, P. A. C. 1979. The natural enemies of Plutella 

xylostella (L.) in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. Malays Agtic. 

J. 52:77--84. 

Plutella xylostella (L.) is the most important pest of 

cabbage in the Cameron Highlands in West Malaysia, but little 

was known of its natural enemies. As a result of field 

studies in 1976-78 in the region, annotated records are 

presented for the braconid endoparasite Apanteles p.lutellae 

Kurd. , the eulophid endoparasite Tetrast.ichus ayyari Rohw. 

and an unidentiified chalcid ectoparasite, all of which were 

recovered from the larvae of P. xylostel]a, for a fungus 

disease of the larvae, Entomophthora s,,haerosperma, and for 

unidentified syrphid predators of the larvae. The most commonly 

encountered of these natural enemies were A. pluteilae, 

which also attacks other moths, and E. sphaerosperma, which 

is the first entomogenous fungus recorded on P. xyiostella in 

Malaysia, although it is known on this species in South Africa 

and New Zealand. No efq parasites were observed. (RAE] 

0460. Ooi, P. A. C. 1979. Hyperparasites of Aptnteles plutellee 

Kurdj. (Hymenoptera:Braconidae) in Cameron Highlands, 

Malaysia. Malays. Agric. J. 52:114-128. 

Eight species of hyperparasitic lymenoptera were recorded 

from field-col lectpd cocoons of Apanteles plutellae 

Kurd., an important local parasite of P luteIla xvylostella 

(L. ) on cabbage in the Cameron Highlands of West Malaysia. 

Notes are given on the morphology and circumstances of parasitism 

(especially emergence) of the hyperparasites, and the 

adults of all specie s are illustrated. Most of them could 

not be identified completely or with certainty; they were 

Eupteromaius parnarae Gah. , Afockerzeckia (?) indica Subba 

Rao, T'trstichus sp. , of the group of 7'. miser (Nees), 

Htemiteles sp. , Mesochorus sp. , Ceraphron sp. , an unidentified 

eulophid and an unidentified chalcid. Hemiteles and Tetrastichus 

were the hyperparasites most commonly recovered. In 

the 4 localities from which all the species were collected, 

the coi,!nined rates of hyperparasitism were 16.9, 23.3, 26.6 

and 11.7%. The rate of hyperparasitism appered to decrease 

with increasing density of A. pluetline, but the results were 

very variab le. [RAEI 

0461. Ooi, P. A. C. 1979. Incidence of Plutellri xylostella 

(L.) (Iepidoptera:Yponomeutidae) and its parasite Apanteles 

plutellae Kurdj. ( Hymenoptera :gBracon idac, in Cameron Highlands, 

Malaysia. Malays. Appl. Biol. 8:131--143. 

Studies on cabbage at four different sites in the 

Cameron Highlands in Pahang State, West Malaysia, showed that 

P luteli x'ylostel Ii ( L. ) was the most import ant insect pest. 

This was especially abundant during the drier months and was 

parasitised by Apantel es plutellne Kurd. The mean numbers of 

larvae and pupae per 10 plants were 295, 100, 136 and 132 at 

the four sites, respectively, and th,- average rates of parasitism 

at these localities were 12.3, 18.5, 18.2 and 19.1%. 

179


respectively. Plutella larvae were more abundant in the 

central and inner sections of the cabbage plants, preferring 

the younger leaves. Mathematical models are presented that 

were used to express the relationship between host density 

and parasitism rate. The findings indicate a tendency 

in(:r(a:;ing 

for 

host density to be accompanied by decreasing parasite 

density, for which posrible reasons are discussed from 

the literature. It is concluded that A. plutelile is 

to 

unable 

influence the density of P. xylostella significantly and 

that the natural population should be supplemented by 

introduction 

the 

of some more efficient parasite species. [RUE] 

0462. Ooj , P. A. C. 1980. Laboratory studies of Dindegma 

corophagus (fivmenoptera: ichneumonidae), a parasite introduced 

t. control 'I'ella vy.losteJla (l,Lpidopt era:llyponomeutidae) 

in Malaysia. Entomophaga 25:249-259. 

To f.,upplement the existing natural control of' P.lute.1a 

xvlos tel/a ( L. ) on cabbage in the Camer.un Highlands, West 

na lays in, severa 1 pa raci es were introduced, incl uding Diadegm 

crophagii (Gray.) from New Zealand and Indonesia between 

1977 and 1978. Laboratory studies were carried ouc to investigate 

aspects of the bionomics of this parasite. Adult 

males I ived for 'ip to 40 (lays and adult females for tip to 73 

days when provided with diluted honey. Females were capable 

of paras it, si ng up to about 117 host larvae, thc number being 

dependent on the l ife-span of the female parasi te. The 

average area of host searching was found to be about 1.2 when 

calculated fro the formula a (area of discovery) z 2.3/p 

(logio N/S), where P - the number of parasites searching, N= 

the nu.nber of hosts exposed and i- number of hosts not para 

sitised. The k (killing) value was calculated from 

formu 

the 

1a k:- loglo N/S. rhe area of discovery was found to 

decrease as the parasii-e or host density increased, but the k 

value increased with increasing paraite density and decreased 

with increasing host density. The egg stage of 0. cerophRa 

lasted 1.5-2 (lays, the larval stage 5-8 days, and the 

pupal stage 6 9 lays. There were 4 larval instars and the 

duration of each was dependen t on the age of the host larva 

when it was at. tucked. The larval stage averaged 6.5 (lays 

when larvae I 2 ,lays old were exposed for parns it ism and 5 

(lays when larvae 3 -4 days o(I weure e, posed. [RAEs 

0463. 0o i , P. A C. and W. Kelderman. 1977. A parasite 

the 


d ianiondback moth in Cameron Hlighlands, Malaysia. Malays. 

Agric. J. 51: IH7- 190. 

'et 1st i'ch S; ri'rj Rohw. is recorded for the first 

t ime parasi t is ing Plutol/a ,vylostellii ( L.) in the field, the 

colI ec t i (di S i t e being a ,:abbage plof in t he Cameron lighlands, 

which is tile largest vegetable- growing region in 

Mal 

West 

ys i a. Al though only one f uiatj /i pupa paras it ised by 

:.v.ya 

T. 

z-i was coIl ecteLd on each of' three occasions, up to 15 

parasites/host pupa emerged. At each collection, a larger 

number of Plutella pupae were found to be parasitised by 

180


Apanteles plutellae Kurd., the only other parasite of P. 

xyloste.la known in Malaysia. T. ayyari has a wide host 

range in other countries, and a list is given of nine other 

species of lepidoptera from which it is recorded in the 

literature. Only Tetrastichus males emerged from laboratoryreared 

Plute.lla pupae, whereas more females than males emerged 

from field-collected pupae. T. ayyari appears to be an 

incidental parasite of P. Yylostella, attacking it when available 

but otherwise transferring to other lepidoptera; although 

it has not yet been found to be a significant control 

age!nt, however, it should not be ignored as a mortality 

factor of the pest. (RAE] 

0464. Ooi, P. A. C., G. S. Lim, and S. G. Khoo. Biological 

control in Malaysia. Agricultural Station. Tpluk Chengai, 

Alor Setar, Kedah, West Malaysia. 35 pp. 

In this review of attempts at the biological contorl of 

arthropod pests in West Malaysia (which began some 75 years 

ago), it is reported that a total of 23 agents has been 

imported in attempts to control 11 pest species. The most 

successful was the introduction of the galerucine Schematiza 

cordiae Barber and of Eurytoma attiva Burks to control the 

weed Cordia curassavica. Some of the agents imported for the 

control of Chromolaena odorata (Eupatorium odoratunu) and 

Plutella xylostella (L.) have become established. Six attempts 

at biolog.ical control using indigenous natural enemies 

are known; i.n these instances, substantial success was recor-ded 

for the control of Artona cato.antha (limps.), sugar-cane 

borers and Damn trima (Moore). Large numbers of natural 

enemies have been sent from West Malaysia to other countries 

where they have afforded control of pest species. The impressive 

list of natural enemies from West Malaysia strongly 

suggests the existence of hidden natural control operating 

there. Where introduced or indigenous agents are to be used, 

much resarch is needed, and strategies to make maximum use of 

the resources are outlined. [RAE] 

0465. Papp, J. 1981. Contribution to the braconid fauna of 

Hungary, III. Opiinae and Microgasterinae (.ymenoptera:Braconidae). 

Folia Entomol. Hung. 34: 127-141. 

The author presents a checklist of species of the 

braconid subfamilies Opiinae and Microgasterinae present *n 

Hungary. The microgasterine gennra represented include Ifypomjcrogaster, 

AMic rogatster and Protomicroplitjs. Data are 

given on the taxonomy and zoogeography of the species. In 

all, 24 species are new to the lungarian fauna, ard 5 new 

synonymies are proposed. H. decens (Tobias) (Microplitis 

der.?ns) is recorded for the first timne I rom Ca-llopistr a 

juventina (S toll), and P. claritibia (Papp) from Plutella 

xylostel] ,i (L.) (mwaculipennis (Curt.)). (RAE1 

0466. Poos, F. W. 1928. An annotated list. of some parasitic 

insects. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 30:145- 150. 

181


The article lists 63 species af parasitic insects recorded 

from the following hosts: Acrosternum hilaris, Alabama 

argilaceb, Aphis p:feudobrussicae, Autogrtupha brassicae, Bede- 

Ilia somnulentella, Cirphis unipunctnta, Diabrotica vittata, 

Flymenia fnscinlis, llinoia solannifolij, Lem t rilineata, 

Phlegethontius secta, Phthorimaea gloch inelln, P. operculel- 

Ia, Phytomyza ilicis, Plutella maculipennis, Pont in rapae, 

P.yrausta ainsliei, and Thyr-idopteryx ephemeraeformis. [BAJ 

0467. Pimentel, D. 1961. Natural control of caterpillar populations 

on cole crops. J. Econ. Entomol. 54:889-892. 

Field-plot tests on the retat ion between caterpillars 

attacking cofe crops and their natural enemies were made in 

New York State in 1957-58. Pieris rapae (L. ) and Plutolla 

macuIipennis (Curt.) were more abundant than Trichoplusia ni 

(Hb. ) , and all were controlled t. a considerable extent by 

their respective parasite complexes, in which the relative 

importance of the di fferent species varied from year to year, 

probably depending on weather and host density in the preceding 

season. Picris rapue was attacked mainly by the virus, 

Paillotellnvirus pieris, and by Apanteles glomeratus (L.) and 

Zenill (Phryxe) vulgaris (Fall. ), Plutella maculipennis by 

Ang'itia (Horogenes) sp. and Microplitis plutellae Mues. and 

,'. nj by a virus, .orrelinavirus sp. , and Litomnastix (Cop-ido 

. oma) truncatella (Dalm.). Insect predators gave some control, 

but were not abundant and probably destroyed only 2-3% 

of the caterpillar population. Spidaers appeared to be effective 

predators. [HAE] 

0468. Portyanko, N. P. 1980. The biomethod on open ground. 

Zashch. Rast. 6:28-29. (in Russian). 

Biological control is being used against insect pests 

of vegetables, largely cabbage, grown in the open on farms 

near towns in the Dnepropetrovsk region of the USSR. In 

1979, Trichogrmmn was liberated over 17,400 ha and Entobakterin 

(a preparation of tlicillus thuringiens.is var. gahleriae) 

was applied over .32,600 ha. In addition, Phytom.yza was 

released and Aleochara and Chr'ysopa were tried on experimental 

plots. Close attention is paid to seedling crop-i, and 

programs are drawn up as a result, so as to limit the area 

under chemical control. 7'richogramma is being reared for 

release in 20 locCalso-called bioahbcwitories, and in 1976-78 

the breeding stock was completely z'eplaced with the local 

ecotype T. euproctidis (Gir.). Other races and forms are 

being tested, anl once a year the stock is passed through its 

natural host so as to maintain specificity. Breeding quality 

is maintained also by other means. The principal local 

prob lem is the development of a complete protective system 

for cabbage, particularly early and medium--early varieties, 

which are in fes ted by Pier is brass i ce ( L. ) , Plutella xylostells 

(L.), cutworms, and in some years aphids; flea--beetles 

cause occasional damage. The way in which the various agents 

are used so as to afford control of particular pests is 

182


explained, and the benefits, particularly those from the use 

of Trichogramma, are summarized. This egg-parasite together 

with Entobakterin often renders the use of chemical insecticides 

on cabbage superfluous. Sprays of trichlorphon (chlorophos) 

are sometimes used of complete cortro], but its 

addition to Entobakterin has been found useless. Little is 

known as yet about the natural control of aphids, although 

various natural enemies are present. These are under investigation 

and have been found to be favoured by the presence 

of nectar-bearing plants. Combinations of soil fertilizers 

and extracts of them are being tested for the reduction of 

aphid numbers. Methods of application are also under review, 

and one requirement is an economical method of releasing 

Trichogrmma. [RAE] 

0469. Pschoirn-Walcher, It. 1964. On the parasites of some 

injurious L-' idoptera from northern Japan. Tech. Bull. Commonw. 

Inst. Biol. Contr. No. 4:24-37. 

The insect parasites reared from some Lepidopterous 

pests of' forest trees, fruit trees, field crops and other 

plants in Japan, principally Hokkaido, (luring the summer and 

autumn of .1961 are recorded. The host species were Lymantria 

(Porthetria) d ispar (L.) on Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis) 

, Pygaern ans t omosis ( L. ) on pop Iar, Tortrix ( Cacoecia) 

piceana (L. ) on yew (Taxus cuspid tna), Coleophorn n ricella 

(fib.) on larch, Cystidin truncanguInta Wehrl i on Celastrus 

orbiculntus, Hlvponomeutn spp. on apple and spindle (Ruony 

mous), Isnurin (Melitene) bifidelln ( Leech) on pear, Carposina 

snsakii Mats. (niponensis WIsm. ) on apple, Phalera 

flavescens Bremer and Grey on pear and apple, Pier is rapae 

(L.) and Plutella mculipennis (Curt.) on cabbage, Mamestra 

(Bara thrn) brass icae (L.) and Melnnichrn (Mnamstra) persicarine 

(L.) on weeds, chiefly Chenopodiuim, and the former also 

on cabbage, and Pseudatletin sepnrata (Wlk. ) (un.ipunctn Auct.) 

on rice. The similarities between the parasite complexes in 

Japan and Europe are briefly outlined with reference to their 

evolution. [RAE) 

0470. Putnam, L. G. 1968. Experiments in the quantitative 

relations between Dindegma insulnris (Hymenoptera:lchneumonidae) 

and Microplitis pluteline (tlymenoptera B rac( ni(ae) with 

their host Plute]ln maculipennis (Lepid')ptera:Plutellidae). 

Can. Entomol. 100:11-16. 

In the laboratory, 2nd- and 3rd-instar P. mculipennis 

(Curtis) larvae were about equally susceptible to parasitism 

by Diadegma insultrs (Cresson) or by Micropl.itis plutellae 

Muesebeck the 4th and last instar was less susceptible than 

the 2nd and 3rd. Larvae of the 1st instar, although usually 

within the tissues of the food plant, could be parasitized. 

Maximum progeny obtained from Female parasites (luring a lifetime, 

with regularly renewed upplied of hosts, averaged 516 

in D. insularis, and 232 in M. plutellne. Effectiveness of 

D. insularis among a given number of host larvae improved 

183


slightly, reaching 85/100 as cage size increased 

200 

from 

in 

50 

2 , and 

to 

declined somewhat, from 124/200 

cage 

to 94/200, 

size 

when 

was further increased from 200 to in 2 

field 

1500 

cages of' 

In 

1, 2, and 4 yd 2 with 200 host 

female 

larvae, 

D. 

single 

insularis parasitized about 35, 20, and 

respecti-vely. 

7% of hosts 

With 50, 100, 200, and 400 host 

sq. 

larvae 

in. cages, 

in 200 

and one female per unit, average 

insuinris 

progeny of 

were 

D. 

respectively 39, 70, 113, and 

plutellae, 

150; of M. 

approximately the same. In competition, 

males, 

two 

one 

fe 

of each species, operating among 

larval 

the same 

hosts, 

lot of 

produced more total progeny than 

sime 

two 

Species. 


Incrtasing constant temperatures 

30°C 

from 20 

favored 

to 

1). insuin1ris slightly, but. viability 

tiveness 

and effec 

of' A. plutel]le at 30 0 C was reduced. [BA] 

0471. Putnam, L. (;. 1973. Effects of the larval parasites 

I)i adegmm insularis and Micro'] i tis plute! Ine on the abundance 

of the diamonlbick moth In Saskatchewan rape and mustard 

crops. C an. J. Plant ScI. F,3:911--91 

4 . 

The Iarvac of the (I amond6ach = t,t.h 

1a) 

(P.ut 

in 

el.a 

the rape 

.ylos 

and 

tel 

mui.tard (Brassica spp. ) crops 

chewan 

of Saskat 

are parasitized in varying degrees by the 

Diadegma 

ichneumonid 

insula-is and the braconid Aficr-oplitis 

During 

plutellae. 

a 10--yr period, reduction of the first host 

by the 

generation 

two parasites together varied from 35 to 

ging 

81%, 

B8%. 

avera 

M. plutoIIne was usually predominant 

generation. 

in this 

In a given larval populai ion, the 

tage 

lesser 

would 

percen 

perm it a fol lowing moth populIat ion 

times 

about 

that 

three 

of the greater. The overall average 

declined 

parasitism 

to 11l% in the second host generation, 

less 

where 

importance 

it is of 

because of the reduced importance of the 

third host generation. [AH) 

0472. Putnam, L. G . 1978. Diapause and cold 

Microplitis 

hardiness in 

plutelite, a parasite of the larvac of the diamondback 

moth. Ca.i. J. Plant Sci. 58:911-913. 

Aicroplitis pluteliae Mues., one of the 

sites 

principal 

af the 

para 

I rvaie of '1utell, I .l o.t.I-J ( L.) 

seed 

on 

crops 

brassica 

in Saskatchewan, has a diapause in each 

severo of 

I 

its 

lanua I g -nerat ions , occurring in t il cocoorne,. 

or 

pupae 

prepupae. In experiments in the labor.,or 

resumed 

, development 

and adults emerged from most :.s i 

diapause 

material 

a fter 

in 

exposure to OOC for a per io. 

duration 

qua] to 


the 

a Saskatchewan winter (about iou 

diapaus 

days). 

ing 

Of 

insects that did not respond to such 

cold 

a period 

treatment, 


some did so after subject ion 

period 

to a 


further 

tow tempera Lures of a sin ilar duration. 

M. 

lii 

plutellae 

apaus ing 

were shown to tolerate sub-f'reezing 

in 

tempernatures 

the laboratory and to survive Sasnatchewan winter 

turestemperaunder 

snow cover in the field. There 

that 

is 

the 

no 

other 

evidence 

major paras ite of P. v*los tel 

insularis 

In ( Dit degma 

(Cress.)) enters diapouse or winters in Saskatche 

wan. [B41 

184


0473. Robertson, P. L. 1948. Eupteromalus sp. as a hyperparasite. 

Some indication of its influence on the establishment 

of Angitia cerophagn in New Zealand. N. Z. J. Sci. Technol. 

29(B) :257-265. 

Eupteromalus sp. is a hyperparasite that is possibly 

native to New Zealand and hap, been recorded there from Pteromil 

s pupllrum I. and the European and American strains of 

Apanteles g-lomeratus L. , ll para-itising Pieiis rpae L., 

and from an unidentified native species of Ang.i tja, the 

introduced A. cerophaga Gray., and Thvraeella (Diadromus) 

collar.is Gray., parsitising Plutella maculipennis Curt. It 

was recognized in 1936 that it might adversely affect the 

parasites being introduced against P. maculipennis. Importations 

from England of A. cerophaga and A. fenestralis Hlmgr. 

(two supposed species of wherh the identity is stated to have 

been later lost; through iL.terbreeding) had already been 

begun, and the effect of' the hyperparas.;)e on A. cerophagn 

was studied during the seasons of 1936--37 and 1937-38. 

During the first year, .4. cerophag'a was being reared in 

field cages at Hawke's Bay, where outbreaks of Plutella on 

cruci fers had occurred each year. The cages were covered 

with an open--mesh material that would not exclude Eupteromalus, 

and parasitism by it seriously reduced the population of 

Angitia. The extent of this was difficult to estimate because 

superparasitism was common, up to three adults of 

Eupteromalus being reared from one pupa of Ang'itia, and many 

eggs, larvae, and pupae of Eupteromalus failed to complete 

development and were only revealed on dissection. During 

1937-38, A. cerophaga was reared in field cages at Nelson, 

where it was thought that Eupteromialus might increase less 

rapidly. Hlyperparasitism was low during the early part of 

the season, being only 1.5% in early November, but steadily 

increased from then on until it reached 42% in February. 

Total mortality of Angitia pupae increased from 30.9 to 94.5% 

during this period, but its rate of increase was less rapid 

than that of hyperparasitism during the earlier months, when 

the latter was unduly Favored by the aggregation of Angitia 

pupae in the cages. Field collections were examined during 

the same year. Those from an experimental area at Cawthron 

Institute, where early liberations of Angitia were made, 

showed that primary parasitism reached a high level in December 

and January, but that hyperparasitism di.d not increase 

until after this had occurred. The latter reached a peak at 

the end of Januar:y, when it caused a marked and sudden drop 

in the Angitia population, and both then decreased for some 

weeks, though EupteromiIus decreased so much more rapidly 

than Angit ia that is had practically ceased its attacks by 

mid-March. Angitia then increased slightly, whereupon Rupte-romalus 

reappeared. A comparable course was followed in the 

Nelson town area, but on the Waimea plains, neither Plutella 

nor Angitin was common, and under these conditions, hyperparasitism 

was gligible. 

It was -X us evident that though Eupteromius hd been a 

185


serious factor in the field cages, it did not totally destroy 

the population of Angitia in the field and that the latter 

retained some value as a primary parasite. This was later 

shown to be great. [RAE] 

0474. Rojas, P. S. 1965. Identifications of entomophagous 

insects. Agric. Technol. 25:39-40. (in Spanish). 

Notes are given on insects identified in the course of 

investigations on the natural enemies of insect pests in 

Chile and on some hitherto little known pests there. Gnorimoschema 

absoluta (Meyr.) is abundant in the area where early 

tomatos are grown (from Arica to Limache), and the larvae 

cause severe damage to the fruits and to the leaves, which 

they mine; in severe attacks, the flower buds are also damaged. 

This Gelechiid has become a serious pest, as it is 

not hel6 in check by natural enemies. However, in the laboratory, 

the larvae were parasitised to some extent by Arrenoclvus 

koehleri (Blanch.). The larvae of Porphyroselj minuta 

Clarke feed on the leaves of clover, which they web together, 

nnd are particularly injurious on clover grown for seed; the 

eggs were found to be parasitised by Trichogramma minutum 

Ril., the larvae by a Braconid and the pupae by an Ichneumonid. 

Other natural enemies identified included Oligota pygmaea 

(Solier), the larvae and adults of which were the main 

predators of Oligonychus yothersi (McG.) on avoeado and Annona 

cherimolia in the Quillota area; Anagrus armatus (Ashm.), 

parasitising the eggs of Empoasca curveola Oman, which attacks 

a variety of cultivated crops; the Ichneumonid Dineretiella 

rapae (M'Intosh), which was reared from Brevicoryne 

brassicae (L.) and was itself parasitised by Charijps grioti 

de Santis; the Draconid Apanteles bourquini Blanch. which 

attacked Agrotis ipsilon (Hfn.); Coccophagus curidei (Breth), 

which preyed on gulecanium (Lecanium) persicae (F.) and Pulviniria 

mesembryanthb,_mi (Vall.); Nythobia (Diadegma) sp. 

reared from Plutella x!,culipennis (Curt.); and Euparacrias 

phytomyzae (Breth.), Didymotropis cercius (Wlk.) and Digl.yphus 

sp. reared from the larvae (and the first also from the 

pupae) of Liriomyza sp., which mines in the leaves of lucerne, 

clover and various garden flowers (RAE] 

0475. Roman, A. 1918. Contributions on the. Swedish Ichneumonidae 

Pentagoni. Ark. Zool. 12:1-32. 

This article contains information rtgarding the hosts 

of the following species: Anisobas platystylus Thoms. from 

the pupa of Thecla rubi; Coelichneumon impressor Zett. from 

Charaeas graminis; Furylabus torvus Wesm. from Leucania obsoleta; 

Euryilabus tristis Gr. from Dianthoecia albimacula; 

rchneumon captoris Thoms. from Gnophos myrti lata; Platylabus 

dolorosus Wesm. from Lygris testata; P. pvctor Wesm. from 

Tejphroclystia sobrinata; Piadromus varicolor var. intarmedius 

Wesm. from Plutela maculipennis (Cerostoma Yylostel18); and 

Phaeogenes stipator We~sm. from Depressaria apicella (nervosa). 

[RAE] 

186


0476. Ru, N. and R. B. Workman. 1979. Seasonal abundance and 

parasites of the imported cabbageworm, diamondback moth, and 

cabbage webworm in northeast Florida. Florida Entomol. 62:68 

69. 

A pest management survey was carried out near Hastings, 

Florida, on cabbage planted at different dates in 1974-75 to 

detcrmine the seasonal incidence of Hellulit rogutul1is 

(IHulst), P lutella xylostella (L.) and Artogeia rtrpae ( L.) 

(Pier is rapae) and to identify the parasites affect ing this 

incidence. Natural biological control of these pests was 

rather low in 1974-75 in norti-eastern Florida as compared 

with other parts of the USA. Hellula and Artogeij numbers 

were high in 1974 and low in 1975, whereas those of Plu te.lla 

remained fairly stable, with four peaks of larval populations 

in both years between February and June. No parasites were 

reared from H. rog'atalis. The ichneumonid Diadegma insularis 

(Cress. ) was reared from 32% of the larvae of 1'. xyl ostel1a 

sampled, and the eulophid Tetrastichus sokolowskii Kurd. from 

10% of the pupae. The braconid Apantoles glomeratus (L.) and 

the tachinid Lespesia aletiae (Ril.) were reared from a few 

of the larvae of Artogeila rapne, and Pteromalus puparum (L. 

from 4- of the pupae throughout the season. [RAE] 

0477. Ru-inov, V. 1. 1977. Parasite of mustard pczts. Zashch. 

Rast. No. 2:27. (in Russian). 

Over 40 species of injurious insects have been observed 

infesting mustard grown in the Turgai region of the USSR. 

The most harmful were Athallin rosae (L. ), Plutella xylostella 

(L.), Loxostege sticticalis (L.) (in outbreak years) and the 

mignonette white butterfly (?Pontin daplidice (L.)). Populations 

of these pests vary with the frequency of parasites. 

A. rosae is parasitised by Meigenia mutabilis (Fall.), Exorista 

rustica (Fall.) and Perilissus lutescens Hlmgr. In some 

years, parasitism reaches 70% in the first generation but 

does not exceed 12% in the second. The frequency of P. 

daplidice is greatly influenced by parasites, which destroyed 

some 82% in the autumn of 1973, the most effective being 

Hyposoter ebeninus (Gray.) and Phry.ye vulgtiris (Fall.). H. 

ebeninus was the more important in the years of observation, 

and nine species of hyperparasites were reared from it. The 

parasites influencing the numbers of Plutella xylostella were 

D.iadegmu fen estralis (11lmgr. ) , B. eucerophaga Hlorstmann, 

Apanteles plutellae Kurd., Itoplectis tunetana Schmied and 

Diadromus sa,tilicornis (Gray.), the first two being the most 

important. Il 1973, for example, a third of the pest population 

was destroyed by them. [RAE] 

0478. Sen, H. K. 1938. Entomological section. Rep. Indian Lac 

Res. Inst. Namkum 1937-38. pp. 16-26. 

Of the insects attacing host trees of Jaiccifer lacca 

Kerr at Namkum (Bihar) during the year under review, Aonidie- 

Ila (Aspidjotus) orientalis Newst. was again a major pest. 

The parasitism of L. lacca for the year averaged 7.5%; there 

187


was again little hyperparasitism. In further tests with the 

two principal predators, adults of Eublemmit amatbilis Moore, 

lived for 8-9 days when starved, I I--i2 when supplied with 

water, and 9-10 when given 2 or 5% solutions of' cane sugar or 

glucose, and the females laid averages of 139, 133, an,! 103 

114 eggs, respectively. Adults of l1olcocera puil,'e.r(i! Meyr. 

lived 5-6, 11-12, and 14-183 days under the same conditions, 

ani the femia les laid averarges of four eggs when starved, 12 

when given water, and 30, 20 and 36, r-spect ively, when 

supplied with cane sugar (2 or 5%), and 2 and 5% glucose. 

Paras it ism of the larvae of E. amabilis by icrobracon greenh 

Ashn. fe I I to an iver-age o f 12. H%, as no laboratory-bred 

parasites were liberated. The adult parasites lived for an 

avecrage of on I y 3 5 days and ( . d not oviposit when given 

water or whl t 'ed; the females l ived longer and oviposited 

when g ie ll 2 or 5% -olllti i s of' cane Sla -l, or g[I cose, 

maximuni loe gevity and1(, ,.,rceo age ov i ops it ing (14I days atlIl 50) 

beina g oht lired wi t h 2% caie ;u gi r solution. At. igreeni also 

ov i pusii Ld Ion larvae of Cosmolyce ( Lampidtes) het ica L. but 

no dit I1 s wer-.C hie (' ed; ao(l I tS we.r( -- d from larvae of 

the ail t , Ctaal l.vph is hicolor F. ant [-'lIt ella, mt cul ipennis 

Curt . , hut A h10i l lt zitck-no/ It ['r i t wh i ch is common on peas 

in the (Ii s ti-ic t , was a more. "satisfactory host . The best was 

P/'nI.vedraI gossyvpi('ta Sitirid. , but i I is rlot avai lable local- 

I y. IRAE ] 

0479. Sh te i nberg, 1). M. 1961. Host parasite relit ions in 

0ntomo[hagous insict. . 'he p ss ibi i i ty of' the development of 

1 arave of cert a in parns i t i c hvmenopt era i ri host. new for them. 

l)okl. Akad. Nauk SSSH 13H3: [177 -1,480. ( i. Russian). 

At tempts to t.raiis f ci eitdop rasit es from one insect host 

to nother have generally been limited to the implantation of 

igs , mai if which become encapsulated in the host haefo- 

I ymiph. As eicaip u I at i on seemeId less I ike I y to occur- if 

iarvitc Were u:t-ed, owing to theiri activity, experiments woere 

carried out with the larv'r, of Alnyitia t enstralis (lllnmgr.), 

which is a common parasie of P/t "ol.la manci I ip,(?nnis (Curt.) 

ip t he Sov i e t liii on . lh y were inm pl ar te d in I arvae o f Galt1eri 

a mel on ,1i ( 1,. ), arid, once a slit, is fact ory Lecho inque had 

been developed, the operat ion was unuial ly sutccessful , encapsulation 

be ng I imi ted to few Iarave. In I'. matculipenis, 

the paras i te I arvae cease feed i ng s oon after their host and 

pupate inl cocoon ' ithin the cocoon stn by the ios t , which 

dies irs they break out. I n, G. mel leln. Ino, they reached 

nol-ma I size, ind somet irnes exceeded it, development proceeding 

abnormally, but were unabe to leave the host and sur-vived 

in it for 10-12 days withou . p iining cocoons of- pupat 

ing. This was not due to dinpause, but appeared to resuilt 

fron) some disturbance of the secret.lton of ecdysone. Even 

when such lar-vae wer-e dissected out eind placed within cocoons 

of P. maci-, ipnn is, they fa il ed to spin or pupa te , though 

they reama I 'J a I i ve for up to five days. 

The re was a lso an effect on the new host. Under room 

188


conditions, the larvae of G. mellenolla do not enter diapause, 

but pupate 3-4 days after the cessation of feeding. 

In parasitised individuals, pupation was delayed for up to 35 

days and occurred only a fter the larvae of A. fenestralis had 

been had been removed or had died and been encapsulated. 

Similar results were obtained when larvae of other 

parasites were implanted in larvae of G. melloneli. Ichneumonids 

from Piataraxvia (Polia) oleracea (:._ ) developed but 

fai ted to pupate, Apanlc.los glomoratus (L.) from Pieris brassicne 

( I. ) and 4,pantoles sp. from Cal limorpha quadripunctaria 

( 'oda ) died and became encapsulated, and only one larva of 

the Ti'achn id, rythrocera (Furysthaea) scutel nris ( R. -D.), 

removedl in an early insttr from Iyponomeuta cognatellus 

lb. ), completed its development and gave rise to an adult. 

0480. Simmonrids. F. J. and V. P. Rao. 1960. Record of P1utella 

macul ipofnis Curt, and some of its parasites ina Kashmir, 

lri dia. Can. Entomo I . 92:278 . 

P1ut f(I I macu.lipennis (Curt. ) was found for the first 

t i re in Kashm i r , on cabbage at Srinagar, during a recent 

visit by the ant hors. A Tachinid, Voria ruralis (Fall.), and 

an Ichneunon id o f the genus Angi t ia ( florogenes) were reared 

from tie larve, oa(1 one example of I to, (t is sp . , probably 

a hyperparnsi te, iso emerge(d. Parasites that at.tack P. maculipannis 

oin cruci Jers in India are reviewed from the Iiterature. 

(RAF) 

0481. Slabospit.s;i i, A. 1. 1980. Insect enemies of cabbage 

pests. Zashch. Bas t. 5: 23. ( in Russian). 

Inves t i gat ions on tLte natural enem i eS of three pests of 

cabbage, Pluto/la xvylostella Cl. )L, an eastern form of Artooin 

rapae ( I,. and MAfniestra brassiuno le . ) , in the Mari time 

Region of the USSR were c-Arrlied out in t973-76. The pests 

were col Iected in the fied and parasites reared from them in 

the labornat ory. beanI parasitism of larvae of A. rapat varied 

from 16 t 73%, and the peak (60.-73% ) was reached in the 

first half of ,,umimer, whereafter, in August, the rate fell in 

35 42%. The imainpariis ite was Apint e1es rubrips (Ial.) 

which accounted for 92% of the: total parasitism. Art oge i a 

rape(. wats a I,;o paras t ised i)y Ph'r.Vx¢e vu Igaris (Fail. , which 

began development in the larvae and completed it sometimes in 

the pupae. Pai s it ism reached 18--21% (in 1974) but averaged 

only - G6 . Anot her "techinid, Blepharigona orvthrocera (R.- 

D. ) , occurred occasional ly. A secondary parnsite, Pediobius 

sp. , was reared from Apant,'los rubri)pes. I t was most act ive 

at, the end of, summer, when it pairsitised 25-35% of Apan-te/es. 

Two s pecies were observed pans itis i ig Al. brassi elae, 

,iCrop It is t ublor il /i foa (Wesm . aid 1 . or',throcora1. The 

percentage of larvae paras it ised did not usualiy ex(Ze( 3--8 

but in 1974 rose to 32 for Mi crop! it is paras it is ing the 

second generation of hMamest ra. Both species have other 

hosts. Another tachinid, Frnestill sp., which is common in 

189

Di amondb tick Mo t Bibliography 

western areas, was not observed. The principal species regu- 

It i ng the numbers of Plute-l xVYlostella were the ichneumonids 

indroiaus sp. and Ditdegina eU1cerophzu 'ltorstniann, parasitism 

by which reached 90%. They were most active in the 

early part. of t he summer. The li unrail enemies of' cabbage 

aph i ds we re a I so i nves t iga ted. 'Theiiiain species of predators 

were Apisyvrphus ha iteihus (Seg . ) Syrphus hilteil us) , Spherophor 

ruieppelI ii ( W ie. , S. sni 'rat ic/ ankowska, Syrphus 

rib(si i I L. ) aid Metas.vphus corol lto (F'. ) (S. corol lne). 

Coccine I Iids , i iic 1.ud i ig iotab Iy (C'occineIla sept empunct ta L. 

Propvy lt ,jliit t uocre 711imt, 1ct t tt ( 1L. ) , 1'. .jtporica (Thnb.) 

ftnrloni ei ax.v'i'i s (Pal I . ) arid tt ippodaaria tredecimpunetnta 

S,.) , were at I so no ted . 4 sepl epiiunc tit t and I'rc p'ien 1 were 

the most Im portant. 'lre ptr s ito )ineret?Il i also gave 

iml rt co1ll (0nt ol ofI he ilbids. Other predoltors are under 

i ives t i gal i on , Inc Iuid i rrg o t t 'ls per 'ios 01t S.vr!,hus and Chr.vso- 

pit spp. I IAE 1 

0482. Siit', C . I !d 5. t1,1,o11 of' Hto HitIomo Lor is , 1944. l)e-. 

Ag r i Z fitorrib a , Nyas al i d ( Mn I aw i ) . ' pp. 

'llii rips r 't col t a ir; i a for fiia t on on out break of various 

ns ec t pes ts 0n 8 it inmi)e i. of crops i r Nyasit [arnd (Mal awi 

dur inrg 11,1, A It(a vy at t tck by i'l ttIllo macul ip.nn is Curt. 

to ye 1 Out o i Ig tet. dt V seas;o o(n o i ))bage find (at i f I owerrs 

in a a t,ei ii iwh i ch (7 crop rot it i oil fi8( o I be err p at- ct ised; 

im r su ,aap.ti t, I a hypt. tp as i te, Aphistonyorpha sp. , were 

ear,,d ft'l on) I . [iAI, I 

0483 . SI trtt., A. i. I1WO1. Kph1tIltI ('s oir, i'tr i.s Gr . ) as 

fil exlel'ra ii Itp ra. i t of' t I t- ti rondbrick moth, Plutellt a macu- 

I it) ln iS, I ( Ck i . ) . fil I I - En .omo I. Res. '1H: '177-- '188. 

A iath o1 5, 0 00 p rsits .ser larvae of C'-Iteophora fris 

(,,/I(l-II ( 1,. ) wa, _()I t.tied itoi ln tl / lotI t)S ilt it. ini/inorth 

w cs t,c r i F.r ni and asel by a i i to New Z a lIand in Aligust. 1955 

to pryo idh mai trr-t ro eI as agir i lis t ('0 loophora sp). 

there . The 5, [ i(-1 ; tr) es ter, in flew Z ea and a tre C. sp issi Cotnis 

fHaw. ) and Ot,' I itI ha ill thelt. been regarded as C. 

l''isc:h' I In h) t i t I., d i at th ir foot I. ote riot to be this 

speie c es . Th tee. [eal s aid Fi ve mates of' A'li 1i i tts b)rev icorn 

is ( Gr v .) em,- rAed , an ri n ar: ont t i S g i v e! 1o () ab i to ry 

obser-vat i or.a on tfltr i on) i . sic's of I[f t ; I ihrieu on i (, together 

w i t 1 d'-as or ip t io 11s of, t re egg a nd 1fi v e larviI iast a rs and a 

I i st of' tf1,.s f i in wt i(-t i t Ila;; been recorded. The females 

d i riot ov I j[(5 t ir [nsfs ist ti r i r e of Coloophorn spp. 

)1lt. read i Iy at I ac1 (,., p i'e uit1p o of It liti t I int mitcui 1 ipofnn.is 

C(aur' t. , , wi rch l is io I f.h 1 1!r-t o lie ern r- (1cor ded asa a ho s L o f 

1ii i rI- I s t I.. Wt e It fed on hion ey so I ai t or) , ftenl Ies surv iv e( 

1'o r oIh 00t.! itx w SIfs alt a1 t.f1l 0 I u t r e o 1' abouit 2 1"PC Mnd 1ales 

f'o r ra. 1t , v les , , Ir' f emroa les t ISO (,1 of) hody f1liui (is o f 

pu(r:c t red tosts Pa ir ring i t. o k p i :e irt'.n(-d i at e Iy of't emer i 

gence itnd thI1f7r(7(1 t,rt' t i roig trout. Ii fe , hu tit ov tos i t ion was not 

observed unl.i 7 -10 dys ilteor eiergenrie. Ilos I larvae in the 

final instar wore rar-ely and lupae never attlacked. Usually 

1 9(

Predators and Parstites 

one egg was laid per host, but occasionally two or three and 

once 12 were found; the larvae fed externally, and only one 

per host completed its development. At 20(C and 60% RH, 

development from egg to adult lasted 16 day., the egg and 

pupal stages lasting 1.5 and 6 7 days, respectively. [ RAE 1 

0484. Swezey, 0. H. 1915. A p:e I iiii nary list. of the hvynenop-terous 

paras ites of' lepidor)tera in Hawit ii. Proc. FIawaii. 

En tom. Soc. 3: 931-- 109. 

tlymenopte rcous paras i tes p lay an import ant part in chec-king 

tepidoptera in tawai i Some species of' moths, however, 

are abuntdant in the moultains, frequently causing the defoliation 

of the plants t hey attiack. This may be due to the 

fact that the relationship between insec:t ptr.sites and their 

hosts is usually such th-it there is a variable ratio in 

numbers between parasite and host, ,lt.pen(l i rj on conidi t ions 

which are more favorable to one or the ot hfe. The rras ites 

recorded include: Limneriurn polynesi11l/0 Cam. f.,n t'lutell i 

macuI ipennis Curt. (diamondback cabbage it gAEJ moth). 

0485. Telenga, N. A. 1929. llymenopterous pli'rlsi tes of the 

family ichneumonimeda, reared at the Kuiben Pl ant Protect ion 

Stat, ion in 1927. Plant Prot . 6: 225 226 . (in ?uss i n). 

IchneuLon ids reared fron l)ep idopt crous s i)t the 

town of Kcasnodar i i 1927 included; t'impl in15t ittit or F., 

from pupae of N.Ygmia phaeorrhoen l)on. ( Kitproct is chr.vsorthoea 

,. ) , Porthetiria ( Lyminntrit) dispnr L. , Atli I tosoma neust rila 

L. , and Pieris brassic-ne L. , I'. maculator F. , I'. oxaminator 

F. , Aigrypon s t'iIos tiri Thoms. , and Chorinaoeu.,c tr ir inaitus 

Hiolmgr. var . nig-rofemur N. , from put0C. e o'f I.vt.yoiom, t ii mnline 

1./us Ze I I ; 'l'heron.in aalielaiitue, Pods, from prpii(. of' I'. dispanr; 

anilastus ebeninus Grav. and ,lngitin rapac.Meyer, from larvae 

of P. brassicae; A. fenestr l is liolingr. , trom liarvae 1nd 

Diadromus subtilicornis Grav. , from pupae of 'lutel Ioi acilipennis 

Curt. ; and A. ch rys os t ic t Gm e I . , und A. armillnt a 

Grav. , from larvae of H. ma linellus. Agt'.ypon stonost igiai, 1). 

sub til Ico-r is a111(1 C. triciarinn tus var. n igrot(',mur are des 

cribed. [ IAE 

0486 . 'e rs o(jiiioL . C. , TP. N. Bushitsi ik , ti( V. N. Vos 

kres enska ja. 19H2. Biological control of' pests in vegetable 

p1 ant i igs. Act,i En tomo I . Ferin . 40 :33 3,5. 

Th is report on the b io logical cont ro I of pests of 

vegetables in th-e USSR inc ludes lists of the important natu--ra 

I enemies of 9 pests of cabbages in lhe Moscow are; in a 

field o f area 50 ha, the nit uri I enemi es o f I'lu el .vv loste 

]]a ( ,. ) , Pieris brassicne ( ,. ) , Mamestea brassicile (1,.), 

Ceutorh.vnchus pnllidac-tt'lus (Marshinm ) ( qundtdridens (Panz.) ), 

Meligrethes aeneus (F.), lre-,ic.or,vp brassiclue, kL. ) and Artgoge.i 

n raptie (I-.) reduce populations in I yeitr by, 6 90, 26, 

50, 50, 32 and 6%, respectively. Other topics discussed 

include planting dill near cabbage to encotrrage syrphid predators 

of aphiris, the use of preparat i 'iris of Bacillus thurin 

l19 I


giensis, the biological control of glasshouse pests and 

use 

the 

of Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.) (Chrysopa carnea) against 

aphids. [RAE] 

0487. Timberlake, P. H. 1918. Notes on some of the immigrant 

parasitic hymenoptera of the Hawaiian islands. Proc. Hawaiian 

Entomol. Soc. 1917. 3:399-404. 

A comparison of the introduced or immigrant Hawaiian 

parasitic Hymenoptera with United States types has 

in 

resulted 

a certain revision of the identification of several species. 

The Ichneumonid, Hemiteles tenellus Say (variegatus 

Ashm. melitaeae Ashm.) is the name adopted for the Hiwaiian 

parasite belonging to this genus; it is frequently reared 

the Islands 

in 

from cocoons of Chrysopa microphya. Angitia 

polynesialis Cam. (A. plutellae Vier., A. hellulne Vier.) is 

usually bred from Plutella maculipennis Curtis in Hawaii as 

in the United States. It is not unlikely that this species 

occurs in Europe and an earlier name may possibly be found 

for it. [RAE] 

0488. Titmarsh, I. J. 1979. The current status of research 

projects on the biological control of insect pests of oilseeds. 

pp. 254-258. In Australian Applied Entomological Research 

Conference, Invited Reviews and situation papers, 

CSIRO, Canberra, Australia. 

The oilseed crops discussed in this review of the 

current status of biological control of insect pests include 

sunflower, soybean, rape, safflower, and linseed. In general, 

the major insect pests associated with these corps have 

'ide host ranges, so biological control projects dealing with 

the pests on other crops can also benefit the oilseed industry 

indirectly. The pests discussed as targets include 8podoptera 

litura (F.), Heliothis app., Nezara viridula (L.), 

Nysius vinitor Bergr., Agrotis spp., Plutella xylostclla 

(L.), Artogeia rapae (L.) (Pieris rapae), Brevicoryne brassicae 

(L.), and Halotydeus destructor (Tucker', and investigations 

with var: us pathogens and arthropcd parasites and 

predators of these pests are reviewed. [RAE] 

0489. Todd, D. H. 1957. Incidence and parasitism of insect 

pests of cruciferous crops in Hawke's Bay, Wairarapa, and 

Manawatu, 1955-56. N. Z. J. Sci. Technol. 38:720-727. 

Observations were made in 1955-56 on the incidence of 

Pieris rapae (L.), Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) and Brevicoryne 

brassicae (L.) and their parasites on 36 cruciferous 

crops in the three main areas in which these are grown in the 

North Island of New Zealand. Little damage was observed on 

the crops. A virus wilt disease, common in all districts, 

reduced populations of Pieris rapae to such a level that only 

small numbers of healthy larave could be collected. The 

larval parasite, Apanteles gloneratus (L.), was not recovered, 

but where pupae could be collected, they were heavily 

parasitised by Pteromalus puparum (L.). Incidence of Plutel 

192

Predators and Pansites 

la was low in all areas, and the prepupae and pupae collected 

were heavily parasitised by Angitia cerophaga (Gray.), adults 

of which were frequently seen. Considerable numbers of B. 

brassicae were attacked by Diaeretus rapae (Curt.), which was 

ap ,-arently introduced with the aphid, and a hyperparasite, 

Lygocerus niger (How.), was also reared from it. D. rapae is 

of little value in checking populations, partly o,.ing to 

hyperparasitism, and B. brassicee is potentially the most 

serious pest of cruciferous crops. [RAE] 


pests of cruciferous crops in Hawke's Bay, Wairarapa, Manawatu, 

Rangitikei, and Taranaki, 1956-57. N. Z. J. Agric. Res. 

1:847-858. 

The findings in a survey of insect pests of cruciferous 

crops and their parasites in three areas in the North Island 

of New Zealand in 1955-56 are summarized, and the results of 

a similar one in five districts in 1956-57 are described. 

Pieris rapae (L.) caused damage, mostly at the margins of the 

crops, in all districts. The virus disease was again prominent 

in checking this species, particularly during the latter 

part of the season, when populations were relatively high. 

No recoveries of the larval parasite, Apanteles glomeratus 

(L.), were made, but pupae collected were heavily parasitised 

by Pteromalus puparum (L.). Sporadic attacks by Plutella 

maculipennis (Curt.) occurred in one district, where a high 

proportion of the larvae and pupae were attacked by a fungus, 

probably Entomophthora sphaerosperma, which caused considerable 

mortality. The larval parasite, Angitia ceropbaga 

(Gray.), was recovered from all districts. Parasitism by the 

pupal parasite, Thyracella (Diadromus) collaris (Gray.), was 

confined to three districts. No serious outbreak of Brevicoryne 

brassicae (L.) was recorded, though populations were 

high in some areas. [RAE] 


pests of cruciferous crops in the North Island. Evaluation of 

data, 1955-58 seasons. N. Z. J. Agric. Res. 2:613-622. 

Damage to crucifer crops in Hawke's Bay, Wairarapa, 

Manawatu, Rangitikei, and Taranaki, during 1957--58, was extremely 

slight and in most cases confined to margins of 

crops. Virus disease (symptoms of which are described) 

caused heavy mortality of white butterfly, Pieris rape (L.), 

during the latter part of the season, when parasitism by 

Pteromalus puparum also reached a high level. The larval 

parasite Apanteles glomeratus (L.) appears to exercise no 

control. The diamondback moth, Plutella maculipennis Curtis, 

was effectively controlled by the parasites Angitia cerophaga 

(Gravenhorst) and Diadromus collaris (Gravenhorst), particularly 

the former. A fungus is also effective in the autumn. 

Populations of the cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) 

were very small in all districts. [BA] 

193


0492. Torka, V. 1929. Parasites of the cabbage moth (P)utella 

maculipennis Curt.). Anz. Schadlingsk. 5:39. (in German). 

In July 1928 Plutella maculipennis Curt. was very abundant 

in Silesia, cabbages, and cauliflowers being seriously 

damaged. Pupation began towards the end of July. The parasites 

bred included Angitia chrysosticta Gmel., and A. fenestralis 

Holmgr., the latter being probably only a color variety 

of the former; Diadromus subtilicornis Gray.; Thyraeella 

collaris Gray.; T. coliaris var. brischkei Berth.; and Exochus 

erythronotus Grav. [RAE] 

0493. Turnock, W. J. 1982. Opportunities for biocontrol in 

the development of pest management systems for insects attacking 

canola in western Canada. Biocontr. News Inf. 3:279-286. 

The major insect pests of rape (canola) in western 

Canada include the exotic species Phyllotreta cruciferae 

(Goeze), P. striolata (F.) and Plutella xylostella (L.) and 

the Nearctic Mamestra con figurata Wlk. and Entomoscelis americana 

Brown. The life systems and population patterns of 

these species are evaluated in relation to the opportunities 

and potential for using biological control and other approaches 

to improved pest management. For Phy.lotreta spp, the 

potential is high and the availability medium for insecticides 

for bctter crop protection, also for classical biological 

control and plant resistance as means of reducing pest 

populations. For M. configurata and Plutella xylostella, 

better prediction has high potential, and the availability 

and potential for the introduction of new parasites are 

medium. For E. americana, cultural control has high potential; 

no parasites have been found in tiiis species or in 

related species in Europe. A farm management calendar jncorporating 

existing and potential techniques to protect rape 

crops and to reduce insect pest populations is given. [RAE] 

0494. Ullyett, G. C. 1943. Some aspects of parasitism in 

field populations of Plutella maculipennis Curt. J. Entomol. 

Soc. South Afr. 6:65-80. 

The results are given of field studies of populations 

of Plutella maculipennis Curt. and its natural enemies on 

cabbage carried out in the Transvaal over a period of five 

years to determine the factors affecting host selection and 

the distribution of progeny of the parasites. A species of 

Angitia is the dominant parasite, others occurring in small 

numbers. Dissections of random samples of host larvae collected 

in the field showed that superparasitism by this species 

was usually aLsent at the beginning of the season, but invariably 

appeared later, when the populations of host and 

parasite had become thoroughly established in the growing 

crops. At this time, the percentage parasitism was higher 

than would be expected from random distribution of progeny, 

implying a discriminating faculty in the female parasites. 

This was confirmed by detailed analysis of four samples from 

consecutive weekly records, which also showed that although 

194


the percentage parasitism did not vary significantly between 

samples and the percentage superparasitism did so, there was 

a positive relation between the numbers of hosts showing 

parasitism and superparasitism; that the host population, 

expressed as the number of larvae per plant, was highest when 

the plant was young and therefore had the smallest surface 

area; and, contrary to what wight have been expected, that 

the percentage of hosts in which super-parasitism was found 

varied directly with the numbers of host larvae per plant and 

the ratio of hosts to female parasites. This apparent anomaly 

is explained by the increase in the area that the parasites 

had to search as the plants grew. Also, parasites may 

migrate to more favorable areas when the host density becomes 

very low. 

In a discussion of additional considerations that may 

have an important bearing on the general aspects of the 

modification of discriminativc ability by environmental factors, 

it is pointed out that a parasite can examine hosts 

that are stationary or very sluggish, such as eggs and pupae, 

more thoroughly than active larvae and so should be better 

able to determine whether they have been parasitised previously; 

that hosts in inaccessible positions, such as inside 

stems or fruit, or in a protective envelope in the case of 

pupae, cannot readily be examined, though discrimination 

appears to be exercised in certain instances; that paralysis 

of the host before oviposition gives the greatest opportunity 

for examination; and that in cases in which only one individual 

can be supported by a host, discrimination is limited to 

determining whether the host has been parasitised previously, 

whereas if several parasites can reach maturity in one host, 

the ai ility to sense the size of the host in relation to the 

number of progeny it will support is important. 

Bracon (Microracon) hebetor Say sometimes parasitises 

Plutella larvae in the field; its appearances are sporadic 

and depend largely on the stage of growth of the plant as 

well as on the incidence of its more usual hosts. It attacks 

larvae within restricted spaces between the folded leaves of 

the heart of the cabbage and paralyses them before ovipos]tion; 

the progeny are ectoparasitic and several can develop 

on each host. In laboratory tests, females of B. hebetor 

were caged for 24 hours at 800F. with varying numbers of 

larvae of Plodia interpunctella Hb. on which the development 

of the parasite is the same as on Plutella, after which the 

numbers of hosts paralysed and the number of eggs deposited 

on each larva were recorded. The female usually paralysed 

all the hosts with which it came into contact before beginning 

to oviposit; one or two paralysed larvae may be used for 

food, and oviposition does not occur on these. When only 2-4 

hosts were supplied, eggs were laid on all of them, and the 

numbers of larvae that were paralysed but not parasitised 

increased with the number provided for female. As the number 

of paralysed hosts increased from two to ten, the number of 

eggs per host decreased from 10.7 to 3.5, and when more were 

195


available, the number of eggs per host varied much less; the 

total number of eggs laid remained approximately constant. 

Although 8-12 parasites can develop on a single larva of 

Plodia, the adults formed are small and relatively infecund; 

4-6 parasites per host give rise to normal adults. In the 

field, although the larvae of Pibtella attacked by the parasite 

usually occur singly, so that there is no apparent 

opportunity of gauging the extent of possible host material 

in relation to the number of eggs that should be laid per 

host, larvae were found tha had been paralysed but not 

parasitised; in some cases these had served as a source of 

food, in others they were in good condition and remained so 

for some time, and in yet others they soon developed the 

final stages of disease. Very few larvae were found bearing 

more than 4-6 parasites, and discriminative ability is therefore 

apparently exercised in the field. 

Multiparasitism is most likely to be caused by Angitia 

and a species of Apanteles that is the commonest of the other 

parasites of Plutella and is found nearly all the year round. 

In such a case, Angitia always survives. Analysis of records 

indicated that parasitism was almost entirely due to Angitia 

over most of the period studied and that an increase in 

Apanteles can occur only though a relative decrease in Angitia, 

though the changes are not necessarily proportional. 

The presence of other parasites appeared to be correlated 

with a tende.icy for Apanteles to increase to larger numbers 

than usual. These conditions are not affected by the degree 

of total parasitism. The activity of predators of Plutella 

is closely associated with low parasitism and high host 

density. [RAE] 

0495. Ullyett, G. C. 1946. New species of Apanteles (Hymenoptera:Bracoridae) 

and new host records from South Africa. J. 

Entomol. Soc. South Afr. 9:28-35. 

The new species, which are described from adults of 

both sexes, are Apanteles ha-Ifordi from Piutella maculipennis 

Curt, on cabbage and watercress (Nasturtium officinale), A. 

euproctidis and A. flaviventris from Euproctis terminalis 

Wlk., a destructive pest of pines in South Africa of which 

the former is an importapt parasite, and A. leucotreta from 

Argyroploce leucotreta Meyr. on Citrus, all in the Transvaal. 

Amendments to D. S. Wilkinson's key to the Ethiopian species 

to include them are given. A. acraeae Wlkn. is recorded for 

the first time from South Africa, where it parasitised E. 

terminalis in the eastern Transvaal in April 1945. .4. ruficrus 

Hal. which has been reported from Zaphygma exempta Wlk. 

in South Africa, is recorded from P. maculipennis on waturcress 

in the Pretoria district; it apparently does not attack 

this host on cabbage. [RAE] 

0496. Ullyett, G. C. 1947. Host adoption by Hymenopterous 

parasites. J. Entomol. Soc. South Afr. 9:236-237. 

Two examples are given of introduced insect pests in 

196


South Africa being attacked by native parasites. One of 

these is Plutella maculipennis Curt. which is attacked there 

by a complex of indigenous species that can exert very efficient 

control and is almost identical in generic composition 

with that attacking -it in Europe. The most important is a 

species of Angitia so closely related to the introduced 

European A. cerophaga Gray., that they interbreed in the 

field. The other is Cydia (Carpocapsa) pomonella L., which 

is becoming increasing difficult to control by means of 

insecticides, but has in recent years been attacked by native 

parasites in unsprayed orchards. These include Trichogramma 

luteum Gir., Cremastus sp. , Pimpla heliophila Cam. , and Cryptus 

sp. and also two larval parasites, Apanteles leucotretae 

Ullyett, and Phanerotoma curvicarinata Cam., which were 

reared in 1945-46 from infested unsprayed pears in the Transvaal. 

With the exception of Pimpla heliophila, all have also 

been reared from the native Argyroploce (Olethreutes) leucotreta 

Meyr. , the habits of which resemble those of C. pomonel- 

Ia. They were not recorded earlier from C. pomonella either 

because they have only recently begun to attack it or because 

of the severe spray program employed against it, and they 

will not become of value in its control unless the present 

measures are discontinued or considerably modified. It is 

concluded that where a native insect closely resembles an 

introduced pests in habits and general environmental requirements, 

the possibility of its parasites attacking the 

introduced species should be considered when devising control 

meausres against the latter, and likely ones should be encouraged 

to adopt it as an alternative host as early as possible. 

[RAE] 

0497. Uvarov, B. P. 1914. Report of the Entomological Bureau 

of Stavropol for 1913. Department of Agriculture, Central 

Board of Land Administration and Agriculture, Petrograd, 86 

pp. (in Russian). 

The work of the Bureau during the year under report is 

reviewed, the most important section consisting in the supervision 

and direction of the campaign against locusts. Two 

new insecticides were tried against locusts, one of these 

"Locusticide", madc by an Anglo-American firm, proving very 

effective and handy, while the second, "Phytonal" of the 

Schweinfurt chemical factory, did not give satisfactory results. 

Trials of two new sprayers showed the excellent 

qualities of the "Holder" sprayer. A list is given of injurious 

insects recorded in the government. 

Lepidopterous pests included caterpillars of Papilio 

podalirius L. damaging the foliage of peaches; cabbages were 

seriously damaged by Pieris brassicac L. from the larvae of 

which, Anilasta ebenin8 Gray. and Apnteles glomeratus L. 

were reared; while Pteromalus puparum L. was reared from one 

pupa of Pieris rapae L. The larvae of Phalera bucephala 

occurred on lime trees and wintered as pupae. Eupi-octis 

chrysorrhoea L. has damaged pear trees, and Lymantria dispar 

197


L. about 5% of apples in one locality, while injury by Malacosoma 

neustria L. was reported from various places. Larvae 

of Saturnia pyri Schiff. were occasionally found on fruit 

treus, and those of Acronycta rumicis L. on raspberries in 

July. Great numbers of caterpillars of Euxoa segetum Schiff. 

occurred on the experimental fields near Stavropol, the largest 

number being found on the plot containing potatoes, less 

on the plot of maize and still less on black fallow, there 

being apparently two generations. They were parasitised by 

Macrocentrus coihiris Spin. and Ichneumon sarcitorius L. The 

caterpillars of Barathra (Mamestra) brassicae appear to be 

specially injurious to late sown cpbbage. Chlorides (Heliothis) 

dipsacea L. was on the wing in July doing some damage to 

ripe crops. The caterpillars of Phytometra (Plusia) gamma L. 

were found on cabbage and sunflowers. Cossus cossus L. 

seriously damaged apple trees in one district. Great damage 

was caused by Ifomeosomane bulella Hb. on the experimental 

field near Stavropol, caterpillars of this pest were found 

nearly exclusively on the edible varieties of sunflower 

seeds, those used for oil being practically free from them. 

The caterpillars of Phlyctaenodes sticticalis L. have seriously 

injured lucerne in one locality. Fruit trees were damaged 

by Cydia (Grapholita) funebrana Tr. especially plums 

and sloes, and C. pomoneila L. has done considerable damage 

to apple trees. Hyponomeuta malinellus Zell. has been very 

destructive, as also has ff. variabilis Zell. which totally 

denuded all the plum and sloe trees in one locality. The 

caterpillars of Plutella maculipennis (cruciferarum Zell.), 

which appeared only in small numbers, were heavily infested 

with Phajogenes pluteliae Kurdj. and Angitia fenestralis 

Holmgr. [RAE] 

0498. Veitch, R. 1928. Report of the Chief Entomologist 1927 

1928. Queensland Department of Agriculture, Brisbane, 8 pp. 

The work carried out by the Division of Entomology 

during the year 1927-28 is reviewed. Notes are given on the 

relative abundance of a number of pests mentioned in the 

previous year's report. Listroderes obliquus Gyll. (nociva 

Lea) (brown vegetable weevil) has recently been found attacking 

carrots and other vegetables in one district. A colony 

of Trichogramma minutum Riley, an egg parasite of the codling 

moth (Cydia pomonella L.], was received from the United 

States and has been reared on the eggs of Ephestia sp. Colonies 

have been liberated, but so far no evidence of their 

estabishment has been obtained. Experimentally the parasite 

has been bred from the eggs of Plutella maculipennis Curt. 

(crucifernrum ZelI.), Helluma undalis F., and Heliothis obso 

]eta F. An outbreak of the Coreid, Leptoglocsus bidentatus 

Montr., oxi citrus was investigated, and it was found that the 

damage was done by the adults feeding on the petioles and 

fruit. As a result, large quantities of fruit fell prematurely. 

The bugs had bred on other food-plants and migrated to 

citrus. [RAE] 

198


0499. Veitch, R. 1931. Reports of the chief entomologist. 

Annu. Rep. Dep. Agric. Queensland 1928-29, pp. 67-71; 1929 

30, pp. 65-66. 

The activities of the Division of Entomology for the 

years 1928-30 are reviewed in these two reports. Infestation 

of deciduous fruits by Dacus ferrugineus F. (Chaetodacus 

tryoni Frogg.) was not serious, but losses due to Cydia 

pomonella L., were more extensive in 1928-29 than at any time 

during the previous seven yeras. Further colonies of Trichogramma 

minutum Riley, were liberated, but little was seen of 

it in the following season. Although this parasite had attaked 

the eggs of Plutelia maculipennis Curt. (cruciferarum 

Zell.) readily in captivity, all efforts to find it in heavily 

infested cabbage fields in which it had been liberated 

were unsuccessful.. Aphelinus mali, Hald., continues to be an 

effective check on the woolly apple aphid (Eriosoma .'anigerum 

Hausm.). Potatoes were badly infested by Phthorimaeg operculella 

Zell., in a district from which this moth had not 

previously been recorded. [RAE] 

0500. Velasco, L. R. I. 1982. The life history of Apanteles 

plutellae Kurdj. (Baconidae), a parasitoid of the diamondback 

moth. Philipp. Entomol. 5:385-399. 

The biology of Apanteles plutellae Kurdj. (a solitary 

larval endoparasite of Plutella xylostella (Linn.)) was investigated. 

The total life duration of the parasitoid ranged 

from 10 to 21 days. The duration from egg to prepupa ranged 

from 5 to 10 days (X = 7.15 + 0.08); pupal period was from 4 

to 6 days (X = 4.55 +0.65); and the adults lasted from 1 to 5 

days in at Los Banos, Laguna and 2 to 17 days in Baguio City. 

The female adult longevity (X = '.38 + 0.50) was a day longer 

than that of male adults (X 2.74 + 0.52) in the study at 

Los Banos. The first, second and third larval instars of 

Plutella were observed to be parasitized, although the second 

and third larval instars were most preferred. The unmated 

females were observed to have shorter longevity, oviposition 

period and lower rate of parasitization compared to mated 

females. Unmated females produced only male progenies. Trichomalopsis 

sp., hymenopterous hyperparasite of the family 

Pteromalidae, was observed to attack the cocoons of A. plute 

11ae. The occurrence of Apanteles plutellae in the Philippines 

is reported for the first time in this study. The 

genus Trichomalopsis, to which the hyperparasite reared from 

A. plutellae belongs, is a new record for the Philippines. 

Likewise, the present report of two icheneumonids, Paraphylax 

sp. and Stictopisthus sp., as probable primary and secondary 

parasites of A. pluatellae, respectively, is new information. 

0501. Velasco, L. R. I. 1983. Field parasitism of Apanteles 

plutella Kurdj. (Braconidae: Hymenoptera) on the diamondback 

moth of cabbage. Philipp. Entomol. 6:539-553. 

Field observations at ile Bureau of Plant Industry, 

Baguio City, showed that Apni.teles plutellae Kurdj., and Ery 

199


nia (= Entomophthora) radicans Brefeld, a fungus, were predominantly 

the biotic mortality agents of Plutella xylostella 

(Lin.). Both organisms were positively correlated with the 

host larval population, although the infection was higher for 

the fungus (1.78 to 34.41%) as compared to Apanteles (1.90 to 

16.4%). The fungus appears to be antagonistic to Apanteles 

parasitism. Attempts to introduce Apanteles plutellae from 

Baguio City to at Los Banos yielded positive results from 

cage-field releases. However, no recovery was observed from 

open-field releases in an area regularly sprayed with insecticides. 

0502. Venkatraman, T. V. 1964. Experimental studies in superparasitism 

and multiparasitism in Horogenes cerophaga (Grav.) 

and )Hymenobosm.inarapi (Cam.), the larval parasites of Plute- 

Ila maculipennis (Curt.). Indian J. Entomol. 26:1-32. 

Nythobia (Horogenes) cerophaga (Grav.) and Hymenobosmina 

rapi (Cam.) afford considerable parasitism of the larvae 

of Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) in New South Wales and other 

parts of Australia. They compete with each other, and their 

interrelations were investigated in the laboratory at Canberra. 

There were two peaks of oviposition by Nythobia, the 

first five and the second 11 days after adult emergence, but 

Hymenobosmina showed no such variation. An ovipositing female 

of Mythobia lived longer than one of Hymenobosmina and 

laid about three times as many eggs. The degree of superparasitism 

declined with increase of host availability in both 

species. Avoidance of superparasitism was due to the ability 

to discriminate between healthy and parasitised hosts and the 

ability to refrain from oviposition when suitable hosts are 

not available. Superparasitism is attributed to imperfect 

restraint. Although the parasites exercise a certain amount 

of discrimination in distributing their eggs, the restraint 

apparently breaks down as they encounter a succession of 

hosts at low population levels in a restricted space. Hymenobosmina 

avoided superparasitism and also multiparasitism 

less effectively than did Nythobia, and in both species 

superparasitism and multiparasitism resulted in the production 

of only one adult parasite/host. Nythobia showed intrinsic 

superiority, Hymenobosmina being killed by Nythobia by 

physiological means or by the conditioning of the host haemolymph 

when Nythobia is in the early first instar and Hymenobosmina 

in the egg or early larval stage. Delay in finding 

hosts resulted in cosorption prior to ovulation in the enlarged 

oviducts in both species. The introduced N. cerophaga 

has become the dominant parasite of the Plutella complex in 

Australia, and H. rapi, which was the common species before 

the introduction of the other, seems to have been reduced to 

a subsidiary status. [RAE] 

0503. Vos, H. C. C. A. A. 1953. Introduction in Indonesia of 

Angitia cerophaga Grav., a parasite of Plutella maculipennis 

Curt. Contr. Gen. Agric. Res. Sta. Bogor No.:134, 32 pp. 

200

Predators and Pnasites 

Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) is an important pest of 

cabbage in the highlands of Indonesia. Investigations on its 

bionomics in Java showed that the life-cycle was completed in 

an average of 21 days at Patjet (at about 3,600 ft), where 

the temperature varied from 16 to 250C. and in.15 days in the 

laboratory at Bogor (about 800 ft.), where it was 25-30oC and 

oviposition was much reduced. Angitia cerophaga (Gray.) was 

introduced against it from Holland in 1928, but failed to 

become established, and since the difference in climate was 

thought to be the cause, a fresh introduction was made in 

1950 from New Zealand, where conditions resemble more closely 

those in the uplands of Indonesia. Larvae of all instars 

were found to be attacked by the Angitia females in the 

laboratory at Patjet, those in the second and third being 

preferred, and the life-cycle lasted 18-20 days. The parasites 

were reared by a method that is described, and liberations 

were begun near Patjet in December 1950. Establishment 

resulted, and the percentage parasitism in 1951-52 averaged 

72-82 or even more. Liberations were also successful in other 

areas in Java and in Sumatra, but failed where the cabbages 

were heavily treated with insecticides such as DDT. Where 

the parasite became established, the reductions in the Plute 

.118 population were considerable. [RAE] 

0504. Voukassovitch, P. 1927. Biological observations on the 

parasites of Plutella maculipennis Curtis. (Lepidoptera:Plutellidae). 

Rev. Path. Veg. Entomol. Agric. 14:113-118. (in 

French). 

This study of the parasites of Pluteila maculipennis 

Curt. (diamondback moth) was made at Belgrade in the spring 

of 1926 when the larvae were very numerous on turnips. Female 

moths bred and fertilized i;: the laboratory laid an 

average of 60 to 80 eggs, which required an incubation period 

of four days at an average temp,,ature of 680F. The larvae 

would feed on partly decayed as well as fresh leaves of 

crucifers, but when they were fresh, the young larvae mined 

the leaf tissues. By the 15th day all the larvae pupated, 

adults emerging five or -ix days later. 

Four Ichneumonid parasites of the larvae were observed, 

none of which has apparently been previously recorded on this 

host. The most common was Angitia cerophaga Gray, of which 

both fertilized and unfertilized females attacked P. maculipennis 

in the laboratory, frequently ovipositing in the young 

larvae within their mines, of which they attack several in 

turn. The older larvae, wandering on the leaves, are not 

attacked unless they are encountered accidentally. Parasitised 

larvae completed their development and constructed 

their cocoons, but a day or two afterwards the parasite 

larvae emerged and spun their cocoons within those of the 

hosts. The pupal stage lasted for seven or eight days at 

about 75 0 F. The male life-cycle occupied 18 days at about 

71 0 F., an unfertilized female producing only 5 males. Thyraeella 

collaris Gray. has been found in one instance parasi 

201


tising a larva of P. maculipennis. Diadromus subtilicornis 

Gray. was observed in nature as a parastie of the pupa, many 

more females than males being found. Pimpla alternans Gray. 

was found in almost equal numbers in larvae and pupae; in the 

former case, its cocoon was close to the remains of the 

larva, within the cocoon that it had constructed. 

Of 80 larvae of P. maculipennis collected at the height 

of their occurrence (about mid-May) 38 were parasitised by 

either Angitia or P. alternans in almost equal numbers. The 

remaining 42 pupated, but from the pupae were reared eight 

individuals of P. alternans, and 10 of T. collaris or D. sub-tilicornis. 

Only three adults of P. maculipennis emerged, 21 

pupae having died. The effect of these parasites is therefore 

important, and, in the author's opinion, is at least in 

part responsible for the scarcity of the moths in the montha 

following the outbreak. [RAE] 

0505. Waage, J. K. 1983. Aggregation in field parasitoid 

populations: Foraging time allocation by a population of 

Diadegma (Hymenoptera: ichneumonidae). Ecol. Entomol. 8:447 

453. 

A field study was made of foraging time allocaticn by a 

population of parasitic wasps, Diadegma spp., to plants containing 

different densitites of their hosts, the caterpillars 

of Plutella xylostella (L.). The parasitoid population exhibited 

a clear aggregative response, spending more total time 

on higher density patches, which probably resutled from wasps 

making more and longer visits to these densities. Despite 

this aggregation, positive density dependent parasitism was 

not found. The functional response of the Diadegna population 

exhibited an upper asymptote at high host densities, 

probably due to an increase in the proportion of time spent 

handling hosts, which countered the effect of aggregation. 

While Diadegma may select and forage preferentially on plants 

with higher host density, they do not exhibit the tendency, 

predicted by some optional foraging models, to explot progressively 

less profitable plants during a foraging bout. Some 

factors affecting patterns of parasitoid foraging in the 

field are discussed. [BA] 

0506. Walker, H. G. and L. D. Anderson. 1936. Control of 

cabbage worms. Bull. Va. Truck Exp. Sta. No. 93:1381-1394. 

Brief notes are given on the bionomics of Plutella 

maculipennis Curt. Plusia (Autographia) brassicae Riley, and 

Pier.is (Ascia) rapae L. attacking cabbage and other cruciferous 

vegetables in Virginia, and of Hellula undalis F. which 

caused some injury in 1932, together with an account of 

experiments on their control carried out since that year. 

Plutella maculipennis, which has been the most injurious of 

these pests, may have seven or more generations during the 

year in south-eastern Virginia, but when the larvae become 

numerous, parasitism by Angitia polynesialis Cam. (hellulae, 

Vier.) often brings control. In the early winter of 1934 and 

202


the spring of 1935, over 95% of the larvae were parasitised, 

but heavy losses occurred in 1936 before they were controlled. 

The egg and larval stages of A. polynesialis within the 

host together last about eight days, and the pupal stage 

lasts 9-10 days. The females can reproduce pa-rthenogenetica- 

Ily, producing male offspring. Of 382 parasites reared from 

pupae collected in the field, 232 were females. In 1935, the 

hyperparasite, Eupterrmalus virifdescens Walsh, was reared 

from an average of 10% of the cocoons of A. polynesialis 

collected from different localities. [RAE] 

0507. Wang, C. L., H. Chio, and K. K. Ho. 1972. The comparative 

study of parasitic potential of the Braconid wasp (Apanteles 

plutellne Kurdj.) to the diamondback moth (Plutella 

xylostella L.) and rice moth (Corcyra cephalonica Staint). 

Plant Prot. Bull. (Taiwan) 14:125-128. (in Chinese with English 

summary). 

Laboratory studies were carried out in Taiwan to determine 

whether Apanteles plutellae Kurd., an important larval 

parasite of Plutella xylostella (L.), could be reared on 

Corcyra cephalonica (Stnt.). The data showed that, although 

the parasite preferred to oviposit in P. xylostella, egg 

survival was greater in C. cephalonica, so that the latter 

provided a satisfactory laboratory host. [RAE] 

0508. Warburton, C. 1926. Annual report for 1926 of the zoologist. 

J. Royal Agric. Soc. England 87:352-356. 

Although injurious insects were at least as abundant 

and varied as usual in 1926, comparatively little interest 

was taken in them as the weather was the principal cause of 

crop failure, particularly in the case of fruit. Plutella 

maculipennis Curt., which was more abundant than for some 

years past in the extreme north and south of England on 

turnip, cauliflower and broccoli, is likely to be held in 

check in 1927 by the parasite, Limneria gracilis Gray., which 

attacks the larvae. [RAE] 

0509. Weber, P. W. 1954. Recent liberations of beneficial 

insects Ill. Proc. Hawaii. Entomol. Soc. 15:369-370. 

The author lists 16 species of beneficial insects released 

in Hawaii for the control of pests. Brach.ymeria sp 

was introduced from Nairobi, Kenya, for the control of Plute 

]]a maculipennis Curtis and was liberated at Kamuela, Hawaii 

and Makaha Valley, Oahu. 

0510. Wilkinson, D. S. 1931. Braconidae: Notes and new species. 

Bull. Entomol. Res. 22:75-82. 

The species dealt with include: Apanteles plutellae sp. 

n. from Plutella maculipennis Curt. in Java; A. picipes Bch. 

previously recorded from Phlyctaenia (Pionea) forficalis L. 

now bred from Pyrausta nubilalis Hb. in France; A. xanthostigmus 

var. anarsiae Faure & Alab. which is raised to specific 

rank and re-described, bred from the Tineid, Anarsia lineate 

203


Ila Zell. in France and Italy, and the Tortricid, Cydia 

molests Busck, in France; A. talicida, sp. n., frow the 

Hesperiid, Talides sergestus Cram., on Heliconia (wild plantain) 

in British Guiana; A. aethiopicus sp. n. which occurs 

in Uganda and Sierra Leone and has been bred from the Arctiid, 

Utetheisa pulchella L., and the Pyralid, Antigastra 

catalaunalis Dup., in Italian Somalilnnd; and Microgaster 

vacillatrix Wlkn., the host of which has now been determined 

as the Pyralid, Filodes costiventralis Cuen. [RAE] 

0511. Wilkinson, D. S. 1939. On two species of Apanteles 

(Hymenoptera:Braconidae) not previously recognized from the 

Western Palaearctic Region. Bull. Entomol. Res. 30:77-84. 

In this paper, Apanteles compressiventris Mues, which 

has not previously been recorded in the Old World, and A. 

plutellae Kurdj., which has not previously been recorded from 

the Western Pnlaearctic Region, are redescribed, and records 

of their distribution in these areas and emendations to the 

author's key are given. All the material from which A. 

compressiventris, which was originally described as a parasite 

of an Arctiid, is redescribed from Arctiid hosts, with 

the exception of one series where a mistake may well have 

been made. A total of 141 cocoons from a single larva of 

Arctia villica L. was observed. A. plutellae is redescribed 

from lepidopterous hosts belonging to several genera, including 

Plutella maculipennis Curt., Pieris rapae L., and P. 

brassicae, L. [RAE] 

0512. Yadav, D. N., R. C. Patel, and T. M. Manjunath. 1979. 

On the occurrence of new larval parasites of Plutella xylostells 

(L.) in Gujarat. Curr. Sci. 48:312-313. 

During a study of the parasites of larvae of Plutella 

xylostella (L.) on cabbgae and cauliflower at Anand, Gujarat 

State, India, five species were- reared of which Bracon sp., 

B. gelechiae Ashm., and Mesochorus sp. were new to this host 

and gave maximum parasitism rates of 11.4, 13.8, and 8.3%, 

respectively. The predominant parasite species was Apanteles 

plutellae Kurd., which gave up to 71.7% parasitism and was 

active from July to March; the activity of all the other 

parasites fell within this period, mostly in July-September. 

[RAE] 

0513. Yarrow, W. H. T. 1970. Parasites of Plutella ylostel 

]a (L.) in south-eastern Queensland. Queensl. J. Agric. Anim. 

Sci. 27:321-324. 

During a two-year field study of seasonal populations 

of Plutella xylostella (L) on cabbage in south-eastern Queensland, 

the principal parasites reared were Nythobia cerophaga 

(Gray.) and Thyraeella collaris (Gray.), both of which are 

introduced species. Parasitism by them averaged 29 and 2.4%, 

respectively. Less important primary parasites were Brachymeria 

phya (Wlk.), B. sidnica Hlmgr., here recorded for the 

first time from Queensland and, almost certainly, from P. 

204


xylostella, and Apanteles ippeus Nixon, which was described 

in 1965 from P. xylostella in Canberra. The hyperparasites 

reared were Ceraphron fijiensis (Ferriere), Lienella sp. and 

Eupteromalus sp. [RAE] 

0514. Yaseen, M. 1974. Biolngy, seasonal incidence and parasites 

of Plutella xylostella (L.) in Trinidad and the introduction 

of exotic parasites into the Lesser Antilles. pp. 

237-244. In C. W. D. Brathwaite, R. H. Phelps and F. D. 

Bennett (Ed.). Crop protection in the Caribbean. Commonwealth 

Institute of Biological Control, Curepe, Trinidad. 

The life-history, seasonal incidence and parasites of 

Plutella xylostella (L.) on crucifers were investigated in 

Trinidad in 1970--72. The egg, larval, and pupal stages 

lasted for 2, 9 and 4 days, respectively, and the adults 

lived for 7-21 days. The females laid 45-265 eggs each. 

Attpck on cultivated crucifers persisted throughout the year, 

with population peaks during periods of low rainfall. Indigenous 

natural enemies were scarce. The larval parasites 

Apanteles spp. and the pupal parasite Spilochalcis hirtifemora 

(Ashm.) were reared in Trinidad, and these as well as the 

pupal parasite Tetrastichus sokolowskii Kurd. were reared in 

the Leeward Islands, and the egg parasite Trichograzza sp. 

from St. Lucia and St. Kitts. A. plutellae (Kurdj.), A. 

vestalis (Hal.) and Thyraeella collaris (Gray.) were introduced 

from Europe and India and were successfully mass-reared 

in Trinidad; the first species became established after release 

in some islands but to date has not given adequate 

control of P. xylostella. (RAE) 

0515. Yaseen, M. 1978. The establishment of two parasites of 

the diamondback moth Plutella xyjostella (Lepidoptera:Plutellidae) 

in Trinidad, W. I. Entomophaga 23:111-114. 

Plutella xylostella (L.) is now a major pest of cruciferous 

crops in Trinidad and has become resistant to several 

of the insecticides applied for its control. The indigenous 

parasites Apanteles aciculatus (Ashm.), Apanteles sp. (of the 

group of A. glomeratus (L.)), Spilochalcis hirtifemora 

(Ashm.) and Trichogramma brasiiiensis (Ashm.) are unable to 

hold the pest in check. A. plutellae Kurd., a larval parasite, 

was obtiined from Barbados, and Tetrastichus sokolowskii 

Kurd., a pupal parasite, was obtained from India; both 

species were reared in the laboratory and released in 1976 

77. Both have become established, parasitism by A. plutellae 

increasing steadily and reaching 55.9% by June 1977. However, 

two hyperparasites were reared from field-collected 

coccons: S. hirtifemora and Ceraphron sp. It is recommended 

that additional parasites (Macromalon sp. and Thyraeela collaris 

(Gray.)) be introduced to obtain complete biological 

control of P. xylostella. It is pointed out that cabbage in 

Trinidad is also attacked by Trichoplusia ni (Hb.) and by 

Hellula phidilealis Wlk. The first might be controlled by 

the introduction of A. marginiventris (Cress.) and the nuc 

205


lear polyhedrosis virus of T. ni, but no suitable biological 

control agents for the second can yet be recommended, and 

chemical control measures will continue to be recessary for 

the time being. [RAE) 

0516. Zacher, F. 1941. Observations on grain moths. Z. Angew. 

Entomol. 28:466-476. 

The author reviews the history of the original descriptions 

of Tinea granella L., T. personella Fie-ce and Metcalf, 

T. secalella Zacher, and T. cloacella HEw., which infest 

stored grain in Germany, and gives keys to them based on the 

genitalia of each sex. Definite records of the first three 

of these species in Europe are noted, with locality and date. 

A female of T. granella iaid 160 eggs in 3 days, while females 

of T. secalella laid from 83 to 150. Characters distinguishing 

the eggs of these two species are described. Eggs 

of T. granella hatched in 12-13 days at 17-18.30C and those 

of T. secalella in 12-13 days at 18.7-19.90C and 5-6 at 

25.9 0 C 2'. grane.la appears to have two, sometimes overlapping, 

generations a year, with flight periods from January to 

June and in August-September, but the summer generation does 

not always develop in northern Germany. T. secalella has 

three generations a year in northern Germany, with flight 

periods in March-June, July-August, and September. The author 

bred Meteorus puichr'icornis Wesm. , from T. secalella in 

dried fungi and Angitia fenestralis Hlmgr., from stored rye 

infested by T. secalella and Ephestia elutella Hb. A. 

fenestralis had previously been known as a parasite of Plute- 

Ila maculipennis Curt. A questionnaire sent to all parts of 

Germany gave rather negative results regarding Tinea spp., 

but numerous samples of E. elutella, and Plodia interpunctella 

Hb., and some of E. cautella and Aphomia (Paralidpa) 

gularis Zell., were received from grain warehouses. [RAE] 


0188, 0241, 0248, 0249, 0253, 0254, 0262, 0263, 0264, 

0275, 0294, 0308, 0316, 0326, 0329, 0345, 0347, 0369, 

0572, 0683, 0685, 0686, 0731, 0759, 0775, 0810, 0816, 

0828, 0836, 0878, 0890, 0915, 0925. 

206

Microbial Control 

0517. Akutsu, K. 1975. Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis of the cabbage 

armyworm, Mamestra brasicae Linne. Jpn. J. Appl. Entomol. 

Zool. 19:57-58, (in Japanese). 

Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus was isolated from the 

midgut of 10 dead M. brassicae and the larvae of M. brassicae 

were infected with the virus over generations to study the 

symptoms of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis and histological characteristics. 

The symptoms included appetite loss, developmental 

impairment, atrophy of the body and diarrhea. Under the 

light electron microscope, it showed small granules and virus 

particles. Plutella maculipennis, Bomb.yx mori, Malacosoma 

neustria testacea, Spodoptera litura, and Pieris rapae crucivora 

were infected by the virus and showed similar changes in 

their midguts. Adoxophyes fasciata, Pryeria sinica and Dendrolimus 

spectabilis were not infected by the virus. [BA] 

0518. Arkhipov, G. E. 1976. The effectiveness of Entobakterin. 

Zashch. Rast. No. 10:19. (in Russian) 

A liquid form of Entobakterin (a preparation of Bacillus 

thuringiensis var. galleriae) was tested in the Chuvash 

Republic (USSR) for the control of Mamestra brassicae (L.), 

Pieris brassicae (L.), P. rapae (L.) and Plutella xylostella 

(L.) on cabbage. Sprays were applied at 500 litres/ha while 

most of the larvae were in the second instar. Trichlorphon 

(chlorophos) vas used as a standard of comparison, and counts 

were made for up to a week after application. Both laboratory 

and field tests indicated that the preparation was highly 

effective, almost as much as trichlorphon, 95-100% mortality 

of larvae of all species being obtained in five days. [RAE] 

0519. Asano, S., H. Sakakibara, T. Kitagaki, K. Nakamura, 

and Y. Matsushita. 1973. Laboratory and field evaluation of 

the effectiveness of Bacillus thuringiensis products 'Thuri 

cide' 

Appl. 

and some 

Entomol. 

lepidopterous pests )f 

Zool. 17:91-96. (i, 

8 

crucifers. Jpn. J. 

Japanese with English 

summary). 

Three preparations of Thuricih' containing crystals of 

Bacillus thuringiensis were tested in the laboratory and in 

the field in Japan for the control of Plutella xylostella 

(L.), Pieris rapae crucivora Boisd, Mamestra brassicae (L.) 

and Spodoptera Jitura (F.), all of which attack crucifers. 

All three preparations gave good control of Plutella and 

Pieris, but none afforded adequate control of M. brassicae or 

S. litura. There was a marked reduction in feeding by larvae 

of P.r.crucivora that had ingested cabbage leaves treated 

with Thuricide. The regression of reduction in feeding on 

time after ingestion differed from that of mortality on time 

after ingestion. There was a straight-iine relation between 

the LC50's and time after treatment for P. r. crucivora and 

207


Plutella xylostella, but not for the other two species. [RAE] 

0520. Asayama, T. 1975. Maturation process of the granulosis 

virus of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Jpn. J. 

Appl. Entomol. Zool. 19:149--156. (in Japanese with English 

summary). 

The maturation process of the granulosis virus in fatbody 

cells of Plutella xylostella was observed electronmicroscopically 

and the maturation sequence of the virus was 

suggested as follows: (1) appearance of nucleocapsids associated 

with the endoplasmic reticulum; (2) regular stacking 

array of nucleocapsids; (3) random release of nucleocapsid 

from the cluster to the cytoplasmic matrix; (4) envelopment 

of nucleocapsid with a membrane which originated from de novo 

membrane morphogenesis in the cytoplasmic matrix; (5) encapsulation; 

and (6) completion of inclusion body formation. 

The enveloped nucleocapsid was distinguishable morphologically: 

the anterior part had no structural characteristics, but 

the posterior part had a spicular structure at the end of 

envelope. Initial deposition of inclusion body protein always 

started at the anterior part of the enveloped nucleocapsid, 

and encapsulation was never seen at both ends Gf the 

enveloped nucleocapsid. At an advanced stage of the infection, 

some characteristic structures were observed in the 

host cells. Homogeneous fine granules appeared inside of the 

curved endoplasmic reticulum. Ring-shaped structures also 

appeared associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. However, 

these structures disappeared with degeneration of the endoplasmic 

reticulum. Compact clumps of material appeared in the 

area of sequestration of cell organellae. The figure of this 

compact mass was quite similar to the "virogenic stroma" 

which had been reported in other granulosis. [AEJ 

0521. Asayama, T. 1975. Development of tubular structures in 

fat-body cells of Plutella xylostella infected with a granulosis 

virus. Jpn. J. Appl. Entomol. Zaol. 19:216-218. (in 

Japanese). 

Development of tubular structures in the fat body cells 

of P. xylostella larvae infected experimentally with granulosis 

virus was studied by electron microscope. The tubular 

structures appeared at the same time the inclusion body 

protein appeared; these structures may result from protein 

synthseis which takes place with virus infection. The tubular 

structures may be grouped with the branching virus rod 

type. [AEJ 

0522. Asayama, T. 1976. The morphology of the inclusion body 

of Plutella xylostella granulosis virus. Jpn. J. Appl. Entomol. 

Zool. 20:44-46. (in Japanese). 

Granulosis virus inclusion bodies were studied in P. 

xylostel]a larva body cells infected with the virus. Electron 

microscopic findings show that most inclusions formed were 

normal circular while some abnormal amorphous inclusions were 

208


formed. The amorphous abnormal inclusion bodies were formed 

from inclusion bodies and contained several virus particles. 

An epicapsular layer observed in the outer circumference of 

abnormal inclusion bodies were classified according to their 

inner structure those without nucleocapsids, those with extremely 

long nucleocapsids with normally long nucleocapsids 

and those formed from 2 inclusion bodies. [AEJ 

0523. Asayama, T. 1982. Studies on the pathology and morphogenesis 

of the baculoviruses of lepidopterous insects. Spec. 

Res. Bull. Aichi Agric. Res. Center. No. 3, 85 pp. 

This report describes pathology and morphogenesis, of 

granulosis virus (GV) of Plutello xylostella and four nuclear 

polyhedrosis viruses (NPV)' other lepidopterous insects. 

GV infestation of Plutella occurs only in larval stage. 

The infestation of larvae in the field increases in early 

summer and decrease in winter. In the initial stages of infestation, 

larval segments are swollen. Later, the body 

color changes into pale green, pale yellow green, or pale 

yellow compared to the dull green color of healthy larva. 

The body weight of infesteG larva increases to 1.5 to 2 times 

that of healthy individuals. In advanced stage of infestation, 

the integument of moribund larva becomes fragile and, 

upton slight disruption, a turbid body fluid flows out if the 

integument. The dead larva become flaccid and body color 

darkens rapidly. In the early stages of GV infection, the 

nucleus of fat body cells swell and clump of the GV capsules 

appear in cytoplasm. In later stages fat body cells become 

highly hypertrophic and vcuolated. Finally the nuclear membrane 

and cytoplasmic constituents disintegrate and the infested 

cells become loosely connected by cell membrane. The 

incubation period for GV in third instar larvae was 9-16 days 

at 140C, 6-7 days at 180C, 3-6 (lays at 220C, 2-6 days at 260C 

and 2-4 days at 30 0 C. Granulosis symptom could be induced by 

dipping larvae in 0.2 to 0.8 microgram/ml endrin solution for 

a few minutes. Plutella GV was not infectious to Agrotis 

fucuso, Bombyx mori, Mamestra illoba, Pieris rapae crucivora, 

or Plus ia nigrisigma. The virus capsule is ovicylindrical, 

411+17 nm x 240+13 nm; the virion measures 260.-280 nm long 

and 70-10 nm wide. Matured capsules are surrounded by epicapsular 

layer. Abnormal capsules are classified into various 

categories according to their shapes. GV multiplied in cytoplasm 

of fat body cells, Malpighian tubules, brain and epidermal 

cells but not in cuticle of integument, goblet and 

columnar cells of midgut, tracheal matrix, muscles, and silk 

glands. 

Sequence of GV morphogenesis in larval P. xylostella 

fat body cells was as follows: 1. appearance of nucteoside 

associated with endoplasmic reticulum, 2. regular staking array 

of nucleosides, 3. dispersal of nucleosides from cluster 

to the cytoplasmic matrix, 4. envelopment of nucleosides with 

a membrance which originated from de novo membrane morphogenesis 

in cytoplasmic matrix, 5. encapsulation, and 6, comple 

209


tion of capsule formation with epicapsular layer. Enveloped 

nucleoside has a spicular structure at the posterior part and 

no marked structure at the anterior. Deposition of capsule 

protein starts from the anterior part of the enveloped nucleosides. 

Fat body cells of GV infested diamondback moth 

showed hypertrophy of nucleus, protrusion, subsidence, and 

partial disappearance of nuclear membrane. Mitochondria of 

GV infected cells changed into baloon-shaped structure with 

fragmented cristae, endoplasmic reticulum multilayered and 

whorl-shaped figuraes and in advanced stage of infection, 

these disintegrated organelles df'spersed in the cytoplasmic 

matrix. Homogenous fine granules appeared inside the curved 

endoplasmic reticulum. Ring-shaped structures associated 

with the endoplasmic reticulum also were observed in cytoplasm 

of GV infected cells. However, these structures disappeared 

due to degeneration of endoplasmic reticutum. Compact 

and clumped mass appeared in the area of seguestration of 

cell organelle, and it was similar to the "virogenic stroma". 

Typical tubular structures were also observed in the cytoplasm 

of GV infected cells. These structures were 35-90 nm 

wide and randomly branched. These structures were associated 

with the site of GV capsule formation in the cytoplasm but no 

with the virion. These structures formed 6000-8000 nm long 

and 3000-4000 nm wide dusters. 

Comparative studies on the morphology of four NPVs 

(Euproctis subflava, E. similis, Dictyoploca japonica and 

Antheiraea pernyi) were also carried out. Inclusion bodies 

(polyhedra) of E. subflava were multishaped and the diameter 

of polyhedra ranged from 600 to 3000 nm. There were 1-5 

occluded nucleocapsids, however, majority (66.7%) viron had 

two nucdeocapsids each. Each nucleoside was 400 nm x 40 nm. 

The shape and size of E. similis NPV were similar to K. 

subflava NPV, however, some inclusion bodies were distorted. 

The number of nucleocapsids occluded in an envelope ranged 

from 1 to 39 and the size of nucleocapsid was 350 nm x 40 nm. 

The shape and size of inclusion bodies of D. japonica NPV 

were also similar to that of E. subflava NPV. However, the 

number of nucleocapids occluded in an envelope ranged from I 

to 9. Results of frequency distribution of the virions 

showed that the virion with 3 nucleocapids was dominant. 

Nucleocapids were 350-400 nm long and 40 nm wide. There were 

two strains of A. pernyi NPV. One strain formed multishaped 

and the otehr triangular inclusion bodies. The multishaped 

strain had 1 to 19 nucleocapids and triangular shaped strain 

has I to 12 nucleocapids. The multishaped strain nucleocapid 

was 260-300 nm long and 40 nm wide and the diameter of inclusion 

body varied from 1000 to 2000 nm. The size of the 

triangular strain nucleocapid was 300-350 nm long 3-nd 40 nm 

wide and the diameter of its inclusion was 5000-600c nm. 

Sequence of morphogenesis of the NPVs in fat body cells 

of E. subflava, D. japonica, and A. pernyi was as follows: 1. 

nucleocapsids protruding irregularly from the surface of 

agglomerated chromatin, 2. regular stacking array of nucleo 

210


capsids associated with membrane formed de novo, 3. dispersal 

of nucleocapsids from the cluster to the nuclear matrix, 4. 

envelopement of nucleocapsids with a membrane which w-.s for-med 

de novo in the nuclear matrix. 5. incipient deposition of 

inclusion body protein at the enveloped nucleocapsids, 6. 

progressive deposition of inclusion body protein between two 

or three enveloped nucleocapsids, 7. incorporation of enveloped 

nucleocapsids into the inclusion body in a haphazard 

manner, and 8. completion of inclusion body membrane. 

There were no essential differences between GV and NPV 

in 1. location of nucleocapsid formation, 2. morphology of 

the stacking array of nucleocapsid, 3. dispersal of nucleocapsid 

mass, 4. nucleocapsid envelopement, 5. incipient deposition 

of inclusion body protein, 6. morphology of inclusion 

bodies (capsule or polyhedra), and 7. formation of inclusion 

body membrane. 

0524. Asayama, T. and I. Inagaki. 1975. Cell alternations 

caused by the infection with the granulosis virus in the 

diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, and the site of appearance 

of nucleocapsid. Jpn. J. Appl. Ent. Zool. 19:79-84. (in 


Ultrastructural changes the cell organellae in Plutella 

xylosteila larva infected with the granulosis virus were 

observed by an electron microscope. Endoplasmic reticulum 

showed multilayered and whorl-shaped figures. Mitochondria 

changed into balloon-shaped structures with fragmented cristae. 

These abnormal structures disappeared into the cytoplasmic 

matrix at the advanced stage of the infection. During 

the conspicuous changes of cell organellae, 10 to 55 nucleocapsids 

protruded randomly in the cytoplasm of fat-body cells 

closely associated with rough endoplasnic reticulum, and 

regular stacking array of nucleocapsids were formed at the 

site of their appearancc. Agglomerated glycogen granules and 

large clumps of lipid were seen in the infected cytoplasm. 

[AE] 

0525. Asayama, T. and I. Inagaki. 1975. Multiplication of a 

granulosis virus in the Malpighian tubuje. Jpn. J. Appl. 

Entomol. Zool. 19:115-116. (in Japanese). 

Under the electron microscope, granulosis virus was 

seen to proliferate in the Malpighian tubule of Plutella 

xylostella infected with the virus. The nucleocapsid and 

tubular structure shapes seen in the Malpighian tubule were 

the same as those seen in fat bodies, but, the inclusion 

bodies were polymorphic in the Malpighian tubule. The shape 

of the inclusion bodies in fat bodies infected with the virus 

was oval. The nucleocapsids, inclusion bodies and tubular 

structures were adjacent to each other in the cytoplasm, 

indicating viral proliferation within the tubule. [AEI 

0526. Asayama, T. and N. Osaki. 1969. A granulosis of the 

diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella (L.) (.aculipennis 

211


(Curt.)) (Plutellidae:Lepidoptera). Res. Bull. Aichi Ken 

Agric. Res. Center, Ser. A. No. 1: 4 5 -54.(in Japanese with 


Some outbreaks of granulosis of Plutella Xylostella 

larva were discovered in cabbage and Chinese cabbage plantations 

in Aichi Prefecture. From our surveys we conclude 

this 

that 

granulosis plays an important pa-t in controlling 

wild 

the 

population of P. xylostella in early summer season. 

color 

The 

of integument of the infected larva changed from 

usual 

its 

green to opaque yellow in advanced stages of the disease, 

other symptoms, moreover, were distension of segment, 

abnormal growth and burst of integument releasing an opaque 

white fluid. Granulosis of P. xylostella was able to be 

induced by the treatment, that is, fifth-instar larva 

dipped 

was 

in the insecticide endrin solution diluted 250 to 1000 

times with water. The capsule was ovocylindrical in shape 

and the average dimension of 100 capsules was 411+17 mp 

240+13 

x 

mu. Long rod-shaped particle of the granulosis 

was 

virus 

constantly observed in ultrathin section of cytoplasm of 

the fat body. Size of the virus rod was 40-45 x 210-240 mi 

and outer membrane surrounded the virus rod was 70-100 

280 

x 260mu.thick. 

No pathological symptoms were detected by 

granulosis 

the 

virus uf P. xylostella in the larva of 

rapae 

Pieris 

crucivora (Boisduval), Plusia nigrisigma (Walker), 

Mamestra illoba (Butler) and Prodenin litura (Fabricius). 

0527. Asayama, T. and N. Osaki. 1970. A granulosis of the diamondback 

moth, Plutella xylostella. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 

15:284-286. 

In May 1968, larvae of Plutella xylostella (L.) infesting 

cabbage in Aichi Prefecture, Japan, were found to be 

infected with a cytoplasmic granulosis virus. It proved not 

to be infective for the larvae of several other species of 

Lepidoptera. The capsules and virus particles are described. 

This is the first record of a virus disease in P. xylostella. 

[RAE] 

0528. Asayama, T. and N. Osaki. 1970. A cytoplasmic-polyhedrosis 

of the cotton leafworm, Prodenia litura. J. Invert. 

Pathol. 16:292-294. 

Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis is reported for the first time 

in Prodenia litura larvae. The external and internal appearance 

of the diseased larvae and electron-microscope studies 

of midgut tissues and polyhedra are described. Peroral infection 

experiments showed the cytoplasmic-polyhedrosis virus 

of P. litura to be h: ghly infective for P. litura larvae but 

not for those of Plutelln xylostella (Lepidoptera:Plutellidae) 

and Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera:Bombycidae). [EA) 

0529. Atwal, A. S. and K. Singh. 1969. Comparative efficacy 

of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner and some contact insecticides 

against Pieris brassicae L. and Plutella maculipennis 

(Curtis) on cauliflower. Indian J. Entomol. 31:361-363. 

212


In a field experiment conducted for the control of 

Pieris brassicae L. and Plutella maculipennis (Curtis) on 

cauliflower, it was found that carbaryl 0.15%, endrin 0.02%, 

DDT 0.15%, malathion 0.075% and Thuricide 0.4% gave 74.6, 

57.6, 57.8, 52.5 and 64.9% mortality, respectively after 48 

hours as compared to 10.3% in control. Against the diamondback 

moth, carbaryl 0.15%, malathion 0.075%, endrin 0.02%, 

parathion 0.02%, and Thuricide 0.4% gave 89.6, 80.5, 76.7, 

44.4, and 81.4% mortality, respectively, as compared to 15.8% 

in the control. Thus, carbaryl gave the highest mortality 

and Thuricide was the next in the order of effectiveness. 

[EA] 

0530. Burgerjon, A. 1977. Use of specificity difference indices 

for the identification of nuclear polyhedrosis viruses 

(Baculovirus) of insects. Entomophaga 22:187-192. 

Specificity difference indices (SDI) are a quantitative 

comparison if the degree of virulence shown by two viruses 

when assayed with two species of insects. The establishment 

of these indices permits the choice of better strains for the 

development of preparations for use in the control of crop or 

forestry pests with viruses. Details are given of work 

carried out with two samples of Baculovirus: one from North 

America, isolated from Plusia californica (Speyer) (Autcgrapha 

californica) and one from the USSR isolated from Golleria 

mellonella (L.). Despite the geographical and biological 

differences in the origin of the two viruses, they could not 

be distinguished serologically. However, when tested on 

larvae of Plutella xylostella (L.) (maculipennis (Curt.)) and 

Chilo suppressalis (Wlk.), a relatively high SDI was evident. 

The SDI can thus be used as a supplementary method for the 

identification of virus samples, particularly those used for 

biological control. [RAE] 

0531. Burgerjon, A. and G. Biache. 1967. Tetratological 

effects in nymphs and adult insects, the larvae of which 

ingested sublethatl doses of theromostable toxin of Bacillus 

thuringiensis Berliner. C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. Ser. 

D. Sci. Natur. 264:2423-2425. (in French). 

This substance, which may have possibilities for the 

control of some insect pests, was active in producing morphologic 

defects regardless ':f the larval or chrysalid stage at 

which the insects were enposed. The effect on Musca domestica, 

Pieris brassicae, Barathra brassicae, Plutella maculipennis, 

Lymantrin dispar, and Zeiraphera griseana occurred at 

different dose levels and the characteristic morphological 

alteration was present. [BA] 

0532. Cadapan, E. P. and B. P. Gabriel. 1972. Field evaluation 

of Dipel in comparison with other commercial Bacillus 

thuringiensis and chemical insecticides against Plutella 

xylosteila (L.) and other insect pests of cabbage. Philipp. 

Entomol. 2:297-305. 

213


The effectiveness of sprays of several bacterial and 

chemical insecticides in controlling Plutella xylostella (L.) 

and other insect pests on cabbage was evaluated in field-plot 

tests in the Philippines during the dry season of 1972. 

Weekly applications of Dipel (a preparation of Bacillus thuringiensis) 

at a rate of 0.5 kg active ingreoient/ha from 

transplanting to harvest or of quinalphos (Bayrusil) at 5 

kg/ha from transplanting to two weeks before harvest gave the 

best control and resulted in the highest yields of marketable 

heads. [RAE! 

0533. Carrillo, S. J. L. 1971. Tests with Thuricide (Bacillus 

thuringiensis) against cabbage caterpillars in Chapingo. 

Agric. Tecnica Mexico 3:58-60. (in Spanish with English summary). 

In tests in Mexico in 1970, on cabbage infested with 

larvae of Copitarsia spp., Trichoplusia ni (fib.) and Plutel]a 

xylostella (L.) (maculipennis (Curt.)), two formulations of 

Thuricide (which contains Bacillus thuringiensis) were compared 

with carbaryl (Sevin). The sprays were applied once 40 

days after sowing and again three weeks later, at which time 

the plants were beginning to form hearts. Statistical analyses 

of the numbers of living larvae and the percentages of 

plants damaged before the first treatment and 1, 2, 3 and 7 

days after each of the treatments indicated that the best 

resu]ts were afforded by sprays of the wettable produce 

Thuricide H-PSC, applied at 2.34 or 4.68 kg/ha, which remained 

effective for up to seven days. Sprays of Thuricide 

90TS (an emulsion product) applied at 4.68 litres/ha and a 

wettahle-powder product containing 80% carbaryl applied at 

1.125 kg/ha were less effective, but in most cases significantly 

reduced the percentages of living larvae and of damaged 

plants, as compared with no treatment. [RAE] 

0534. Chang, L. C. 1972. Vegetable insect control by thuricide 

and other insecticides. Taiwan Agric. Quart. 8:164-169. 


Thuricide 90TS, a microbial insecticide, was used in 

field test to determine its effectiveness in controlling 

insect pests on crucifecous vegetables. During the tests, 

thuricide diluted at 1:500, 1:1000 and 1:1500, respectively, 

in water were tested in comparison with four organophosphate 

insecticides: DDVP, Elsan, phosdrin, and Bayrusil at 0.05%. 

Seven treatments plus one control (untreated), with individual 

plot size of 36 M 2 (6m x 6m) were arranged in a randomized 

complete block design. In order to compare the effectiveness 

in controlling aphids, an additional treatment of 

thuricide diluted at 1:1000 in water plus Kilval S. at 0.05% 

was designed. Four field tests were conducted continuously 

during 1970-1971 to determine the effectiveness in spring 

(April-June 1970), summer (June-August 1970), autumn (October-December 

1970) and winter (January-March 1971) respectively. 

The results indicated that Thuricide 90TS diluted at 

214


1:500 gave the best control on common cabbage worm, cabbage 

looper, and diamondback moth, followed by tobacco cutworm, 

black cutworm, and cabbage pyralid. Good control of abovementioned 

insects was also obtained in the treatment of 

thuricide 90TS diluted at 1:1000 in water, but no statistical 

difference was noted. The results also showed that winter 

application gave the most satisfactory control followed by 

autumn/spring application. Very poor control was observed 

in summer application, particularly on tomato fruit worm and 

cabbage webworm. When compared with other chemicals, Thuricide 

90TS at 1:500 and 1:1000 showed better control of insect 

pests than DDVP and Elsan, and it was little inferior than 

Phosdrin and Bayrusil. 

0535. Chen, W. J. and D. F. Yen. 1980. Pathogenesis of 

Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner to the diamondback moth, 

Plutella yylostel.it (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). NTU 

Phytopathol. Entomol. No. 7: 31-36. 

Laboratory studies were carried out in Taiwan on the 

pathogenicity of Bacillus thuringiensis to larvae of Plutella 

xylostell, (L.). Third-instar larvae were fed cabbage leaves 

that had been dipped in suspensions of a wettable powder of 

Dipel (which contained 3 x 1010 spores of B. thuringiensis 

/g) at different concentrations. The LD50 and 95% confidence 

limits for the dosage-mortality line were 1.296 x 109 and 

1.231 x 109 - 1.365 x log spores/l00 ml, respectively. Younger 

larvae were more susceptible to the treatment than were 

older ones, and females were more so than males. [RAE] 

0536. Chilingaryan, V. A., Z. K. Ormanyan, and B. K. Kazaryan. 

1969. Microbial preparations for the control of injurious 

insects in agriculture. pp. 54-57. In A. E. Terteryan 

(Ed.). Jubilee Session on the Fauna of the Armenian SSR on 

the Occasion of the 2rth Anniversary of the Academy of Sciences 

of the Armenian SSR. Institut Zoologii Akademii Nauk 

Armyanskoi SSR, Ereven. 

In laboratory tests in Soviet Armenia, 60-100% mortality 

of the larvae of Plutella xylostella (maculipennis 

(Curt.)), Pieris rapae (L. ) and P. brassicae infesting cabbage 

was obtained with six of nine locally produced strains 

of Bacillus thuringiensis var. caucasicus, with B. thuringiensis 

(entomocidus) var. entomocidus and with B. thuringiensis 

(entomocidus) var. subtoxicus, as compared with 5-10% mortality 

for no treatment. Good kills of Plutella xvlostella, 

Yponomeuta padellus malinellus Zell., Y. pdel 'us padellus 

(L.), Pieris brassicae, P. rapae, Apatele (Acronicta) aceris 

(L. ) , Dicranura vinula L. , Stilpnotia ( Leucoma) salicis (L.) 

Malacosoma neustria (L.), Lymantria (Porthetria) dispar (L.), 

Euproctis chrysorrhoea (L.), Pexicopia (Pect-inophora) malvella, 

Cydia (Carpocapsa) pomonella, Gypsonoma (Semasia) minutana 

(Hb.), Lobesia (Polychrosis) botrana (Schiff.) and Plodia 

interpunctella (Hb.) were obtained with three strains of B. 

thuringiensis var. caucasicus, Ento-bakterin 3 (a preparation 

215


of B thuringiensis (cereus) var. galleriae), Dendrobacillin 

(a preparatin of B. thuringiensis var. dendrolimus), Thuriride 

and Biotrol (preparatins of B. thuringiensis) at 0.5%, 

with 80-90% larval mortality after 3-4 days in most cases. 

In the field, the three strains of var. caucasicus, Entobak-terin, 

and Dendrobacillin gave virtually complete kill of Y. 

p. malinellus, Y. p. padellus and M. neustria on apple, plum, 

and apricot in 10 days, as compared with 6.6%. These preparations 

also reduced the numbers of Plutella xylostella, 

Pieris rapae, P. brassicae, and L. botrana by 70.3-78.9, 

83.8-88.2, 97-100 and 91.7-100%, respectively, after five 

days. [RAE] 

0537. Creighton, C. S. and T. L. McFadden. 1975. Cabbage 

caterpillars: Efficacy of chlordimeform and Bacillus thuringiensis 

in spray mixtures and comparative efficacy of several 

chemicals and B. thuringiensis formulaions. J. Econ. Entomol. 

68:57-60. 

At least 1/16 lb/acre each of chlordimeform hydrochloride 

and Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner in a spray were 

needed for effective protection to cabbage against the cabbage 

looper, Tnichoplusia ni (Hubner), the imported cabbageworm, 

Pieris rapae (L.), and the diamondback moth, Plutella 

xylostella (L.). Emulsifiable concentrate formulations of 

chlordimeform gave better plant protection and tended to give 

a greater reduction of the cabbage looper population than did 

a soluble powder formulation of chlordimeform hydrochloride. 

The addition of foam to the B. thuringiensis spray did not 

increase plant protection and injured the foliage. A liquid 

formulation of B. thuringiensis gave more effective plant 

protection than a wettable powder formulation even though looper 

populations were generally higher on plots treated with 

the liquid formulation. Neither formulation was as effective 

as Dipel (Bacillus thuringiensis var. alesti Berliner) in 

reducing plant damage. Acephate and Monitor provided more 

effective plant protection than did the other compounds. [BAJ 

0538. Creighton, C. S., T. L. McFadden, and J. V. Bell. 

1970. Pathogens and chemicals tested against caterpillars on 

cabbage. Prog. Res. Rep., ARS, USDA, 114, 10 pp. 

Research was undertaken in South Carolina during the 

spring and Putumn periods in 1963-68 to determine the efficacy 

of various pathogens and chemicals for the control of 

caterpillars on field-grown cabbage. Tests were conducted 

with Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis and B. thuringiensis 

var. gallerine and a nuclear polyhedrosis virus 

against Trichoplusia ni (Hb.), Pieris rape (L.), Plutella 

xylostella (L.) (maculipennis (Curt.)) and Spodoptera frugiperda 

(J.E. Smith). Sprays containing only the bacilli were 

generally effective against the last three insects but failed 

to provide adequate control of T. ni. However, a dust formulation 

of bacilli tested for the first time in 1967 effectively 

controlled all four insect species. Plant protectin 

215


with this formulatin in 1967 was as good as that with a 

conventional spray containing endosulfan and parathion, and 

in 1968 this dust treatment was significantly better than the 

spray. Sprays containing only virus were effective against 

T. ni, but did not control tie other insects. -Sprays containing 

both bacillus and virus were usually significantly better 

than the bacillus alone for, control of T. ni and were 

slightly better than virus alone. However, control of S. 

frugiperda was significantly reduced by adding virus to the 

bacillus spray. Nevertheless, the sprays containing both 

bacillus and virus always provided significantly better plant 

protection against the whole insect complex than either material 

alone. A spray containu.ng bacillus and tire virus at 6 x 

1012 polyhedra/acre gave pr,,tection comparable to that with 

an endosulfan-parathion spruy. The efficacy of mevinphos, 

naled, and parathion sprays was not improved by adding bacillus. 

However, control of' . ni was enhanced by adding virus 

to sprays containing endosulfan, inevinphos or nated. Several 

liquid spray additives, including a spreader-sticker, failed 

to improve the cfficacy of the pathogen sprays. [RAE] 

0539. Creighton, C. S., T. L. McFrdden, and R. B. Cuthbert. 

1973. Control of the cabbage looper, Ti-rihoplusia ni, and of 

two associated caterpillar species on cabbage with Blacillus 

thuringiensis and chemical insecticides 1971. J. Georgia 

Entomol. Soc. 8:131-136. 

Dipel, a commercial formulation of Bac.illus thuringiensis 

var. alesti was the most effective of four such formulalions 

tested against 7'richoplusin ni (fib. ) on cabbage in 

Georgia over a five-year period. It was particularly effective 

in spring and autumn when it was used at rates of 1 and 

2 lb/acre and was superior to conventional sprays of methomyl 

and of endosulfan with parathion in protecting the plants. 

Also, a spray mixture of Dipel (0.25 lb/acre) with chlordimeform 

hydrochloride (Galecron) (0.25 lb/acre) provided highly 

effective control of T. ni in spring and autumn. Chevron 

Ortho 9006 and acephate provided outstanding control of T. 

ni. Chlordimeform hydrochloride, chlordimeform and leptophos 

were as effective in all respects as the standard, endosulfan 

with parathion, in controlling the larvaf but they did not 

provide as good plant protection as Chevron Ortho 9006 .:r 

acephate. The protectiov provided by resmethrin was inadequate. 

All treatments provid(ld satisfactory control of light 

populations of Pieris rapae ( L. ) and Plutella mylostella 

(L.). [RAE] 

0540. Creighton, C. S., T. L. McFadden, R. B. Cuthbert, and 

J. A. Onsager. 1972. Control of four species of caterpillars 

on cabbage with Bacillus thuritgiensis var. alesti, 1969-70. 

J. Econ. Entomol. 65: 1399-1402. 

In field-plot tests in South Carolina in 1969-70, an 

experimental wettabte--powder formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis 

var. alesti containing 25 x l(} spores/g (Amdal 

2 '


6000) applied in a spray gave control of the larvae and pupae 

of Trichoplusia ni (Hb.) on spring and autumn cabbage. Also, 

at a rate of 0.5 lb/acre, the formulation was as effective in 

producing marketable cabbage heads as sprays of endosulfan at 

1 lb, methomyl at 0.4 lb and a combination of endosulfan and 

parathion at 1 and 0.5 Ib, respectively. However, applications 

of Amdal 6000 at I lb were necessary to produce as many 

plants with completely uninjured heads as were produced by 

the combination of endosulfan and parathion. A combination 

of the formulation with endosulfan or methomyl sometimes gave 

more effective control of the pest than the same materials 

alone at the same rates, and no synergism or antagonism was 

observed between the pathogen and the chemicals. A spray of 

Amdal 6000 at 0. 1 lb gave good control of Plutella xjylostella 

(L. ) , Pieris rapae (L. ) and Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. 

Smith). A dust formulation of B. thuringiensis var. alesti 

(Amdal LMA 114) was not as effective as the spray in controlling 

Trichoplusia, but it was moderately effective against 

Plutella and highly effective against Pier is. [RAE] 

0541. Creighton, C. S., T. L. McFadden, and M. L. Robbins. 

1981. Comparative control of caterpillars on cabbage cultivars 

treated with Pacillus thuringiensis. J. Georgea Entomol. 

Soc. 16:361-367. 

Twelve cultivars of cabbage were sprayed weekly with 

Bacilus thuringie-sis Berliner for two years. Comparisons of 

cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni Huebner, imported cabbageworm 

Pieris rapae (L.) and diamondback moth Piutella xylostella 

(L.) populations and respective feeding damage on treated and 

untreated cultivars were made. Based on tolerance to caterpillar 

feeding, treatment response was greater on some cultivars 

than on others. The best overall plant protection was 

achieved on treated cultivars of Red Meteor, Rio Verde, 

Harris Resistant Dannish, Market Topper and Market Prize. 

[BA] 

0542. Crooks, M. 1975. Bacterial control of insect pests. 

N. Z. J. Agric. 130:24-27. 

Screening trials were conducted in January-April 1974 

in New Zealand, using Bacillus thuringiensis strain HD-l 

against Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera:Pieridae) and Plutella spp 

(Lepidoptera:Plutellidae) on cabbage. The weather conditions 

in the first 4 wo months were dry and warm. The degree of 

control of the target spp was satisfactory and did not indicate 

need for additional organophosphate treatments. Populations 

of other pest insects (moderate to severe infestations) 

and of beneficial insects appeared unaffected, [EA] 

0543. Cunningham, G. H. 1927. Natural control of weeds and 

insects by fungi. N. Z. J. Agric. 34:244-251. 

In the section of this paper dealing with fungi attacking 

insects it is stated that experience in New Zealand has 

shown that Cephalosporium lecanji, known for the past few 

218


years to attack Saissetia oleae Bern. on Citrus, r.nd Sphaerostilbe 

aurantiicola attacking Chrysomphalus aurantii Mask. 

(citrus red scale) are unreliable as a means of control of 

these Coccids. While in one season they will practically 

exterminate the scale in one locality, they may. in the follo-wing 

season fail to exercise any control. A phycompycete 

fungus, which in 1919 almost exterminated the larvae of the 

diamondback moth, Plutella maculipennis Curt., on a crop of 

swedes, was practically absent the following year, though the 

moth was plentiful. A list is given of other entomogenous 

fungi in New Zealand. The author considers that in view of 

the scanty knowledge available regarding the balance between 

casual parasitism and extermination of a host by its parasite, 

control of insect pests by fungi must be regarded as 

possessing practically no value until conditions governing it 

can be worked out. (RAE] 

0544. De Barjac, H. 1978. A new candidate for biological 

control of mosquitoes: Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis. 

Entomophaga 23:309-319 (in French with English summary). 

The new serotype 14 discovered in the B. thuringiensis 

Berliner group and named variety israelensis is a major 

pathogen for mosquito larvae. Its larvicidal power has no 

equivalent in comparison with otehr B. thuringiensis serotypes. 

It is very competitive with the larvicidal activity 

of B. sphaericus. At high doses, B. thuringiensis var. 

israelensis kills Aedes aegypti L. larvae in 20-30 min and 

the Anopheles stephensi (Liston) larvae in 100-110 min. The 

LDso in 24 h are Ca 2.4x104 spores/ml for A. egypt-i and 9.8 

x 104 spores/ml for A. stephensi. The toxicity of B. thuringiensis 

var. israelensis for mosquito larvae is linked with a 

proteic endotoxin in its crystals. The histopathological 

study on A. aegypti shows that the primary action is the loss 

of integrity of the gut epithelium. The lack of activity of 

B. thuringiensis var. israelensis on the Lepidoptera: Anagasta 

kuehniel.la Z., Plutella maculipennis Curtis and Prodenia 

litura F. and its innocuity for mammals suggests specificity 

for Diptera. B. thuringiensis isreelensis variety is a preferred 

candidate for biological control of mosquitoes. [BA] 

0545. De Silva, M. D. 1960. Microbial control. 1. Laboratory 

tests on the susceptibility of the lepidopterous pests of 

cabbage in Ceylon to commercially prepared Bacillus thuringiensis 

Berliner. TIop. Agric. 116:273-286. 

Plutella maculipennis Curt., Crocidolomia binotalis Z., 

Hellu]8 undalis and Plusia eriosoma appear to be the four 

most predominant and widely spread species 2ttacking cabbages 

in Ceylon. Hellula undalis, Crocidolomia binotalis, and 

particularly Plutella maculipennis were aubjected to a high 

degree of parasitization by the braconid wasp, Apanteles 

plutellae not previously reported. The Ichneumonid, parasite, 

Anilastus sp. was also reared from Plutella maculipennis. 

Plusin eriosoma was found to be affectively checked by 

219


the entomogenous fungus Spicaria r-ileyi. Laboratory tests 

show that Bacillus thuringiensis is very effective on the 

four most important species of caterpillars attacking cabbages. 

Combination control by biological control agents and 

the bacillus may be possible when the microorganism is used 

in areas '.;here the parasite or fungus is giving partial 

control. It is believed that the great expansion in interest 

in the utilisation of microorganisms such as Bacillus 

thuringiensis would open new horizons for adopting the integrated 

mnethod of control. 

0546. Devriendt, M. and D. Martouret. 1976. Absence of resistance 

to Bacillus thuriniensis in the diamondback moth, 

Plutella maculipennis (Lep:Hyponomeutidae). Entomophaga 

21:189-199. (in French with English summary). 

A strain of Plutella xy.lostella (L.) (maculipennis 

(Curt.)) was held under high selection pressure (LDgo) from 

the spore-crystal complex of Bacillus thuringiensis (E 61) 

for 10 generations in the laboratory in France. The survi-vors 

of each generation were subjected to selective pressure 

by confining the fourth-instar larvae on cabbage leaves 

sprayed with an aqueous suspension of the bacterial preparation. 

At the eleventh generation, no significant difference 

in susceptibility was observed between the selected strain 

and an unselected one. (RAE] 

0547. Entwistle, P. F. and J. S. Robertson. 1971. Rickettsiae 

pathogenic to three species of lepidoptera. pp. 60-61. In 

E. L. Gureva and 0. L. Kryzhanovskii (Eds.). Proceedings of 

XIIIth International Congress of Entomology, Moscow, 2-9 

August 1968. Vol. 2. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, All- 

Union Entomological Society, Leningrad, USSR. 

The authors report on their studies on rickettsial 

condition in Samia (Philosamia) cynthia, Hyalophora (Samia) 

cecropia and Plutella xylostella. The causal organism multiplies 

in the cytoplasm of mid-gut cells but death seems more 

due to the action of toxins deranging body function than to 

,destruction of gut-tissue and resultant septicaemia. The 

pathogens are easily transmissible from dead infected larvae 

or their frass aad that of S. cynthia survived at least 290 

days storage and was heat inactivated by exposure to between 

80 and 850C for 30 irin. The organisms form lacunae in the 

cytoplasm of midgut secretory and muscle cells where they 

multiply by binary fission. A striking feature is the presence 

of small evaginations of the surface. In the organism 

affecting S. eynthia there may be several hundred such evaginations. 

Their wall is a unit membrane originating from the 

outer of the 'wo membrances bounding the rickettsial cell. 

The length of the evaginations varies from 100 to 200 mp and 

the diameter is neomally about 20 mp extending to 50 mu at 

the bulbous tip which is often in close contact with host 

cytoplasm. The fact that the evagintions largely degenerate 

in released organisms suggests a secretory or excretory fun 

220


ction, in the context of which it is noteworthy that they 

increase the surface area of an organism by about half. 

Obtaining sufficient quantities of these Rickellsiae as an 

antigen is difficult due to the low yield and frequent bacterial 

contamination. The greatest success so far has been 

with membrane filtration. A pore size of 0.65 mu allows 

passage of smaller pleomorphs but not of larger forms and 

bacteria. Preliminary studies using antiserum to the rickettsiae 

of S. eynthia suggest this organism to be Weil-Felix 

negative, as is Rickettsiella melolonthne (Kreig) to which it 

seems serologically allied. (BA] 

0548. Fargues, J., 0. Reisinger, P. H. Robert, and C. Aubart. 

1983. Biodegradation of entomopathogenic hyphomycetes: 

Influence of clay coating on Beauperia brass.iana blastospore 

survival in soil. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 4:131-142. 

The survival of naked and clay-coated Beauveria blastospores 

in soil was investigated with an experimental biodegradation 

method using a trap technique. At various times of 

incubation, traps were collected to study changes in biomass, 

inoculum potential, and infection potential of degraded blastospores, 

and to investigate the colonization of blastospore 

biomass by antagonist soil-borne microorganisms. Infection 

potential was tested on larvae of Plutella maculipennis and 

Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Naked blastospores were inactivated 

after 3 week incubation, while clay-coated blastospores 

were still active after two months incubation in soil at 

200C. All investigations demonstrated the protective role of 

clay coating against biodegradation of fungal propagules by 

soil bacteria and protozoa. Clay coating of blastospores is 

proposed for the formulation of entomopathogenic hyphomycetes 

propagules. Antagonists implicated in lysis of blastospores 

must be considered an important part of tha environmental 

response to a massive introduction of a fungus used for 

insect control. [BA] 

0549. Fargues, J., P. H. Robert., and 0. Reisinger. 1979. 

Formulation of mass-produced preparations of the entomopathogenic 

hyphomycete Beauveria for plant protection treatments. 

Ann. Zool. Ecol. Anim. 11:247-257. (in French with English 

summary). 

Methods for use in the commercial preparation of products 

based on sVores of Beauveria were investigated in 

studies in France. Spray drying at 150 0 C of conidiospores of 

B. brongniartii coated in bentonite (clay) yielded 50-70% 

viable spores. However, blastospores were too sensitive for 

this method to be used and they were lyophilised on trays 

mixed with powdered milk supplemented with glycerin; this 

technique yielded 89% viable sproes. The shelf-life of the 

two formulations was monitored at various temperatures by 

tests of the viability of the spores and the infection potential. 

Even after 18 months at 5oc or less, the spore viability 

of spray-dried condia was unaffected and lyophilised 

221


blastosporea wer- still viable after 8 months. Bioassays 

with Leptinotars,, decemlineata (Say) and Plutella xylostella 

(L.) (maculipennis (Curt.)) confirmed the need for these 

biopreparations to be stored at 50C. [RAE] 

0550. Frommer, W. 1976. Problems and methods in the search 

for plant protection materials from microorganisms. Z. Angew. 

Entomol. 82:159-164. (in German with English summary). 

In this paper, which was one read at an entomological 

conference held at Giessen, in the Federal Republic of 

Germany in March 1976, the author reviews problems that arise 

in attempts to produce substances from microorganisms suitable 

for plant protection. Special screening tests have to be 

devised so as to take into account the special requirements 

of crop protection and the need for use with culture solu 

tions. A system developed in the Federal Republic of Germany 

involving a series of progressive tests ranging from preliminary 

screening to commercial production, registration, and 

field use is described. Problems are identified, and expenses 

discussed. The test insects used in screening comprise 

mosquito larvae (Aedes aegypti (L.)), larvae of Musca domestica 

L. and the plant pests Plutella xylostella (L.) (maculipennis 

(Curt.)), Spodoptera exigun (fb.) (Laphygma exigua) 

and Dysdercus intermedius Dist [RAE] 

0551. Gul~li, V. V. 1981. Microorganisms for crop protection. 

Zashch. Rast. 8:48-49. (in Russian) 

The author reviews the use of microorganisms for the 

control of crop pests in various countries and in various 

ways and points out that investigations in the USSR have been 

pursued in various ways. Viruses and bacterial preparations 

(and above all preparations of Bacillus thuringiensis) have 

been tested, also fungus preparations and protozoa. Microorganisms 

are being used increasingly in crop protection, with 

good results, and figures are given illustrat'ing virus inclusions, 

Baculovirus isolated from larvae of the cabbage moth 

(Plutella xylostel]a (L.)) with symptoms of disease, Reovirus 

isolated from diseased larvae of the gypsy moth (Lymantria 

dispar (L.)), spores and crystals of Bacillus thuringiensis 

subsp. dendrolimus, conidia of an entomopathogenic fungus of 

the genus Entomophthora and spores of microsporidia isolated 

from larvae of P. xylostella. All these are being actively 

used or tested in the USSR and have the advantage of being 

harmless to the environment and human health. [RAE] 

0552. Hamilton, J. T. and F. I. Attia. 1977. Effects of 

mixtures of Bacillus thuringiensis and pesticides on Plutella 

xylostella and the parasite Thyraeella collaris. J. Econ. 

Entomol. 70:146-148. 

The effects of mixtures of Dipel (a commercial formulation 

of Bacillus thuringiensis) and seven different pesticides 

on third-instar larvae of Plutella xylostella (L.) were 

determinec in laboratory tests in Australia by means of a 

222


leaf-dip method. Binapacryl, cyhexatin (tricyclohexyltin 

hydroxide), clordimeform and fentin hydroxide synergised the 

bacterium by factors of 5.5, 4.2, 4.2 and 3.7, respectively, 

at the LC50 level; methyl-demeton-S (demeton-S-methyl) and 

dimethoate were highly antagonistic. When the synergistic 

mixtures were evaluated against adults of Thyraeell collaris 

(Gray.), a parasite of P. xjlostella, those containing binapacryl, 

cyhexatin and fentin hydroxide were not toxic; the 

chlordimeform mixture displayed some vapour and stomach activity 

but no contact toxicity. [RAE] 

0553. Helson, G. A. H. 1960. Bacillus thuringiensis Berl. as 

a potential means of control of cabbage white butterfly 

(Pieris rapae L.), diamondback moth (Plutelle maculipennis 

Curt.), and some other Lepidoptera. N. Z. J. Agric. Res. 

3:1009-1014. 

In small scale trials in New Zealand in 1960, a wettable 

powder containing 3,000 million viable spores of Bacillus 

thuringiensis per g applied on 24 January in a spray at 6 lb 

per 100 gal water, with a wetting agent, to the hearts of 18 

cabbage plants heavily infested by Pieris rapae (L.) and 

Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) killed all larvae of both species 

present within four days. Subsequent applications were 

required after 17 and 41 days because of reinfestation, but 

no more before harvest. No trace of the bacterium was found 

in larvae that hatched from eggs laid on plants that had been 

sprayed 33 days earlier, and Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), 

syrphid larvae and hymenopterous parasites were not affected. 

In further trials, the spray was effective against la.vae of 

Plusia chalcitcs (Esp.) on beans, Agriophara coricopa (Meyr.) 

on Olearia fosteri and Torti-ix sp. invading cabbage from 

poplar [Populus]. It is concluded that applications made at 

16-day intervals offer promise against Pieris rapae and Plutella 

maculipennis, though further work is necessary before 

recommendations can be made. [RAE] 

0554. Ho, T. H. and K. Y. Ng. 1970. Bacillus thuringiensis 

Berliner for the control of diamondback moth in West Malaysia. 

Malays. Agric. J. 47:313-322. 

Larvae of Plutella xylostella (L.) (maculipennis 

(Curt.)) infesting cruciferous vegetables in the Cameron 

Highlands of West Malaysia have become resistant to insecticides 

that were formerly effective. In two field tests in 

1968-69, 17 materials were evaluated for their control on 

cabbage. Thuricide 90TS (a preparation containing 3 x 1010 

spores of Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis) was the 

most effective and was further tested in sprays at 15 gal/acre 

at four dilutions (1:100, 1:150, 1:200 and 1:250 by volume) 

and at three intervals (4, 7 and 10 days). Larvae on 

samples of four plants/16 plant plot were counted just before 

every third application (9, 7 and 5 counts for intervals of 

4, 7 and 10 days, respectively). For intervals of 4, 7 and 

10 days, the number of larvae/plot averaged 13.65, 38.27 and 

223


35.20, respectively. For the four dilutions, the number of 

larvae/plot averaged 16.99, 22.07, 35.47 and 41.62, respectively. 

The average yields varied irregularly from 41.69 to 

51.32 tons/acre. In the preliminary tests, phenthoate and 

dichlorvos (DDVP), the two most effective chemicals tested, 

had given average yields of 31.11 and 28.89 tons/acre, as 

compared with 48.64 tons/acre for Thuricide and 0 for no 

treatment. (RAE] 

0555. Hsiao, W. F. and C. N. Chen. 1980. An introduction to 

the application of Bacillus thuringiensis B. for insect pest 

management. Bull. Soc. Entomol. 15:65-84. (in Chinese). 

In this review paper the authors review the beginning 

and development of use of Bacillus thuringiensis for insect 

control. They discuss details of the B. thuringiensis toxin 

and its mode of action. A table itemizes the various trade 

names of products that certain B. thuringiensis and the 

target insect pests including Plutella x7lostella. Further, 

they review the considerations in utilizing B. thuringiensis 

for control of insect pests. 

0556. lsiao, W. F. and C. N. Chen. 1981. Microbial control of 

the major insect pests on cruciferous vegetables. pp. 74-102. 

In C. N. Chen, W. Y. Su, and W. F. Hsiao (Eds.). Proceedings 

of Symposium on Production and Insect Control in Cruciferous 

Vegetables. Plant Protection Center, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan, 

ROC. (in Chinese with English summary). 

Economic entomologists nowadays are paying more attention 

to the practicality of employing microbial agents as a 

management component in the integrated pest management program 

of vegetables. Among various promising pathogens, Bacillus 

thuringiesis, granulosis virus of the diamoadback moth 

end cabbage butterfly and the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of 

the cabbage looper are more valuable. Microbial agents are 

compatible with most pesticides. Their mixture sometimes 

even showed a synergistic effect. No deleterious effects 

were found on natural enemies. However, certain drawbacks 

and difficulties are associated with their usage. Viruses 

are easily inactivated when exposed to direct sunlight so 

that protectants such as Brewer's yeast is often needed to 

prolong their persistence. Farmersi are reluctant to adopt 

this slow action control measure. And mass manufacture of 

cheap and stable commercial products is also a prerequisite 

to its large scale extension. 

0557. Hughes, P. R. and H. A. Wood. 1981. A synchronous 

peroral technique for the bioassay of insect viruses. J. 

Invertebr. Pathol. 37:154-159. 

A relatively fast and simple peroral technique for the 

bioassay of insect viruses is described in which newly hatched 

larvae ingest a uniform volume of virus suspension. 

Three isolates of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) of 

Autographs californica (Speyer) and one isolate of the NPV of 

224


Heliothis zea (Boddie) were used to test the procedure with 

larvae of Trichoplusia ni (Hb.) and H. zea, respectively. 

Within-assay and between-assay variation was very low with 

coefficients of variation averaging 0.012 + 0.006 and 0.20 + 

0.04 for time-mortality and dose-mortality tests,, respectively. 

The synchronous uptake of virus removed the acquisition 

time component of the LTso while the constant volume improved 

the accuracy of the LTso. The procedure was shown to be 

suitable for a wide variety of lepidopterous species, including 

Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), S. eridania 

(Cram.), Estigmene acraea (Dru.), Plutella xylostella (L.), 

Choristoneura fumigerana (Clem.), Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.), 

Plodia int-rpunctella (Hb.), and Artogeia rapae (L.) (Pieris 

rapae). [RAE] 

0558. Ignoffo, C. N. and C. Garcia. 1979. Susceptibility of 

larvae of the black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon) to species of 

entomopathogenic bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. J. 

Econ. Entomol. 72:767-769. 

About 25% of 63 microorganisms known to be pathogenic 

to insects (7 of 38 viruses, 5 of 8 bacteria, 2 of 6 fungi, 1 

of 11 protozoans) were sufficiently active (induced greater 

than 30% mortality) against larvae of Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) 

to warrant additional testing to obtoin an estimated 

LC 5 o. The LCso for the protozoan, Vairimorpha necatrix (Kra 

2 

mer) was 68 spores/mm . Nomuruen rileyi (Farlow) Samson and 

Metarrhizium aisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin, both fungi, had 

LCsos of 219 and 807 conidia/mm 2 , respectively. The LCso for 

viruses ranged from 260 inclusion bodies/.M 2 for the nucleopolyhedrosis 

virus (NPV) of Mamestra brassicae (L.) to 7263 

inclusion bodies/mm 2 for the NPV of Pseudopluisa includens 

(Walker). The LCso for five preparations of the bacterium, 

Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, ranged from 7.3 to 55.9 

2 

ng/mm . The remaining pathogenic viruses were granulosis 

virus of A. ipsilon; multiple embedded viruses of Autographa 

californica, Heliothis nrmigera, and Pluteila xy.lostella; and 

the NPV of Peridroma sp. [BA] 

0559. Ignoffo, C. M., C. Garcia, 0. A. Alyoshina, and N. V. 

Lappa. 1979. Laboratory and field studies with Boverin: a 

mycoinsecticidal preparation of Beauveria bassiana produced 

in the Soviet Union. J. Econ. Entomol. 72:562-565. 

Larvae of three species of lepidopterous pests of cole 

crops, namely Artogeia rapae (L.) (Pieris rapae), Plutella 

xylostella (L.) and Trichoplusia ni (fib.), were shown in 

laboratory tests in the USA to be susceptible to Boverin (a 

mycoinsecticidal preparation of Beaul'eriR bassiana produced 

in the USSR). LC50s for the three species were 0.25, 0.025 

and 0.27%, respectively. Application of 5% sprays, equivalent 

to 7.4 x 1014 conidia/ha, to field plots of kale (collard) 

reduced populations of T. ni larvae by about 50% and 

leaf damage by 87%. The half-life of B. bassiana infectivity 

on kale and soyabean foliage was less than 24 h. [RAE] 

225


0560. Jangi, M. S. and H. Ibrahim. 1983. Toxicity of radiation-resistant 

strains of Bacillus thuringiensis to larval 

Plutella xylostella. Can. J. Microbiol. 29:552-557. 

A total of 24 isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner), 

resistant to a gamma-radiation dose of 100 krad, were 

screened for their toxicity to larval silkworms, Bombyx mori 

(L.), and 15 of them w'ere subsequently tested for their 

toxicity to larval diamondback moth, Plutella xYlostella 

(L.). The LCso's of these isolates to B. moni ranged from 

1.6 x 105 to 6.0 x 103 spores/ml or from 5.9 to 0.3 ug 

cellular protein/ml. The irradiation treatment produced 

isolates which were signfiicantly morc toxic to P. xylsotella 

(LCso2.3 x 104 spores/ml or 1.0 

ug cellular protein/ml) than the parent commercial strain. 

0561. Johansson, K. 1971. Laboratory tests with Entobakterin-3 

(Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae) against larvae 

of the gypsy moth, the nun moth, the greater budroller, the 

cabbage moth ard the cabbage sawfly. Medd. Statens Vaxtskyddanstalt 

15:111-137. (in Swedish with English summary). 

Studies were carried out in an insectary in Sweden in 

1970 to evaluate the effectiveness of Entobakterin-3, which 

contains Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae, against the 

larvae of several species of lepidoptera and one species of 

Bymenoptera. E61, the international standard preparation of 

B. thuringiensis (var. thuringiensis) was used for comparison. 

The results are shown in detail on graphs and in tables. 

Both preparations were very effective against Plutella 

xylostella (L.) (maculipennis (Curt.)), but neither showed 

much effect against Lymantria dispar (L.) and neither was 

effective against Athalia rosse (L) (colibri (Christ)). Entobakterin-3 

was effective against L. monacha (L) and Hedya 

nubiferana (Haw.) (Argyroploce variegana (Hb.)), but E61 was 

not. (RAE] 

0562. Kanervo, V. 1947. Sporadic observations concerning 

diseases in certain species of insects. 3. Diseases attacking 

P. maculipennis. Ann. Entomol. Fenn. 12:143-153. (in Finnish 


This third part of a series on diseases of insects in 

Finland contains information on the fungi that were found 

infesting various stages of Plutella maculipennis Curt. collected 

mostly near Helsinki in the years 1928-30 and 1936-46. 

The larvae were attacked by Entomophthora sphaerosperma in 

almost every year, by another species thought to be E. virescens 

in two years, and by a third, probably E. blunckii, in 

one district in a single year. The pupae were much less 

affected by disease; the fungi found in dead pupae were 

mostly E. sphaerosperma, but in three instances spores of 

Fusarium sp. were observed. Spores of Fusarium and Penicillium 

were occasionally found in adults, but it is not known 

whether these were the cause of death. The perce~itages of 

226


larvae that died of disease within a week after collection 

were high (50-60) only at times when the larvae were very 

numerous and the relative humidity had been high for a considerable 

time. Mortality of third and fourth instar larvae 

was much greater than that of younger larvae; the percentage 

mortality of pupae reared from the material collected varied 

from 0 to 20. [RAE] 

0563. Kao, H. W. and R. I. Rose. 1976. Effect of sunlight 

on the virulence of the granulosis virus of the diamondback 

moth and evaluation of some protective adjuvants. Plant Prot. 

Bull. (Taiwan) 18:391-395. (In Chinese with English summary). 

A granulosis virus is considered to have potential as a 

biological control agent for Plutella xyios iella (L.), a 

serious pest of cruciferous crops throughout East and South- 

East Asia. Studies in Taiwan in 1974-75 showed that mortality 

caused by the virus decreased from 97.6 to 6.5% as the 

duration of exposure to sunlight increased from 4 to 60 h. 

India ink was the best adjuvant evaluated for protecting the 

virus and enhancing effectiveness. 

0564. Kelsey, J. M. 1966. Entomophthora sphaerosperima (Fres.) 

and Plutella maculipennis (Curtis) control. N. Z. Entomol. 

3:47-49. 

Turnip, swede, and rape forage crops in parts of the 

Canterbury district of Few Zealand were severely damaged by 

Plutella xj,lostella (L.) (maculipennis (Curt.)) from late 

January in each year from 1957 to 1965. Usually relatively 

few fields were affected, because larval populations were 

kept low by Entomophthora sphaerospermp, which, however, did 

not as a rule appear until the second or third week in March. 

Field data showed that, though this fungus can almost eliminate 

the larvae within ten (lays, it may sometimes take more 

than 36. In 1961 and 1963, a spray prepared from macerated 

infected larvae gave complete control in seven days in two 

fields in which the fungus was not present, but conferred no 

advantage in two others in which it was. Parasites of P. 

xyi stelia were killed indirectly, as a result of starvation. 

The author considers that B. sphaerosperma would provide an 

alternative to insecticides if it could be artificially cultured, 

and he cites an instance in which a property was 

sprayed twice with an organophosphate at considerable cost, 

the zecond application being made when larvae killed by E. 

sphaerosperma were so numerous that the fungus would have 

givei control within four days. [RAE] 

0565. Kennedy, G. G. and E. R. Oatman. 1976. Bacillus thuringiensis 

and pirimicarb: selective insecticides for use in 

pest management on broccoli. J. Econ. Entomol. 69:767-772. 

The effectiveness and selectivity of a combination of 

sprays of Dipel (a spore preparation of Bacillus thuringiensis 

var. kurstaki) and pirimicarb for the control of a complex 

of lepidopterous larvae (Trichoplusia ni (lib.), Pieris 

227


rapae (L.) and Plutella xyloste.la (L.)) and aphids (Brevicoryne 

brassicae (L.) and Myzus persicae (Sulz.)) attacking 

broccoli were evaluated (luring studies at five different 

plantings in two areas of southern Califcrnia in 1974-75. 

Application of Dipel and pirimicarb during the preheading 

stage of plant growth at 1.0 and 0.2t lb AI/acre, respectively, 

as needed, significantly reduced populations of lepidopterous 

larvae and aphids. However, methomyl sprays at 0.9 lb 

gave more consistent larval control. Weekly applications of 

Dipel and pirimicarb at the same rates during head formation 

were as effective as methomyl at 0.45 lb in preventing insect 

contamination of marketable heads; B. brassicae was consistently 

the most serious insect contaminant. The effects of the 

Dipel-pirimicarb and methomyl treatments on parasitism of T. 

ni and P. x.vlostclla 14 days after treatment were small; 

methomyl had a more adverse effect on parasitism six and 

seven days after treatment than did the combination. [RAE] 

0566. Kholopov, P. S. 1978. Use of Entobakterin. Zashch. 


In 1976, Entobakterin (a preparation of Bacillus thuringiensis 

var. galleriae) was tested on farms in the Tselinograd 

region of the USSR against pests of vegetable and fruit 

crops, 47 farms covering 1500 ha being involved. On cabbage, 

it was applied against Plutella xylostella (L.) and Pieris 

brassicae (, , and gave 90% control. On fruits, the best 

results (78% control) were obtained against Cydia pomonella 

(L.) and leafrollers with a rate of 5 kg/ha, and the optiwum 

temperature for mortality appeared to be 22-270C. In 1977, 

an increased area was treated (1671 ha under cabbage and 142 

ha under fruits), and effectiveness reached 78 and 80%. It 

was planned to extend the work to a total of 4000 ha in 1978. 

[RAE] 

0567. Krieg, A. 1971. Concerning alpha-exotoxin produced by 

vegetative cells of Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus cereus. 

J. Invertebr. Pathol. 17:134-135. 

Laboratory experiments showed that a thermosensitive 

exotoxin of proteinaceous character produced during the 

growth phase by strains of Bacillus thuringiensis and B. 

cereus was highly effective against mice, against larvae of 

Galleria mellonella (L.) after intracoelomic injection and 

against larvae of Plutella xylostella (L.) (maculipennis 

(Curt.)) after peroral application. [RAE] 

0568. Krieg, A., A. M. Huger, G. A. Langenbruch, and W. 

Schnetter. 1983. Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis: a 

new pathotype effective against larvae of Coleoptera. Z. 

Angew. Entomol. 96:500-508. (in German with English symmary). 

In 1982, a new strain of Bacillus thuringiensis belonging 

to a new pathotype 'C' was isolated in the German Federal 

Republic from Tenebrio molitor L. The strain produced with 

in each Rporangium one spore and one insecticidal parasporal 

228


crystal which was flat and quadrangular. On the basis of its 

biochemical characteristics, the new strain was given the 

name B. thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis. After peroral 

application of spores and crystals to larvae of the chrysomelids 

Agelastica alni (L.) and Leptinotarsa. decemlineata 

(Say), the insects stopped feeding and considerable mortality 

followed, caused by lesions fo the larval mid-gut typical of 

B. thur-ingiensis and subsequent septicaemia. Heat-inactivated 

preparations had no effect and those inactivated by 

ultraviolet light were less effective than untreated ones. 

Larvae of Eph',stia kuehniella Zell. , Plutella xylostella (L.) 

and Aedes aegypti (L.) were not susceptible. (RAE] 

0569. Krishnaiah, K., N. J. Mohan, and V. G. Prasad. 1981. 

Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis Ber. for the control of 

lepidopterous pests of vegetable cruns. Entomon 6:87-93. 

Field studies were carried out in Karnataka, India, 

between 1974 and 1978 to evaluate the effectiveness of Bacillus 

thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Dipel) and another formulation 

of B. thuringiensis (Cajrab) against Earias vittella 

(F.) on okra, Heliothis armigera (Hb.) on tomato, Plutella 

xylostella (I.), and Crocidolomia binotalis Zell. on cabbage, 

Leucinodes orbonalis Gn. on eggplant, and Adisura atkinsoni 

Moore on trailing bean (Lablab purpureus (Dolichos lablab)). 

On okra, weekly spraying of Dipel at 0.5 kg/ha effectively 

controlled E. vittella. H. armigera was controlled by Dipel 

at 0.5 kg/ha sprayed every 10 days, which had the same effect 

as fortnightly applications of monocrotophos at 0.5 kg/ha. 

Weekly sprays of Dipel at 0.5 kg/ha were fairly effective in 

controlling P. xylostella on cabbage and were comparable with 

fortnightly sprays of methamidophos and quinalphos at 0.5 

kg/ha; however, better control was achieved when Dipel was 

sprayed in combination with chlordimeform, both at 0.25 

kg/ha. C. binotalis was also controlled with weekly sprays 

of Dipel. Apanteles plutellae Kurd., an important parasite 

of P. xylostella, was not affected by Dipel sprays. Dipel 

was ineffective against Leucinodes orbonalis and Adisura 

atkinsoni. Cajrab was ineffective in the control of the 

cabbage pests and L. orbonalis as compared with Dipel. [RAE] 

0570. Langenbruch, G. A. 1981. The application of Bacillus 

thuringiensis with a pulse-jet mist apparatus. Nachrichtenbl. 

Dtsch. Pflanzenschutzdienst. 33:22-25. (in Cerman). 

Laboratory and field tests in the Federal Republic of 

Germany showed that it was possible to apply a WP formulation 

of Bacillus thuringiensis against larvae of lepidopterous 

pests by means of a pulse-jet mist apparatus. Mortality 

rates of more than 60% for larvae of Plutella xylostella (L.) 

(maculipennis (Curt.)) and Yponomeuta sp. were obtained even 

when only 5% of the recommended dose was applied using this 

method. Additional cooling with water was not necessary for 

a high rate of effectiveness. In certain cases the commercial 

carrier, VK II, was unsuitable for concentrated suspen 

229


sions of B. thuringiensis. The practical importance of mist 

applications of pesticides against outdoor pests is discussed. 

[RAE] 

0571. Legotai, M. V. 1980. Effect of BTB on pests of cabbage 

and insect enemies. Zashch. Rast. No. 8:34-35. (in Russian). 

An account is given of tests in the laboratory and 

field in the Transcarpathian region of the USSR on the effectiveness 

of a preparation of Bacillus thuringiensis referred 

to as BTB--202 on lepidopterous pests of cabbage (Mamestra 

brassicae (L.) (cabbage moth), Pieris brassicae (L.) (cabbage 

white butterfly), Artogeia rapae (L.) (rape white butterfly) 

and Plutella xylostella (L.) (lesaer cabbage moth)) and on 

natural enemies. Sprays were applied from knapsack apparatus 

when the larvae were hatching at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0 

and 1.5% and an over-all liquid rate of 500 litres/ha. Effectiveness 

was calculated 5, 10, and 15 days after application 

by examination of 50 plants/100 2 m plot. The preparation 

proved effective against the larvae of all the pest species 

concerned, mortality reaching 76-82% after 15 days. Pieris 

and Artoeia proved to be the most susceptible after 5 days, 

but over the whole period of counts M. brassicae was the most 

affected, the reduction being over 90%. Effectiveness appeared 

to be reduced by low temperatures. Individuals that 

survived the treatment appeared to be less capable of further 

development, and any adults that were produced laid reduced 

numbers of eggs. 

Natural enemies have been reported to be little affected 

by such preparations. Tests were carried out with larvae 

and adults of Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.) (Chrysopa carnea) 

and Coccinella septempunctata L., the ant Formica pratensis 

Retz., Trichogramma evanescens Westw. and the spider Pardosa 

agrestis (Westring). The results confirmed the relative 

harmlessness of the product unless considerable amounts were 

ingested, when mortality might occur. [RAE] 

0572. Libby, J. L. and R. K. Chapman. 1971. Bacillus thuringiensis 

strains for cabbage caterpillar control in Wisconsin. 

J. Invertebr. Pathol. 18:114-116. 

Field applications of commercially produced Bacillus 

t.huringiensis var. thuringiensis for the control of Plutella 

xylostella (L.), Pieris rapae (L.) and Trichoplusia ni (Hb.) 

on cabbage in Wisconsin in the earlier and middle part of the 

decade 1960-70 did not provide sufficient control of these 

insects to allow the production of a marketable crop. However, 

replicated field plot studies in the same state in 

1969-70, using commercially produced B. thuringiensis var. 

thuringiensis and commercially produced products from the HD 

1 isolate of 3. thuringiensis var. alesti, indicated that the 

6-endotoxin produced by these biological agents could provide 

adequate control of the caterpillar complex on cabbage when 

applied on a regular weekly basis throughout the growing 

season. [RAE] 

230


0573. Lind, J., S. Rostrup, and F. Kolpin Ravn. 1915. Review 

of the diseases of agricultural plants in 1914. 94, Beretning 

fra Statens Forsogsvirksomhed i Plantekultur, No. 31, Kobenhavn. 

(in Danish). 

All over the country, Plutella maculipennis (cruciferarum) 

was very numerous throughout the summer just as in 1905. 

In that year, however, the attack lasted only a comparatively 

short time, whereas in 1914 several generations injured the 

turnips until the end of August and the beginning of September, 

when Entomophthora radicans made its appearance and 

killed the remaining larvae. Spraying with Paris green or 

nicotine was effective against this pest. [RAE] 

0574. Menn, J. J. 1960. Bioassay of a microbial insecticide 

containing spores of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner. J. 

Insect Pathol. 2:13-138. 

A rapid and simple bioassay method for the evaluation 

of insecticides prepared from the spores of Bacillus thuringiensis 

is described. Larvae of Plftella maculipennis 

(Curt.) are used as the test insects. [RAE] 

0575. Narayanan, K., R. Govindarajan, T. R. Subramaniam, and 

J. Jayaraj. 1976. pH of blood and gut contents of lepidopterous 

insects and its relation to pathogenicity of two bacterian 

pathogens. Indian J. Microbiol. 16:65-67. 

Blood of 10 healthy test insects (Plutella xylostella, 

Trichoplusia ni, Papilio ricini, Ergolis merione, Heliothis 

armigera and Nephontis Serinopa) were found to be near acidic 

to neutral and mid-gut showed an alkaline reaction. P. 

demoleus was grouped as type I showing general paralysis and 

the rest were grouped as type II showing gut paralysis based 

on blood gut pH changes respectively after Bacillus thuringiensis 

infection. The importance of pH of blood and gut 

contents of the different insects is discussed in relation 

with different toxic entities of B. thuringiensis and Serratia 

marcescens. [BA] 

0576. Narayanan, K., S. Jayaraj, and T. R. Subramanian. 

1970. Control of three species of Lepidopteran insects with 

the pathogen, Bacillus thuringicnsis Berliner. Madras Agric. 

J. 57:665-673. 

Laboratory, field, and glasshouse tests were carried 

out in India on the effectiveness of Bacillus thuringiensis 

(in the preparation Thuricide) against larvae of Plutella 

xylostella (L.) (maculipennis (Curt.)). In the laboratory, 

the pathogen was also tested against larvae of Trichoplusia 

ni (Hb.) and Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). Larvae of P. 

xylostella suffered 100% mortality within 24-36 h after treatment 

at all dosages of the pathogen applied in the laboratory. 

The same was true of larvae of T. ni though their mortality 

rose less rapidly to this level. Larvae of S. littoralis 

were apparently less susceptible and did not reach 100% 

mortality at the lower dosages tested until 120-144 h after 

231


treatment. In the greenhouse, a similar degree of control of 

P. xylostella was achieved whether the treatment was applied 

in the form of a dust, a wettable powder or an emulsion. In 

the field, complete or almost complete control of the latter 

species was achieved three days after application of the 

pathogen at all dosages tested. [RAE] 

0577. Narayanan, K., S. Jayaraj, and T. R. Subramaniam. 

1974. Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner on the free 

amino acid content of the diamondback moth caterpillar, Plutella 

maculipennis (Curt.). Madras Agric. J. 61:89-91. 

Final instar larvae of Plttella xylostella (L.) (maculipennis 

(Curt.)) werc ied in the laboratory on leaves of 

cabbage that had been treated with I ml doses of Thuricide 

90TS Flowable (a preparation of spores of Bacillus thuringiensis) 

and the free amino acid contents of diseased larvae at 

the moribund stage were determnined. The contents of cystine, 

asparagine, histidina, and total amino acid averaged 12,768, 

1,700, 1,350 and 15,818 ug/g body weight, respectively, as 

compared with 1,726.5, 850.0, 458.0 and 3,034.5 ug/g in 

healthy larvae. Traces of eight other amino acids were found 

in diseased larvae, as compared with four in healthy larvae. 

[RAE] 

0578. Oka, I. N. 1957. Laboratory experiments on the control 

of Plutella maculipennis with B. thuringiensis. Tehnik 

Pertanian 6:113-134. (in Indonesian with English summary). 

Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) has proved difficult to 

control on cabbage in parts of Indonesia and laboratory 

experiments were therefore carried out on the effectiveness 

against it of Bacillus thui-ingiensis which is pathogenic to 

the larvae of many lepidoptera. The bacillus was cultivated 

on agar from growing seeds of Phaseolus aur"eus (radiatus) to 

which 2% glucose was added, and a powder was prepared from 

the dried spores. Larvae that fed on leaves sprayed with a 

suspension of this became inactive in a short time and died 

after about 24 hr. When nearly full-grown cabbage plants in 

pots were sprayed, complete mortality of larvae subsequently 

placed on them was given in two days by 5-15 ml/plant of 

suspension containing 2,500 million spores per ml and in 3-4 

days by 10-15 ml of suspension of 250 million per ml; 5 ml 

suspension containing 125 million spores per ml gave nearly 

95% kill in eight days. [RAE] 

0579. Ooi, P. A. C. 1980. The pathogenicity of Bacillus 

thuringiensis for Crocidolomia binotalis. MAPPS Newslett. 

3:4. 

During a study of cabbage insects in the Cameron Highlands 

of West Malaysia, the major pest found included Crocidolomia 

binotalis Zell. and Plutella xylostella (L.). In 

laboratory tests at 20-30oC and 70-80% RH, the egg stage of 

C. binotalis lasted 4.1 days, the larval stage 11.7 days and 

the pupal stage 9.6 days. The larvae were reared on an 

232


artificial diet developed for P. vylostela. The degree of 

pathenogenicity of the Bactospeine preparation of Bacillus 

thuringiensis for C. b inotal.is was assessed by dipping portions 

of the artificial diet into suspensions of B. thuringiensis 

at different concentrations ,nd exposing them to 

larvae 1 or 3 days old. The lethal dose of B. thuringiensis 

appeared to be 6 x 10 IU/ml for the 1-day-old larvae and 5 x 

10 IU/ml for the 3-day-old larvae; it is recognised, however, 

that in the field more variable factors would be present that 

might affect the pathogenicity of B. thuringiensis. [RAE] 

0580. Ooi, P. A. C. 1981. Microbial control of the diamond-back 

moth in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. Malays. Appl. 

Biol. 10:49-56. 

An intensive ecological study carried out on three 

sites in the Cameron Highlands in West Malaysia showed that 

the fungus Zooph thora radicans (Entomophthorn sphaerosperma) 

is an important factor in the mortality of Plutella xylostella 

(L.) on cabbage, causing 18.4, 21.5 and 14.4% disease 

incidence at these sites, respectively. This is the first 

record of a fungus infecting P. xylostella in Malaysia. The 

incidence of Z. radicans appeared to be density-dependent. 

In the laboratory, the pathogenicity of two commercial 

strains of Bacillus thuringiensis was tested against three 

days-old larvae. The LD5o for a preparation Serotype 3a/a of 

B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Dipel) was found to be 4.9 x 

109 IU/ml, while that of a preparation of serotype 1 of B. 

thuringiensis var. thuringiensis (Bactospeine) was 3.8 x 102 

IU/ml. [RAE] 

0581. Prasertphon, S. 1976. Development of production and 

application of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner in Thailand. 

Plant Protec. Serv. Tech. Bull. No.34. Biological Control 

Branch, Dep. Agric, Min. Agric. and Co-op. Bangkok, Thailand. 

26 pp. 

An account is given of the development of large-scale 

production of Bacillus thuringiensis and. its application as a 

microbial insecticide in Thailand. The best medium for culturing 

the bacterium was found to be one that consisted of 

fish meal (30 g), soybean meal (15 g), molasses (30 g), 

calcium carbonate (1 g) and tap water (1000 ml). A liquid 

formulation, which comprised lactic acid (10 ml), cresol (3 

ml), glycerol (8 ml), soybean oil (6 ml), activated carbon 

(35 g), inert material (150 g) and fresh liquid culture (1000 

ml), enabled storage at room temperature for at least 12 

months without loss of potency; after 24 months of storage, 

the formulation still had 8.5 x 108 viable sproes/ml and 

produced 70-90% mortality of larvae of Pluteila xylostella 

(L.). The bacterium proved effective for the control of P. 

xylostella larvae on vegetables and larvae of Papilia demoleus 

malayanus Wallace on citrus in the field. When the 

susceptibility of 26 insects to the bacterium was evaluated 

in the laboratory and field, Manduca quinquemaculata (Haw.), 

233


Hellula rogatalis (Hulst), Altha lacteola (Swinh.) (Narosa 

lacteola) and Latoia (Parasa) spp. were also found to be very 

susceptible. Strain SP-I of the bacterium produced the most 

crystals and had the highest insecticidal activity (giving 

100% mortality of Plutella xylostella larvae in 24 h) of 

eight different strains evaluated. [RAE] 

0582. Purrini, K. 1977. On the distribution of Bacillus 

thuringiensis Berl. and some Sporozoan diseases in lepidopterous 

pests of stored products in the Kosova region, Yugoslavia. 

Anz. Schadlingskd. Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz. 50:169 

173. 

As a result of surveys of flour and milling debris in 

57 watermills in 22 localities in the Kosova region of Yugoslavia 

in 1974-76, information is given on the incidence anO 

distribution of Bacillus thuringiensis and various sporozoa 

pathogenic to lepidopterous pests of stored products, and on 

the qualitative and quantitative relationship between pathogen 

and host. Details are shown in tables. A total of 3065 

larvae (living and dead) of Aphestia kuehniella Zell. infected 

with pathogens of both groups were examined, and also 

smaller numbers of larvae of E. elutella (Hb.), Plodia interpunctella 

(Hb.), Plutella xylostella (L.) (maculipennis 

(Curt.)) and P.vralis farinalis (L.) infected by B. thuringiensis 

only. The incidence of total infection in E. kuehniella 

varied greatly in different localities (maximum 100%), but 

larvae of this species infected by B. thuringiensis alone 

were spread relatively widely and evenly throughout all the 

localities examined. None of the other pest species was 

infected at all localities. The maximum rates of infection 

of E. kuehniella with Sporozoa %.ere 80% for Mattesia dispora, 

39% for NVosema heterosporum and 28% for Adelina mesnili. 

[RAE] 

0583. Rajamohan, N. and S. Jayaraj. 1978. Field efficacy 

Bacillus 


thuringiensis and some other insec'.icides against 

pests of cabbage. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 48:672-675. 

The effectiveness of sprays of Biotrol XK (a preparation 

of Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis) or of each 

of seven chemical insecticides or of dusts of each of 12 

chemical insecticides for the control of larvae of Spodoptera 

litura (F.) and Plutella xylostella (L.) on cabbage was 

evaluated in 

field-plot tusts at Pudukottai, Tirunelveli 

District, in the Indian State of Tamil Nadu, in the win.ter of 

1973-74. Reduction in larval populations showed that the 

Biotrol XK sprays gave the best initial control but persisted 

for less than 10 days. Sprays of fenthion, fenitrothion, 

carbaryl, endosulfan, dichlorvos, phoxim or malathion were 

also effective and persisted for longer than the Biotrol XK 

spys. Dusts of carbaryl and BHC gave only moderate control. 

The fenthion, endosulfan, and fenitrothion sprays effectively 

prevented foliar damage. [RAE] 

234


0584. Rautapaa, J. 1967. Notes on the toxicity of a commercial 

preparation of bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis 

Berliner on some lepidoptera and Tenthredinidae larvae. Ann. 

Agric. Fenn. 6:103-105. 

The toxicity of the commercial B. thuringiensis preparation 

Biotrol BTB, Proc. 183, containing 25 x 109 spores/g, 

to the larvae of Plutella maculipennis, Pierisbrassicae, 

Athalia colibri, Pteronus ribesi.i and Priophorus tristis, was 

tested in the laboratory. At each rate of application (0.5, 

1.2 and 3 g/m 2 ) the powder caused the death of the P. maculipennis 

larvae within 2-3 days and the death of the P. brassicae 

larvae within 5-6 days. The effect of the preparation 

upon the sawfly larvae was slower, and some of these pupated. 

Nevertheless, 83-100% of the A. colibri larvae died within 7 

days, 83% of the P. ribesii larvae within 5 days and 82% of 

the P. tristis larvae within 15 days. [BA] 

0585. Robert, R. and M. Marchal. 1980. Use of Plutella maculipennis 

(Lep: Hyponomeutidae) larvae as test insects for 

various entomopathogenic Hyphomycetes (Fungi Imperfecti). 

Entomophaga 25:83-89. (in French with English summary). 

Bioassays of entomopathogenic Hyphomycetes were carried 

out with third-instar larvae of Plutella xylostella (L.) 

(maculipennis (Curt.)) under controlled conditions. Newly 

moulted larvae were confined for 48 h on small discs of 

cabbage foliage that had been sprayed in a spray tower with 

the fungal suspensions. The LDsos showed the insects were 

highly susceptible to different propagules of Beauveria (B. 

bassinna and B. brongniartii) such as conidiospores, nonformulated 

blastospores, lyophilised blastospores or claycoated 

blastospores. The pathogenicity of various strains of 

Beauveria spp., Nomuraea rileyi, Metarhizium anisopline, M. 

flavoviride and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus was also studied. 

The results indicated that lepidopterous larvae are promising 

as test insects to bioassay the potency of some preparations 

based on Hyphomycetes. It was established that a 6-day delay 

after treatment for the tests to be read is sufficient when 

the fungal strain is pathogenic to Plutella xylostella. [RAE] 

0586. Roktaneen, L. P. and M. F. Bragina. 1976. Nonchemical 

preparations for the protection of cabbage. Zashchita Rastenim 

. No. 11:63. 

In the Tselinogr~d region of the USSR, Plutella xylostella 

(L.) is an imi rtant pest of cabbage and sometimes 

reduces the yield by as much as 75%. Four generations infest 

the crop from the time of planting out until harvest, and 

both early and mid-season cabbages are attacked. Since the 

use of chemical insecticides on cabbage raises danger problems, 

microbiological preparndi'ns were tested for control. 

It was found that Entobakterin (a preparation of Bacillus 

thuringiensis var. galleriae) and Boverin (a preparation of 

Beauveria basiana) at 1% killed over 50% of the larvae in two 

days and all of them in five, the yield being increased by 

235


20-25%. These products are harmless to man, domestic animals, 

and honey bees and may be applied during the whole of the 

vegetation period. Various plant extracts were also tested, 

and the best results were given by infusions of Arthemisia 

and potato leaves, which gave over 90% kill in five days, as 

compared with 59% for pyrethrum. [RAE] 

0587. Sanusi Jangi, M. and H. Ibrahim. 1983. Toxicity of 

radiation-resistant strains of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berl.) 

to larval Plutelln xylostella (L.). Can. J. Microbiol. 

29:552-557. 

A total of 24 isolates of B. thuringiensis (Berliner), 

resistant to a gamma-radiation dose of 100 krad were screened 

for their toxicity to larval silkworms, Bombyx mori (L.), and 

15 of them were subsequently tested for their toxicity to 

larval diamondback moth, Plutella >.ylostel]8 (L.). The LCsos 

of these isolates to B. mori ranged from 1.6 x 105 to 6.0 x 

103 spores/mL or from 5.9 to 0.3 ug cel.ular protein/mL. The 

irradiation treatment produced isolates which were significa 

ntly more toxic to P. xylostella (LC 5 o 2.3 x 104 spores/mL or 1.0 ug cellular protein/mL) 

than the parent commercial strain. (EAJ 

0588. Schurovenkov, Y. B. 1981. Institutional recommendations 

for production. Zashch. Rast. No. 9:14-15. (in Russian). 

Attention has recently been paid in the Voronezh and 

neighbouring regions of the USSR to methods of increasing the 

activity of insect enemies of insect pests. Several virus 

preparations seemed capable of controlling the cabbage moth 

(Plutella xylostella (L.)) in a study of the control of 

cabbage pests, and the effectiveness of virus X (in powder or 

liquid form) is noted. In general, biopreparations seemed as 

effective as trichlorphon (chlorophos). [RAE] 

0589. Sicker, W. and A. Kreig. 1966. The effect of the exotoxin 

of Bacillus thuringiensis on Plutella xylostell8. Nachrichtenbl. 

Dtsch. Pflanzenschutzdienstes Stuttg. 18:103-105. 

(in German with English summary). 

Laboratory tests in Germany with Bacillus thuringiensis 

showed that Plutella xylostella (L.) (maculipennis (Curt.)) 

is a suitable insect for the bioassay of both the thermolabile 

spore-endotoxin complex and the thermostable exotoxin. 

In preparations containing both, the effects were Lest differentiated 

by comparing the action of an untreated sample with 

that of heat sterilized one. The larvae were killed very 

rapidly by the endotoxin, but mortality from t..Le exotoxin did 

not occur until the next moult. The supernatants of several 

varieties of B. thuringiensis that produce the exotoxin were 

equally effective against the larvae of both P. xylostella 

and Drosophila melanogaster Mg., and those without it were 

equally ineffective. [RAE] 

236


0590. Sidor, C. 1959. Susceptibility of larvae of the large 

white butterfly (Pieris brassicae L.) to two virus diseases. 

Ann. Appl. Biol. 47:109-113. 

No polyhedral virus disease has so far been recorded 

f.om Pieris brassicae (L.), but in the laboratory studies 

here described, which were carried out in 1957-58, a cytoplasmic 

polyhedral virus obtained from larvae of Phalera bucephal 

(L.) induced polyhedrosis in larvae of two stocks that 

had recently been initiated from larvae collected at two 

places in eastern England; a third stock that had been reared 

for many years in the laboratory proved immune. Infection was 

obtained by allowing first-instar larvae to feed for three 

days on leaves that had been sprayed with a suspension of the 

virus and subsequently dried for four hours at room temperaturn,. 

Infected larvae were stunted and sluggish, appeared 

dark owing to shrivelling, and soon ceased feeding; the midgut 

of recently dead larvae was flaccid and milk-white in 

color. Mortality from infection amounted to 41.5% in one of 

the susceptible stocks, buf .ily 9.3% in the other, and the 

corresponding percentages in another experiment, in which the 

larvae fed for four days on the infected leaves and the 

laboratory stock was again completely resistant, were 64.5 

and 2.8. The three stocks also differed in susceptibility to 

the granulosis virus of Pieris brassicae, the same one being 

the most susceptible to both viruses. Larvae infected with 

either disease died within 30 days, but whereas half the 

mortality from granulosis occurred within the first ten days 

and only 6.3% of the total during the last five-day period 

after infection, the polyhedrosis was slower in action, half 

the mortaity being caused in 15 days and 13.5% of the total 

in the last five days. Polyhedra obtained from recently dead 

larvae of P. brassicae were infective for larvae of Lymantria 

monacha (L.) but not for those of Plutella maculipennis 

(Curt.), which also failed to become infected with the granulosis 

virus, or Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haw.). [RAE] 

0591. Slabospitskii, A. G. and F. Y. Yakulov. 1979. Effects 

of BTB on pests of cabbage. Zashch. Rast. No. 12:2'. (in 

Russian). 

Bitoxibacillin (a preparation of Bacillus thuringiensis) 

was tested in the form of BTB-202 (titre 35 milliard/g) 

on field plots in the Maritime region of the USSR against 

pests of cabbage. . The amount of spray applied was 1.04 

litre/m 2 . Effectiveness was assessed 5 and 10 days after 

spraying. In 1975, mortality from a 0.25% spry was 65% for 

Artogeia rapae (L.), 42% for Plutella xylostella (L.), 62% 

for Autographa gamma (L.) and 47% for Mamestra brassicae 

(L.), while 0.5% gave 87, 79, 81 and 73%, and 1% gave 96, 98, 

98 and 83% kill, respectively. In 1976, the fresh preparation 

was tested in the laboratory in comparison with material 

kept for a year at 10-250C, with 1% Entobakterin (an earlier 

preparation of B. thuringiensis) and 0.3% trichlorphon (chlorophos). 

Within five days, mortaliy of Artogeia rapae was 

237


89% for Bitoxibacillin prepared in 1976, 80% for material 

the 


previous year, 98% for Entobakterin, and 83% for 

rophon,trichlo 

while the corresponding percentages for P. xylostella 

were 88, 97, 70 and 92 after 5 days, and 96, 96, 99 

after 

and 82 

10 days, so that the effectiveness of Bitoxibacillin 

had scarcely altered after storage for a year. Its 

predators 

effect on 

was not great, 1% spray causing reduction in 

bers 

num 

of 2-5% for syrphid larvae, 0.8-2.0% for cecidomyiids, 

1.7-3.0% for coccinellids and 0.4-0.9% for chrysopids. 

concluded 

It is 

that Bitoxibacillin is effective against pests 

cabbage 


in the region and is in no way inferior to Entobaktetin. 

[RAE] 

0592. Somerville, H. J. 1971. Formation of the parasporal 

inclusion of Bacillus thuringiensis. Eur. J. Biochem. 18:226 

237. 

Under given experimental conditions, a reproduc-'ble 

sequence of biochemical events can be measured during 

lationsporu 

in B. thuringiensis. Electron microscope 

reveal 

studies 

that, during its formation, the crystalline 


inclusion 

B. thuringiensis is closely associated with the exosporium. 

This association persists through several serial 

tionssec 

and can also be demonstrated in a mutant strain 

is 

which 

biochemically blocked soon after crystal formation. 

asporogenic 

Two 

crystalliferous strains produce a toxin active 

larvae 

on 

of Plutella maculipennis whereas two sporogenic, 

stalliferousacry 

strains are not toxic. Data from immunological 

assays and from pulse-chase and label-chase experiments 

[14C] with 

leucine indicate that the crystal protein is synthesized 

at the time of appearance of crystal antigens. 

crystal 

The 

may be synthesized and assembled on the exosporium. 

[BA] 

0593. Somerville, H. J. and H. V. Pockett. 1975. An insect 

toxin from snores of Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus 

cereus. J. Gen. Microbiol. 87:359-369. 

Spores of Bacillus thuringiensis contain a toxin active 

against lepidopterous larvae (Pieris brassicae (Pieridae) and 

Plutell8 maculipennis (Plutellidae)). The toxin can be solubilized 

by extraction with reagents which dissolve the protein 

crystal of B. thuringiensis. It is inactivated by 

crystal-specific antiserum. Spores of B. cereus contain a 

similar toxin., although the specific activity is much lower 

than that of the spores of B. thuringiensis. The B. cereus 

toxin contains a single major polypeptide component. Toxic 

activity can be solubilized from spores of both species by 

incubation with gut juices from P. brassicae. [EA] 

0594. Tanada, Y. 1956. An annotated list of infectious 

seasesdi 

of insects in Hawaii. Part rI. Proc. Hawaii. Entomol. 

Soc. 16:149-155. 

This list of infectious diseases of insects in 

supplements 

Hawaii 

the list that was presented at the Eighth Paci 

238


fic Science Congress in 1953. It includes approximately 26 

pathogenic microorganisms and 40 insect hosts. Sixteen of 

the records have not been recorded previously in Hawaii. 

Laboratory and field tests with Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner 

showed that this bacteria -.mnre infectious to Plutella 

maculipennis (Curtis) than to hellula undalis or Trichoplusia 

ni. 

0595. Tanada, Y. 1956. Microbial control of some lepidopterous 

pests of crucifers. J. Econ. Entomol. 49:320-329. 

Pieris rapae (L.), Hellula undalis (F.), Plutella maculipennis 

(Curt.), and Trichoplusia ni (Hb.) are important 

pests of cruciferous pests in Hawaii. In field tests in 

1953-54, the first was effectively controlled by sprays of 

granulosis virus, Bergoldia virulenta, recently described by 

the author from this host, and a bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis. 

The virus was effective as suspension in 1 U. S. 

gal water of the body contents of two macerated fifth-instar 

larvae that had died of the disease, and the bacterium at 

0.25 g dried spores per U. S. gal. (about I oz per 100 U. S. 

gal). The bacterium is more promising as it kills the larvae 

in 2-4 days, as compared with 4-8 days of the virus. The 

larva of P. maculipennis appeard to be slightly more resistant 

to B. thuringiensis, a spray of 0.5 g spores per U. S. 

gal being required for control, and both H. undalis and T. ni 

required about 1-2 g spores per U. S. gal. Indications were 

obtained that if infestation by the last two species is high, 

the bacterium may have to he applied at much higher concentrations 

or may be economically ineffective because of the 

presence of few resistant individuals. 

Triton V-1956 had no apparent adverse effect on the 

virulence of either pathogen when added to the sprays as a 

wetting agent at a concentration of 1:800, and sprays contrining 

it appeared to be more effective than those prepared 

with wheat flour. The bacterium is known to be non-pathogenic 

for mammals and the virus was harmless to rabbits that 

ingested it. Neither injured the sprayed plants, and it is 

concluded that they offer promise for the control of lepidoptera 

on leafy vegetable, especially where the use of insecticides 

would result in the presence of poisonous residues. 

They showed no marked effects on insect parasites and predators. 

[RAE] 

0596. Toiyama, H. and J. Aoki. 1982. Infestation of Erynia 

blunckii (Lak. ex Zimm.) Rem. et Henn. (Entomophthorales:Entomophthoraceae) 

in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella 

L. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). App. Entomol. Zool. 17:375 

384. 

An entomogenous fi igus was isolated from Plutella xylostella 

larva and identified as Erymia blunckii. The fungus 

penetrated the host cuticle by germ tubes which were produced 

on conidia that individually were in direct contact with the 

cuticle. Conidia located on the outer region of a cluster 

239


formed secondary conidia which did not enter the cuticle. 

The germ tubes on the cuticle were of various shapes: (1) 

hypha with thickened penetration point, (2) hypha with dualbulb 

formation, and (3) screw-like slender hypha. Appressorium 

and infection cushion were never observed. A transparent 

zone developed in the cuticle surrounding the invading 

hypha. Within the hemocoel, the penetrated hyphae broke up 

into hyphal bodies, multiplied, and invaded mostly fat body 

and to a lesser degree the muscle, hypodermis, and endocuticle 

before larval death. The fungus invaded and disintegrated 

most of the other solid tissues and organs after the death of 

the larva. [RAE] 

0597. Tsuchiyama, A. 1978. Bioassay of Bacillus thuringiensis 

formulation using larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella 

xylostella L. Jpn. J. Appl. Rntomol. Zool. 22:234-237. (in 


The results are presented of a bioassay with larvae of 

Plutella xylostella (L.) carried out in Japan with a wettable 

powder formulation (Dipel) of Bacillus thuringiensis var. 

kurstaki titrating 3 x 1010 viable spores/g. The larvae were 

reared on an artificial diet. When the reference formulation 

was bioassayed, the LCso variance was almost the same as that 

with Bombyx wori (L.). The potency of the sample was determined 

by dividing the LCso of the reference formulation by 

the LCso of the sample and multiplying by 1000. A relatively 

high correlation coefficient (r = 0.997) was obtained between 

the BMU (B. mori unit) so calculated and the PXU (P. xyloste- 

Ila unit). The BMU calculated from the PXU was very close to 

the result obtained experimentally. [RAE] 

0598. Ullyett, G. C. 1947. Mortality factors in populations 

of Plutella maculipennis Curtis (Tineidae: Lep.), and their 

relation to the problem of control. Entomol. Mem. Dep. Agric. 

South Afr. 2:77-202. 

The author presents data obtained in the course of six 

years' work on the biotic complex surrounding Plutella maculipennis 

Curt., on cabbage in th Transvaal, and discusses 

them with reference to the adverse effects piuduced by the 

indiscriminate artificial control of insect pests and the 

desirability of substituting control on a biological basis. 

Plutella develops continuously throughout the year in that 

region, and climate is not a limiting factor. Continuous 

records of field populations showed that there was rarely any 

tendency towards the maintenane of a state of balance between 

"lutella and its natural control agents, since the environment, 

while remaining favourable to all the biotic elements 

present, changed sufficiently to enable others to enter or to 

exert a diferential effect on those already present, causing 

the estabishment of new sets of population fluctuations. 

Further temporary changes were caused by catastrophic factors 

that occurred sporadically or periodically, usually as a 

result of physical changes in the environment. Parasites 

240


constitute the most important natural control agents of Plutel 

Ia, and 14 primary parasites were found to be involved; 

they comprised a Tachinid (probably Cadurcia plutellae van 

Emd.) and a Nematode that attack the larvae and 12 hymenopte 

ra, of which eight parasitise the larvae and four the pupae. 

Ul- 

Those that have been identified are Apanteles halfordi 

lyett, A. ruficrus, Hal., Bracon (Microbracon) hebetor Say, 

and Chelonus rilchei, Wlkn., all of which attack the larve; 

the others include two species of Angitia, [toplectis sp., 

and a species of Tetrastichus near sokolowskii Kurdj., on the 

and Thyracella 

larvae, and Stomatoceras sp. , Brachymeria sp. , 

sp. on the pupae. There are several hyperparasites, but 

their effect on total parasitism is negligible. Notes on the 

conbionomics 

of the parasites are given. Adequate natural 

trol would probably be impossible without the assistance of 

predators, of which Staphylinid beetles, followed by Syrphids 

are the most 

and an Anthocorid that normally attacks aphids, 

important. The fungus, Kntowophthora sphaerosperma, and tow 

bacterial diseses give temporary control under suitable cli 

matic conditions, but. the weather rarely has any direct 

to 

effect on populations of Plutella, and no mortality due 

competition for food occurred during the period under invest 

igat ion. 

In a discussior, of total mortal ity of Plutella, it is 

pointed out that very low mortality due to any one factor 

to a 

should not be ignored, since it may increase control 

significant point. Total mortality was found to be corre 

lated with host density under normal conditons, and hence is 

factors; the dependence of 

probably due largely to biotic 

parasites and predators on the population density of the 

species they attack tends to maintain a state of balance in 

a 

which the latter fluctuates more or less regularly about 

mean until a disruptive factor intervenes. Parasitism is the 

most permanent natual control agent of Plutella and is potenother 

tially highly effective, but it may be so modified by 

factors as to become almost negligible. These factors com 

prise increases and decreases in the host populations or the 

other permanent agents of natural control, the influence of 

climatic conditions on the crops, host and other members of 

the complex, the periodical migrations of parasites to other 

host species, seasonal differences in the attractiveness of 

the environment to the parasites, and peculiarities in the 

parasites themselves, such as their ability to seek and 

recognise suitable h'osts and the extent to which they avoid 

superparasitism and multiple parasitism. It is pointed out 

that the adverse effects of superparasitism could be minimised 

in biological control compaigns by liberating parasites 

when the surface area of the food-plant of the hosts is least 

suitable for superparasitism and applying supplementary artificial 

control measures when it is most suitable. Further 

more, manipulation or treatment of the environment should aim 

at establishing the ratio between host and parasites at a 

point that is least favorable for superparasitism. 

241


Mortality due to predators is periodic 

towards 

and 

the 

greater 

end of any one breeding season 

ning, 

than 

and 

at the 

its 

begin 

increase depends on factors outside 

plex. 

the 

Total 

com 

mortality of Plutella increases 

predators 

markedly 

that 

when 

are nearly always present on or 

plants 

near cabbage 

are most abundant and when those that 

aphids 

normally 

are 

feed 

forced 

on 

to seek other food. Mortality 

Staphylinids due 

is 

to 

reduced by clean cultivation. 

little 

Birds 

influence 

exert 

on populations of Plutella. 

tors 

Although 

affect preda 

parasites adversely, both by destroying 

tised hosts 

parasi 

and by reducing the host population, it was 

that 

found 

they could replace them in control. 

The disese caused by E. sphaerosperma 

catastrophic 

was found to 

factor, 

be a 

since the very high mortality 

it was 

caused 

indirectly 

by 

responsible for high mortality 

parasites among 

and 

the 

predators; Plutejia was therefore 

crease 

able 

rapidly 

to in 

when climatic conditions became 

for 

unfavorable 

the fungus and caused extensive damage 

These 

to the 

violent 

crop. 

fluctuations, which are characteristic 

stropic mortality, 

of cata 

are usually damaged, since 

tions 

weather 

suitable 

condi 

for the disease occur only irregularly 

not occur 

and 

at 

may 

all. Where the climate permits 

become 

the 

a 

disease 

permanent to 

factor, it becomes a controlling 

great 

agent 

importance, 


since it can maintain 

at 

the 

a 

host 

low 

population 

level and is independent of host density. 

and mechanical Chemical 

control mesures are also regarded as 

phiccatastro 

factors. A survey of the general 

that 

literature 

these measures 

indicates 

are usually harmful to predators 

parasites and 

of pests and that infestation in 

rapidly 

treated 

becomes 

crops 

greater, after the initial 

untreted 

decrease, 

ones. 

than 

Evidence 

in 

for the immunity of 

predators 

parasites 

is 

and 

scanty and has sometimes been proved 

insecticides 

false, and 

may destroy the natural enemies 

had 


hitherto 

pests that 

been of secondary importance 

become 

and 

injurious. 

enable them 

Evidence 

to 

is reviewed showing that 

cinlartifi 

control measures applied to give temporary 

can 

protection 

be timed to cause the minimum amount of 

natural 

harm to 

ejemies 

the 

of the host, or even to 

experiments 

favor them. 

during 

In 

the investigatio.-s, sprays 

nate 

of led 

applied 

arse 

against the larvae of Plutella resulted 

significant 

in very 

ultimate increases in the pest population. 

The paper ends with a list of 20 

mainly 

concepts, 

with 

concerned 

total mortality in host insects, 

developing for 

a 

use 

more 

in 

rational treatment of the problem 

trol, 


and 

con 

suggestions for the control of 

Transvaal. 

Plutella in 

In 

the 

order to destroy the larvae when 

nor 

neither 

their 

they 

natural enemies are likely to be 

cabbages 

numerous, 

should 

seedling 

be dipped in a lead-al3enate mixture 

being transplanted. 

before 

A close watch should be 

unusual 

kept for 

increase 

any 

in the populations of Plutella 

the crop, 

or aphids 

and sprays 

on 

applied to local infestations 

appear to be 

that 

becoming unmanageable. Irrigation 

carefully 

should 

performed 

be 

by means of channels in the soil, and 

242


floor irrigation should be avoided in order to conserve 

Staphylinid beetles; dead leaves, weeds and other debris 

should be allowed to remain on the ground to encourage predators. 

To maintain a reservoir of parasites, surplus seedlings 

should be left undisturbed in the seed-bed-for as long 

as possible, overlapping crops of cabbage should be grown 

throughout the year, cruciferous weeds round the field should 

not be removed, and water--cress should be grown in the irrigation 

furrows. Larvae of Plutella attacked by Entomophthora 

should be looked foL after rain, and if they are observed, 

the crops should immediately be dusted with sulphur to destroy 

the fungus. The use of insecticides in growing crops 

should be avoided as much as possible and should not be left 

until the pest has reached epidemic proportions, when parasites 

and predators would also be destroyed just as they were 

becoming sufficiently numerous to exert control. [RAE] 

0599. Ullyett, G. C. and D. B. Schonken. 1940. A fungus 

disease of Plutella maculipennis Curt. in South Africa, with 

notes on the use of entomogenous fungi in insect control. 

Sci. Bull. Dep. Agric. Forestry. South Afr. No. 218, 24 pp. 

In the course of a study of the natural control of 

Plutella maculipennis Curt. on cabbage in the Transvaal, 

observations were made on the incidence and effect of a 

fungus disease of the larvae caused by Entomophthora sphaerosperms, 

which appears in the field sporadically and cannot be 

regarded as a permanent member of the complex of parasites 

associated with PlutelIa. Notes are given on the Entomophthoraceae 

and the species of Entomophthora pathogenic to 

insects, and the hosts and distribution of the more important 

of thesL are shown in a table. The way in which E. sphaerosperma 

infects and develops in the larvae of P. maculipennis 

and the reactions of the larvae to infection are discussed, 

and methods of culturing the fungus artificially and inoculating 

the larvae are described. From a discussion of the 

effect of environmental factors, particularly humidity and 

temperature, on the fungus, and of the fungus on insect 

parasites and predators and on the population of Plutella, it 

is shown that the fungus reduces the population of parasites 

and predators by causing a lack of hosts and also affects the 

parasites directly, and that, although it produced a considerable 

immediate reduction in the host population during the 

favorable weather conditions under which it acted, it was 

ultimately responsible for an increase in the average density 

of the host, and, through this, for the occurrence of economic 

damage to the crop. The use of entomogenous fungi in 

insect control is discussed in general, and it is concluded 

that since, except in special areas, fungi afford only a 

temporary reduction comparable to that given by insecticides, 

they cannot normally be considered as agents of biological 

contol, which aims at the stabilisation of a pest population 

at an average density that will not allow economic damage to 

the crop. [RAE] 

243


0600. Vail, P. V., D. K. Hunter, and D. L. Jay. 1972. Nuclear 

polyhedrosis of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostel- 

In. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 20:216-217. 

During field tests in California in 1968 in which 

viruses were evaluated against Trichoplusia ni (Hb.), one 

such virus used was a nuclear polyhedrosis virus isolated 

from the alfalfa looper (Plush, california Speyer), and a 

larva of Plutella vylostella (L.) infected with it was subsequently 

collected from one treated plot. It was transmitted 

to further larvae of P. xylostelln in the laboratory and also 

to larvae of T. ni. [RAE 

0601. Vail, P. V. and D. L. Jay. 1973. Pathology of a nuclear 

polyhedrosis virus of the alfalfa looper in alternate 

hosts. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 21:198--204. 

The symptomatology and histopathology of a nuclear 

polyhedrosis virus isolated from a larva of Plusin (Autographa) 

californica Speyer in Arizona was studied by examining 

13 tissues in P. california and the following alternate 

hosts: Trichoplusia ni (Hb.) Spodoptera exigua (Hb.) Astigmene 

nCrnen (Dru.) Heliothis zea (Boddie) Bucculatrix thurberiella 

Busck and Plutella sylostella (L.). In all hosts, the 

hypodermal, tracheal matrix, and fat-body cells became infected. 

Other tissues infected in some hosts included the 

Malpighian tubules, muscle, haemocytes, ganglia, midgut, 

hindgut, juvenile tissue (imaginal buds), and testes. No 

major changes in tissue tropisms were observed. The external 

symptoms were typical of nuclear polyhedrosis in all species 

except H. zea, in this host, development of the disease and 

death were delayed. [RAE] 

0602. Vail, P. V., D. L. Jay, and D. K. 

infectivity 

Hunter. 1971. 


Cross 

nuclear polyhedrosis virus isolated 

alfalfa 

from the 

looper, Autographa californica. pp. 297-304. 

IV Intenational 

In 

Colloquium on Insect Pathology 

ciety 

with 

for 

the 

Invertebrate 

So- 

Pathology. Entomology Research Division, 

ARS, USDA, Beltsville, USA. 

Laboratory studies were carried out in Arizona in 1969 

to determine the infectivity of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus 

isolated from Plusia (Autographa) californica Speyer 

Trichoplusin 

for 

ni ([ib.), Plutella xylostella (L.), 

exigua 

Spodoptera 

(Hb.), Heliothis zen (Boddie), Estigmene 

and 

ncraen 

Bucculatrix 

(Dru.) 

thurberiella Busck. As judged by light 

electron 

and 

microscopy of the virions and pulyhedra 

sage 

after 

through 

pas 

alternative hosts, all species 

to 

were 

the 

susceptible 

virus. In addition, after passage through alternative 

hosts, polyhedra retained their infectivity for the indicator 

host, T. ni. Polyhedra obtained from alternative hosts 

rallygene 

showed no appreciable decrease in activity. [RAE] 

0603. Vankova, J. and K. Purrini. 1979. Natural epizooties 

caused by bacilli o0 the species Bacillus thuringiensis and 

Bacillus cereus. Z. Angew. Entomol. 88:216-221. 

244


Strains of bacilli isolated from natural epizootics in 

Ephestia kuehniella Zell., E. elutella (Hb.), Plutella xylos 

tella (L.) (maculipennis (Curt.)) in 12 old mills in 10 

localities of Yugoslavia were identified as Bacillus thuringiensis 

var. thuringiensis (3 strains), B. thuringiensis var. 

morrisoni (2 strains), B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki (11 

strains) and B. cereus (1 strains). Two strains isolated 

from Spodoptera frugiperda (.I.E. Smith) in Cuba were classi 

cereus and intermediate type B. cereus - B. 

fied as B. 

the 

thuringiensis. The pathogenicity of these strains for larvae 

of eight common insect pests was studied, and varying morta 

lity rates were observed between serotypes and even between 

strains of the same serotype. Variation in the production of 

exotoxin was also observed. It was established that a cer 

tain locality can be colonised by several varieties of B. 

thuringiensis. [RAE] 

0604. Varma, G. C. and G. S. Gill. 1977. Laboratory studies 

in the comparative efficacy of biotic insecticides for the 

control of Plutella xylostelln (Linnaeus) (Plutellidae:Lepi 

dopte-a). J. Res. Punjab Agric. Univ. 14:304-308. 

Plutel.la xylostella (L.) is a serious pest of cabbage 

and cauliflower in the Indian State of Punjab and has deve 

loped resistance to the commonly used chemical insecticides. 

The effectiveness of four commercial preparations of Bacillus 

thuringiensis, each applied at 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/l water, and 

that of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus specific to P. xylostella, 

were tested in the laboratory. Of the bacterial 

preparations, Thuricide HPSC and Dipel WP (both with a titre 

of 16 x 103 IU/mg) proved more promising, especially at 1 and 

1.5 g, than did either Bactospeine or Thuricide 90 TS. The 

virus, although giving a significantly higher mortality than 

no treatment, was less effective than the bacterial prepara 

tions. The effectiveness of these began to decline on the 

fourth day after spraying; Dipel WP, Thuricide HPSC and 

Bactospeine persisted on the plants for up to 16 days and 

Thuricide 90 TS for up to 8 days, but mortality remained high 

(over 80%) for only 6-7 (lays with Thuricide }[PSC, 6 days with 

Bactospeine and 2 days with Dipel. [RAE] 

0605. Voskresenskaya, V. N. 1977. Toxobakterin and Entobakterin 

on cabbage. Zashch. Rast. No. 4:54. (in Russian). 

In 1974-75, various bacterial and virus preparations 

were tested against leaf-feeding insects on cabbage in the 

Moscow region of the USSR. The best results were given by 

Toxobakterin (a preparation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. 

thuringiensis (thuringiensis var. insectus)) and Entobnkterin 

(a preparation of B. thuringiensis var. galleriae). Spraying 

was carried out during the period when the larvae started 

active feeding. Effectiveness was estimated after 5, 10 and 

M 2 15 days on 25 standardised plots of 50 , and the spraying 

rate was 600 litres/ha. Toxobakterin at 0.5% gave 67-80% 

kill of larvae of Plutelin xylostelln (L. ) in 5 days and 77- 

245


100% kill of larvae of P.eris brassicae (L.) and P. rapae 

(L.) in 10 days, after which the preparation appeared to lose 

effectiveness. Effectiveness against Mamestra brassicae (L.) 

was less but longer-lasting, mortality after 15 days still 

reaching 34-62%. Similar results were given by Entobakterin, 

which killed 64-100% of larvae of P. .xylostella, 86-96% of 

those of P. brassicae and P. rapae and 20-57% of those of M. 

brassicae. Treatment with either material increased the 

yield of cabbage by 18-19%. [RAE] 

0606. Wang, C. L. and R. I. Rose. 1978. Control 

cabbageworm, of imported 

Pieris rapae crucivora Boisduval, 

sis virus 

with 

in the 

granulo 

field. Plant Prot. Bull (Taiwan) 20:16-20. 


Field experiments on the use of 

for 

granulosis 

the control 

virus 


(GA) 

imported cabbageworm, Pieris 

vora Boisduval, 

rapae cruci 

revealed that: GV suspension 

tions higher 

at concentra 

than 0.5 LE/I, decreased the 

significantly. 

number of cabbaeworm 

The application of the 

diamondback 

combination 

moth, 

of GV 

Plutella 


Yylostella L., 

ted 

and 

'abbageworm 

that of impor 

effectively reduced the number 

Among 


the 

both 

three 

pests. 

commercial sticker-extenders 

Filmer, tested, 

and Nu-Film-P 

Superincreased 

the effeciveness 

diamondback of 

moth 

GV of 

as well as that of imported 

Besides, cabbageworm. 

Super-Filmer seemed to be superior to Nu-Film-P in 

reducing the host population. 

0607. Wang, T., L. B. Ye, and N. C. Lin. 

typing 

1981. 


Serological 

cabbage butterfly granulosis 

resis 

virus and 

of its 

electropho 

granulin. Wuhandaxue Xuebao. 2:61-68. (in Chinese). 

The use of the cross-agglutination 

absorption 

test with 

agglutination 

the cross 

test or of the cross-diffusion 

cross-absorption 

and 

diffusion test showed 

that 

in 

the 

studies 

serum 

in 

type 

China 

of the capsids of the 

Artogeia 

granulosis 

rapae 

virus 

(L.) 


(Pieris rapae) is 'Gab', 

of capsids 

while serum 


type 

granulosis virus of Pluteila 

(L.) is of 

Yylostella 

type 'Gac'. The cross diffusion absorption 

proved the best 

test 

method. The granulin of 

to 

the 

A. 

virus 

rapae 

pathogenic 

contained a single polypeptide 

weight 

with 

of 28 

a molecular 

000; and alkaline proteinase activity was 

associated 

found 

with this virus. [RAE] 

0608. Watanabe, H. 1974. First report of 

infection 

the microsporidian 

of the cabbage worm, Pieri rapae 

val (Lepidoptera:Pieridae) 

crucivora Boisdu 

in Japan. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 

9:133-142. 

A microsporidian was isolated from 

collected 

the progeny 

cabbageworm 

of field 

larva. Its spore 

5.3 

size 

pm 

was 

in length 

from 3.1 

and 

 

1.7 - 2.3 pm in width. 

stimulated 

When spores 

to extrude 

were 

their polar filament 

length 

by H20 

ranged 2 , 

from 

their 

47 - 108 un. Schionts 

fission 

underwent 

and 

binary 

multiple fission, and most of sporonts were 

246


monosporoblastic, though a few were disporoblastic. Of lepidopterous 

insects used, eight species (Pieris rapae, Bombyx 

mari, Spodoptera litura, Plusia agnata, P. nigrisigna, Chilo 

suppressalis, Plutella maculipennis, Spilarct.ia inequalis) 

including silkworm, rice stem borer and cotton leafworm were 

susceptible, but the site of infection and pathogenicity 

varied from species to species. In the case of cabbageworm, 

infection was most severe in the midgut and death came earliest 

in this species. In cotton leafworm, infection wns 

localized in nervous tissue, and in silkworm and rice stem 

borer thougb the development of disease was slow, developed 

well in muscle, silk glands and Malpighian tubes, advancing 

to other tissues gradually. This microsporidian was identified 

ac Aosema mesnili Paillot (1918) from its morphology, 

life cycle, host range and infected tissues. [BA] 

0609. Wyman, J. A. and E. R. Oatman. 1977. Yield responses 

in broccoli plantings sprayed with Bacillus thuringiensis at 

various lepidopterous larval (ensity treatment levels. J. 


The impact of various levels of lepidopterous larval 

populations on broccoli prior to heading was investigated. 

Dipel (Bacillus thurimgiensis Berliner var. kerstaki) was 

applied to 4 consecutive broccoli plantings in southern California 

to maintain populations of lepidopterous larvae below 

preestablished levels of 0-1, 2, and 5 larvae/plant. Trichoplusia 

ni (Hubner) was the predominant lepidopterous larval 

pest in spring, summer, and fall plantings. Plutella xylostella 

(L.) and Pieris rapae (L.) were present at low levels 

in all plantings and Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) occurred only 

in spring and fall crops. Total larval populations were 

highest in summer and fall plantings, reaching levels of 4.6 

and 9.1 larvae/plant, respectively, in untreated plots. 

Yields in any planting did not differ between untreated 

controls and plots treated to maintain larval populations at 

preestablished levels. Levels of Ist-instar T. ni on plants 

in summer and fall plantings were independent of Dipul application 

schedules. The necessity for treating broccoli for 

lepidopterous larval infestation prior to head formation is 

discussed as an adjunct to pest management on this crop. [BA] 

0610. Yang, M. H. 1978. Research and application of Bacillus 

thuringiensis in China..p. 15. In B. von Nofstern, J. Pettersson, 

and 0. G. Tandberg (eds.). Biological Insect Control in 

China and Sweden. Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. 

The author reviews work carried out in China on the use 

of Bacillus thuringiensis for the control of insect pests 

under the general headings of separation and characterisation 

of different strains, production of insecticide formulations 

of the bacterium, and practical application. B. thuringiensis 

has proved effective against Parnara guttata (Bremer & 

Grey), Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Gn.), Ostrinia sp., Apochei 

247


ma spp., Dendrolimus spp., Plutella xylostella (L.) (maculipennis 

(Curt.)) and Artogeia rapae (L.) (Pieris rapae). (RAE] 

0611. Yen, D. F. and W. F. Hsiao. 

the 

1977. 

diamondback 

Susceptibility 

moth, Plutella 


xylostella 

of micro-pathogens 

to the combinations 

and chemical insecticides. 

In: Special 

pp. 

Issue, 

114-118. 

Annual meeting of agricultural societies, 

Taiwan, ROC. (in Chinese). 

Experiments were designed to determine 

low dosages 

the 


effect 

some insecticides 


on the viability 

Bacillus of 

thuringiensis 

Dipel (a 

commerical formulations) 

to studies on 

as 

the 

a prelude 

susceptibility of diamondback 

pathogen-insecticide moth to the 

combinations and 

the 

the 

host 

interaction 

and the natural 

between 

enemy, Apanteles 

insecticides, 

plutellae. 

carbaryl, 

The 

methomyl, and 

bitory 

Orthene 

effect 

showed 

on 

no 

growthinhi 

of Bacillus thuringiensis. 

mortality was observed 

High 

in 3 rd-instar larvae that 

B. thuringiensis. treated with 

Besides, there were post-larval 

the effect to 

4 th--instar larvae. The granulosis 

back 

virus 

moth 


is 

the 

highly 

diamond 

pathogenic to the 3 effectiveness 

rd-instar larvae. 

of pathogen-insecticide 

The 

treated 

combinations 

insects was 

to 

variable. 

the 

Larval mortality 

Carbaryl-B. yielded 

thuringiensis 

from 

or Methomyl-B. 

ments 

thuringiensis 

was higher 

treat 

than that from carbaryl 

However, 

or methomyl 

the mortalitiy 

alone. 

of the insects 

mixture 

treated 

of Orthene-B. 

with the 

thuringiensis was 

giensis 

lower than 

or Orthene 

B. thurin 

used alone. Both the 

tures 

bacteria-virus 

and virus-insecticide mix 

mixtures 

the 

were 

single 

not comparable 

treatment of 

to 

B. thuringiensis 

Experimental 

or insecticides. 

results also indicated that 


the 

the 

older 

parasite 

the larvae 

in the host insect, the lesser the effect 

B. thuringiensis 


to the parasite. 

0612. Yen, D. F. and A. H. Kao. 1972. Studies 

losis of 

on 

the 

the 

diamondback 

granu 

moth (Plutella 

Taiwan. 

xylostella 

Mem. Coil. 

L.) 

Agric. 

in 

Natl. Taiwan Univ. 13:172-181. 

Chinese (in 


Viral disease of the diamomdback 

tella 

moth, 

L. 

Plutella 

was discovered 

xylos 

in suburban 

During 

Taipei, 

the 

Taiwan 

period in 


1970. 

lethal granulosis infection, 

exhibit discoloration, 

the larvae 

distension of 

growth, 

segment, 

liquifaction 

abnormal 

of internal tissue, 

ment 

and 

releasing 

burst of integu 

an opaque white fluid 

causal 

after 

organism 

dealth. 

was 

The 

determind to be 

According 

a granulosis 

to elecctromicroscopic 

virus. 

studies, 

ovocylindrical 

the capsule 

in 

was 

shape. The average size 

306 


x 

the 

157 

capsule 

mu, and 

was 

the virus rod surrounding 

nce was 

the 

220 

outer 

x 66 

membra 

mji. With the aid 

the 


histopathological 

light microscope, 

changes in the diseased 

examined. insect 

Results were 

indicated that the 

rmal 

fat body 

cell 

and 

were 

the 

first 

epide 

invaded by the virus; 

capsules 

masses 

were 

of free 

noted in the hemolymph at 

infection. 

a later period 

Field 


survey, conducted from December 1969 

248


through May 1970, indicated that an average of 27.6% infection 

with granulosis virus occurred in the total insect 

population. It is believed that this pathogenic virus plays 

an important part in checking the wild population of P. 

xylostella in some areas throughout the year. The pathogenicity 

of the granulosis virus to the susceptible host was 

studied. The results showed that the concentration of the 

virus inoculum affected the period of infection and mortality. 

The calculated LDso was 3.8 x 102 capsules/il. The 

newly hatched and 2nd instar larvae were highly susceptible 

to the granulosis virus but the 3rd and 4th instar larvae 

were less susceptible. There was no sign of disease in the 

larvae of Bombyux moi, Pieris rapae, Dendrolimus punciatus, 

Galleria mellonella, Spodoptera litura, and Oebia undalis, 

when these insects were inoculated with the grenulosis virus 

of P. xylostella. The thermal inactivation point of the 

granulosis virus is between 70 and 750C for 10 minutes. 

0613. Zang, M. and H. Luo. 1976. A preliminary study on 

Entomophthora sphaerosperma Fres. parasitizing Empoasca flavescens 

Fab. Acta Microbiol. Sin. 16:25G-257. (in Chinese). 

E. sphaerosperma found on the body of E. flvescens 

(pest of Camellia sinensis) had an inhibitory effect on the 

host. The growth of the parasitic fungus on and inside E. 

flavescens was observed and its characteristics discussed. 

Small, curved hyphae grow on and inside the insect body, and 

long rod-shaped conidiophores develop from the hyphae when 

humidity of the tea leaves is high. E. sphaerosperma is also 

parasitic on Pieris brassioae, Plagiodera versicolor and 

Plutella maculipennes. [BA] 

0614. Zhukauskene, Y. I. and I. S. Misyalyunene. 1975. Effect 

of biotoxibacillin and entobacterin-3 on cabbage pests in the 

Luthuanian SSR. Liet. Tsr. Mokslu. Akad. Darb. Ser. C. Biol. 

Mokslai. 4:61-68. (in Russian with English summary). 

In 

Ignalina 

1971-1973 in the districts Kapsukas, Vilnius 

and 

(USSR), cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) had been 

mostly affected by Pieris brassicae L. (62-96%), P. rapae L. 

(50-70%) and Mamestra brassicae L. (25-80%). Cabbage was 

less affected by Plutella maculipennis Curt. (16-50%) and 

Brevicoryne brassicae L. (5-25%). Investigations carried out 

in 1971-1973 in the Vilnius and Kapsukas districts under 

laboratory-field and .industrial conditions established that 

the bacterial preparation of bitoxibacillin is ovocidal in 

regard to Pieris brassice. More intense control of the pests 

was achieved when cabbage was sprayed with a 0.1-0.6% suspension 

of bitoxibacillin than by analogous concentrations of 

entobacterin-3. After spraying cabbage with 0.3-0.5% concentrations 

of entobacterin-3 under field conditions, the caterpillars 

of P. brassicne and P. rapae were controlled by 85- 

I00%. [BA] 

0615. Zimmermann, G. 1978. Isolation and new description of 

249


Rnromophthora blunckii from the cabbage moth (Plutella maculipennis). 

Entomophaga 23:181-187. (in German with English 

summary). 

Entomophthora blunckii, which was isolated from larvae 

of Plutella xylostella (L.) (maculpennis (Curt.)) collected 

near Darmstadt, German Federal Republic, is redescribed and 

compared with similar species. The symptoms it causes in 

larvae of P. xylostella are described. (RAE] 

0616. Zurabova, E. R. 1971. Use of a complex of crystalliferous 

bacilli as a means of increasing the efficiency of 

biopreparations. pp. 116-117. In E. L. Gureva and 0. L. 

Kryzhanovskii. (Ed.) XIIIth International Congress of Entomology, 

Moscow, 2-9 August 1968. Proceedings. Vol.2. Academy of 

Sciences of the USSR, All-Union Entomological Society. 

A preparation of spores of Bacillus thuringiensis made 

from a mechanical mixture of three cultures of the bacillus 

and named insecttobacillin was tested successfully against 

Galleria mellonella (L.), Plutella xylostella (L.) (maculipennis 

(Curt.)), Pieris brassicae (L.), Operophtera brumata 

(L.), Stilpnotia salicis (L.), Malacosoma neustria (L.), 

Lymantria (Porthetria) dispar (L.), Dendrolimus pini (L.), 

Macrophya ribis (Schr.) and Phratora (Phyllodecta) vitellinae 

(L.). (RAE] 


0230, 0247, 0251, 0263, 0272, 0308, 0380, 0412, 0424, 

0467, 0683, 0685, 0748, 0751, 0757, 0888, 0892, 0950. 

250

Cultural Control 

0617. Anonymous. 1928. Division of Entomology. 47th Annu. 

Rep. N. Y. Agric. Exp. Sta. 1927-28, pp. 44-51. 

The most injurious insect in cauliflower seed-beds in 

1927 was Phorbia (Hylemyia) brassicae Bch. (cabbage maggot); 

numerous materials have been tried as a control for this 

pest, those giving the best results included aqueous solutions 

containing mercury bichloride, 1 to 1,250, or sodium 

fluosilicate, I to 250. Cheese or tobacco cloth placed on 

plants of about four weeks old as a protection against aphids 

and the diamondback moth (Plutella maculipennis Curt.) only 

caused slight malformation in stem growth. [RAE] 

0618. Blunck. 1928. A threatening outbreak of a pest of cabbage 

and turnip. Landw. Wbl. Schles. Holst. No. 22, 1 p. 

The cabbage moth, Plutella maculipennis Curt. (cruciferarum 

Zell.) was exceptionally abundant in the spring of 1928 

in Schleswig-Holstein. The caterpillars of the first generation, 

occurring in June, are very harmful to turnips, while 

those of the secjnd, generally considered the more injurious, 

infest cabbage. As the plants suffer more when young, it is 

advisable to sow early, plant out vigorous seedlings, and hoe 

the ground frequently. By drawing a cord across the plants 

or by tying twigs to the hoe, as practi-ed in Denmark, the 

caterpillars will be shaken to the ground and buried during 

hoeing. The plants should not be thinned when infestation is 

at its height, because the caterpillars on the uprooted 

plants will infest those left standing, unless the former are 

destroyed immediately. [RAE] 

0619. Bogdanov-Katkov, N. N. 1921. Petrograd kitchen gardening 

and pests. Petrograd kitchen Gard. No.1:47-78. 

The history and work of the Petrograd station for the 

Protection of Plants from Pests during 1918-20 is reviewed. 

The remedial measures adopted are chiefly cultural, but also 

include spraying and dusting. The pests dealt with are: 

Phorbia (Chortophila) brassicae Bch.; Phyllotreta undulata 

Kutsch.; P. nemorum L.; P. vittata F.; P. nigripes F.; Barathra 

(Mamestra) brassicae, L.; Plutella maculipennis, Curt.; 

Brevicoryne (Aphis) brassicae L.; Pieris brassicae L.; P. 

rapse L.; Euxoa (Aerotis) nigricans L.; wire-worms (Agriotes 

and Athous spp.); Phaedon cochleariae F.; Hylewyia antiqua 

Meig.; Eumerus strigatus Fall.; Meligethes aeneus F.; Polia 

suasa Schiff.; P. oleracea L.; Sitones crinitus 01.; S. 

lineatus L.; Pionea forficalis L.; Aphis gossypii Glov.; 

Ceuthorrhynchus quadridens Panz.; C. sulcicollis Gyll.; C. 

contractus Marsh.; Athalia spinarum L.; Eurydewa festivum L.; 

E. oleraceum L.; E. doxinuluw Scop.; and Tetranychus telarius 

L. [RAE] 

251 

9


0620. Brett, C. H., and M. J. Sullivan. 1974. The use of 

resistant varieties and other cultural practices for control 

of insects on crucifers in North Carolina. Bulletin, Agric. 

Exp. Sta. North Carolina State University, Raleigh. No. 449, 

31 pp. In this review of pests of cruciferous crops in North 

Carolina, the insects discussed include Trichoplusia ni 

(lb.), Pieris rapae (L.), Plutella xylostella (L.) (maculipennis 

(Curt.)), Phyllotreta striolata (F.), Murgantia histrionica 

(Hahn), Hellula rogatalis (Hulst), Hylemya brassicae 

(Bch) and Epilachna varivestis Muls. Notes are given on 

their biology, morphology of the various stages and injuriousness, 

and resistant and susceptible varieties of the crops 

attacked, which include cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, brussels 

sprouts, collard, kale, Chinese cabbage (Brassic8 chinensis), 

turnip, mustard, swede and radish, are listed. [RAE] 

0621. Britton, W. E. and Q. S. Lowry. 1916. Insects 

kingattac 

cabbage and allied crops in Connecticut. Conn. 

Exp. 

Agric. 

Sta., New Haven, Bull. No. 190, 23 pp. 

This paper embodies the observations 

cabbage 

of many years 

pests 

on 

and on the cotrol of Chortophila 

brassicae 

(Phorbia) 

Bch. (cabbage root maggot). Tarred 

recommended 

paper disks 

as 

are 

the best control for this pest and 

given 

figures 


are 

a tool and a device for cutting these disks. 

haps the 

Per 

second most effective control method is 

a 

to 

surface 

pour into 

depression around the stem of each 

three 

plant 

fluid 

about 

ounces of crude carbolic acid 

according 

emulsion made 

to the following formula: Hard soap 1 

soap 

lb or 

1 U.S. 

soft 

qt, boiling water 1 U.S. gal; 

acid, 

crude 

1 U.S. 

carbolic 

pt. The other pests dealt with are 

L. 

Pieris 

(imported 

rapae 

cabbage worm), P. napi L. (potherb 

P. protodice 

butterfly), 

Boisd. (southern or checkered 

fly), 

cabbage 

Phytometra 

butter 

(Autographs) brassicae, Riley (cabbage 

per),loo 

Aphis brassicae L. (cabbage aphis), Plutells 

nismaculipen 

Curt., Ceramica (Mamestra) picta Harr. (zebra 

lar),caterpil 

Murgantia histrionica Hahn. (harlequin 

cut-worms 

cabbage bug), 

and wire-worms. Crop rotation is 

control 

an essential 

measure, care being taken to avoid closely 

crops 

related 

in carrying this out. Cabbage stumps, leaves, 

should 

etc., 

not be allowed to remain in the rows, 

hibernating 

as they provide 

places. Late autumn ploughing destroys 

many hibernating 

a great 

insects; for cut-worms, early spring 

hingploug 

and harrowing is advised. A bibliography 

twenty 

is given 



more important publications dealing with 

sectsin 

injurious to cabbages. [RAE] 

0622. Buranday, R. P. and R. S. Raros. 1973. Effects of cabbage 

tomato intercropping on the incidence and oviposition of 

the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), Philipp. 

Entomol. 2:369-374. 

The numbers of adults and eggs of Plutella xylostella 

(L.) were compared in fields planted either with cabbage 

252


alone or with cabbage and tomato in alternate rows. Significantly 

higher numbers of adults and eggs were found in the 

field containing cabbages only than in the intercropped 

field, and it is concluded that Plutella adults wer,- repelled 

by volatile compounds emitted by the tomato plants. Observations 

on the incidence of adults in intercropped plots in 

which the number of cabbage rows between two tomato rows 

varied from 1 to 5 indicated that a planting pattern of two 

rows of cabbage between two rows of tomato was the most 

favourable for maintaining the repellent odour and preventing 

infestation by P. xylostella. [RAE] 

0623. Dickson, M. H. and C. J. Eckenrode. 1978. Breeding for 

resistance to lepidopterous pests in B. oleracea. HortScience 

13:365-366. (Abstract). 

Resistance to Pieris rupae, Trichoplusia ni, and Plute- 

Ila maculipennis in B. oleracea was found in cauliflower PI 

234599. This is the first report of resistance to P. maculipennis. 

Screening was attempted under epidemic conditions in 

the greenhouses and in screen cages. Both structures influenced 

expression of resistance. In the field levels of N 

under some conditions influenced resistance. The best screening 

system appears to be under field conditions with artificial 

infestation to create an epidemic. The genetic source 

of resistance and plant maturity influence the levels of 

resistance. Progress has been made in the selection and 

breeding for resistance in cabbage and cauliflower. [AE] 

0624. Dickson, M. H. and C. J. Eckenrode. 1980. Breeding for 

resistance in cabbage and cauliflower to cabbage looper, 

imported cabbageworm, and diamondback moth. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. 

Sci. 105:782-785. 

Resistance to Trichoplusi3 ni (Hb.), Artogeia rapae 

(L.) (Pieris rapae) and Plutelia xylostella (L.) was studied 

in cabbage and cauliflower in the field in New York State in 

1977-79 using a five-parent diallel. Resistance was quantitatively 

inherited without undesirable linkages. When Plant 

Introduction (PI) 234599 (a glossy-leaved cauliflower) was 

used as a parent, narrow iense heritabilities of 22-47% were 

obtained for resistance. This resistance was maintained 

irrespective of plant age or the presence or absence of 

alternative oviposition hosts. Plants with moderate tolerance 

only express it at maturity. The highest levels of resistance 

were transferred with difficulty into desirable types 

of cauliflower and cabbage with slight bloom. [RAE] 

0625. Dickson, M. H. C. J. Eckenrode, and A. H. Blamble, 

1984. NYIR 9602, NYIR 9605 and NYIR 8329 lepidopterous pestresistant 

cabbage breeding lines. HortScience 19:311-312. 

NYIR 9602, NYIR 9605, and NYIR 8329 are dark-green, 

glossy-leaved cabbage (Brassica olerace8 L. var capitata) 

breeding lines that exhibit resistance in the field to larvae 

of the lepidopterous pests Artogeia rapae L. (imported cab 

253


bage worm), Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) (cabbage 

Plutella 

looper), 

xylostejla 

and 

L. (diamondback moth). 

leased 

They 

by 

were 

the New 

re 

York State Agricultural Experiment 

in May 

Station 

1983 and are available for breeding programs 

source 

as a 

of germplasm or as hybrid parents. 

0626. Dindon, P. 1915. The open ground cultivation of early 

cabbage. Orchard Library, supplement to Progressive Horticulture 

and Market-Gardening. 31 pp. (in Russian). 

An account of the life-history of, and the remedies 

for, the various insect pests of cabbage is given. Phyllotreta 

atra and Phyllotreta nemorum are the two species of 

Phyllotreta more commonly found in Russia; against them, 

dusting early in the morning, when the plants are still 

covered with dew, with basic slag and Paris green (100 lb of 

slag and 1-2 lb of green) and spraying with Paris 

lb 

green 

of green, 

0.5 

1 lb of lime in about 45 gallons of water, 

adding paste prepared from 4 lb of rye-flour) are recommended. 

The adults of Ceuthorrhynchus sulcicollis winter in the 

earth and appear early in spring, the females ovipositing in 

holes made with their proboscis in the stems and petioles of 

the leaves. The larvae penetrate into the core, passing four 

weeks in the swellings they form, when they emerge and pupate 

in the earth. Spraying with Paris green is only partially 

effective, as the larvae remain inside the stem; better 

results are obtained by shallow reploughing in autumn before 

the frosts, after the deep ploughing and harrowing. 

collection of 

Hand 

the larvae is carried out by 

plants 

surrounding 

with a 

the 

piece of paper with a hole 

enclosing 

in the middle, 

the stem, and shaking the larvae 

control 

on to it. 


For 

Chortophila 

the 

(Anthomyia) brassicae, 

successfully 

the author 

used 

has 

the following method: As 

on 

the 

the 

eggs 

stem 

are 

near 

laid 

the surface of the soil and the 

in 

larvae 

10 days, 

hatch 

10 days after the transplanting 

the upper 


layer 

cabbages 

of earth to a depth of half an 

stem 

inch round 

is removed, 

the 

and this spot powdered 

The 

with 

process 

ceistic 

may 

lime. 

be repeated 10 days later, by which 

cabbages 

time, 

will 

the 

have so far developed as to make 

the the 

larvae 

attacks 

harmless. of 

Against Pieris brassicae, 

was used 

fumigation 

with fair succcess; birch tar and 

shavings, 

petrol with 

or better, 

wood 

straw waste, etc., being 

smoke; 

used 

notwithstanding 

to obtain 

the fumigation, some of 

suceeded 

the females 

in ovipositing and the crushing 

hand-picking 

of the eggs, 


the 

larvae and spraying with 

the 

Paris 

further 

green, 

remedies 

are 

recommended. Against Barathra 

stra) brassicae, 

(Maze 

the collection and destruction 

and larvae, 


powdering 

eggs 

with basic slag and slaked 

the 

lime 

larvae 

against 

and reploughing the fields before 

frosts 

the 

to 

arrival 

destroy 


the pupae, are recommended. 

Ila maculipennis 

Against Plute- 

(cruciferarum), more or less 

obtained 

success can 

by destroying 

be 

the eggs, spraying with Paris green 

and by the use of trap crops of rape. [RAE] 

254


0627. Downing, D. L. 1981. 1980 Sauerkraut Seminar. Special 

Rep., N. Y. State Agric. Exp. Sta. No.38, 27 pp. 

These proceedings of the 1980 Sauerkraut Seminar, which 

was held in New York State, contain a total of 10 papers. 

Three of the papers are of interest to agricultural entomology 

and deal with the following subjects: the development of 

resistance in cabbage to cabbage worms (Trichoplusia ni 

(Hb.), Artogeia rapae (L.) and Plutella xylostella (L.)); 

implementation of a pest management program for processing 

cabbage in New York State; and an overview of cabbage insect 

problems. [RAE] 

0628. Eisentraut, A. 1967. Crop and seed pests in Crambe 

abyssinica Hoechst. Nachrichtenbl. Dtsch. Pflanzenschutzdienst 

21:35-38. (in German with English summary). 

The following crop and seed pests of Crambe abyssinica 

were established in tests carried out over three years: 

Ceutorhynchus quadridens Panz., C. assimilis Payk, Neosirocalus 

floralis Payk., Dolycoris baccarum L., Eurydema oleraceum 

L., Lygus rugulipennis Popp., the caterpillar of Plutella 

maculipennis Curt., and the caterpillar of Tephroclystia 

oblongata Thunberg. A description is given of the images on 

crop shell, seed, and seedling and of the damage caused. 

Damage is influenced by the development stage of the host 

plant. For contol, emphasis is laid on crop rotation, weed 

control, and chemical treatment. [BA] 

0629. Kennedy, G. G. and M. F. Abou-Ghadir. 1979. Bionomics 

of the turnip aphid on two turnip cultivars. J. Econ. Entomol. 

72:754-757. 

In greenhouse studies in North Carolina in 1976-77, 

apterous individuals of Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) reared on 

the resistant turnip cultivar Shogoin had a longer prereproductive 

period, produced fewer progeny, and were smaller than 

those reared on the susceptible cultivar Purple Top White 

Globe (PTWG). Similarly, alate aphids reared on radish and 

placed on turnip as prereproductive adults produced fewer 

progeny on Shogoin than on PTWG. Tests in which apterous 

aphids were reared on one cultivar and transferred to the 

other as prereproductive adults indicated that the resistance 

of Shogoin operated primarily against reproductive adults. 

In studies in three field plantings, the aphid was three 

times as abundant on PTWG as on Shogoin in a planting in 

which well-established aphid populations were observed. Myzus 

persicae (Sulz.) and Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) were 

significantly more abundant on Shogoin than on PTWG in one 

planting but no in the other two. Larvae of Piuteila xylostella 

(L.) were significantly more abundant on Shogoin than 

on PTWG in two of the three plantings. [RAE] 

0630. Lamp, C. A. 1965. Aphis resistant rape. Tasmanian J. 

Agric. 36:21-24. 

A variety of rape resistant to Brevicoryne brassicae 

255


(L.) that was developed in New Zealand remained virtually 

free from infestation by this aphid in comparative tests in 

Tasmania in 1963-64, even where two susceptible varieties 

were almost completely destroyed. In some cases it was 

noticeably damaged by repeated reinfestation, though less 

severely than the others. It was infested by Rhopalosiphum 

(Zipaphis) erysemi pseudobrassicae (Davis) and Myzus persicae 

(Sulz.), but neither is apparently of economic importance on 

rape in Tasmania. IL was not preferred by Plutella maculipennis 

(Curt.), which had attacked it more extensively than the 

two other varieties during a test in 1962-63, or by Peries 

rapae (L.). Yields were approximately equal to those of the 

susceptible varieties in the absence of B. brassicae and 

superior in its presence, and stands were clean-grazed by 

stock. [RAE] 

0631. Latheef, M. A. and R. D. Irwin. 1979. The effect of 

companionate planting on lepidopteran pests of cabbage. Can. 

Entomol. 111:863-864. 

Companionate planting is an insect control strategy 

propounded by organic groweres; various herbs are purported 

to posses repellent properties against insect pests, repellent 

plants being members of plant defence guilds that prevent 

herbivores from locating their food-plants. In field 

tests in the spring and autumn of 1978 in Virginia, planting 

the six companionate plants French marigold (Tagetes patula), 

garden nasturtium (Tropaeolum minus), pennyroyal (Mentha 

pulegium), peppermint (M. piperita), garden sage (Salvia 

officinalis) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) round the perimeters 

of plots of cabbage meausring 15 x 6 ft did not result in a 

decrease in the numbers of larvae of Artogeia rapae (L.) 

(Pieris rapae), Plutella xylostella (L.), Hellula rogatalis 

(Hulst) or Trichoplusia ni (Hb.) on the crop nor reduce the 

damage they caused. [RAE] 

0632. Lin, J., C. J. Eckenrode, and M. H. Dickson. 1983. 

Variation in Brassica oleracea resistance to diamondback moth 

(Lepidoptera:Plutellidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 76:1423-1427. 

Seventy-one lines and cultivars of different crucifer 

crops were evaluated for resistance to the diamondback moth, 

Plutella xylostella (L.). Larvae completed development on 

all lines and cultivars, but survival rate and feeding injury 

differed in some tests. In greenhouse experiments, moths 

preferred to oviposit on lines with dark-green leaves such as 

P1234599 cauliflower and G8329 cabbage, Chinese cabbages, and 

Pak choi. All crops with high egg deposition were also 

heavily damaged. However, in field tests, G8329 cabbage, PI 

234599 cauliflower, mature Chinese cabbages, and Pak choi 

were only lightly damaged by small numbers of larvae. Subsequent 

laboratory tests indicated that heavy mortality of 

early lst-instar larvae occurred on G8329 cabbage previously 

grown in the field. 

256


0633. MacDougall, R. S. 1915. Insect pests in 1914. Trans. 

Highland. Agric. Soc. Scotland, Reprint 27 pp. 

The diamondback moth, Plutella maculipennis, appeared 

in overwhelming numbers, beginning early in July. The worst 

damage was done to turnips and swedes, entire fields being 

lost in some cases; cabbage also suffered. According to Mr. 

W. L. Johnston, the most effective method of control is 

stirring deeply between the drills, and when this is accompanied 

by damp weather the crop will not suffer to any great 

extent. [RAE] 

0634. Pimental, D. 1961. An evaluation of insect resistance 

in Broccoli, brussels sprouts, cabbage, collards, and kale. 


Although a plant may not possess any intrinsic resistance 

to an insect pest, its form or situation may increase 

exposure of the pest to natural enemies or weather and thus 

indirectly determine pest abundance. When broccoli, brussels 

srouts, cabbage, collards, and kale, which differ conformation 

and plant surface area, were grown on a plot 75 x 100 ft 

in New York State in 1957, differences were observed in the 

numbers of insects that developed on them. Significantly 

more larvae of Pieris rapae (L.) occurred per plant on brussels 

sprouts and cabbage, which produce heads, than on the 

other plants, which do not. Parasitism of fifth-instar larvae 

was 100% on cabbage, and the parasites concerned, Zenillia 

(Phryxe) vulgaris (Fall.) and Apenteles glomeratus (L.), 

were observed to have difficulty in attacking the larvae in 

crevices on the heading plants. Population of Plutella maculipennis 

(Curt.) and Trichoplusia ni (Hb.) were small, and no 

differences were apparent in numbers or parasitism. Brevicoryne 

brassicae (L.) and Myzus persicae (Sulz.) showed no 

differences on a seasonal basis, but counts on a single day 

when populations were high showed that the former was significantly 

more rumerous on brussels sprouts than on broccoli 

or collards and that the latter was significantly more numerous 

on collards and kale than on brussels sprouts or cabbage; 

there were no differences in parasitism. Differences 

in numbers of Psylliodes runctulata Melsh. and Phyllotreta 

cruciferae (Goeze) were not significant, but P. striolata 

(F.) (vittata (F.)) was significantly more numerous on 

collards and kale than on the other plants. Lygus spp. were 

significantly more abundant on collards than on brussels 

sprouts or cabbage. It is concluded from observations that 

plant resistance can be attributed not only to intrinsic but 

also to extrinsic factors. [RAE] 

0635. Radcliffe, E. B. and R. K. Chapman. 1965. Seasonal 

shifts in the relative resistance to insect attack of eight 

commercial cabbage varieties. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 58:892 

897. 

Throughout the growing season of 1961, frequent evaluations 

were made in Wisconsin of the relative resistance of 

257


eight commercial cabbage varieties to oviposition and larval 

attack by Pieris rapae (L.) and Trichoplusia ni (fb.), to the 

larvae of Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) and to injury by 

Brevicoryne brass icae (L.). Seasonal shifts were observed in 

the relative resistance of the varieties to Pieris, Plutella 

and Brevicoryne, but no significant shifts were found in 

relative resistance to T. ni, which does not occur in appreciable 

numbers until the latter part of the season. Red 

cabbage varieties proved least susceptible to early-season 

oviposition by Pieris and to host selection by alates of 

Brevicoryne, but their susceptibility to both these species 

increased as the season progressed; red varieties are apparently 

more favorable for both these insects than are green 

ones. The varieties least injured by the first generation of 

Pieris tended to be relatively more susceptible to secondgeneration 

oviposition. Population of Plutella were always 

low, but varietal preferences became more pronounced as the 

season advanced. Two green varieties showed significant 

shifts in resistance to this species. [RAE] 

0636. Radcliffe, E. B. and R. K. Chapman. 1966. Varietal 

resistance to insect attack in various cruciferous crops. J. 


The relative resistance to insect attack of 43 varieties 

of cruciferae representing 11 different Brassica crops, 

including 16 green and 5 red varieties of cabbage, were 

studied in field experiments conducted at Kenosha, Wisconsin, 

in 1960. Evaluations were made of the relative insect resistance 

of the various varieties to the cabbage maggot, Hyle-mya 

brassicae (Bouche); the imported cabbageworm. Pieris 

rapae (L.); the diamondback moth, Plutella maculipennis (Curtis); 

and the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner). In 

the varieties screened, a considerable range of relative 

resistance was observed for each of the insect species studied. 

With few exceptions the relative level of resistance 

was found to be primarily a characteristic of the crop species 

and secondarily one of variety. The relative resistance 

of the different varieties to each of the insects was independent 

of the level of resistance to any other species; the 

mechanisms of resistance being different for each insect 

considered. Host selection could not be correlated with 

plant size for any of the insect species studied. In the 

cabbage varieties, host selection by the imported cabbageworm 

was found to be related to foliage color; the red cabbage 

varieties being less susce.ptible to oviposition than any of 

the green varieties. Larval survival of this species was, 

however, favored on the red cabbage varieties, the larva/egg 

ratios being higher on these varieties than on the green 

cabbage. 

0637. Rudder, J. D. and C. H. Brett. 1967. Resistance of 

commercial cruciferous varieties to larvae of the diamondback 

moth in the coastal plain of North Carolina. J. Econ. Ento 

258


mol. 60:1272-1275. 

Cruciferous varieties encompassing 10 different crops 

were compared in the field in the Coastal Plain of North 

Carolina for resistance to larvae of the diamondback moth, 

Plutella maculipennis (Curtis). The most resistant varieties 

were radish, turni,, mustard, and some varieties of cabbage, 

kale, and collard. The most susceptible varieties were broccoli, 

rutabaga, brussels sprouts, cauliflower, and some varieties 

of cabbage, collard, and kale. Vates kale was among 

the most resistant crucifers and Dwarf Siberian kale was one 

of the most susceptible to diamondback moth larvae. In the 

laboratory, newly hatched larvae were observed to enter the 

lower leaf epidermis and live as miners. Vates kale showed a 

higher antibiosis to thes2 larvae than Dwarf Siberian kale. 

An examination of the leaf tissue showed Vates kale to have 

densely compact cells without air spaces, while Dwarf Siberian 

kale had loosely acranged cells and an abundance of air 

spaces. None of the young larvae survived on old hardened 

leaves of either variety. 

0638. Sivapragasam, A., S. P. Tee, and M. Ruwaida. 1982. 

Effects of intercropping cabbage with tomato incidence of 

Plute l xylostela (L.). MAPPS Newsl. 6:6-7. 

Because tomato is purported to contain natural inhibiting 

chemicals and is grown extensively as a monocrop in the 

Cameron Highlands of West Malaysia, the effects of intercropping 

cabbage with tomato on the incidence of Plutella xylostells 

(L.' on cabbage were investigated in the field. Intercropping 

reduced infestation of cabbage by about 36%, but 

there was no significant reduction in damage. It is con3idered, 

nevertheless, that the practice could be an important 

part of a pest management program. (RAE] 

0639. Talekar, N. S. 1981. Search for host plant resistance 

to major insect pests in Chinese cabbage. pp. 164-173. In. C. 

N. Chen, W. Y. Su, and W. F. Hsiao (Eds.). Proceedings of 

Symposium on Production and Insect Control in Cruciferous 

Vegetables. Plant Protection Center, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan, 

ROC. 

Search for insect pest resistance in cruciferous crops, 

especially in Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp pekinensis), 

is a continuing research activity at the Asian 

Vegetable Research and Development Center. During the past 4 

to 5 years we have screened close to 700 Brassica accessions, 

some several times, for resistance to aphids, diamondback 

moth and cabbage webworm. Four accessions belonging to B. 

juncea have been identified as moderately resistant to aphids. 

Two B. campestris accessions have shown moderate resistance 

to diamondback moth and four Chinese cabbage accessions 

have shown low resistance to cabbage webworm. 

0640. Vostrikov, P. 1915. Tomatoes as insecticides. The importance 

of solanaceae in the control of pests of agricul 

259


ture. Novotcherkassk 10:9-12. (in Russian). 

Reference is made to the effects of tomatoes, when 

planted with cabbages, in protecting the latter from attack 

by Pieris brassicae. Observations were made in the province 

of Terek, where the planting of tomatoes always accompanies 

that of cabbages, and it is pointed out that the cabbages 

there are never attacked by P. brassicae and P. rapae or even 

by Barathra (Mamestra) brassicae, Phyllotreta atra, P. nemorum, 

P. cruciferae or Plutella maculipennis (cruciferarum); 

tomatoes are not, however, effective against Aphis brassicae. 

According to Vitkovsky, in the government of Volhynia, the 

coarse tobacco known as "machorka" is sown round gooseberry 

busheb to protect them from Sphaerotheca mors-uvae. It is 

considered probable that other representatives of the family 

Solanaceae may possess the same valuable qualities. [RAE] 


0177, 0262, 0267, 0306, 0369, 0686, 0961. 

260

Insecticide. Toxicology 

10 

0641. Barroga, S. F. and B. Morallo-Rejesus..1981. Mechanism 

of joint action of insecticides on malathion-resistant 

diamondback moth (Plutella xylostell L.). Philipp. Entomol. 

5:115-137. 

Plutella xylostella (L.) which is the most important 

factor limiting the commerical production of cabbage and 

other crucifers in the Philippines, developed multiple resistance 

both to well established and to newly introduced insecticides. 

Toxicological experiments at Laguna and Manila are 

described, in which the effect was tested of mixing malathion 

or mevinphos (to both of which the pest was resistant) with 

other insecticides for application against two populations of 

P. xylostella (one from College that had 305-fold resistance 

to malathion and the other from Trinidad that had 735-fold 

resistance) maintained on potted plants of pechay (Brassica 

campestris). Marked potentiation was observed with a malathion-mevinphos 

mixture in both populations, but antagonism 

between malathion and EPN or trichlorphon and between mevinphos 

and EPN. The potentiation effect was found to be due to 

increased cholinesterase inhibition in both populations 

treated with the malathion-mevinphos mixture, while the antagonistic 

effect of the other mixtures was due to the rapid 

reactivation of the phosphorylated enzyme and the rapid degradation 

of malathion or mevinphos by 13PN especially. The 

resistance of P. xvylostella to inalathion was attributed to 

the decreased sensitivity of its cholinesterase to inhibition, 

to the rapid reactivation of the phosphorylated enzyme 

and to the increased carboxylesterase activity in resistant 

insects. [RAE] 

0642. Beroza, M. 1953. Alkaloids from Tripterygium wilfordii 

Hook. Isolation and structure of wilforzine. J. Amer. Chem. 

Soc. 75:2136-2138. 

A small quantity of a new alkaloid, designated wilforzine, 

was isolated from the roots of Tripterygium wilfordii 

by partition chromatography employing ultraviolet absorbency 

ratios. Upon saponification, the alkaloid yields four moles 

of acetic acid, one nf benzoic acid, one of a nitrogencontaining 

dicarboxylic acid and a polyhydroxy nucleus, which 

was shown to be identical with that previously isolated from 

wilforine, wilfordine, wilforgine and wilfortrine. The dicarboxylic 

acid is identical with the one isolated from wilforine 

and wilforgine. The formula for the sum of the components 

of wilforzine is in agreement with the molecular formula 

C4 1 H470 1 7 N, calculated from elementary analyses on the 

intact alkaloid, which therefore appeares to resemble wilforine 

but to contain one less acetyl group. This conclusion 

is confirmed by the fact that acetylation of wilforzine 

produces wilforine, as judged by the X-ray diffraction pat 

261


terns of their crystals. Evidence is presented that wilforzine 

is not an artificial product. It was much less toxic 

than wilforine to larvae of the diamondback moth (Plutella 

maculipennis (Curt.)). [RAE] 

0643. Clifford, D. P. and P. Jeffrey. 1977. The insecticidal 

and acaricidal properties of some 3 -alkylcarbamoyloximino-2, 

4 dimethyl-1, 5-benzodiazepines. Pestic. Sci. 8:446 

448. 

The toxicity of various 3 

-alkylcarbamoyloxyimino-2, 4dimethyl-l, 

5-benzodiazepines to Aphis fabae Scop., Sitophilus 

granarius (L.), Plutella xylosteila (L.)(maculipennis 

(Curt.)) and Tetranychus urticae Koch was determined in laboratory 

bioassay tests in the UK. In general, the compounds 

showed activity against A. fabae and to a less extent against 

T. urticae. However, the activity was very specific as 

little or no control 

of Musca domestics L., Blatteila germa 

nice (L.), MVvzus persicae (Sulz.) and Tibolium confusum Duv. 

was observed in further tests [RAE] 

0644. Dustan, G. G. 1947. Effect of temperature on toxicity 

of DDT. Can. Entomol. 79:1-4. 

Experiments conducted in temperature-control cabinets 

in a greenhouse in Ontario during the winter of 1945 showed 

that temperature had a marked effect on the toxicity of DDT 

to larvae of Plutella maculipennis Curt. and Phlyctaenia 

rubigalis Gn. The DDT was used at various concentrations as 

an emulsified solution and, in one test, as a powder suspen 

siorn; its contact action was tested on both species 

stomach 

and its 

action on Plutella. Mortality steadily increased as 

the temperature rose "etween 60 and 950F., 

even when conside 

rably more of the spray deposit was ingested at the higher 

temperature than at the lower. A similar effect of temperature 

on the toxicity of DDT to houseflies (Musca domestics 

L.) has been recorded. [RAE] 

0645. Elliott, M. 1954. Allethrin. J. Sci. Food Agric. 5:505 

514. The author reviews work on the structure and synthesis 

of the acid and alcoholic components of the pyrethrins, which 

lead to the preparation of the closely related synthetic 

compound, allethrin, and gives the results of tests to determine 

the relative insecticidal activity and abundance of the 

eight isomeric esters present in it. 

The relative contact toxicities to Phaedon cochleariae 

(F.) of the esters formed by d-allethrolone with d-transchrysanthemic 

acid, di-allethrolone with the d-trans and dltrans 

acids, and J-allethrolone with the 1-trans acid were 

100, 64, 22, and 0.03, respectively. The relative toxicities 

of the esters of dl-allethrolone with the d- and dl-trans, dand 

dl-cis, dl-cis-trans, ]-cis and 1-trans acids were 100, 

35, 21, 15, 32, 2, and 3 in tests on P. cochleariae and 100, 

56, 63, 32, 37, and 6 for the first six in tests on Tenebrio 

262

Insecticide Toxicology 

molitor L. The relative toxicities of some of these esters 

of dl-allethrolone in tests against other insects (100 for 

the d-trans acid ester in each case) were 46, 48, and 85 for 

dl-cis-trans against Plutella maculipennis (Curt.), Macrosiphum 

solanifolii (Ashm.) (euphorbiae, Auct.) and Oryzaephilus 

surinamensis (L.), 72, 33, and 3 for dl-trans, di-cis and Itrans 

against Plutella, and 53 and 25 for di-trans and dl-cis 

against Dysdercus fasciatus Sign. 

Spectrum analysis of the allethrin showed that it con 

tained 75% of the trans and 25% of the cis acids. The dis 

crepancy between this result and that obtained biologically 

may be due to variations in the ratios of alpha and beta 

isomers in the dl-trans-acid ester of dl-allethrolone, in the 

di-cis ester and in allethrin itself, since the alpha and 

beta forms have different insecticidal activities. Such a 

variation might be produced by different reaction conditions 

and varying, non-stoicheiometric ratios of the reagents used 

in the preparation of the esters. 

The effect of various changes in the molecule of alltthrin 

on insecticidal activity is discussed. The biological 

action of the compound appears to be of a similar nature to 

that of the natural pyrethrins, and is associated with the 

particular stereochemical conformation in which the various 

parts of the molecule are held with respect to one another 

and with the ch!emical and physical properties of the groups 

so positioned. No esters of chrysanthemic acid, except those 

with alcohols closely related to pyrethrolone, cinerolone or 

alethrolone, have been reported to show characteristic pyrethrin-like 

activity, and the only acids that give insecticidal 

esters of the keto-alcohols are closely related to chrysanthemic 

acid. 

Although allethrin is inferior to the natural pyrethrins 

against. most species of insects and by most methods of 

application, it is highly active and, unlike many modern 

synthetic insecticides, has, so far, been found harmless to 

mammals. [RAE] 

0646. Elliott, M., P. H. Needham, and C. Potter. 1950. The 

insecticidal activity of substances related to the pyrethrins. 

I. The toxicities of two synthetic pyrethrin-like esters 

relative to that of the natural pyrethrins and the 

significance of the results in the bioassay of closely related 

compounds. Ann. Appl. Biol. 37:490-507. 

The toxicity as contact insecticides of the esters of 

dl- 3 -methyl-2-allyl-cyclopent-2-en-4-ol-l-one with the natural 

d-trans- and the synthetic dl-cis-trans-chrysanthemum 

mono-carboxylic acid (of which the second ester is known as 

allethrin) was compared with that of the natural pyrethrins. 

The comparison was carried out on adults of Phaedon cochleariae 

(F.) and Oryzeephilus syrinamensis (L.), larvae of Plutella 

maculipennis (Curt.), and apterous adults of Macrosiphum 

solanifolii (Ashm.) and Aphis fabae Scop. The compounds 

were applied as aqueous sprays with the addition of 0.1% 

263


sulphonated lorol and 10% acetone in a spraying tower to 

insects on circles of "Tricoline" cloth in petri dishes. It 

was found that the figures for both the absolute and the 

relative toxicities of these compounds varied with the species 

of test-insect used. 

The factors involved in this variation are discussed. 

The extremes of variation of relative toxicity for the compounds 

with the natural and (in brackets) the synthetic acid 

were from about one-eighth (one-sixteenth) as toxic as the 

pyrethrum standard when M. solanifolii was the test insect to 

nearly four times (twice) as toxic as the standard for larvae 

of P. maculipennis. The fully synthetic material was about 

half as toxic as the compound with the natural acid to these 

two insects and Phaedon cochleariae, but considerably more 

than half as toxic to 0. surinamensis. It is pointed out 

that while it is widely recognized that large differences in 

relative toxicity may occur when the effects of chemicals of 

widely different structure and mechanism of action are compared 

on a number of different test species, the fact that 

these differences may also occur with related chemicals with, 

presumably, a similar mechanism of action, has not been 

clearly stated. Even when the differences in relative toxicity 

are taken into account, the two synthetic pyrethrin-like 

esters still show high insecticidal activity. 

It seems reasonable to suppose from the results that 

economic commercial synthesis of pyrethrin-like insecticides 

is not impossible. [RAE] 

0647. Elliott, M., P. H. Needham, and C. Potter. 1969. 

Insecticidal activity of pyrethrins and related compounds: 

II. Relative toxicity of esters from optical and geometrical 

isomers of chryt~anthemic, pyrethric, and related acids and 

optical isomers of cinerolone and allethrolone, J. Sc. Food 

Agric. 20:561-565. 

The relative toxicities of esters related to the natural 

pyrethrins and to allethrin were evaluated against Phaedon 

cochleariae (mustard beetle), Tenebriomolitor (yellow 

mealworm beetle), Dysdercus fasciatus (cotton stainer) and 

Plutella maculipennis (diamondback moth) and the results were 

compared with those of workers who used Musca domestica 

(housefly). With the insect species used here there were no 

outstanding reversals of the toxicity ratings established in 

the studies with M. domestica. However, the toxicities of 

the esters depended more on the nature of the alcohol when 

two acids were compared and on the acid component with different 

alcohols. (+)-Allethrolone and (+)-cinerolone gave more 

toxic esters than their optical isomers but there was less 

difference than had been found with other insect species 

between esters from trans- and cis-chrysanthemic acids. [AE] 

0648. Fraser, J., P. G. Clinch, and R. C. Reay. 1965. N- 

Acylation of N-methylcarbamate insecticides and its effect on 

biological activity. J. Sci. Food Agric. 16:615-618. 

254


N-Acylated methylcarbamates were prepared and tested 

for contact, stomach-poison and systemic insecticidal activities, 

mammalian toxicity, and in vitro anticholinesterase 

activity. The N-acyl derivatives in general had lower mammalian 

toxicities and somewhat lower activities a'gainst insects 

(Cydia pomonella (L.), Plutella xylostella (L.) (maculipennis 

(Curt.)), Phaedon cochleariae (F.), Megoura viciae Bucket. 

and honey bees) than the corresponding unacylated methyicarbamates 

(which included carbaryl and Zectran) and were relatively 

poor inhibitors of bee cholinesterase. Tentative 

reasons are given for these effects. [RAE] 

0649. Goto, T., A. K. Tanaka, N. Yasudomi, N. Osaki, S. 

Iida, and N. Umetsu. 1983. OK-174, a new broad spectrum 

carbamate insecticide, pp.360-367. In Proceedings of 10th 

International Congress of Plant Protection, Brighton, volume 

1, British Crop Protection Council. Croydon, U.K. 

The chemical, toxicological ail- biolgoical properties 

of benfuracarb (OK-174), a new cL.;bamate insecticide from 

Japan, are summarised. It has outstanding insecticidal activity 

against a number of pests and improved mammalian safety. 

In numerous field trials, it has been applied successfully as 

a soil and foliar insecticide, and is effective against many 

pests, including Diabrotica spp., Phyllotreta spp., ifeteronychus 

spp., Cydia pomonella (L.), Leptinotnrsa decemlineata 

(Say), Agriotes spp., Plutella xylostella (L.), Lissorhoptrus 

oryzophilus Kuschel and Aphis gossypii Glov. [RAE] 

0650. Hirano, M. 1979. Influence of post-treatment temperature 

on the toxicity of fenvalerate. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 

14:404-409. 

In studies in Japan on the effect of post-treatment 

temperatures on the toxicity of fenvalerate and other insecticides, 

pyrethrins, and DDT were found to be from 2.5 to 7.3 

times as toxic to larvae of Spodoptera litura (F.) at 150C as 

to 250C by topical application and when the larvae were 

confined with leaves of Chinese cabbage that had been dipped 

in solutins of the insecticides. The toxicity of salithion 

and methomyl applied topically was not affected by the posttreatment 

tempertaures, but there was an effect when the 

leaf-dipping method was used for these compounds. A negative 

temperature coefficient was recorded for fenvalerate, pyrethrins, 

and DDT in respect of the paralysing effect against S. 

litura, knockdown activity against Loodelphax striatella 

(Fall.) and lethal activity against Plutella xylostella (L.). 

[RAE] 

0651. Hirano, M. 1981. Controlling insect pests of Chinese 

cabbage by fenvalerate and cyanophenphos. pp. 185-191. In N. 

S. Talekar and T. D. Griggs (Eds.) Chinese Cabbage: Proceedings 

of the First International Symposium, Asian Vegetable 

Research and Development Center, Shanhua, Tainan, Taiwan, 

ROC. 

265


The insecticidal activity and mode of action of fenvalerate 

and cyanophenphos against insect pests of Chinese 

cabbage were studied. Fenvalerate exhibited high insecticidal 

activity against Spodoptera litura and Plutella .ylostella 

and cyanophenphos showed similar activity against the 

latter. Both compounds showed high levels of residual activity 

against these species but the mode of action was different. 

Dermal toxicity of fenvalerate was higher than oral 

toxicity against S. litura whereas both dermal and oral 

toxicities of cyanophenphos were almost equal. Fenvalerate 

showed a negative temperature coefficient but cyanophenphos 

showed higher efficacy at higher temperatures against P. 

xvi ostella. In the field test, two or three sprays of either 

fenvalerate (100 ppm) or cyanophenphos (250 ppm) during the 

growing season showed equal or superior efficacy against 

Pieris rapae crucivora, P. xylostella, Myzus persicae and 

Thrips spp than three application of the conventinoal dichlorovos 

500 ppm or methomyl 450 ppm sprays. 

0652. Irving, S. N. and T. E. M. Fraser. 1984. Insecticidal 

activity of tranlomethrin: electrophysiological assay reveals 

that it acts as a propesticide. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 32:111 

113. 

The activity of the pyrethroid tralomethrin was assessed 

by using an elecrophysiological assay (monitoring the 

release of miniature excitatory postsynaptic potentials) on 

the larvae of Heliothis virescens (F.), Chilo partellus 

(Swinh.) and Piutelia xyloste]i8 (L.). Small quantities of 

deltamethrin in the tralomethrin sample were sufficient to 

explain the observed activity. Tralomethrin is shown to be 

unstable and debromination of tralomethrin to deltamethrin 

occurred rapidly in simulated sunlight. There is therefore 

evidence that tralomethrin is not intrinsically active. [RAE] 

0653. Jager, A. 1966. On the mode of action and possibilities 

of use of Minacide, a new carbamate insecticide. pp. 

188-193. In Proceedings of the German Society for Applied 

Entomology, Part II. Z. Angew. Entomol. 58:107-193. (in German). 

The author gives an account of the properties and 

effectiveness of an alkylated phenylcarbamate insecticide, 

defined 3 

as -methyl-5-isopropylphenyl methylcarbamate and 

known as Minacide, Schering 34615 or Carbamult. It is a 

crystalline colorless substance that melts at 87-87.5 0 C, 

boils at 117 0 C, dissolves well in organic solvents but to 

less than 0.1% in water. It is characterised by moderate 

acute oral toxicity but relatively low dermal and chronic 

oral toxicities, proved effective in laboratory test in a 

wide range of insects, showing a high initial toxicity. It 

acts primarily as a contact poison, but also as a stomach 

poison and to some extent as a fumigant, but having no systemic 

action and a moderately persistent effect. In field 

tests, at 0.54 lb. toxicant per acre in a wettable-powder 

266


spray, it gave good control of Silpha (Blitophaga) opaca L., 

Meligethes aenpus (F.), Plutella xylostella (L.) (maculipennis 

(Curt.)), Pieris brassicae (L.), P. rapae (L.) and fleabeetles. 

[RAE] 

0654. Kono, Y. and Y. Manabe. 1983. Insecticidal activity of 

TIA-230 and aliesterases in several insect species. J. Takeda 

Res. Lab. 42:330-337. (in Japanese with English summary). 

Insecticidal activity of TIA-230, and influence of 

piperonyl butoxide (PB) and Kitazin P (IBP) on its activity 

were investigated in five species of insects, Spodoptera 

litura, Plutella xylostella, Henosepilochna wigintioctopunctata, 

Laodelphax striatellus and Nephotettix cincticeps. 

The oxidized form of TIA-230 with phosphinyloxysulfonate 

group showed higher inhibitory acctivity against acetylcholine 

esterase (AChE) of all insect species than TIA-230 

itself. PB, an inhibitor of monooxygenase, showed negative 

synergistic action in P. xylostella and H. vigintioctopunctata 

when it was co-applied with TIA-230. These results seemed 

to support the idea of oxidative activation of TIA-230 in 

insect body. But, there was no correlation between the 

insecticidal activity ' ,d the anti-AChE activity of the oxidation 

product. Synergistic action of IBP to TIA-230 was 

observed in adults of H. vigintioctopunctata, L. striatellus, 

and N. cincticeps which were less susceptible to TIA-230, and 

this synergism correlated well with strong ali-esterase (AliE) 

inhibition in vivo and in vitro by IBP. In susceptible 

insect species, both the synergistic action and the AliE 

inhibition by IBP were weak or not observed at all. In N. 

cincticeps, activity of all AliE bands isolated by electrophoresis 

was strongly inhibited by TIA-230 in vitro. The 

characteristics of these AliE, strong affinity to TIA-230, 

and large capacity to conjugate with it might have a role in 

the tolerance of this species to TIA-230. 

0655. Kozawa, M., K. Baba, Y. Matsuyama, T. Kido, M. Sakai, 

and T. Takemoto. 1982. Components of the root of Anthriscus 

sylvestris Insecticidal activity. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) 

30:2885-2888. 

Deoxypodophyllotoxin (anthricin) (I), anthriscinol methyl 

ethyl ether and (Z)-2-angeloyloxymethyl-2-butenoic acid, 

isolated from the root of A. sylvest. Hofft., exerted 

insecticidal activity on the adults of ._ tella germanica, 

and on the larvae of'Culex pipiens molestus, Plutella xylostells 

and Epilachna sparso orientalis. In particular, the 

activity of I (the main lignan component of A. sylvestris 

root) was so strong as to cause the death of 80% of the 

larvae of C. p. molestus at a concentration of 5 ppm. The 

epimer at the 2-position of I (deoxypicropodophyllin (isoanthricin)) 

was not insecticidal. [BA] 

0656. Kumar, K. and R. B. Chapman. 1983. Toxicity of insecticides 

to diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.). N. Z. 

267


J. Exp. Agric. 11:77-81. 

Dosage-mortality relationships for permethrin, fenvalerate, 

methamidophos, and carbaryl against diamondback moth, 

Plutella xylostella (L.) were determined under laboratory 

conditions by caging larvae on broccoli leaf discs, which had 

been sprayed under a Po'ter 'ower, and by spraying adults 

directly. LCso values were determined at 48 h. The toxicity 

of permethrin and fenvalerate to third instar larvae was 10 

to 160 times more than methamidophos and carbaryl respectively. 

The effect of post-treatment tempertures of 150C and 

250C on the toxicity of the four insecicides to larvae was 

also determined. A marked increase in toxicity of pyrethroids, 

and decrease in toxicity of carbaryl, was observed at 

150C. [RAE] 

0657. Lange, W. and H. Schmutterer. 1982. Experiments with 

synergists to improve the effect of metamorphosis disruptin 

3f a crude methanolic extract of the neem tree (Azadirachta 

indica). Z. Pflanzenkr. Pflanzenschutz. 89:258-265. (in German 


A laboratory study carried out in the Federal Republic 

of Germany showed that the synergist piprotal (Tropital) 

increased the growth-disrupting effect of a methanolic neem 

kernel extract (ratio 1:2) in 4th-instar larvae of Epilachna 

varivestis Muls. about 6-fold. Sesamex (Sesoxane) also increased 

the effectiveness of the extract, but not significantly 

so, Piperonyl butoxide and S-421 had neither a synergistic 

nor antagonistic effect. In lst-instar larvae of E. 

varivestis, piprotal also increased the effectiveness of the 

extract, but to a lesser extent than in 4th-instar larvae. 

In Plutella xylostella (L.), sesamex and piprotal improved 

the effectiveness of the neem kernel extract about 3-fold; 

the pupal mortality rate was considerably higher than in 

untreated insects. Piperonyl butoxide and S-421 were again 

ineffective. [RAE] 

0658. Lord, K. A. and C. Potter. 1951. Studies on the mechanism 

of insecticidal action of organo-phosphorus compounds 

with particular reference to their anti-esterase activity. 

Ann. Appl. Biol. 38:495-507. 

Previous work has indicated that the toxicity to insects 

of parathion, TEPP, and HETP of which TEPP is the 

principal insecticidally active constituent, is due to their 

inhibition of cholinesterases, and an account is given of 

further studies on the anti-esterase activity of these compounds. 

An esttrase extract prepared from larvae of Tenebrio 

molitor L. by a method that is described, hydrolysed ethyl 

butyrate snd o-nitrophenyl acetate, but not acetylcholine, 

and was inhibited by TEPP-containing materials and parathion. 

An enzyme that hydrolyses o-nitrophenyl acetate and was inhibited 

by a TEPP-containing material (HETP) was also demonstrated 

in eggs and larvae of Diataraxia oleracea (L.), eggs 

of Ephestia kuehniella Zell., larvae of Plutella maculipennis 

268


(Curt.), and Macrosiphum solnifolii (Ashm.) (euphorbine 

Auct.), and 74. onobrychis (Boy) (Ac.vrthosiphon pisi (Kalt.)). 

The relative toxicities as contact sprays to adults of 

Tribolium castaneum (Hbst.) of ten samples of materials containing 

TEP' were compared with their relative activities as 

esterase inhibitors. There was not an exact quantitative 

correlation between TEPP content estimated chemically, toxicity 

and anti-esterase activity, but the correlation was 

sufficient to suggest interdependence of three factors. 

The enzyme in the eggs of D. oleracen and E. kuehniela 

was already present in them when they were less than 24 hours 

old and showed no visible sign of development. TrAPP was 

shown to be toxic to these eggs, and at high concentrations 

it killed them at an early stage uf development before differentiation 

of the nervous system. This, in conjunction with 

the other evidence, suggests that esterases other than the 

cholinesterase of the nervous system are important when considering 

the toxic action of these compounds. 

Comparisons of the anti-esterase activity and toxicity 

of parathion and TEPP-containing materials as contact insecticides 

showed that although the TEPP materials were the more 

potent enzyme inhibitors, parathion was the more potent contact 

insecticide to five species of insects. This appears to 

be due to the relative instability of TEPP. A study of the 

rates of action of the two poisons applied at. different 

concentrations supported this view. (RAE] 

0659. Mayer, E. L., E. R. McGovran, F. B. Talley, and J. J. 

Willaman. 1950. Tests for synergism between nicotine and 

phthalonitrile and between nicotine and 2,3,4,5,6--pentachloroanisole. 


In -xperiments to determine the degree of synergism 

between nicotine and phthalonitrile or 2,3,4,5,6--pentachloroanisole, 

both of which are insecticidal by themselves, 

lepidopterous and coleopterous larvae were treated by infesting 

dusted foliage of their food-plants, Heliothrips haemorrhoidelis 

(Bch.) by confining it with a dusted citrus leaf, 

and adults of Drosophila sp. by confining them with dusted 

filter paper and a few grains of granulated sugar. Nymphs of 

Macrosiphum onobrychis (Boy.) (pisi (Kalt.)) were dusted on 

the underside of bean leaves, and fourth-instar larvae of 

Cirphis unipuncta (Haw.) were fumigated in pet'i dishes in 

the presence of untreated food. Final mortality counts were 

made after two days for M. onobrychis and after three for all 

other insects. The results for all tests are summarised in a 

table, and another gives the detailed figures for tests with 

phthalonitrile and Plutella maculipennis (Curt.), while dosage 

mortality curves for the toxicants separately and together 

illustrate the different patterns of synergism against 

some of the insects. 

Nicotine and phthalonitrile showed definite synergism 

against M. onobrychis, C. unipuncta, P. maculipennis and 

Phryganidia ca.lifornica Pack. , doubtful or no synergism 

269


against Gastrophvsa cyanes (MeIsh.), Phlyctoenia rubigajis 

(Gn.) and Drosophila, and antagonism against the thrips. 

Nicotine and pentachloroanisole were tested only against 

Plutella and Cirphis and showed neither synergism nor antagonism. 

A detailed method of calculating synergism and a 

one 

short 

that is described were both applied to four groups 

data 


given in this paper and to five other groups, and the 

numerical values obtained confirmed the conclusions of synergism 

and antagonism in these cases. Sprays containing 0.1% 

nicotine with 0.3% phthalonitrile or 0.15% pentachloroanisole 

caused no injury to the foliage of maize, cucumber, potato, 

cabbage or wax bean. [RAE] 

0660. Mayer, E. L., R. H. Nelson, C. F. Woodward, and J. J. 

Willaman. 1951. Effect of the ratios of nicotine to bis(pchlorophenyl) 

sulfide and bis(p-ch.Lorophenyl) disulfide on 

synergism. J. Econ. Entomol. 44:946-949. 

In further attempts to find synergists for nicotine, 

nicotine alkaloid and nicotine sulphate were prepared 

dusts 

as 

by deposition from a solvent on bentonite and attapulgite, 

respectively, and combined with various proportions of 

di(p--chlorophenyl) sulphide or di(p-chlorophenyl) disulphide. 

Sprays with the sulphide were also prepared. The insects 

tested were third-instar larvae of Leucania (Cirphis) unipuncta 

(Haw.), Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) and Gastrophysa 

cyanea (Melsh.), fourth-instar larvae of Phryganidin californice 

Pack., second-instar nymphs of Macrosiphum pisum (Harris) 

(pisi (Kalt.)) and all stages of Aph.is fabue Scop. The 

lepidopterous and coleopterous larvae were enclosed with 

treated foliage of their food-plants, and the aphids were 

dusted on leaves. 

In the tests with dusts, nicotine sulphate was used 

with the sulphide against all insects and with the disulphide 

against Leucania and Plutella, and nicotine alkaloid was used 

with the sulphide against these two and A. fabae. The sprays 

were tested against Leucania only. The results were analysed 

according to the short method previously described and are 

given in tables. Synergistic effects were shown against all 

insects, and they were gretest for the sulphide and nicotine 

sulphate against Leucania, Plutella, and M. p'sum and for the 

sulphide and nicotine alkaloid against Plutella. Against 

Leucania, the most effective ratios of nicotine to the sulphide 

were those between 0.05:1 and 1.5:1, with a peak at 

0.25:i, and the most effective ratios of nicotine to the 

disulphide were 0.25:1 and 1:1. In the spray tests, synergism 

was demon t'rated between nicotine sulphate and sulphide 

only in the low ratio of 0.05:1, but there was a high degree 

of synergism between nicotine alkaloid and the sulphide at 

all ratios tested. 

In experiments made once a week for five consecutive 

weeks to determine the effect of feeding on maize and barley 

on the susceptibility of Leucania, mixtures of nicotine sulphate 

and the sulphide showed higher synergism at the ratio 

270


of 0.25:1 than at 1:5:1 and higher synergism for each mixture 

on maize than on barley. The effect of food was also apparent 

when A. fabae was fed on rhubarb and on nasturtium; 

significant synergism was observed on the first, but not on 

the second. Data obtained between February and July showed 

no consistent seasonal effect on synergism against Leucania. 

[RAE] 

0661. Minamite, Y., H. Hirobe, H. Ohgami, and Y. Katsuda. 

1978. A novel pyrethroid, alkoxycyclopropanecarboxylic acid 

esters: its insecticidal activities and photostability to 

sunlight. J. Pestic. Sci. 3:437-439. 

Novel alkoxycyclopropanecarboxylic acid esters have 

been developed in Japan by modification of chrysanthemic 

acid. They have been shown to be highly toxic to various species 

of insects (including Spodoptera litura (F.) and Plutella 

xylostella (L.) (maculipennis (Curt.))) and to be moderately 

effective both against susceptible strains of the green 

rice leafhopper (Nephotettix spp.) and against strains resistant 

to organophosphorus and carbamate compounds. the esters 

were much more stable in sunlight than allethrin, resemethrin 

or permethrin when tested as deposits on glass under summer 

conditions. [RAE] 

0662. Morallo-Rejesus, B. and D. Eroles. 1976. Potentiation 

of paired insecticide combinations on Plutella xylostella 

(Linn.) and otehr cabbage insects. Philipp. Entomol. 3:225 

240. 

In laboratory tests in the Philippines of the potentiation 

or synergistic effect of one insecticide on another in 

paired mixtures against resistant strains of Plutella xylostella 

(L.) on cabbage, the eight compounds were first tested 

at their LDsos, LD25s, LDlos and LDis against third-instar 

larvae. Compounds effective at the LDio level were then 

further tested in mixed pairs in the ratio 1:10. Marked 

potentiation was observed at LD25 and LDio all treatments 

except for malathion combined with methyl-parathion and mevinphos 

with diazinon. At dosages in the 1:10 ratio, EPN with 

mevinphos or malathion, and mevinphos dichlorvos (DDVP), 

carbaryl or methyl-parathin, gave over 89% mortality. 

In field tests with the paired mixtures in the 1:10 

ratio against P. xylostella, Heliothis armigera (Bb.) (Ilelicoverpa 

armigera), Spodoptera litura (F.), Agrotis ipsilon 

(Hfn.), Crocidolomia binotalis Zell., and the aphid Myzus 

persicae (Sulz.), all on cabbage, the mixtures were more 

effective than single insecticides against P. xylostella. 

The other lepidoptera were effectively controlled by all 

sprays (except carbaryl) applied eight weeks after transplanting. 

Against M. persicae, the most effective paired mixtures 

were EPN with mevinphos, methyl-parathion with carbaryl, 

and EPN with carbaryl, in order of decreasing efficacy. 

EPN with carbaryl gave thie greatest mean weight of marketable 

cabbage heads, followed by mevinphos or EPN with carbaryl. 

271


EPN applied alone at 0.09% toxicant caused the 

cabbage 

death 

plants, 


but its phytotoxicity was minimised or 

lledcance 

when this compound was combined with mevinphos, carbaryl 

or malathion or when it was used alone at 0.009%. [RAE] 

0663. Nagano, M., H. Oguchi, and Y. Sato. 1980. 

insecticidal 

Mode of 

activities of Pirimiphos-methyl 

against 

(Actellic) 

the tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera liturn and 

ndback 

the diamo 

moth, Plutella xylostella. J. Takeda Res. Lab. 39:123 

131. (in Japanese with English summary). 

The insecticidal activities of pirimiphos-methyl 

examined were 

in different growth stages of the tobacco 

S. 

cutworm, 

litura and the diamondback moth, P. xylostella. 

ovicidal High 

activity of the insecticide was observed 

both 

against 

species, although it was inferior to chlorpyrifos-methyl. 

In the tobacco cutworm the activity after 

application 

topical 

was higher than after oral application. 

period 

The 

of residual activity of pirimiphos-methyl 

leaves 

on cabbage 

was shorter than those of dimethylvinphos and 

fosprothio 

and longer than that of chlorpyrifos-mehtyl. 

dal 

In 

activity, 

pupici 

pirimiphos-methyl was the strongest insecticide 

tested. The insecticide was effective in killing 


the 

the 

adults 

tobacco cutworm. Vapor action could kill the diamondback 

moth larvae. The cholineesterase (ChE) activity 

head and 


the 

the 

abdominal nerve cord of the tobacco 

inhibited 

cutworm 

-90% 

was 

by 10- 5 M pirimiphos-methyl in vitro. 

tionConduc 

in the tobacco cutworm central nerve cord was 

application 

blocked 


by 

10-6 M pirimiphos-methyl in an isolated 

rationprepa 

where the larvae were treated topically. Pirimiphosmethyl 

may be oxidized into a more potent anti-ChE substance. 

[BA] 

0664. Obayashi, H., Y. Kono, T. Kawakami, and 

The 

Y. Sato. 

influence 

1983. 

of particle size on insecticidal activity 

photolysis 

and 

of TI-78, S,S'-(2-(dimethylamino) 

bis 

trimethylene) 

(benzenethiosulfonate). J. Takeda Res. Lab. 42:78-86. (in 


A new agricultural insecticide, coded TI-78 

name 

(common 

proposed to ISO as "bensultap"), is highly 

primarily 

effective 

against Colorado potato beetle, rice stem borer 

diamondback 

and 

moth. The influence of particle size 

cidal 

on insecti 

activity and photolysis of TI-78 was studied 

formulations: 

using 8 

6 wettable powders having different particle 

sizes (6.1, 11.7, 18.0, 27.2, 44.1 and 61.0 um in 

diameter), 

volume mean 

an aqueous flowable suspension (flowable, 

1.77 

FL; Dv 

kim) and an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) 

A 

preparations. 

foliar spray of particle sizes 6.1-18.0 was 

effective 

maximally 

against larvae of the 28-spotted lady 

the 

beetle 

diamondbakc 

and 

moth. However, in topical application 

the 

against 

larvae of the lady beetle, effectiveness increased 

sely to particle 

inver 

size, and EC was the mort effective. 

positionDecom 

of a sample of TI-78 sprayed on plant leaves (potato 

and cabbage) and dripped onto the glass surface under sunligt 

272


was accelerated as particle size became smaller, especially 

in the flowable and EC preparations. These results seem to 

explain well the observation that the optimum particle size 

for insecticidal activity exists around 10 um in the foliar 

spray under sunlight. Using the above findings,, an effective 

preparation consisting of a wettable powder has been developed 

for practical use. 

0665. Ohkawa, H., N. Mikami, K. Kasamatsu, and J. Miyamoto. 

1976. Stereoselectivity in toxicity and acetylcholinesterase 

inhibition by the optical isomers of papthion and papoxon. 

Agric. Biol. Chem. 40:1857-1861. 

The synthesis of Papthion and papoxon, optically active 

at the alpha-carbon of the alpha-ethoxycarbonylbenzyl moiety, 

was described. The optical isomers of papthion and papoxon 

exhibited a marked selectivity in the toxicity and anticholinesterase 

activity, respectively. d-Papthion was more toxic 

to mosquito (Culex pipiens pallens), rice stem borer (Chilo 

suppressa.lis), diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) and 

mice than the 1-isomer. l-Papthion was more toxic to houseflies, 

and less toxic to mice and other insects than the disomer. 

Selectivity in toxicity appears to be directly related 

to the selective inhibition in vitro of acetylcholinesterase 

by the optical isomers of papoxon. [BA] 

0666. Ohkawa, H. 1976. Synthesis and biological action of 

optical isomers of organophosphorus esters. J. Pestic. Sci. 

1:325-334. 

The history and methods of synthesis of optical phosphorus 

isomers including phosphonothiolate, O--2-butyl S-2 

(ethylthio) ethylphosphono thiolate, phosphoroamidothioate 

and optical isomers of papthion, papoxon, malathion and malaoxon 

are discussed in relation to their optical purity, 

absolute structure, anticholinesterase activity and pesticidal 

action, herbicidal, and fungicidal properties, and anticancer 

action in humans and animals (mice and rabbits). 

Anticholinesterase properties have been studied with sera of 

humans, cows, horses, and electric eels, and with housefly 

heads. Toxic properties have been studied with houseflies, 

mosquitoes, rice stem borers, diamondback moth and white 

mice. Herbicidal action of phosphoroamidoth ate was observed 

with Deccan grass and rice. Fungicidal properties were 

not confirmed by qny previous studies and must be studied 

further. [BA] 

0667. Ohno, N., K. Fujimoto, Y. Okuno, T. Mizutani, M. Hirano, 

N. Itaya, T. Honda, and H. Yoshioka. 1976. 2-Arylalkanoates, 

a new group of synthetic pyrethroid esters not containing 

cyclopropanecarboxylates. Pestic. Sci. 7:241-246. 

Although structural modifications of natural pyrethrin 

constituents have produced a variety of potent synthetic 

analogues, all known examples are cyclopropanecarboxylate 

esters, a grouping that appeared to be essential for insecti 

273


cidal activity. Some new substituted 2-phenylalkanoates with 

insecticidal activities of a similar nature and potency to 

those of conventional pyrethroids have been produced in the 

laboratory in Japan. 5-Benzyl-3-furylmethyl and 3-phenoxybenzyl 

3-methyl-2-phenylbutyrates with insecticidal activities 

of a similar nature and pr)tency to those of conventional 

pyrethroids have been syniLhesized. 5-Benzyl-3-furylmethyl 

and 3-phenoxybenzyl 3 -methyl-2-phenylbutyrates and their 

analogues were shown to be potent insecticides. Activity was 

increased with the introduction of appropriate groups into 

the 3 or 4 positions (or both) of the ary] ring, and the (S) 

2-phenylalkanoates were far more active than their (R)-enantiomorphs. 

Relationships between structure and activity of 

the new compounds were compared with Lhose of conventional 

pyrethroids. The toxicity of some of the new compounds to 

Musca domestica L., Spodopteru -liturn (F.) and Plutella xylostella 

(L.) compared favorably with that of conventional 

insecticides. [RAE] 

0668. Potter, C. and F. Tattersfield. 1943. Ovicidal properties 

of certain insecticides of plant origin (nicotine, pyrethrins, 

derris products). Bull. Entomol. Res. 34:225-244. 

The pyrethrins, nicotine, rotenone and a derris resin 

have been tested in the laboratory under standard conditions 

for their ovicidal effect. The test-subjects were: Pieris 

brassicae, L., Plutella maculipennis, Curt., Aphis rhamni, 

Boy., Ephestia kuehniella, Zell., and Sitotroga cerealella, 

01. Notes on the technique of egg production are given for 

these species. In the majority of the tests made, a water 

medium containing acetone together with sulphonated lorol as 

a wetting agent was used. It has been shown that all these 

products are toxic to the species on which they were tested. 

Lauryl thiocyanate, bata-butoxy bata'thiocyanodiethyl ether 

[butyl carbitol thiocyanate] and 3,5 dinitro-o-cresol were 

included as substances of recognized ovicidal value for purposes 

of comparison. All the above insecticides derived from 

plants compared favorably in their toxic action with the 

synthetics. In two instances during tests on eggs of E. 

kuehniellB, data were obtained enabling a satisfactory 3tatistical 

comparison of relative potency to be made. In the 

first of these, the pyrethrins were found to be 8.45 + 1.47 

times as toxic Ps 3,5 dinitro-o-cresol, while in the second 

the pyrethrins were found to be 2.66 f 0.26 times as toxic as 

a Derris elliptica resin (rotenone content 37-40%). It therefore 

appears that both the pyrethrins and the derris resin 

were more toxic, weight for weight, than 3,5 dinitro-ocresol, 

which is recognized as one of the most potent ovicides. 

The above vegetable poisons were found to be toxic 

not only to eggs developing in a few clays without a diapause, 

but also to those of Aphis rhamni, a species of overwintering 

egg. The tests on A. rhamn.i were made at the time the eggs 

were just starting to hatch. The same result might not have 

been obtained with eggs at an earlier stage of development. 

274


Observations were made on the effect of the different 

insecticides on the development of the egg. This effect appeared 

to differ with each substance, either qualitatively or 

quantitatively, but within the limits of the experiment it 

seemed to be independent. of te species of the egg. [RAE] 

0639. Pradhan, S. .1949. Studies on the toxicity of insecticide 

films. I. Preliminary investigations on concentrationtime-mortality 

retation. Bull. Entomol. Res. 40: 1-25. 

The author gives a detailed account of laboratory studies 

on the toxicity of dry fi lms left, by sprays of DDT and 

gamma BHC (the gamma isomer of benzene hexachloride) in which 

a constant amount of spray per unit area was applied and the 

relation between concentration, duration of exposure, and 

mortality was investigated. The test insects were adults of 

Tribolium castaneum Hbst. and Macrosiphum (Afacrosiphoniella) 

sanborni Gill . and larvae of PIutel lit mculipennis Curt. and 

the techniques adopted for keeping them in contact with the 

films are described. Adults of 7'. castaneum proved the most 

suitable for experimental work; they cannot climb perpendicular 

gliss surfaces, and can be kept. in continuous contact 

with insecticidal films without difficulty. Attempts were 

made to reduce the fumigant effects of gamma BIC progressively 

by confining the insects over films by means of cones of 

varying degrees of airiness, and to differentiate it from the 

effects of direct contact by confining them on muslin at a 

distance from films by means of inverted crystallisation 

dishes. The fumigant action of this compound was found to be 

considerable and apparently impossible to eliminate entirely, 

even when the insects were confined on muslin under open 

truncated cones. [RAEI 

0670. Pradhan, S. 1949. Studies on the toxicity of insecticide 

films. I. Effect of temperature on the toxicity of DDT 

films. Bull. Entomol. Res. 40:239--265. 

An account is given of experiments on the relation 

between temperature arid the toxicity of dry films left by 

sprays of DDT to adults of Tribolium castaneum Hbst. and 

larvae of Pt elI in macul ipenn is Cur t . The temperatures testd 

ranged from 56 to 950F. The mortatiy varied directly with 

temperture when the insects were exposed continuously to the 

films and i nversely with i t when insects that had been exposed 

at the same-temperature were subsequently kept at 

different ones. When insects that had been exposed to the 

film at different temperatures were subsequently transferred 

to the same one, mw.rtolity was highest. among adults of T. 

castaneum that had been in contact with the film at high 

temperatures and larvae of 1'. mculipenn is that had been in 

contact with it at low ones; the larvae were observed to 

cover the fi Im with considerably more si Iken threads at high 

than at low temperatures, and thus avoided contact with the 

film to a greater extent. Some evidence was obtained in a 

preliminary experiment with Tribolium that the toxicity of 

275


the film was increased by high humidity. 

A review of the literature made in the light of these 

conclusions indicated that many of the observations made upon 

the relation between teniperture and toxicity can be accounted 

for by the following generalizations. The resistar;.e of insects 

to poisons resembles their other vital functions in 

changing with temperature, increasing up to a critical degree 

and then declining. The amount of poison that reaches the 

site of action in unit time also varies with the temperature, 

generally, but not. always, increasing as it rises, and insect 

activity, especially loconotion and respiration, may play an 

importanr part in determining it. The apparent effects of 

temperature on insecticidal action result from combin-itions 

of these two factors. [RAE] 

0671. Pradhan, S. 1949. Studies on the toxicity of insecticide 

films. 111. Effect of relative humidity on the toxicity 

of films. Bull. Entomol. Res. 40:431-444. 

In this third paper of a series, an account is given of 

experiments on the effect of relative humidity on the toxicity 

of dry films left by sprays of DDT and DNC (dinitrocresol) 

to adults of Tribolium castnneum Hbst. and larvae of 

Plutella maculipennis Curt. The humidity was varied during 

the exposure period or the subsequent reaction period. It 

was found that DDT and DNC were more toxic to adults of T. 

castaneum at high relative humidities during either period, 

but that vhereas the toxicity of DNC to larvae of P. maculipennis 

was also higher at high humidity, that of DDT was 

lower. No general principle regarding the effect of humidity 

on toxicity could be deduced from these experiments or from 

the literature, which is briefly reviewed. Results obtained 

by other workers with vatous insects and insecticides are 

given in a table. There appear to be indications that toxicity 

is influenced only within the higher ranges of humidity 

and at the higher concentrations of insecticide; furthermore, 

the effect of humidity on susceptibiliLy may be different in 

different stages of the same species of insect. [RAE] 

0672. Sakai, M. 1964. Studies on the insecticidal action of 

nereistoxin, 4-N,N-dimethyl-amino-l,2-dithiolane. I. Insecticidal 

properties. Jpn. J. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 8:324-333. 

The dead bodies of the marine Annelid Lumbriconereis 

heteropoda are toxic to various insects. The toxic principle 

was isolated in 1934, found to act as a nerve poison and 

named nereistoxin. It was determined as 4-N,N-dimethylamino 

1,2-dithiolane in 1962 and synthesised. Preliminary tests of 

its effect on insects showed that it was inferior in toxicity 

to DDT and parathion, but that knockdown was rapid, though 

not always irreversile. 

In further tests of its toxicity to insects and mites, 

the synthetic hydrogen oxalate of nereistoxin was used. Dil'te 

solutions were prepared with acetone or acetone and 

water and tested in various ways. Differences in toxicity 

276


resulted from different methods of administration. In general, 

oral toxicity was greater than contact toxicity. Some 

irsects recovered from initial knockdown, and mortality was 

highest for chewing insects such Chilo suporessalis (Wlk.), 

Pieris rapae (L.), Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) and others. 

Aphids (Aphis glycines Mats.) and mites (1'etranychus kanzawai 

Kishida) were relatively tolerant of the poison. Mortality 

from topical applications was greater for C. suppressalis 

than for Musca domestica L. or Blattella germanica (L.), from 

which differences in ability to permeate the cuticle were 

presumed. The possibility of developing new insecticidal 

compounds from nereistoxin was indicated. The toxic symptoms 

differed from those caused by organophosphates and chlorinated 

hydrocarbons, showing that the modes of action are not 

the same. [RAE] 

0673. Sakai, M. 1971. The chemistry and action of cartap. 

Jpn. Pestici. Inf. No. 6:15-12. 

An account is given of the development of cartap, a 

derivative of nereistoxin, and its hydrochloride as insecticides 

in Japan, together with information on their chemical 

properties, insecticidal effectiveness, mode of insecticidal 

action and toxicity to vertebrates. In experiments with 

Chilo suppressalis (WIk.), persistent residues of the hydrochloride 

were more toxic than those of nereistoxin. When 

applied in granules to rice-fields, the hydrochloride gave 

effective control of rice insects, and, when applied as a 

soluble powder or a dust to the foliage, it was toxic to the 

adults and reduced ovipositin. It was effective against 

strains of C. suppressalis resistant to BHC and some organophosphorus 

insecticides. Other species that can be controlled 

by it include Agrom.yza oryzae (Munakata), Lema (Oulema) oryzae 

Kuway., Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Gn.), Parnara guttata 

(Bremer) and a leaf nematode on rice, Ostrinia varialis 

Bremer on bean, Plutella xylostella (L.) on cruciferous 

crops, Empoasca (Chlorita) flavescens (F.) and Melanagromyza 

theae (Cotes) on tea, Phyllonorycter (Lithocolletis) ringoniella 

(Mats.) on apple, C.ydia (Grapholitha) molesta (Busck) 

on pear and Kakjvor.in flavofasciata Nagano on persimmon (Diospyros 

kski). Insects affected by this material rapidly become 

paralysed, but recover slowly unless continuously exposed 

to it. [RAE] 

0674. Sato, Y. 1968. Insecticidal action of' phytoecdysones. 

Appl. Entomol. Zool. 3: 155-162. 

The insecticidal action of phytoecdysones, i.e. ponasterone 

A, ecdysterone, inokosterone, and cyasterone was investigated 

for various insects. The high insecticidal action 

was found when phytoecdysones were applied on the body surface 

of Chilo suppressalis larvae, Plutella xylostel]a larvae 

and Culex pipiens molestus larvae. However, Musca domestica 

larvae and Pieris rapae crucivora were tolerant against the 

substances. The insecticidal activity for the rice stem 

277

Diamondback Moth Bibliogcaphy 

borer larvae varied with the developmental stage. That in, 

the nondiapausing final instar larvae were more sensitive 

against the phytoecdysone than the 3rd instar and the diapau 

sing larvae. 

0675. Sauvage, F. 1947. Hexachlorocyclohexane: insecticide 

of the future. pp. 237-244. in Report, !st International 

Congress of Plant Protection, Heverlee, 1946. (in French). 

The author reviews the chemical composition of benzene 

hexachloride, the diverse toxic properties of the four known 

isomers and the paralytic effect of the compound on inset;.s, 

anu gives graphs showing its toxicity and that of DDT to 

various insects and to Crustacea. It has been used with 

success in Belgium as a dust against several insects, including 

thrips on grape vines in glasshouses and Hylemyia (Chortophila) 

brassicae Bch., Plutella maculipennis Curt., and 

flea-beetles on cabbage, but has given conflicting results 

against aphids. The respective advantages of sprays and 

dusts are compared, and the toxicity of the gamma isomer to 

warm-blooded animals is briefly discussed. [RAE] 

0676. Swingle, M. C. and J. F. Cooper. 1935. Toxicity of 

fixed-nicotine preparations to certain lepidopterous pests of 

truck crops. J. Econ. Entomol. 28:220-224. 

Six substances containing nicotine in relatively insoluble 

and non-volatile form and water-soluble nicotine bitartrate 

were tested in the laboratory against the first instar 

of five species of lepidopterous larvae. Kylomyges (Prodenia) 

eridania Cram. and Phl.yctaenia rubigalis Gn. were much 

more resistant to fixed-nicotine preparations than were Pieris 

(Ascia) rapae L., Plutella maculipennis Curt., and Lycophotia 

infecta Ochs. Nicotine silicotungstate was effective 

against all species except P. rubigalis. The three commercial 

nicotine preparations tested were nearly as effective as 

nicotine silicotungstate against P. rapae, P. maculipennis, 

and L. infects. Dimethyl nicotinium sulfate-bentonite was 

relatively ineffective against all five species. [RAE] 

0677. Takemoto, T., Y. Inamori, Y. Kato, M. Kubo, K. Morimoto, 

K. Morisaka, M. Sakai, Y. Sawada, a'id H. Taniyama. 1980. 

Physiological activity of streptothricin antibiotics. Chem. 

Pharm. Bull. 28:2884-2891. 

The physiological activities of streptothricin antibiotics 

were investigated, using racemomycin-D as a representative 

of the group. Racemomycin-D showed a weak but broadspectrum 

insecticidal activity against the adults of Blattelia 

germanica, Musca domestica, Niliparvata lugens, Loodelphax 

striatellp and Plutells xylostella. A ather strong insecticidal 

effect on Culex pipiens molestus larvae was found, with 

mortalities of 90% and 15% at 10 ppm and 2 ppm, respectively. 

Though racemomycin-D showed no insecticidal effect against 

the larvae of Spodoptera litura, it showed inhibitory activity 

on feeding at a concentration of 300 ppm. Racemomycin-D 

278


was toxic to all the fish species examined, i.e., Misgurnus 

anguillicoudatus, Carassius auratus and Oryzias latipes. 

Among these, racemonycin-D showed particularly strong toxicity 

against C. auratus with a TLm (median tolerance limit) of 

3.7 ppm (after 48 h). Racemomycin-D showed strong inhibitory 

activity on the growth of Brassica campestris ssp. napus var. 

nippo-okifera, Arctium lappa, Petroselinum sativum and Raphanus 

sativus var. acanthiformis at a concentration of 500 ppm 

(with an inhibitory ratio of 0.1, relative to 1.0 for the 

control group). [BA] 

0678. Teh, P. C., K. I. Sudderuddin, and S. M. Ng. 1982. 

Toxicological studies of permethrin on the cruciferous pest 

Plutella xylostella L. pp. 399-405. In K. H. Heong, B. S. 

Lee, T. M. Lim, C. H. Teh and Y. Ibrahim (Eds.). Proceedings 

of the International Conference on Plant Protection in the 

Tropics, Department of Zoology, Malaya Univeristy, Kuala 

Lumpur, Malaysia. 

In laboratory toxicity studies against larvae of Plute- 

Ila xylostella (L.) (a pest of cruciferous crops in West 

Malaysia), permethrin applied topically gave excellent results 

against a susceptible strain, the LD5o being 0.001 Mg. 

A resistant strain collected in the Cameron Highlands in 1978 

showed over 700-fold resistance to the compound. Permethrin 

was only slightly synergistic with piperonyl butoxide, but by 

itself at 0.001-0.5 jg/xil it had an antifeedant effect on 

larvae. [RAE, 

0679. Verma, A. N. and G. S. Sandhu. 1967. Relative efficacy 

of different insecticides, as contact poisons, to the 

larvae of the diamondback moth, Plutella maculipennis Curtis 

(Lepidoptera: Plutella). J. Res. Punjab Agric. Univ. 4:556 

559. 

In recent years, Plutella xylostella (L.) (maculipennis 

(Curt.)) has become a serious pest of cultivated crucifers 

near Ludhiana in the Punjab, India. It is present almost 

throughout the year and is particularly injurious on early 

sown cauliflower in August-October, riddling the leaves with 

small holes and sometimes completely skeletonising them; 

during heavy infestations, it also attacks the hearts of 

cabbage and cauliflower. Since this moth is becoming increasingly 

difficult to control by means of DDT and parathion, 

which are commonly recommended against it, other insecticides 

were compared with parathion in the laboratory. Larvae were 

sprayed in petri dishes and transferred when dry to clean 

jars contining untreated cauliflower leaves; mortality was 

determined after 72 hours at 28-31 0 C. It was found from the 

LCsos that mevinphos was over 366, diazinor, over 46, malathion 

over 31, Bidrin over 17, endrin over 12, isobenzan 

(Telodrin) over 8, phosphamidon over 6, carbaryl over 2, and 

DDT and g.-mma BHC less than 2 times as toxic as parathion; 

aldrin and dieldrin were less toxic. [RAE] 

279


0680. Way, M. J. 1949. A technique for 

stomach 

determining 

poison 

the 

effect of insecticides used against 

eatingleaf 

insects. Ann. Appl. Biol. 36:86-112. 

This account of methods for testing 

against 

stomach 

leaf-feeding 

poisons 

insects includes descriptions 

hnique of 

for 

a tec 

applying measured quantities 

a 


mist 

an insecticide 

to leaves in 

as 

a spray tower, methods for 

numbers 

feeding 


large 

individual insects on leaf areas 

deposits 

bearing 


known 

insecticides, and one for maintaining 

insects the 

under 

treated 

controlled conditions. The 

comprise 

feeding 

(1) 

methods 

for small lepidopterous and coleopterous 

and (2) for 

larvae 

larger lepidopterous larvae, 

leaf 

in all 

portions 

of which 

are 

the 

arrange! or shielded so that 

and mouth-parts 

only the head 

of the larva come in contact 

surface. 

with the treated 

The problems associated with incomplete 

of the treated 

consumption 

leaf portion are discussed. Some 

erratic 

insects 

feeding 

with 

habits could not be given quantitative 

by any feeding 

doses 

method, and others were so 

consumed 

small that 

in 

the 

a reasonable 

area 

time was too minute to 

Experiments 

be estimated. 

with larvae of Piutella maculipennis 

vided some Curt. 

evidence pro 

that low humidities and long 

starvation 

periods of 

prior to treatment both cause 

resistance. 

some decrease 

Larvae 

in 

used in comparative tests 

uniform should 

age 

be 

and of 

body weight and should be reared 

food-plant, 

on the same 

as these factors all affect 

tiy 

resistance. 

was found 

Mortal 

to be slightly greater when 

which 

the leaf 

the 

area 

dose 

on 

of insecticide was prese!nted was 

when 

small 

it was 

than 

large. The dosage mortality 

poisons 

curve for 

was 

stomach 

found to be typically sigmoid; 

sults 

analysis 

by the 


method 

re 

of probits therefore proved 

When 

satisfactory. 

lead arsenate was used against fifth-instar 

Phlogophora larvae 

meticulosa, 


L., the ratio of weight 

increase 

increse 

in 

to 

median lethal dose was found to be constant. 

[RAE] 


0771, 0925. 

280

Insecticide Control 

11 

0681. Abe, Y. and F. Kawakami. 1980. Fumigation of vegetable 

insect pests and fresh fruit and vegetables. Res. Bull. Plant 

Prot. Serv. Jpn. No.16:11-26. 

In order to establish a disinfection method for fresh 

fruit and vegetables imported from foreign countries, two 

studies were carried out with methyl bromide under atmospheric 

pressure in a metal fumigation 3 

chamber of 1 m capacity. 

All stages of insects (14 species in 7 families) used achieved 

100% mortality at 8-9 mg/i for 3 h at 17-250C. Test 

insects were: Lepidoptera-Noctuidae: Prodenia litura (eggs, 

larvae, pupae, adults), Mamestra brassicae (larvae, pupae), 

Gortyna fortis (larvae); Plutellidae: Plutella maculipennis 

(larvae, pup:- :, adults), Acrolepia alliella (adults); Pieridae: 

Pieris rapae (larvae, pupae, adults); Pyralidae: Mesographe 

forficalis (larvae), Oebia undalis (larvae), Hymenia 

recuroalis (larvae); Arctiidae: Spilosoma lubricipeda (larvae, 

pupae); Hemiptera-Aphidae: Myzus persicae (nymphs, 

adults), Lipaphis pseudobrassicae (nymphs, adults), Dactynotus 

gobonis (nymphs, adults); Pentatomidae: Nezara viridula 

(adults). No injury was reported at 40 mg/1 for 3 h in 

lemon, grapefruit, orange, dasheen, lotus lily, lily, Chinese 

arrowhead, ginger or sweet potato. No injury at 33 mg/i for 

3 h was recorded for apple (cultivars Kokko, Kogyoku, Golden 

Delicious, White Winter Pearmain), pear (cultivars Bansei, 

Niitaka, Okusakichi), grape (cultivars Kyoho, Emperor), mandarin 

orange, cucumber, pumpkin and welsh onion. There was 

no injury at 28-24 mg/l for 3 h apple (cv. Washington star), 

pear (cv. Nijyuseiki) and melon (cv. Honeydew). No injury at 

18-16 mg/l for 3 h was observed in apple (cv. Starking), 

grape (cv. Campbell Early), cabbage, parsley, Chinese cabbage, 

cauliflower, spinach and kidney bean. Injury at 18-16 

mg/l for 3 h was observed in plum, Japanese persimmon (cv. 

Fuyu), banana, celery, lettuce, eggplant, radish, burdock, 

pepper and Japanese turnip. Symptoms in each plant were of 6 

types; discoloration and decay (leafy vegetables), discoloration 

and withering (edible root vegetables), appearance of 

brown or black spot (fruit and vegetables), decrease in 

weight (leafy vegetables), destruction or discoloration of 

the internal tissues .(fruit) and hastening or delayed ripening 

or pigmentation (fruit and vegetables). [BA] 

0682. Adashkevich, B. P. 1966. The effects of chemical and 

microbiological treatments on the parasites of the diamondback 

moth. Zool. Zh. 45:1040-1046. (in Russian with English 

summary). 

Plutella xylostella (L.) (maculipennis (Curt.) is one 

of the most injurious pests of crbbage in the southern Ukraine. 

It has numerous parasites, and in 1960-64 parasitism 

of larvae and pupae during May-October amounted to 14.2 to 

281


97.3%. In the laboratory in June-August 1963 and 1964 and in 

the field between 25 June and 25 July 1964, treatments with 

5% DDT dust and 2.5% methyl-parathion dust (Metaphos) at 

22.5 

lb per acre and sprays of trichlorphon (khlorofos) at 0.15%, 

Entobakterin 3 ( a preparation containing spores and inclu 

sions of Bacillus thuringiensis (cereus) var. galleriae) at 

3% and a mixture of 0.1% Enterobakterin 3 and 0.01% trichlorphon 

were tested for their effect on the parasite complex. 

The species of parasites present were Nytholbia (Angitia) 

fenestralis (Hlmgr), N. (A..) cerophaga (Grav.), Diadromus 

subtilicornis (Gray.). Apanteles ruficrus (Hal.), A. sicarius 

Marshall, and A. albipennis (Nees). Treatment of the cabbage 

with 0.15% trichlorphon did not reduce the numbers of adult 

parasite present, and the parasites effectively controlled 

the surviving moth population until the autumn. Parasite 

emergence from moth pupae and Apanteles cocoons collected 

immediately after treatment was 70%, as compa-ed with 77% for 

no treatment. The 5% DDT dust wari toxic to the adult parasites, 

which did not regain their oriyinal numbers until a 

month after treatment and emergence of parasites from the 

collected pupae and cocoons was reduced to 23.9%. The 2.5% 

methyl-parathion dust likewise sharply reduced the number of 

adult parasites, but permitted a more rapid re-establishment; 

parasite emergence from the collected pupae arid cocoons was 

reduced to 12.6%, however. Entobakterin, alone or with trichlorphon, 

appeared to have no effect on the parasites, which 

effectively controlled the few moth larvae that survived the 

spray. When adult parasites were confined in the laboratory 

in cages treated with insecticides, all were killed by DDT, 

methyl-parathion, and trichlorphon within a day, but Entobakterin 

was harmless. The DDT and methyl-parathion dusts and 

trichlorphon spray applied to cocoons of Apanteles reduced 

adult emergence by 78.4, 84.9, and 43.8%, respectively. En 

tobakterin was again relatively non-injurious. [RAE] 

0683. Anionand, P. N. 1944. Report of the chief of the bureau 

of entomology and plant quarantine, Agricultural Research 

Administration, 1942-42, USDA, 58 pp. 

In work to determine how available insecticides can 

best be utilized under war-time conditions, a -*lust mixture 

containing 0.375% rotenone, 1.7% nicotine, ar~d 0% sulphur 

was as effective against the pea aphid (Macrosip1v,- onobrychis 

Boy.) as one containing 0.75% rotenone and was successfu 

]ly used on a commercial scale. This mixture did not control 

cabbage caterpillars, but the addition of nicotine to pyrethrum 

dusts increased their effectiveness against the diamondback 

moth (Plutella maculipennis Curt.). Organic thiocyanates 

were of no value against the Mexica.i bean beetle (Epilachna 

varivestis Muls.) either alone or when incorporated in 

rotenone dusts, but micronised pherothiazine was sufficiently 

promising to justify further investigation. The effectiveness 

of oust mixtures containing rotenone varied directly 

with the rotenone content of the powdered derris root employ 

282


ed and the amount of the latter applied per unit area and 

inversely with the size of its particles. It was found that 

a spray of sodium fluosilicate and sugar can be used to 

supplement rotenone dust against the pea Bruchid (Bruchus 

pisorum L.) on Austrian peas, and basic copper arsenate was 

as effective as calcium arsenate against the Colorado potato 

beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say). Plant bugs that 

attack the seed balls of sugarbeet are best controlled by 

dusts of pyrethrum and sulphur, but sulphur alone was found 

to be satisfactory in Arizona. [RAE] 

0684. Annamalai, S. 1983. Problems and control of the diamondback 

moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera:Yponomeutidae) 

in the Cameron Highlands, West Malaysia. pp. 235-239. 

In C. P. Haines (Ed.). Proceedings Of the Symposium on Pest 

Ecology and Pest Management. BIOTROP, Bogor, Indonesia. 

The damage caused by Plutella xylostella to cabbages in 

the Cameron Highlands can be severe (70%, or more, loss of 

yield). In the past, control of this pest depended entirely 

on the use of conventional chemical insecticides. This overreliance 

on insecticides has created multiple insecticide 

resistance in the pest, as well as environmental hazards. In 

spite of these problems, insecticidal control is still economically 

feasible and is widely used in the area, but overdosing 

and increased frequency of application are prevalent. 

In recent years, the potential of biological control has been 

explored. Several indigenous and introduced parasites (mainly 

Hymenoptera) have been studied and some have produced 

partial control. The use of pathogens has also been investigated: 

some farmers are already using commercial formulations 

of Bacillus thuringiensis; laboratory work on a granulosis 

virus has given promising results; and studies are being 

conducted on the fungus Entomophthora sphaerosperma, which 

appears to be a significant factor in natural mortality. In 

view of the problems of insecticide resistance and envrironmentnl 

contamination, current control practices must be reexamined 

and new strategies developed. The new strategies 

should be aimed at management of pest populations and the 

environment, and should be Eased on an ecological approach. 

Future strategies should includc the following major components: 

economic threshold levels; regular monitoring surveys; 

biological control opportunities; and minimum use of insecticides 

determined by economic injury assessments. Studies on 

these aspects are currently being conducted. Although it is 

time-consuming, such an ecological approach allows the development 

of a relatively stable, long-term control program. 

0685. Annamalai, S. and G. S. Lim. 1984. Control tactics for 

the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella in Malaysia. pp. 

167-178. In M. M. Ali and E. S. Lim (Eds.). Vegetables and 

Ornamentals in t!he Tropics. Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, 

Serdang, Selangor: Malaysia. 

Various control tactics were examined for Plutella 

283


xy-loste]la L., a major pest of Brussica in Malaysia. These 

include aspects on its chemical and cultural control, use of 

natural enemies and the potential of insect growth regulators, 

chemosterilants and varietal resistance. The exploitation 

of these tactics for the development of an integrated 

pest management programme of the moth is also discussed. 

0686. Anonymous. 1915. Report on the work of the Riga branch 

of the Imperial Russian Society of Horticulture for 1914. 

Messenger of Horticulture, Fruit-Growing and Market-Gardening, 

Petrograd. No. 11-12:793-817. (in Russian). 

Cabbages were injured by Plutella macul.ipennis (cruciferarum); 

the best results were obtained by powdering the 

plants, when the dew was on them, with a mixture of basic 

slag and Paris green in the proportion of 100 to 1; spraying 

with Paris green was ineffetive; the same remedy was also 

used with good results against Pieris brassicae, the larvae 

of which were also collected and crushed by hand; for the 

control of Chortophila (Anthomyia) brassicae, lime was dusted 

round the stalks near the soil so as to prevent oviposition. 

[RAE] 

0687. Anonymous. 1918. The small cabbage moth. Queensl. Agric. 

J. 9:204-206. 

This paper deals fully with the life-history of and 

remedies against the cabbage moth (Plutella maculipennis) in 

the hope of a united effort being made to limit its everincruasing 

numbers. The insecticide most strongly recommended 

consists of: gas or coal tar 1 gal, soap 2 lb, water 180 

gal; or if required for use in small quantities, the formula 

may read: ges or coal tar, 1.5 or 0.75 or 0.5 bottle; soap, 

9 or 5 or 2.5 oz.; water, 50, or 25 or 10 gal. It is best to 

spray with this mixture when it is freshly made, care being 

taken to reach the under-sides of the leaves. [RAE] 

0688. Anonymous. 1928. Injurious insects and other pests. 

Rep. Kansas Agric. Exp. Sta. 1926-28, pp. 67-82. 

A study of insect abundance in comparison with climatic 

conditions shows that precipitation is a much more important 

factor than temperature, as it affects the insect directly, 

controls the growth of the plants on which it feeds, and has 

an important influence on fungus and bacterial d:seases. The 

diamondback moth (Plutella maculipennis Curt.) has become a 

pest of cabbages in one locality, eating into the heads and 

making them unsaleable. It may be controlled by using 2 lb 

lead arsenate to 50 U.S. gal water, with 2 lb resin soap as 

an adhesive. The seed corn maggot (Phorbia cilicrura Rond.) 

caused serious losses on transplanted cabbages in the spring 

of 1927. Injury by this insoct is directly associated with 

organic refuse and fertilizer, and there appears to be less 

damage to transplanted cabbage if the manure is applied and 

worked into the soil during the previous autumn. [RAE] 

284


0689. Anonymous. 1935. Insect pests and their control. Agric. 

Gaz. N. S. W. 46:158-161. 

Insects dealt with in these notes, which belong to a 

series on pests in New South Wales, include Plutella maculipennis 

Curt. a pest of cauliflowers and cabbages, against 

which weekly dustings with 1 part finely ground derris root 

and 9 parts talc gave satisfactory control. On well grown 

plants with center leaves beginning to fold in, derris dust 

gave better results than a 50% lead arsenate dust, but. treatment 

should be begun while the plants are still in the seedbed 

and continued after transplanting. [RAE] 

0690. Anonymous. 1935. Entomology. Bull. Ohio Agric. Exp. 

Sta. No. 548:39-45. 

Investigations were undertaken by Gui and Sleesman on 

the control of Plusia (Autographa) brassicae Riley, Pieris 

(Ascia) rapae L. , and Plutell-a maculipennis Curt. on cabbage. 

Dusts gave better control than sprays. Of 23 insecticides 

tested, the most efficient, in the order of superiority, 

were: Paris green, hydrated lime and flour (1:2:5); Paris 

green and hydrated lime (1:7); derris powder (5% rotenone), 

pyrethrum powder and diatomaceous clay (1:4:5); barium fluosilicate 

and flour (1:7); and derris powder (5% rotenone) and 

diatomaceous clay (1:9). [RAE] 


Sta. No.561:43-51. 

In tests by H. L. Gui of insecticides against Pieris 

(Asica) rapae L., Plusia (Autographa) brassicae Riley, and 

Plutella maculipennis Curt. on cabbage, weekly applications 

of a spray of 2 lb Paris green in 50 U.S. gal water with a 

sulphated alcohol as a wetting agent produced the greatest 

percentage (97) of marketable heads. Averages of 90-93% 

marketable heads were produced on plots dusted weekly with 

Paris green, lime, and diatomaceous clay (2:2:13 and 2:2:23), 

lead arsenate and diatomaceous clay (2:13), and derris powder 

and flour (0.5% rotenone) and on plots sprayed at intervals 

of one and two weeks with lead arsenate (2 lb to 50 U.S. gal 

water) with sulphated alcohol as a wetting agent. Untreated 

plots produccd 36% marketable heads. Onions infested with 

Euxoa messoria Harr. (dark-sided cutworm) were treated experimetally 

with insecticides prepared according to 9 formulae. 

A table showc the average number of larvae per 150 sq ft 

remaining 30 h aiter treatment. The fewest (1.2) were found 

on plots dusted with lead arsenate, lime and flour (1:1:2), 

the untreated plots having 15.8 and dusts in all tests being 

more effective than sprays. [RAE] 


Sta. No. 579:43-53. 

H. L. Gui describes the successful application of a 

dust consisting of 50 lb spray lime, 50 lb talc, and 5 lb nicotine 

sulphate to control a serious outbreak of Aphis gossy 

285


pii Glov. in cucumbers grown for seea. He again found that 

much the most successful control of Pieris (Ascia) rapae L., 

Plusia (Autog-apha) brassicae Riley, and Plutella maculipennis 

Curt. was obtained from the use of Paris green, and 

tabulates the percentages of marketable heads of cabbage 

resulting from 12 different insecticidal treatments, a percentage 

of 92.9 being obtained after four applications of a 

spray containing 2 lb Paris green, 1 U.S. pt fish-oil and 50 

U.S. gal water, as compared with 30.1 on controls. (RAE] 

0693. Anonymous. 1938. Entomology. Forest Insect Survey. 

Bull. Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta. No. 592:41-53, 129-130. 

The results of experiments by H. L. Gui on the control 

of Pieris (Ascia) rapae L., Plusia (Autographa) brassicae 

Riley, and Plutelia maculipennis Curt. on cabbages did not 

conform with those of previous years, since the greatest 

yield was obtained by treatment with a mixture of 1 lb derris 

dust (containing 4% rotenone) and 7 lb talc. [RAE] 


Sta. No. 600:26-34. 

In tests of insecticides in dusts for the control of 

Pieris (Ascia) rapae L., Plusia (Autographa) brassicae Riley, 

and Plutella maculipennis Curt., on cabbage, the percentages 

of heads free from injury at harvest were 67 for Paris green, 

64 for lead arsenate, 23 for derris powder, 8 for zinc arsenite, 

and 6 for pyrethrum powder and dusts impregnated with 

pyrethrum extract. Chemical analysis showed that the arsneical 

residue was negligible on cabbage cut to U.S. No.1 grade; 

when the cabbage was cut 20 days after the last application, 

almost all the arsenic that remained was on the four wrapper 

leaves. [RAE] 

0695 Anonymous. 1941. Agriculture and animal husbandry in 

India 1938-39. 422 pp. 

Much of the information on insect pests (pp. 151-161) 

in this review of work in India, chiefly during 1938-39, has 

already been published. Plutella maculipennis Curt., severely 

damaged young cauliflower plants in Bengal and was controlled 

by a spray containing 2 oz barium chromate and 4 oz 

Clensel in 4 gal water. [RAE] 

0696. Anonymous. 1941. Insect pests. Agric. Gaz. N. S. W. 

52:430-434. 

The pests dealt with include the mite, Tarsonemus (Hemitarsonemus) 

latus Banks, which attacked silvur beet (Beta 

vulgaris) in March 1941, causing rusting of the leaves and 

stalks and dwarfing and distortion of the plants, but was 

controlled by dusting with finely divided sulphur; and Plute- 

Ila maculipennis Curt. which caused severe damage to cauliflowers 

in Feb. ,iry-April and was not effectively controlled, 

chiefly because the dusts used contained only 25% lead arsenate, 

which is not effective under conditions of severe 

286


infestation, and the diluent was generally hydrated lime, 

which has been shown to reduce the efficiency of lead arsenate 

in dusts. [RAE] 

0697. Anonymous. 1942. Annual Report. Queensland Department 

of Agriculture and Stock for the Year 1941-42. Brisbane, 27 

PP. The report of the Director of Plant Industry (Research), 

by R. Veitch (pp. 5-8), includes notes on entomological 

investigations. Preliminary tests indicated that the 

larvae of the cabbage moth (Plutella maculipennis, Curt.) can 

probably be controlled without injury to the cabbage plants 

by a lead arsenate dust before they heart and by a spray of 1 

gal summer spray oil and 4 lb soft soap in 60 gal water 

afterwards, in place of dusts or sprays of derris, which is 

now difficult to obtain. [RAE] 

0698. Anonymous. 1942. Insect pests. Agric. Gaz. N. S. W. 

53:235-238. 

This part of series on insect pests in New South 

includes 

Wales 

notes on the control of Plutella maculipennis Curt., 

and the Aphids, Myzus persicae Sulz. , and Brevicoryne 

caebrassi 

L. on cabbage. For the control of P. maculipennis, 

cabbages should be dusted every 7-10 (lays with equal quantitites 

of lead arsenatt, powder and kaolin during early growth 

and with derris powd ,r and kaolin (1:8) when the plants are 

hearting. M. persicae may be controlled by the use 

derris 


dust throughout the season and P. brissicae, against 

which derris is not effective, by the addition of 

sulphate 

nicotine 

to the lead aresenate dust (1:16), in which hydrated 

lime is substituted for kaolin. [RAE] 

0699. Anonymous. 1945. Annual Report of the Department 

Agriculture 


and Stock for the Year 1944-45. Brisbane, Queensland. 

40 pp. 

Plutella mOculipennis Curt. was active on cabbage crops 

during 1944-45, when the effectiveness of sprays and 

containing 

dusts 

lead arsenate or derris was reduced by showery 

weather during the growing period. Sprays and dusts containing 

DDT applied to infested cauliflowers gave complete control 

of the larvae within a few days, and the plants remained 

uninfested for at least three weeks; two applications gave 

complete protection. This moth was again abundant in 

winter 

the 

and spring of 1945, although large numbers of larvae 

were destroyed by entomogenous fungi. A combined dust 

derris 


and nicotine sulphate diluted with hydrated lime is 

frequently used '.o control P. maculipennis and Brevicoryne 

brass icae, L., on cabbage, but it was thought that the lime, 

which activates the nicotine sulphate, may reduce the effectiveness 

of the derris. An experiment :indicated that 


dusts 

derris alone were more effective against P. maculipennis 

than combined dusts containing the same amount of' derris, and 

their use is therefore recommended; additional applications 

287


of nicotine sulphate being made when aphid infestation renders 

them necessary. [RAE] 

0700. Anonymous. 1946. Sixty-fourth annual report (New York 

State Agricultural Experiment Station) for the year ended 30 

June, 1945. Geneva, N. Y., 74 pp. 

The section of this report dealing with the work of the 

Division of Entomology (pp. 30-40) comprises short accounts 

of a number of investigations. In use of inorganic insecticides 

for cabbage worm control (p.35), G.E.R. Hervey gives 

the results of experiment!3 to determine the best diluent for 

dust of lead arsenate or cryolite applied to cabbages against 

the imported cabbage worm (Pieris rapae L.), the diamondback 

moth (Plutella maculipennis, Curt.) and the cabbage looper 

(Plusia brassicae Ril.). Dusts containing 25% lead arsenate 

were much more effective in pyrophyllite or soapstone nonfibrous 

talc than in fibrous talc, and the addition of 2% highly 

refined lubricating oil or soybean oil slightly improved control. 

Cryolite in pyrophyllite (50:50) gave poor control with 

no adhesive, but better control than any other mixture when 

2% lubricating oil was added, though it did not flow through 

the duster freely. Analysis of the lead and arsenical residues 

on cabbage plants dusted four times in a dry season, 

with the last application on 22 September, showed that both 

were far below the legal tolerance based on the total weight 

of cabbage in each head. [RAE] 

0701. Anonymous. 1946. Report of the Federal Experiment Station 

in Puerto Rico, 1945, Washington D. C., 62 pp. 

This report contains a number of papers dealing with 

work in Porto Rico on plants that are or may be sources of 

insecticides and on insect pests. 

In plant toxicological studies, (pp. 22-25) by H. K. 

Plank, the results are given of investigations on the insecticidal 

properties of parts of various plants. In the tests 

on lepidoptera, larvae were used. The materials included the 

seeds of six introductions of two varieties of Pachyrhizus 

erosus and one variety of P. palmatilobus. On account of the 

high oil content of the seeds, an equal part of the corresponding 

pods, which with one exception were inert to all the 

insects tested, was added to facilitate grinding. Dusts of 

two introductions of the first variety of P. erosus from 

Mexico killed 95.2% of DjdpL_.'ia hyalinata L. but less than 

80% of Laphygma frugiperda S. & A., and Plutella maculipennis 

Curt. The other dusts of P. erosus killed up to 88% of the 

first two of these insects and in some cases of one or two 

others. 

Sprays of 8 lb powdered seed of Mammea americana in 100 

U.S. gal water and of nicotine sulphate in water (1:800), 

both with the addition of 4 lb powdered soap per 100 U.S. gal 

as a spreader, and a spray of 4 lb powdered soap per 100 U.S. 

gal water alone, applied in February to potted cabbage 

plants, reduced Aphid populationa by 72, 96 and 50%, respec 

288


tively, in four days. When applied to cabbage plants in the 

field, a freshly mixed dust of powdered seeds of M. americana 

and hydrated lime (9:1) appeared to be more effective than 

the mamey-seed spray against Aphids, but was inferior to the 

nicotine spray; populations of Plutella maculipennis were 

reduced by 48, 69, and 71% by the dust, seed spray and nicotine 

spray, respectively. Considerable injury to the leaves 

became noticeable on most sprayed plots on the second day 

after application, particularly on those receiving the seed 

spray; it was probably due to the reaction of the seed powder 

with the soap, as it did not occur on the dusted plants. 

Four applications at ten-day intervals of dusts diluted with 

lime or talc to contain 90% powdered seed of M. americona and 

a derris-talc dust containing 0.5% rotenone were not very 

effective against P. maculipennis on cabbage, but gave 42, 55 

and 75% control, respectively, on broccoli, on which the 

larvae were more exposed. The poor result with the lime dust 

was probably due to hydrolysis of some of the toxic resins by 

the lime in the presence of dew on the plants; there was 

practically no decrease in toxicity to P. maculipennis when 

the two dusts of M. americana were tested dry in petri dishes 

at frequent intervals up to three months after mixing. 

In vegetable investigations (pp. 31-33), N. F. Childers, 

H. F. Winters, P. Seguinot Robles & H. K. Plank describe 

investigations on the vegetable varieties most suitable 

for cultivation at different altitudes in Porto Rico. In the 

course of these, it was observed that the most persistent 

insects at Mayaguez (50 ft.) were the diamondback moth (Plutella 

maculipennis Curt.) on cruciferous crops, Aphids on 

lettuce and cabbage, and cutowrms and mole-crickets (Scapteriscus 

vicinus Scud.) on nearly all seedlings. Damage from 

cutworms and mole-crickets was reduced to less than 1% by a 

mixture of Paris green and maize meal (1:30) placed in circles 

about the young plants or in strips adjacent to the 

rows. Rmpoasca fabalis DeLong was so injurious to beans that 

few varieties could be grown. At higher altitudes (up to 

3,300 ft.), P. maculipennis was troublesome o'n crucifers, but 

was controlled by frequent spraying. [RAE] 

0702. Anonymous. 1946. Annual Report of the Department of 

Agriculture and Stock for the Year 1945-46. Brisbane, Queensland. 

88 pp. 

In comparative tests in 1945-46, two applications of 

sprays containing 0.1% DDT and three of a dust containing 2%. 

DDT both gave good control of Plutella maculipennis and 

Hellula (Oebia) undalis, F., on cabbage. The test also 

indicated that the more important commercial emulsions of DDT 

are of equal value per unit of DDT and that differences in 

the effectiveness of impregnated and pan-mill dusts are negligible 

in practice. [RAE] 

0703. Anonymous. 1946. Entomological investigations. 20th 

Rep. Coun. Sci. Industr. Res. Aust. 1945-46. pp. 18-24. 

289


Dusts and sprays containing DDT and benzene hexachloride 

were tested against Brevicoryne brassicae L. and the 

larvae of Plutella maculipennis Curt., and Pieris rapae on 

cabbage and cauliflower a. Canberra. Fortnightly applications 

of 0.1% DDT in the form of rucide or solvent-naphtha 

emulsion, applied to spring, summer, and autumn cabbages at 

about 100 gal/acre gave excellent control of the lepidoptera, 

and dusts of 1% DDT at 30-40 lb/acre were only slightly 

inferior. Dusts and sprays of benzene hexachloride were as 

effective as the DDT treatments at concentrations of 4 and 

0.2%, respectively, but not at 2 and 0.1%; a dust containing 

20% lead arsenate, a spray containing 0.3% lead arsenate, and 

a dust containing 40% synthetic cryolite were markedly inferior 

to both materials. A dust in which 0.5% DDT was combined 

with 1% benzene hexachloride and a spraY in which 

0.025% DDT was combined with 0.3% lead arsenate both showed 

promise. Predators and parasites kept populations of B. 

brassicae at a low level during the spring and summer, but in 

the three trials in which infestation was sufficiently heavy 

to enable reliable conclusions to be drawn, the dusts and 

sprays of benzene hexachloride gave outstanding control. 

Combined dusts of nicotine sulphate and DDT gave excellent 

results against the aphid and the lepidopterous larvae when 

the diluent was pyrophyllite, kaolin, magnesite, calcium 

carbonate or activated alumina (aluminium oxide), but were 

ineffective against the larvae when it was hydrated lime, 

possibly owing to an interaction betwect the DDT and the 

lime. The addition of 0.5 or 1% rotenone from timbo or of 

Lethane B71 (14% beta-beta'--dithiocyaradiethyl ether) to DDT 

dusts and of nicotine sulphate and soft soap to DDT sprays 

resulted in good control of the aphid. [RAE] 

0704. Anonymous. 1950. Entomology. Ist Rep. Commonw. Sci. 

Industr. Res. Org. Aust. 1948-49. --1 49-55. 

Work on the control of cabbage insects was concluded in 

1947-48. A preparation of which the active ingredient wns 

fluoro-DDT was effective against Plutell8 maculipennis and 

Pieris rapae in 1946-47, and in 1947-48, sprays containing 

0.1% DDD or DDT were as effective against them as one containing 

O.IDDT and 0.05% nicotine sulphate; sprays containing 

0.1% chlordane or toxaphene were significantly inferior, and 

a dust of 1% toxaphene still more so. In field tests against 

Gnorimoschemn operculh la on potato at Canberra in 1946-47, a 

spray of 0.1% DDT was more effective in protecting the haulms 

from attack than an aerosol giving an equivalent dosage of 

DOT. A spray of 0.4% Ryanex (prepared from the ground wood 

of Ryania speciosa) was not significantly better than no 

treatment. The percentages of tubers infested at harvest in 

plots in New South Wales that were dusted twice at an interval 

of three weeks with 2% DDT were reduced from 17.138.5 to 

7.2-15.9. [RAE] 

0705. Anonymous. 1968. Control of the cabbage moth. Notic. 

290


Agric. Serv. Shell Agric. 5:1-2. 

Plutella xylostel.n (I.) (moculipennis (Curt.)) causes 

serious damage to brocolli, cabbage, and cauliflower throughout 

Venezuela and has developed resistance to many of the 

insecticides formerly recommended for its control. The importance 

of clean cultivation and the regular inspection of the 

crop for the first signs of infestation are stressed. The 

sprays now recommended for control are commercial products 

(Basudin 60 and hasudin 40) containing 60 and 40% diazinon to 

be applied at about 0.067 gal and about 0.9 lb per acre, 

respectively, and another (Pencothion 8E) containing 80% 

malathion to be applied at about 0.067 gal in unstated amount 

of water. [RAE] 

0706. Anonymous. 1983. Annual report for the year 1981. Ministry 

of Agriculture and Fisheries, Fiji. 62 pp. 

A section on plant protection research (p. 45) of this 

report on agriculture and fisheries in Fiji provides a review 

of investigations on the control of pests (including insects) 

and weeds. Some results are included on the injuriousness and 

control (mtinly with insecticides) of Nilaparvata lugens 

(Stal) and Susumin exigua (Btlr.) on rice and diamondback 

moth (Plutelia vylostella (L.)) on cabbage, the biological 

control of rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros (L.)) on 

coconut using Baculovirus oryctes, and controlling ground 

cover in coconut plantations to control Graeffea (crouanii 

(Le Guillou)). Against weeds, Neochetina eichhorniae Waner 

and Paulinia acuminata (Deg.) have become well established in 

release sites against water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), 

and similar results have been obtained with Samea multiplica 

]is Gn. against water fern (Salvinia). [RAE] 

0707. Apple, J. W. 1945. DDT to control cabbage caterpillars. 

J. Econ. Entomol. 38:410. 

The results are given of experiments in Illinois in 

1944 on the use of DDT in dusts for the control of Plusia 

(Autographa) brassicae Ril., Pieris rapae L., and Plutella 

maculipennis Curt. on cabbage. Infestation was Light, with 

the first species predominating. Dusts were applied on 25 

August and 2, 12, and 24 September, and the results were 

assessed on 9 October, according to the average amounts of 

leaf damage. Four applications of 3% DDT gave excellent 

control, but abundant rainfall and th'e rapid growth of the 

plants greatly reduced the residual effect of the dust; fewer 

applications gave progressively poorer results. In further 

tests in which four applications were made, a mechanically 

mixed dust containing 1% DDT was less effective, but gave 

satisfactory control under the conditions of the test, and 

dusts prepared by impregnating pyrophyllite (Pyrax) with DDT 

dissolved in acetone or Velsicol AR 60 (a preparation of 

methylnaphthalenes) to give 1% dusts gave very good control; 

this method of preparation is promising as a means of reducing 

the concentration of DDT while retaining a high level of 

291

toxicity. [RAE] 


0708. Awate, B. G., D. N. Gandhale, A. S. Patil, and L. M. 

Naik. 1982. Control of diamondback moth, Plutella.xylustella 

L. with synthetic pyrethroids, Pestology 6:11-12. 

Field trials were carried out in Pune, India, during 

the kharif (hot) season of 1980, to determine the effectiveness 

of some synthetic pyrethroids against larvae of Plutella 

xylostella (L.) on cauliflower. It was found that treatments 

with cypermetnrin at 60 and 80 g AI/ha, fenvalerate at 100 g 

Al/ha and permethrin at 125 g Al/ha were most effective, 

resulting in complete control of the pest, followed by fenvalerate 

at 80 g AT/ha, which gave 95.0% mortality, and deltamethrin 

(Decis) at 10 g Al/ha, which gave 88.86% mortality. 

[RAE] 

0709. Bare, C. 0. 1940. Commercial control of cabbage caterpillars 

near Charleston, S. C. J. Econ. Entomol. 33:463-467. 

As part of a detailed survey of the populations of 

caterpillars attacking cabbage in fields near Charleston, 

South Carolina, during 1935-38, a study was made of the 

control methods used by commerical growers and their effectiveness. 

Eleven fields were under observation during the 

autumn growing season, and eight during the winter-spring 

season. Weekly examinations were made of 200 plants in each 

field from the time of thinning or transplanting until harvest 

was completed, and records were kept of insecticide 

applications, yields, and larval and pupal populations of 

Plutella maculipennis Curt., Plusia (Autographs) brassicae 

Riley, Pieris rapae L., cutworms a~id related species, including 

Heliothis armigera Hb., and He]luma undalis, F. 

Although insecticides were applied at regular intervals 

by a few of the growers, they were usually applied only when 

the grower saw considerable evidence of insect injury. Arsenical 

and other inorganic insecticides were used during the 

preheading stage in all except one of the early autumn 

fields, but none of the winter-spring fields received such 

treatments. The average number of larvae maturing per 100 

plants was 76 in the autumn crop and 272 in the winter-spring 

crop. Plantings close to fields with older infestations 

developed larger populations and showed a greater number of 

damaged plants than were to be found in others. From 2 to 63% 

of the plants were damaged by caterpillars in commerical 

fieldv, with an average of 19% for the autumn season and 23% 

for the winter-spring season. The study indici.ted that, as a 

whole, the damage was rather serious in spite of the growers' 

efforts, and that there was a need for more adequate control 

measures. [RAE] 

0710. Bennett, S. H. and H. Martin. 1948. The qualitative 

examination of insecticidal properties. Progress Report. 

1947. Rep. Agric. 1 4 7 1 Hortic. 5 6 

Res. Sta. Bristol 1947 pp. - . 

In this third progress report, the authors describe 

292


tests with chlorinated hydrocarbons and with insecticides 

discovered by Schrader, Kukenthal, and their colleges in 

Germany. Schrader found that certain compounds of widely 

separated types, notably certain derivatives of fluoroethyl 

alcohol and certain alkylamino-phosphorus compounds, can be 

absorbed by, and translocated in, plants, so that all parts 

of the latter become toxic to insects. Compounds with this 

property have been termed systemic insecticides, but all 

those known to possess it also render the plants highly toxic 

to man and domestic animals. Since samples of those studied 

by ':chrader wiere not available, tests were carried out with 

bis (2-fluoroethoxy) methane, applied as an aqueous solution 

to potted plants that were subsequently infested with insects. 

Larvae of Cal.liiyorpha (Tyria) jficobaeae L., placed on 

groundsel plants (Senecio vulgaris) in 3 in pots that had 

been watered the day before with 10 ml of the solution fed 

little and became affected or moribund within 24 hours. When 

colonies of Aphis fnbae Scop. were placed on broad beans that 

had been watered with 10-100 ml solution per 8 in pot, there 

were few or no survivors five days later; watering plants 

already infested by A. fabae with 5 or 10 ml of the solution 

reduced infestation in three days, and a dose of only 0.05 

ml/pot caused a noticeable reduction. Damage by larvae of 

Mesogr;:phe (Pionea) forficalis L., Pieris brassicae L., P. 

rapae L., Plutella maculipennis Curt., and Mazestra brassicae 

to cauliflower plants in 10 in pots treated with only 0.1 g 

of the insecticide and left out of doors was less than in the 

controls, and other plants remained free from infestation by 

Pieria brassihae and P. rapae for more than three and two 

weeks when treated with 50 or 10 ml, respectively; eggs were 

freely laid on the plants, but the larvae died, presumably 

after eating a trace of the tissue. The lethal dose could 

not be determined, since the larvae refused to eat disks cut 

from the treated leaves. In tests designed primarily to 

establish that the insecticidal effect was not a fumigant 

action the petioles of cabbage were inserted in specimen 

tubes containing water or a 1% solution of the insecticide, 

and the tubes were placed in beakers containing the insecticide 

solution or water, respectively, so that each leaf was 

over both insecticide and water. Young larvae of P. brassicae 

were then transferred to the leaves, and only those 

leaves with their petioles in water were eaten by them. [RAE] 

0711. Beri, Y. P. 1958. Field experiments on the cabbage pest 

control. Indian J. Entomol. 20:63-66. 

In view of reports in Queensland that the recommended 

application of a dust mixture of 2% DDT and 0.26% gamma BHC 

had failed to control Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) and Pieris 

rapae (L.) on cabbage, plot tests to compare the dust 

with sprays of dieldrin and endrin were carried out in 1954. 

Initial applications were made on 19 August, when the plants 

were 3 in high and infestation by both insects was light, and 

further applications were made on 3 and 17 September and 8 

293

Diumondback Moth Bibliography 

October. Injury to the cabbages at harvest was assessed by a 

method of rating, and the rating values per plot of eight 

plants were 3.6-16.6, 0-4.2, 10.2, and 21.2 on plants sprayed 

with 9.1--0.025% dielidrin, 0.05-0.0125% endrin and 0.1% DDT 

with 0.03% BHC and dusted with the recommende'd mixture, 

respectively, as compared with 40 for no treatment. In a 

second series of tests, in which endrin sprays were compared 

with the recommended dust. mixture and the plois were treated 

on 15 and 30 October, 14 November and 14 December, the rating 

values were 3.22, 12.5 and 11.75 for 0.5, 0.025 and 0.0125% 

endrin, respectively, as compared with 22 for the mixture and 

100 for no treatment, but the treated plots showed no significant 

differences fro.n one another in numbers of marketable 

heads, which were 19--20, as compared with 0 for no treatment. 

[RAE] 

0712. Beri, Y. P. 1959. Preliminary studies on the effect of 

DDT spray on the oviposition of Plutella maculipennis Curtis. 

Indian J. Entomol. 20:235-236. 

In a test on cabbage in Queensland, females of Plutella 

maculipennis (Curt.) deposited significantly fewer eggs on 

plants sprayed with DDT than on untreated ones, a repellent 

effect of the deposit apparently being responsible. [RAE] 

0713. Beroza, M. and G. T. Bottger. 1954. The insecticidal 

value of Tripter.ygium wilfordii. J. Econ. Entomol. 47:188 

189. 

In the course of investigations on the insecticidal 

alkaloids extracted from the root of Tripterygium wilfordii, 

it was found that newly hatched larvae of Pyrausta nub]ilalis 

(Hb.), confined on maize leaves treated with a spray containing 

60 ppm pure wilforine, wilforgine, wilfordine, and wilL 

fortrine, respectively, suffered 88, 30, 54 and 48% mortality 

in two days and 100, 54, 100, and 73% in three. Leaves 

treated with a spray containing 60 ppm of the non-crystalline 

fraction retmaining after removal of the crystalline material 

gave about 90% kill in two days, a:,d others treated with a 

spray of 4 lb root powder per 100 U.S. gal water killed 81 

and 96% in two and three days, respectively. Insufficient 

wilforzine was available for comparative tests, but it showed 

definite toxicity to larvae of Plut~lla maculipennis (Curt.), 

though much less than wilforine. Lists tre given of insects 

against which the root powder proved effective in tests, 

against which it showed some toxicity and against which it 

was completely ineffective. At 50 mg per ml in oil spray, 

the root showed no synergism with pyrethrins. Baits containing 

20% ground whole root, 0.5% non-crystalline alkaloid or 

0.5% crystalline fraction were not toxic to rats. [RAE] 

0714. Besemer, A. F. 11. 1947. Experiences acquired in Holland 

through the use of new chemicals and new control methods 

for plant disease during the war and since the liberation of 

territory. Report of First International Congress of Plant 

294


Protection, Hev' lee 1946 pp. 373-386. (in French). 

The author reviews the functions of various organizations 

concerned in the prevention and control of pests and 

diseases of plants in Holland and the new materials and 

methods of control employed there of recent years. Valuable 

assistance is afforded to growers by information services, 

which co-ordinate reports from scientific observers and inform 

those concerned, by wireless, the press or personal 

communication, when precautions or control measures should be 

undertaken against a given pest or disease in a particular 

locality; among the pests thus dealt with are C. nasturtii, 

which in 1945 reduced the crop of headed cabbages in Holland 

by 60%. Information on the two main flights of adults is 

obtained from emergence cages, and five announcements relating 

to the application of sprays are made. The most effective 

sprays contain pyridine and soap or nicotine and soap, 

and these are applied at high pressure to the hearts of the 

cabbages at intervals of not more than four days (luring the 

appropriate periods. Another cabbage pest about which announcements 

were made in 1946 was Plutella maculipennis Curt., 

it was most effectively controlled by dusts and sprays of 

DDT, and bei;zene hexachloride was also of value. [RAE] 

0715. Bond, J. A. 1983. New uses of bendiocarb on crops. 

Mitt. Deutsch. Gesell. Alleg. Angew. Entomol. 4:156-158. 

Selected results obtained with bendiocarb against a 

wide range of crop pests in various countries have shown that 

the compound is highly effective when applied as a foliar 

spray, seed treatment or granular soil treatment. Equal or 

superior effectiveness as compared with current standards has 

been obtained against soil and stem-boring pests of ryegrass 

and spring barley and against lepidopterous larvae and aphids 

on apple in Europe. Excellent control of vegetable and rice 

pests in South-East Asia, including Plutella xylostella (L.) 

on brassica crops and Thysanoptera on pulse crops, has been 

obtained, as well as lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel on 

rice in Japan. Prospects for future use include control of 

pests of ornamentals, turf, groundnut, sugarcane, banana, 

citrus and cotton. [RAE] 

0716. Brett, C. H., W. V. Campbell, and D. E. Habeck. 1958. 

Control of three caterpillars with some new insecticide 

dusts. J. Econ. Entomol. 51:254-255. 

Considerable difficulty in controlling lepidopterous 

larvae attacking cabbage is commonly reported from the mountains 

near Fletcher, North Carolina, where the species usually 

found, in order of importance and frequency of occurrence, 

are Trichoplusia ni (Hb.), Pieris rapae (L.), Evergestis 

rimosalis (Gn. ) and Pluteilh muculipennis (Curt.). Toxaphene, 

DDT, parathion, malathion, endria, and rotenone have been 

used for general control, but have occasionally been reported 

as ineffective against T. ni. In a test in 1955, dusts were 

applied at 30 lb/acre to small cabbages attacked by P. rapae, 

295


and examination of larval injury to new growth after a week 

showed that 20% toxaphene gave excellent control, 4% malathion 

or 10% DDT poor control and 5 methoxy-DDT (methoxychlor) 

or Perthane none. In 1957, only T. ni was abundant 

before the cabbage heads had formed, but P. rapae and E. 

rimosalis were preset in usual numbers about four weeks 

later. Dusts were applied into the tops of the plants at 30 

lb/acre on 4 July, just before the heads formed, and three 

weeks later, and examination a week after each treatment 

showed that 20% toxaphene was consistently the most effective 

material tested, giving 74-100% control in all tests; 2.5% 

Gu~hion gave good control of T. ni in the pre-heading treatment, 

but pf)or results when applied later, and 1.5% Phosdrin 

and 4% Thiodan poor to fair control, both being somewhat more 

effective after the earlier than after the later application. 

Sevin was not applied before heading and gave poor or no 

control of 1'. ni in later test, but fair to good control of 

P. rapae and E. rimosalis. Guthion, Phosdrin, and Thiodan 

gave very good control or complete control of these two 

species. The fact that the lrvae bore progressively deeper 

into the heads probably accounts for the difficulty experienced 

by growers in obtaining control, especially when applications 

are made too late or too far apart. [RAE] 

0717. Bronson, T. E. and R. E. Rust. 1951. Mist sprays for 

control of certain truck crop insects. J. Econ. Entomol. 

44:218-220. 

During 1947-49, low-volume concentrated sprays were 

applied as mists to various vegetable crops in Wisconsin. In 

1947-48, an improvised mist. blower was used, which did not 

provide sufficient air volume or air velocity to break up and 

distribute the spray adequately, but in 1949, an improved 

form, similar to one already described, but stated to have an 

18-inch radial blower fan driven at 2,200 revolutions per 

minute by a 20 horse-power motor, was employed. All mist 

sprays were applied at 10 U.S. gal/acre, except on potato in 

1949, when the rate was 12 U.S. gal. They were compared with 

dilute sprays applied at 100-120 U.S. gal/acre with a conventional 

four-row tractor-powered sprayer against Empoasca 

fabae (Harr.) and Epitrix cucumeris (Harr.) on potato in all 

three years and against Pieris rnpae (L.), Trichoplusia ni 

(Hb.), and Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) on cabbage in 1948 

and 1949; in these tests DDT was used in a wettable powder 

and was applied at 0.5-2 lb/acre in the mist and at 0.5-1 

lb/acre in the conventional spray. On potato, it was used 

with tribasic copper sulphate as a fungicide, and when the 

same amount of DDT was applied per acre, the two methods of 

application gave similar results against each insect. Some 

clogging of the nozzle of the mist blower was probably caused 

by the fungicide as none occurred in other tests in which 

wettable DDT was used alone. Sprays applied by the two 

methods also gave equally good control of the caterpillars on 

cabbage; the mist spray was slower in action than the conven 

296


tional. one, but appeared somewhat more effective against 

larvae of Pieris rapae that had burrowed into the the developing 

head by the time of treatment. Mist sprays were also 

tested against Thrips tabaci (Lind.) on onion. In 1948, DDT 

at I lb/acre as a wettable powder or in a methylated-naphthalene 

emulsion gave highly effective control, and in 1949, DDT 

at 1 lb/acre in xylene emulsion and parathion at 0.25 lb/acre 

in a wettable powder both proved very effective. [RAE] 

0718. Brouwer, W. M. T. J. de. 1970. Protection of brussels 

sprouts against insects. Gewasbescherming 1:104-110. (in 

Dutch). 

The main insect pests of brussels sprouts in the Netherlands 

are aphids (Brevicoryne brassice (L.)), the cabbage 

fly (Hylemya brassicae (Bch.), and various lepidopterous 

larvae, including those of Pieris spp., Plutelia xylostella 

(L.) (macL'ipennis (Curt.)), Clepsis spectrana (Treitschke) 

(Tortrix costana (F.)), Mamestra brassicae (L.) and Autographa 

gamma (L.). Details are given of the relative effectiveness 

of several spray schedules, comprising ten insecticides 

either separately or in various combinations, assessed in 

tests extending over five years. The best results were 

obtained with a schedule based on bromophos-ethyl, in mixture 

with methyl-demeton-S (two applications), thiometon (two 

applications) and mevinphos (one application). [RAE] 

0719. Callens, J. Y. 1947. Some results of control through 

DDT of insects harmful to cultivated plants. Rep. Ist Int. 

Congr. Plant Prot. Heverlee 1946, pp. 423-428. (in French). 

Examples are given of the successful results obtained 

in Belgium with DDT, used as a 5% dust or a 0.05% spray 

suspension, against various pests. A single application of a 

DDT spray gave complete control of the pea and bean weevil 

(Sitona lineatus L.) on heavily infes:ed peas. In previous 

years, beans grown after peas were severely infe3ted as soon 

as they appeared above ground, but in 1946, when the beans 

were sprayed with the DDT suspension as soon as they appeared, 

weevil damage was prevented and an adequate yield 

obtained. Either dusting or spraying gave complete control 

of fleabeetles on crucifers, cabbage seedlings being protected 

by a single application, and a DDT spray immediately 

checked damage to cabbage by Plutella maculipennis Curt. and 

to the leaves of strawberry by Phyllobius oblongus L. Fruit 

trees attacked by cockchafers have been successfully treated 

with a 0.1% DDT spray, and excellent results were obtained in 

1946 with DDT dusts against thrips on vines under glass. 

[RAE] 

0720. Calora, F. B., E. H. Glass, M. L. Pescador, and S. F. 

Barroga. 1968. Granular soil systemic insecticides (Thimet 

and Dithiolane E.I.47,031) and phosdrin foliar spray against 

Plutella maculipennis CuiLis and other insect pests of cabbage. 

Philipp. J. Plant Ind. 33:67-83. 

297


The information in this paper on the results obtained 

in tests in the Philippines in which granular formulations of 

phorate and Dithiolane E.i.47031 and foliar sprays of mevinphos 

(Phosdrin) were applied for the control of Plutella 

x.vlostella (L.) (maculipenniS (Curt.)) on cabbage a're similar 

to those in the past tests. (RAE] 

0721. Calora, F. B., E. H. Glass, N. I,. Pescador and S. F. 

Barroga. 1969. Granular soil systemic insecticides (Thimet 

and Cyolane and Phosdrin foliar spray against the diamondback 

moth, Plutella maculipennis Curtis) and other pests of cabbage. 

Phi ipp. EntomoI. 1: 40-53. 

The most serious pest of cabbage in the Mountain Provinces 

is the diamondback moth, Plutella macu.lipennis Curtis. 

Cutworms, Agrotis ypsi]on Rott. and Prodenia litura (Fabr.) 

are likewise very destructive during the early stage of 

growth of the plant (within three weeks after transplanting). 

The evidence obtained in this experiment indicates that Cyolane 

l0 granules when applied to the soil at the rate of 2 

kilograms active per hectare at transplanting, or at 1 or 2 

kilograms at transplanting, and again, six weeks later is 

very effective as a soil systemic against. P. macul.ipennis. 

Phosdrin was likewise found very effective against the same 

pest and provided adequate control of cutworms. 

0722. Carden, P. W. 1964. The control of diamondback moth 

(Plutella maculipennis (Curt.)). Plant Pathol. 13:168-169. 

Comparative tests of the value of sprays of 

some 

I)l)T 

organophosphortis 

and 

compounds against severe infestation by 

P.iutella maFcu]ipennis (Curt.) on cauliflower were made 

eastern 

in 

England in 1958 by the late E. C. Atkins in collaboration 

with the author. The sprays were applied by knapsack 

sprayer at 100 gal. per acre, and materials, with the amounts 

per 100 gal., were 25% DDT (3 and 4.5 pints), 50% trichlorphon 

(12 and 16 oz), mevinphos (4 fl oz), and 50% malathion 

(30 fl oz). Applications were made on 29 July, when 

had 

larvae 

entered the heart of many of the plants. Analysis of the 

results of counts on 31 July showed that all treatments 

significant 

gave 

control, with no significant different between 

them. DDT at the lower concentrations, which corresponded to 

the standard recommendation, gave excellent control. Trichlorphon 

was the least effective. Malathion and mevinphos 

gave moderate control -nd cost more than DDT and trichlorphon, 

but can be applied within one day and three days, 

respectively, of harvest, whereas an interval of 14 days is 

required for the other two. A considerable drop in numbers 

on the control plot during the experiment is attributed 

either to pupation or to predation by starlings. Earlier 

claims that heavy rain is unfavourable to P. maculipennis 

were not confirmed, since high numbers developed although 

June and, to a less extent, July were very wet. (RAE] 

298


0723. Cass, L. M. 1960. Control of caterpillars on late 

cabbage in central Ontario and western Quebec, 1958-1959. 

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Ont. 91:49-52. 

In Ontario and western Quebec, late plantings of cabbages 

are attacked by Pieris rapae (L.), Plutella maculipennis 

(Curt.) and Trichoplusia ni (Hb.), of which the first is 

the most important. Since 1955, in the Ottawa Valley, T. ni 

has not been controlled by DDT, and it caused severe damage 

in 1957 and 1959. Tests of insecticides, further to those 

already conducted, were made in 1958-59, with seven dusts 

applied at 20-40 lb/acre four times at 15-day intervals 

beginning on 22 July in 1958 and 19 July in 1959. The numbers 

of larvae of Pieris, Plutella, and T. ni per plant on 

untreated plots were 1.9, 3, and 0.8, respectively, in 1958 

and 4.3, 1.3, and 2.1 in 1959. In 1958, the control percentages, 

adjudged by feeding damage, were 93.2 for endrin at 

0.25 lb/acre, 90.6 for a mixture of malathion at 1 lb and 

ethyl-DDD (Perthane) at 1.25 lb, 88.8 for mevinphos (Phosdrin) 

at 0.4 lb, 81.8 for a mixture of DDT at 1 lb and 

azinphos-methyl (Guthion) at 0.5 lb as less than 80 for the 

other materials. In 1959, the only material giving over 80% 

control was endrin. From considerations of co3t and persistence 

of residues, the treatment recommendeI is the mixture 

of malathion and ethyl-DDD. [RAE] 

0724. Cavalcante, R. D., 0. M. S. Melo, and M. L. S. Cavalcante. 

1979. Attack by Plutella maculipennis (Curtis, 1839) 

on cabbage in Ceara. Fitossanidade 3:53. (in Portugese with 


The authors report the occurrence on cabbage in Ceara, 

Brazil, of Plutella xylostella (L.) (maculipennis (Curt.)), a 

species already known from Brassica and other crops in many 

other states of the country. General recommendations regarding 

chemical measures for the control of the moth are made. 

[RAE] 

0725. Cermeli, M., C. Quevedo, and Z. R. Perez. 1969. Control 

of cabbage pests. I. The cabbage moth Plutella maculipennis 

(Curtis). VII J. Agron. Acarigua-Araure, April 17-20. 

(in Spanish). 

In field tests on cabbage in Cagua, Venezuela, on the 

effectiveness of various insecticides against Plutella xylostelin 

(L.) (maculipennis (Curt.), which has developed resistance 

to the compounds normally applied there for its control, 

the best results were obtained with a wettable-powder 

product (Basudin 40 PM) containing 40% diazinon, an emulsion 

concentrate (Pencotion BE) containing 80% malathion, a 5% 

malathion dust and a soluble powder (Dipterex 80%) containing 

80% trichlorphon. Tests to determine the lowest effective 

application rate and the longest possible interval between 

treatments indicated that Basudin could be applied at 0.75 kg 

per ha and Pencotion 8E at 0.75 liter/ha, at intervals of not 

more than 10 and 7 days, respectively. Treatments must be 

299


continued until harvest. It is emphasized that effectiveness 

must be evaluated on the basis of the commercial value of the 

crop and not on the number and weight of the cabbages. [RAE] 

0726. Chalfant, R. B. 1969. Control of the 

and 

cabbage 

diamondback 

looper 

moth caterpillars on cabbage and collard in 

southern Georgia. J. Georgia Entomol. Soc. 4:65-74. 

Promising new materials tested in 1967 and 

southern 

1968 

Georgia 

in 

for control of the cabbage looper, 

lusiaTrichop 

ni (Hubner), the diamondback moth, Plutella maculipennis 

(Curtis), and other defoliating lepidoptera of 

and 

cabbage 

collards were Azodrin, methomyl, Galecron Monitor, 

colVelsi 

506, and Union Carbide 34:96. The materials 

tive 

were 

against 

effec 

existing infestations and in damage prevention 

schedules. Registered materials Thuricide (Bacillus 

giensisthurin 

Berliner), mevinphos, and naled also gave 

trol; 

good 

however, 

con 

mevinphos and naled appeared to betive 

less 

during 

effec 

cold weather. Several insecticides were tested 

in bait formulations, bitt none was as effective as corresponding 

spray formulations. [BA) 

0727. Champ, B. 1960. Cabbage pest control investigations, 

1954. Queensl. J. Agric. Sci 17:59-65. 

In an evaluation in 1954 of insecticides in common use 

during autumn, winter, and spring against pests on cabbage 

and related crops in south-eastern Queensland, in which cabbage 

infested by Heliula undalis (F.) and, less severely, by 

Pieris rapae (L.) and Plutel]a maculipennis (Curt.) were 

treated six times at fortnightly intervals, sprays of 0.1% 

dieldrin or DDT and a dust of 0.26% gamma-BHC with 2% DDT 

gave satisfactory control of all three species, but a dust of 

0.45% rotenone and a spray 0.03% gamma-BHC were unsatisfactory. 

In camparative tests including more recently developed 

insecticides, in which the materials were applied to cabbage 

infested by Pieris and Plutella six weeks after transplanting 

and subsequently at fortnightly intervals and the results 

were assessed on the da ...ge and number of marketable cabbages 

at harvest, emulsion sprays containing 0.025% endrin or, a 

less extent, 0.05% dieldrin, 0.03% gamma-BHC or 0.1% DDT were 

superior to sprays of 0.1% DDT from a dispersible dust or of 

1.25 lb lead arsenate in 50 gal and the dust of DDT and BHC. 

In tests of endrin and dieldrin at various concentrations 

emulsion 

in 

sprays applied to cabbages infested by Pieris, Plu 

tella, and Liriomyza brassicae (Ril.) (cruciferarum Her.), 

the minimum satisfactory concentration for endrin was 0.025%, 

and this was confirmed in further experiment,, with cabbages 

infested by the three major pests. Dieldrin did not prove a 

satisfactory alternative. [RAE] 

0728. Champ, B. R. 1962. Cabbage pest control investigation, 

1958-61. Queensl. J. Agric. Sci. 19:283-290. 

Endrin gave satisfactory control of cabbage pests in 

south-eastern Queensland in earlier experiments, and further 

300


tests with it and other insecticides were carried out in 

1958-61. In September-December 1958, when Pieris rapao (L.) 

was the most injurious species and Plutella maculipennis 

(Curt..) appeared towards the end of the test, fortnightly 

applications of 0.04% endrin and 0.1% Telodrin gave satisfa 

ctory control. Lindane (gamma BHC) gave good control of 

Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), which became astablished on traiisplants 

but. was of negligible importance after several weeks, 

methoxy-DDT (methoxychlor) was effective against P. rapae but 

not against Plutella, and trichlorphon was unsatisfactory. 

In fortnightly applications between October 1958 and January 

1959, when Crocidolomia binotalis Zell. was the major pest 

until Plutella appeared in numbers three weeks before harvest, 

the endrin spray and spryas of Telodrin at 0.05 and 

0.l and DDD at 0.1% were superior to a spray of methoxy-DDT, 

which was again unsatisfactory. A comparative test of a 1% 

dieldrin dust, the sprays of DDD and Telodrin, which was also 

used at 0.075%, and sprays of endrin at 0.025 and 0.04%, of 

azinphos-methyl at 0.05% and of diazinon and Thiodan at 0.1% 

was carried out in June-October 1960, when insect populations 

were light, though P. maculipennis and P. rapae appeared 

towards harvest. Only endrin at 0.025%, Thiodan and the 

dieldrin dust were unsatisfactory; plants treated with diazinon 

were free from damage. Yield of marketable cabbages did 

not differ significantly between any of the treatments or 

between treated and untreated plants. In another trial of 

all the sprays except methoxy-DDT and Thiodan, and with the 

addition of one of fenthion (Lebaycid), carried out between 

January and March 1961, when Hellula undalis (F.), Thrips 

tabaci Lind. and B. brassicae were present early in the 

season and P. rapae and Plutella occurred in small numbers 

throughout, satisfactory control was given by diazinon, endrin 

at 0.04%, and Telodrin at 0.075 and 0.1%; fenthion was 

of little value. On the basis of this work, endrin at increased 

concentration of 0.04% is recommended for the control 

of cabbage pests, Telodrin is considered a satisfactory substitute, 

and diazinon, though promising, is not recommended 

for general use. [RAH] 

0729. Chang, S. L. and C. C. Pegn. 1971. An investigation 

of chemical control of some important insect pests on Cruci 

ferae in Singapore. Plant Prot. Bull. (Taiwan) 13:110-120. 

Details are given of the results obtained in field 

tests on the control of Phyllotreta striolate (F.), Hellula 

(Oebia) undalis (F.), and Piutella xylostella (L.) on Brassica 

spp. Sprays containing 0.1% mevinphos (Phosdrin) or met 

homyl (Lannate) gave good control of all three spcies, but a 

spray containing 0.79% Thuricide 90TS (containing spores of 

Bacillus thuringiensis) was effective only against P. xylostella. 

A spray of 0.1% diazinon was as effective as 0.1% 

mevinphos or methomy, against P. xylostella but was less 

effective than these against H. undalis. (RAE] 

301


0730. Chaudhuri, S. K. and M. R. Ghosh. 

som.3 

1982. 

modern 

Influence 

insecticides of 

on the incidence 

Sversaj.lis 

of Coccinella 

Fab., trana 

predator of Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) Sci. 

Cult. 48:214-216. 

Lipaphis er.vsimi (gaIt.), Crocidolomia 

and Plutella 

binotalis 

x.vlostella 

Zell. 

(L,.) form a pest 

rious 

complex 

to mustard 

very 

in 

inju 

West Bengal, India. 

tor 

Although 

Coccineila the preda 

repanda Thnb. (transversalis 

tc keep 

F.) 

populations 

is reported 

of the aphid ctown 

period, 

during 

populations 

the fruiting 

of the other two pests 

high 

at 

and 

least 

require 

remain 

chemical treatment. The 

ticides 

effects 

at 0.025 

of 6 insec 

or 0.04%, applied 

predator 

at 500 litres/ha, 

was therefore 

on the 

tested in a field of' 

campestris 

toria (Brassica 

var. tore). Endosulfan 

demeton-methxl 

at 0.04%, followed 

(methyl-demeton) 

by 

at 0.025%, 

safer 

appeared 

for the 

to 

predator 

be 

than were sprays 

phosphamidon, 

of monocrotophos, 

thiodicarb (UC-51762) or 

laternate 

vamidothion. 

application The 

of these 2 compounds 

the 

for 

pest 

the 

complex 

control 

on 


mustard is therefore recommended. [RAE] 

0731. Chien, T., T. T. Liang, and 

tests 

S. C. 

on 

Lin. 

insecticidal 

1964. Field 

control of major 

pests. 

vegetable 

J. Taiwan 

insect 

Agric. Res. 13:65-69 (in Chinese with English 

summary). 

Yn Formosa in 1962-63, several 

cticides 

comparatively 

were 

safe 

applied 

inse 

in sprays for the 

tabaci 

control 

Lind. 

of Thrips 

on leeks, Neztra viridula 

beans, 

(L.) on 

and 

asparagus 

Plute11a x.vlostella (L.) (raculipennis 

and Spodopte ra 

(Curt.)) 

(Prodenia) litura (F.) on 

Zectran 

Chinese 

at 0.025% 

cabbage. 

gave better contrcl of 

the 

all 

standard 

the pests 

application 

than 

of 0.1% malathion, 

(Sumithion) and fenitrothion 

at 0.025% was as effective 

which 

in those 

it was used 

tests 

(against 

in 

the thrips 

rvos 

and 

(DDVP) 

the bugs). 

at 0.025% 

Dichlo 

gave better control of 

two 

the 

species 

bugs and 


the 

moths than did malathion. 

gave 

Diazinon 

excellent at 

control 

0.05% 

of the moths, which were 

controlled 

not well 

by the malathion treatment. [RAE] 

0732. Chuo, S. K. 1973. A screening experiment 

efficacy of 

to 

four 

test. 

insecticides 

the 

against diamondback 

tella maculipennis 

moth, Plu 

Curtis and cabbage webworm, Hellula 

]is 

unda 

F. Singapore J. Priipary Ind. 1:64-74. 

Four insecticides were evaluated 

diamondack 

for the control 

moth, of 

Plutella 

the 

maculipennis Curtis, 

webworm, and 

Hellula 

cabbage 

undalis F. in a trial 

Experimental 

at the Sembawang 

Station, 

Field 

Singapore, in 1971 

sica 

using 

oleracea 

cabbage, 

var. 

Bras 

capitata as the host 

that 

plant. 

weekly 

It was 

spraying 

found 

with Orthene and 

control 

Tamaron 

than 

gave 

with 

better 

Thuricide and Lannate. 

materials 

In general, 

tested all 

gave satisfactory reduction 

the larvae 

in numbers 

and pupae 


of both species. A positive 

was obtained 

correlation 

between the yields and the control 

Tamaron, 

indices 

Orthene, 

for 

and Thuricide but not for Lannate. 

302


0733. Clark, P. J. 1947. DDT residues on cabbages. N. Z. J. 

Sci. Technol. 29(A):1-4.. 

In view of the probable commerical use of DDT for the 

control of Plutella maculipennis Curt. and Pieris rapae L., 

in New Zealand, the amount of DDT residue likely to be left 

when treated cabbages are prepared for market was investigated. 

The experimental cabbages received six applications 

(ending on 15 April) of a dust containing 1.5% p,p'DDT, or a 

spray suspension containing 0.1% p,p'DDT, and were harvested 

on 16 May. The outer leaves were discarded, according to 

commercial practice, and the inner leaves stripped until the 

DDT could not have penetrated further. These were analysed 

by the combustion method of determining total chlorine, whereby 

by the DDT is burned in a current of coal-gas and the 

liberated chlorine gases titrated by the Volhard method after 

absorption in alkiline sodium arsenite, and by a colorimetric 

method employing nitration followed by the addition of sodium 

mothylate dissolved in methyl alcohol. The results showed 

that the combustion method is unsuitable for determining 

small quantities of DDT, but provides a rapid method of 

determining whether the amount present is large or small. Of 

six dusted cabbages, none bore more than 1.6 ppm DDT, as 

determined by the colorimetric met:hod, and of six sprayed 

ones, none had more than 2.3 ppm. A seventh dusted cabbage 

bore 16 ppm DDT and appeared to have received an excessive 

amount of dust. The tentGLive tolerances accepted in the 

United States and Australia are 7 and 10 ppm, respectively. 

[RAE] 

0734. Clark, P. J., E. L. Richards, G. G. Taylor, and H. 

Jacks. 1952. Note on DDT residues on cabbages. N. Z. J. Sci. 

Technol. 34:226-227. 

The residues remaining at harvest on cabbages treated 

with DDT for the control of Pieris rapae (L.) and Plutella 

maculipennis (Curt.) were further investignted in New Zealand 

in 1947 by a technique similar to the one previously used. 

The plants received ten applications of dusts containing 1 or 

2% p,p'DDT or sprays containing 0.05 or 0.1% wettable p,p'DDT 

between 17 February and 16 April, and the cabbages were 

harvested 14 and 21 days after the last application and the 

outer leaves discarded. The DDT was estimated colorimetrically 

and the data obtained were analysed statistically. The 

residues were significantly lower after 21 than after 14 

days, significantly down on both dates for the 1% as compared 

with the 2% dust, and significantly lower after 14 days for 

the 0.05% spray as compared with the 2% dust. The analysis 

indicated that the amount of deposit is very unlikely to 

exceed the legal tolerance of 7 ppm on more than 0.1% of the 

treated cabbages, even when a 2% dust is applied. All treatments 

gave adequate control, and a 1% dust and a 0.05% spray 

can therefore be recommended as effective and safe provided 

that they are not applied within 2-3 weeks of harvest. [RAE] 

303


0735. Collingwood, E. F., L. Bourdouxhe, and M. Diouf. 1980. 

Plant Protection. Report of pesticide trials in 1976-1979. 

Firqt part.: insecticides. Institute Senegalais de Recherches 

Agricoles, Dakar, Senegal. 93 pp. (in French). 

The results are presented and discussed of field trials 

in Senegal in 1976-79 of various insecticides against Ifeliothis 

nrmiger (Hb.) on tomato, l'lutelin x.ylostelln (L.) on 

cabbage, Gryliotalpa africans P. d, B. on potato, Cryptophiebi 

leucctreta (Meyr. ) on pepper (Capsicum), Thrips tabaci 

Lind. on onion, Daceus sp. on cucurbits, and Daraba laisalis 

(Wlk.) and Jacobjasca ].vbicu (de Berg.) on aubergine. Cypermethrin, 

decamethrin, and fenvalerate afforded almost complete 

control of' H. armiger, and recommendations insecticides. 

Against P. xylostella, preventive treatments with 

various compounds, or, measures taken as soon as the first 

larvae appeared, gave the best results. Granular formulations 

of chlorpyrifos were highly effective against G. ari 

cans, and also controlled Agrotis ipsilon (Hfn.) on potato. 

The same pyrethroids as controlled Y. armiger on tomato were 

effective against C. leucotreta on pepper. Quinalphos gave 

the best. results against. T. tabaci, with acephate, diazinon 

and dimethoace also causing large reductions in thrips populations. 

The results against Dacus were variable, but decamethrin, 

dimethoate, fenthion, formothion, malathion and 

trichlorphon all provided a measure of control. Endosulfan 

afforded control of P. laisalis, and, of the 3 pyrethroids, 

decamethrin was variable, but was effectie at lower rates 

than the other 2 compounds. Endosulfan and pyrethroids were 

also effective in limiting populations of .J. lybiCa. The 

effects of treatments on several other insects are reported. 

[RAE] 

0736. Collingwood, E. F., L. Bordouxhe, and M. Diouf. 1981. 

Plant protection. Report on insecticide trials 1980-81. Synthesis 

of results 1976-1981. Dakar, Senegal. 59 pp. (in 

French). 

The results are presented of insecticidal trials in 

Senegambia in 1980-81 against Heliothis armigera (Hb.) and 

Aculops lycopersici (Massee) on tomato; Plutella xylostella 

(L.) on cabbage; Daraba laisalis (Wlk.) and Jacobiasca lybica 

(de Berg.) on aubergine; Cr.vptophiebia leucotreta (Meyr.) and 

Myzus persieae (Sulz.) on peppers [Capsicum]; Gryllotalpa 

africans 1. de B. 'on potato; Dacus sp. on cucurbits; and 

Thrips tabaci Lind. on onion. The effectiveness is also 

tabulated of various insecticides tested since 1976 against 

the same pests and Henosepilachna and Cylas. [RAE] 

0737. Corbett, G. H. and H. T. Pagden. 1941. A review of some 

recent entomological investigations and observations. Malay. 

Agric. J. 29:347-375. 

In the Cameron Highlands, cutworms, chiefly Agrotis 

ypsilon, Hfn. which damage vegetables, were controlled by 

broadcasting a bait composed of 1 lb Paris green and 20 lb 

304


bran at the rate of 130 lb/acre four days before planting out 

the seedlings; and a spray containing 0.1% nicotine applied 

at intervals of four days with or without a spreader, gave 

better control of Plutella maculipennis Curt. on cabbage than 

de, ris or pyrethrum sprays. [RAE] 

0738. Cottier, W. and H. Jacks. 1946. The effects of rotenone-bearing 

dusts on the diamondback moth (Plutella maculipennis 

Curt.). N. Z. J. Sci. Technol. 27(A);244-249. 

Since a review of the literature and the authors' own 

observations indicated that the toxicity of rotenone-bearing 

materials cannot always be assessed by their yield of rotenone 

or ether extract, experiments were carried out in New 

Zealand to compare the value in dusts against Plutella maculipennis 

Curt. on cabbage of three samples of powdered derris 

root containing 2.7, 2.9 and 3.4% rotenone and 13.6, 13.7, 

and 18.6% ether extractives, respectively, and one of cube 

root containing 3.5 and 20.5%. They were diluted with kaolin, 

or with siliceous earth in the case of one sample of 

derris, to give rotenone contents of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 

1.0%. Six applications of each dust were made between 12 

February and 1st April to plots of cabbage at the rate of 25 

lb/acre, and the two lower concentrations were also applied 

50 lb/acre. The yields of marketable heads obtained in mid- 

April from treated plots, which are given in tables, showed 

that increasing the concentration of rotenone increased the 

effectiveness of dusts made up from the same sample of root, 

but dusts of the same rotenone content from different roots 

differed considerably in effectiveness. These differences 

were not attributable to differences in the content of ether 

extractivei or to any important variation in the diluent or 

in the size of the rotenone-bearing particles, and it is 

concluded that the varying performances of the dusts are best 

explained as the result of active ingredients other than 

rotenone. The control given by 0.25 and 0.5% rotenone at 50 

lb/acre was inferior to that of 0.5 and 1%, respectively, at 

25 lb/acre. [RAE] 

0739. Cottier, W. and H. Jacks. 1945. Relative efficiences 

of nicotine sulphate and certain arsenates for control of 

diamondback moth. N. Z. J. Sci. Technol. 27(A):37-39. 

Two preliminary field tests'.on the control of Plutella 

maculipennis Curt. on cabbage by means of sprays containing 

nicotine sulphate, lead arsenate or. ' alcium arsenate were 

carrried out in New Zealand in 1940. t A commercial wetting 

agent was added to all sprays. In the first test, treatments 

were applied on 9 and 31 January and 15 and 28 February under 

conditions of heavy infestation to cabbages planted on 20 

December, and the plants were divided into those with damaged 

and undamaged hearts on 14-19 March. As compared with the 

controls, nicotine sulphate gave highly significantly increases 

in the numbers of uninjured hearts at concentrations 

of 1:200 and 1:400, significant increases at 1:600 and a non 

305


significant. increase at 1:800 when applied at the rate of 

about 110-165 gal/acre, but sprays of 2,3 or 4 lb lead or 

calcium arsenate per 100 gal water, applied at about 125-195 

gal/acre, gave little or no increse. Calcium arsenate injured 

the plants at all concentrations, and lead arsenate at 

the highest. 

In the second test, single rows of 30 cabbages planted 

on 23 January were sprayed five times at intervals of seven 

days from 28 February, when they were already considerably 

damaged by Plutella, and examined for injury on 14 April. 

Nicotine sulphate (1:200, 1:400, .1:600, and 1:800), applied 

at approximately 60-190 gal/acre, gave averages of 15, 11, 7, 

and 4 marketable heads, as compared with 2 and none, respectively, 

for 3 lb lead and calcium arsenate per 100 gal applied 

at about 95-190 gal/acre, and none on urstreated rows. 

The two highest concentrations of nicotine sulphate were the 

only treatments that gave significant results. [RAE] 

0740. Cotton, R. T. 1917. Report of the assistant entomologist. 

Annu. Rep. Porto Rico Insular Exp. Sta., Rio Piedras, I 

July 1916 to 30 June 1917. pp. 107-122. 

Particular attention was given during the year under 

review to the insects affecting tobacco, citrus and vegetables. 

Vegetable pests have given considerable trouble during 

the year and a bulletin describing these is in course of 

preparation. Plutella maculipennis (diamondback moth) has 

been very abundant, the larvae damaging cabbage leaves. A 

spray of 3 lb lead arsenate to 5U U.S. gal water is an efficient 

control if used regularly; if the caterpillars become 

very numerous, they should be destroyed by spraying with 

kerosene emulsion. [RAE] 

0741. Creighton, C. S., T. C. McFadden. and R. B. Cuthbert. 

1974. II. Chemical insecticides: field evaluation for control 

of cabbage caterpillars. Southern Region, ARS, USDA, Charleston, 

South Carolina, USA, 6 pp. 

In tests on the control of cabbage caterpillars in 

South Carolina, Monitor, methomyl, two formulations of chlordimeform 

(Fundal and Galecron), and Shell SD 15289, which 

had proved effective against Trichoplusia ni (Hbn.) in 1966 

68, were again successful in 1969-70 against not only T. ni 

but also Pieris rapae (L.), Plutella xylostella (L.) and 

Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) on spring and autumn 

cabbage crops. Among insecticides tested for the first time, 

Phosvel gave excellent and Mobil Mc 3470 and resmethrin 

promising results. Esso ER 6622 and Shell SD 16898 appeared 

promising .gainst Trichoplusia, Pieris and Plutella 

but were not tested against Spodoptera. Seven other compounds 

did not appear promising because they failed to control 

T. ni, which is an important pests. [RAE] 

0742. Deshmukh, S. N. and P. U. Saramma. 1971. Estimation 

of cariaryl residues in maize and cauliflower. Indian J. 

306


Entomol. 33:338-341. 

In 1968, the residues of carbaryl were determined in 

cauliflower to which the compound had been applied in sprays 

twice in the field at 0.2% and 1000 I/ha and maize to which 

it had been applied four times at 0.05-0.25% (corresponding 

to 1.625-8.125 kg/ha). On cauliflower, the residue averaged 

2.97 p.p.m. ten days after the first and 10.02 p.p.m. ten 

days after the second application. It was shown in the 

laboratory that residues ot' 10 ppm were necessary for the 

control of insect pests (including aphids and larvae of 

Plutella x.vlostella (L.) (maculipennis (Curt.)) and other 

lepidoptera). On maize at the time of harvest (78 days after 

the last application of carbaryl), no residues were detected 

in stems or cobs, and on leaves the residues were below the 

recommended tolerance level of 10 ppm. In all the tests, no 

alpha-naphthol (a degradatin product of carbaryl) was detected. 

[RAE] 

0743. Dills, I,. E. and M. L. Odland. 1950. Insecticide 

tests with cabbage caterpillars. J. Econ. Entomol. 43:384 

385. 

In further field tests in 1948 and 1949 of organic 

insecticides for the control of caterpillars attacking cabbage 

in Pennsylvania, dusts were applied three times at 

intervals of 2-3 weeks with a mixture of pyrophyllite and 

aluminium magnesium silicate (3:1) as the carrier. The larvae 

of Pieris rapse (L.), Trichoplusia ni (Hb.), and Plutella 

maculipennis (Curt.) were present. in the plots at all times, 

but their relative abundance varied considerably because of 

parasitism and disease. In untreated plots, the three spe-cies 

represented 84.3, 12.4 and 3.3%, respectively, of the 

population on 16 September 1948, 14.8, 62.6, and 22.6% on 11 

August 1949 and 54.7, 44.7, and 0.6% on 14 September 1949. 

Dusts containing 1-3% DDT or DDD gave veryr good control in 

both years, and 1 and 2% dieldrin at t.5-3% and toxaphene at 

1-3% gave considerable control but were inferior to dieldrin, 

DDT and DDD; 3% chlordane was less effective, and the results 

for single years indicated that 2--3% methyl-DDT (ditolyl 

trichloroethane) and 5% 7-chloro-5--methyl-1, 4, 2-benzothiazine-3(4)-one 

were quite ineffective. [RAE] 

0744. Dills, L. F. and M. L. Odland. 1954. Insecticide tests 

with cabbage caterpillars and aphids. J. Econ. Entomol. 

47:992-995. 

In tests against cabbage pests in Pennsylvania, dusts 

were applied in the field to give equal weights of toxicant 

per acre. In 1951, when Plutella mncul.ipennis (Curt.) was 

present, but Trichoplusia ni (Hb.) and Pieris rapae (L.) 

caused most of the damage and hot dry weather favored the 

development of Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), DDT was applied at 

0.5-2%, DDD and dieldrin at 0.5 and 1%, ethyl-DDD and ethoxy- 

DDT (methoxychlor) at 1 and 2%,lindane (almost pure gamma 

BHC) and chlordane at 1% and allethrin and ryania at. 0.23 and 

307


.15%, respectively. In 1952, the cabbages were set late and 

infestation was low; T. ni was the most injurious of the 

insects, P. rajpne and Plutella caused some damage and infestation 

by the aphid was light. DDT, DDD and dieldrin at 0.25 

and 0.5% and a mixture of 0.5% dieldrin and 1% lindane were 

tested. In 1953, considerable feeding occurred before the 

insecticides were applied; T. ni was much more abundant then 

Pieris, and aphid damage was negligible. Isodrin, DDD, DDT, 

dieldrin and heptachor were tested at 0.25-1%. 

DDD resulted in less damage by the lepidoptera than any 

other material that was tested in more than one year. It was 

significantly superior to DDT in 1951 and 1953 and todiel drin in 1953. Dieldrin was approximately equal to DDT, and 

isodrin to DDD; heptachlor appeared to be less toxic than 

isodrin, DDT, DD) or dieldrin. Ryania with 0.5% n-propyl 

isome as a synergist was moderately toxic, as also was lindane; 

ethyl-DDD was inferior to these but superior to methoxy-DDT. 

Allethrin with 0.2% N-(2-ethylhexyl) bicyclo 

[ 2 . 2 .1]-5-heptene-2,3-di(arboximide as a synergist proved 

unsatisfactory, and chlordane was inferior to all the other 

chlorinated compounds but methoxy-DDT. In 1951; lindane was 

very effective against the aphid, and allethrin and 1% dieldrin 

were the only other materials that gave significant 

reductions in numbers. As much of the damage due to insects 

was caused by the aphid, the plots dusted with lindane gave 

much the highest yields. In 1951, the mixture of dieldrin 

with lindane was the only treatment that significantly reduced 

aphid infestation. (RAE) 

0745. Dustan, G. G., T. Armstrong, and W. L. Putman. 1946. 

Preliminary experiments with benzene hexachloride (666) as an 

insecticide. Sci. Agric. 26:106-121. 

Brief accounts are given of the chemistry of 666 (benzene 

hexachloride) and of nunerous tests with it carried out 

in the laboratory at Vinelandm, Ontario, in 1944 and 1945; 

The materials used included samples of the pure gamma isomer 

(GBH), crude 666, and refined 666, these last containing 10 

12 and 30-40% GBII, respectively. Unless otherwise stated, 

they were used in the form of a wettable spray powider composed 

of 10% 666 (crude, refined or GBlD), 3% Orvus 'a wetting 

agent containing 32% sodium laurylsulphate, the concentration 

of which in the dilute spray was usdally adjusted to 0.5 

lb/l00 gal) and 87% pyfophyllite, ground together for 17 

hours in a ball mill, and a similar mixture containing DDT 

was used for comparison. All quantities given for insecticides 

are per 100 gal diluted spray. All sprays were mechanically 

agitated and applied with a De Vilbiss paint sprayer. 

In experiments against Plutelia maculipennis Curt., 

larvae in the last two instars were either sprayed for 10 

seconds and at once transferred to untreated cabbage leaf, as 

a test for direct contact toxicity, or were placed on pieces 

of sprayed cabbage foliage after the spray had dried, primarily 

as a stomach-poison test. In the first test, 4 lb crude 

308


666 gave 56% mortality and was about as effective as 0.25 lb 

DDT, but a subsequent test showed that 666 prepared as the 

wettable spray powder had less contact action than in other 

formulations. Thus, when all materials were diluted to give 

a concentration of 0.5 lb crudc 666, the percentage mortalities 

were 3.3 for the wettable powder, 33.3 for an emulsion 

of t0 g crude 666, 10 ml Triton X-100 and enough Velsicol AR 

60 (largely a mixture of methylnaphthalenes) to make 100 ml, 

20 for a precipitated suspension prepared by diluting a similar 

stock in which acetone replaced the Velsicol, and 26.6 

for a solution of 17% crude 666 in a misciblc oil. Used as 

stomach poisons, 0. 125 lb pure GB1I, 1 lb crude 666 and 0.062 

lb DDT gave approximately equal mortalities (61.6, 53.6 and 

53.3%, respectivelyj as also did double these u.ounts (71.1, 

70.5 and 76.6%). Similar results were obtained with larvae 

of Ph.yc8CnD.in -rubigalis Gn., but when 35 adults were placed 

in an unsprayed wire screen cage with a plant sprayed with I 

lb DDT or pure GB11, thcy survived for averages of 3.8 and 1.1 

days, respectively, and laid 388 and 73 eggs. When both 

plant and cage were sprayed, they survived for averages of 

1.4 and 1 day and laid 5 and 40 eggs. Control moths lived 

more than 8 days and laid over 800 eggs. [RAEJ 

0746. Dustan, G. G. and W. L. Putman. 1947. Particle size 

of DDT wettable powder in relation to toxicity. Can. Entomol. 

79:216-221. 

The relative toxicity of three wettable spray powders 

that contained 50% DDT, but differed in average particle size 

as a result of the processing methods involved, was tested in 

the laboratry and greenhouse in Ontario. They comprised 

micronised, fitieJy pulverised (hammer-milled) and coarsely 

pulverised powders with average mean particle diameters of 

about 5, 15 and 25,u, respectively. The methods adopted 

comprised spraying adults of Oncopeltus fasciatus Dall. and 

nymphs of Rmpoasca fnbae Harr. and transferring them to 

unsprayed plants; placing nymphs of E. fabae on sprayed 

detached portions of plants; infesting small chrysanthemum 

plants with Rhopalosiphum rufomaculatum Wilson and applying 

the spray to both; and placing unsprayed larvae of Plutella 

maculipennis Curt. and unsprayed eggs of Cydia (Carpocapsa) 

pomonela. L. due tr hatch in 24 hours on sprayed foliage and 

apple fruits, respectively. In the tests with C. pomonella, 

the effect of' weathering on the deposit was tested by washing 

some of the fruits; extensive investigations over a period of 

three years showed that. the persistent contact action of the 

insecticide was of considerably greater importance against 

this insect than its stomach action. 

The finest powder was the most effective in all the 

tests except those against C. pomonclin on unwashed apples. 

The relative difference in toxicity was greater in the tests 

by the first method, in which direct contact action was 

chiefly involved, than in the others, in which persistent 

contact and stomach actions were concerned. The experiments 

309


are not, however, regarded as valid comparisons either of the 

exact particle size specified for each powder, since most of 

the powder in which the diameter range is wide may comprise 

particles differing greatly from the average, or of the 

miccronising and hammer-milling processes, since the particle 

sizes produced by each ,ay vary considerably. The deposit 

left by the micronised powder withstood weathering rather 

better than that from the finely pulverised one. (RAE] 

0747. Eckenrode, C. J., J. T. Andaloro, and A. M. Shelton. 

1981. Suppression of lepidopterous larvae in commerical sauerkraut 

cabbage fields and research plots. J. Econ. Entomol. 

74:276-279. 

Parathion and Bacilus thuringiens.is were the most 

frequently used insecticides in commerical sauerkraut cabbage 

fields by growers in New York State for suppression of lepidopterous 

larvae inclueing Artogein rapae (L.) (Pier is rapae), 

Plutelin xylosteJl.a (L.) and Trichoplusia ni (1ib.). 

Growers also used combinations of chemicals more frequently 

than expected. Percentage reduction of larvae in commercial 

fields could not be equated with percentage control in research 

plots because untreated controls were not 8vailable in 

commerical plantings. Even when consistent performers (i.e., 

permethrin and methamidophos) wero used, some larvae survived 

in the research plots and sauerkraut fields. [RAE] 

0748. Eddy, C. 0. 1938. Entomological progress. Bull. La 

Agric. Exp. Sta. No. 298, 32 pp. 

This bulletin comprises a collection of brief reports 

by various authors on insect pests and their control in 

Louisiana. C. E. Smith describes tests on the control of 

lepidopterous larvae on cabbage with substitutes for arsenicals, 

which leave harmful residues after foliage that will be 

part of the marketed product is exposed. Against Plusia 

(Autographa) brassicae Riley, a derris (lust containing 1.0% 

rotenone gave the best control, and one containing 0.5% 

rotenone with synthetic cryolite was superior to dusts containing 

0.1 and 0.5% pyrethrin I. Derris dust (1.0% rotenone) 

and undiluted calcium arsenate were equally effective 

against Plutella maculipennis Curt. Derris dusts containing 

1.0 and 0.5% rotenone were the most effective against Pieris 

(Ascia) rapoe L. the only other comparatively effective treatment 

being Paris green and lime (1:9). Against cutworms, 

including ieliothis armigera lib. (obsoleta F.), dusts of 

Paris green, calcium arsenate and cryolite gave better control 

than derris or pyrethrum. (RAE] 

0749. Endrigkeit, A. 1956. Preventive control of P. maculipennis 

with BHC in tests of root dips and watering of beds 

and pots. Z. Pflkrankh. 63:583--586. (in German with English 

summary). 

In the experiments described, which were carried out 

against Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) in north-western Germa 

310


ny in the summer of 1951, gamma BHC treatments were applied 

to young cabbage or cauliflower and the results estimated 

about six weeks later by counting the feeding holes left by 

the larvae on treated and untreated plants. For cabbage, the 

reductions amounted to 75% when the roots were dipped in a 

suspension o" 0.02% gamma BltC in soil and water and 87% when 

plants in pots (200 ml capacity) were watered with 80 ml of 

an emulsified solution of 0.2% gamma BHC in such a manner 

that the plant parts above the soil were not wetted. For 

cauliflower, they were 73% when the beds were watered with 

0.3% gamma B11C and 54--6l when the roots were dipped in 0.05 

0,1% gamma 1111C. Since the district was exposed to strong 

winds, the results are provisionally attributed to a systemic 

effect of the B1C. [RAE] 

0750. Fedorinchik, N. S., T. A. Shekhurina, and E. G. Voronina. 

1976. The use of epizootics of injurious insects in 

forecasting and developing systems of integrated control. Tr. 

Vses. Nauchno-issled. Inst. Zashch. Rast. 47:19-23. (in Russian 

with French summary). 

Outbreaks of diseases caused by microorganisms occur 

among insects in the USSR as elsewhere and in some cases have 

a periodic character over large areas. Examples of' such 

insects are Agrotis segetum (Schiff.), Loxostege sticticalis 

(,. ) , L.vmnntrin dispnr (I.) (Porthetrin dispnr), Juproct is 

similis (Fuss ly) ( Nygmin phaeorr'hoea (faw.)), Yponomeuto 

ma.linelIus Zel [, and P.lutello, xy.lostellu (L.) (maculipennis 

(Curt.)). The widespread and frequent use of insecticides 

has destroyed many foci of disease in these species and 

others, and epizootics are now less frequent. The case has 

been otherwise with Apamea anceps (Schiff.), which still 

suffers periodic outbreaks of disease over vast areas of the 

RSFSR. Insecticides are not applied regularly or even every 

year against this moth. It is recommended that control 

measures should be so organized and chosen that they do not 

affect the occurrence of disease outbreaks among insect 

pests. It is demonstrated that data on disease occurrence 

can be used t9 forecast the numbers of A. anceps and Acyrthosiphon 

pisum (Harris) on a very large scale. [RAE] 

0751. Fennah, R. G. 1943. Food-crop pests investigation. 

First report. Report on work during the period April 1942- 

April 1943. Windward and Leeward Islands. 16 pp. 

In April 1942 the author began a series of investigations 

on the control of insect pests of food-crops in the 

Lesser Antilles and Trlnidad and gives in this paper the 

results of the first year's work, which included a survey of 

parasites. Plutelin mnculipenni,; Curt., and Ascia monuste 

I,., are the principal pests of cabbage and cauliflower in the 

Lesser Antitles and the latter is also a serious pest of 

watercress. Control is given by hand collection of the eggs 

and larvae and sprrys containing nicotine sulphate or lead 

arsenate. Arsenical residues can be removed by rinsing the 

311


leaves in a solution of 1.5 fl. oz hydrochloric acid and 2 

common 

oz 

calt in 100 fl. oz water. Brevicoryne 

occasiona 

brassicae L. 

7 ly occurs on the leaves in large numbers and can be 

controlled by spraying with nicotine sulphate and 

.1 

soap 

lb 

or 

soar 

by 

in 6 gal water. Larvae of Psra bipunctalis 

feed on 

F. 

the leaves of beet, Amarantus, and Celosia, portions 

of which they ,join together with silk to form a shelter, 

can be 

and 

destroyed by lead-arsenate sprays or by hand. 

of egg-plant 

Leaves 

(Solanum melongena) are attacked by Corythaica 

monacha .Stal and aphids, both of which are controlled 

spraying 

by 

the lower surfaces of the leaves with nicotine 

sulphate, and by flea-beetles, which are less injurious 

can be 

and 

checked by sprays of lead arsenate or possibly 

covering 

by 

the leaves with fine dust. Ants often construct 

their nests at the base of these plants and are best 

eddestroy 

by digging up the soil and soaking it slowly and copiously 

with water. [RAE] 

0752. Pennah, R. G. 1945. Preliminary tests with DDT against 

insect pests of food crops in the Lesser Antilles. Trop. 

Agric. 22:222--226. 

Tests of DDT against local pests of vegetable 

staple 

and 

food crops, and also against some that affect 

animals, 

man and 

were carried out in St. Lucia in 1944 and 

1945. 

early 

A stock emulsion containing 40 g DDT per 70 

lin 

ml tetra 

(tetrahydronaphthalene), 10 ml. Triton B-1956 (a 

licphtha 

glyceryl alkyd resin), I g soap and 145 ml water, 

with 

diluted 

soft water to the required concentration, was used for 

all spray tests. 

In laboratory tests of the spray residue, examples 

40 well-known 


pests belonging to five orders were taken 

the field 

in 

and transferred to cages, the floors of which 

completely 

were 

covered with leaves of their normal food-plants. 

The leaves in one set of cages had been sprayed some 

previously 

hours 

and bore a deposit of 1 mg DDT/sq in. The temperature 

was 72-83OF and the relative humidity 85-98%. 

pleteConmortality 

of the adults of the two species of 

was 

diptera 

obtained after 24 hours' exposure to the deposit., of 

13 

the 

species of lepidopterous larvae after 36 or 48 


hourn, 

the three 

and 

species of Orthoptera after 48 hours. Complete 

or almost complete mortality of" the 13 species of hemiptera 

was obtained in 36 or 48 hours, an(l adults of most of 

nine 

the 

species of coleoplera were all dead within 

periods. 

the same 

In practice, the distribution of DDT over a 

in 

plant 

the field may be uneven, but in field trials still 

progress 

in 

when this paper was written, a spray applied so 

to 

as 

give a deposit of I mg DDT/sq in gave results 

Nezarn 

against 

viriduin I., Ascia monuste L., Pluteila maculipennis 

Curt., and Anticarsia (Thermesia) gemmatalis Hb. that accordled 

well with those obtained in the cage tests. [tHAE] 

0753. Finlayson, D. G. 1979. Combined effects of soil-incorporated 

and foliar applied insecticides in bed-system produc 

312


tion of Brassica crops. Can. J. Plant Sci. 59:399-410. 

The results are presented of field tests in British 

Columbia in 1974-77 of various combinations of six insectici(les 

(carbofuran, chlorfenvinphos, disul foton, fensul fot-hion, 

terbufos, and isofenphos) incorporated in the soil, 

with five other insecticides (Dipel, methomyl, methamidophos, 

permethrin, and a combination of ethiofencarb with Thuricide) 

applied as foliar sprays against pests of brassica 

crops (cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, and brussels sprouts). 

The pest. species included De.lja brassicac (Wied.) (Hylemya 

brassicae), the aphids M vzus persicae (Sulz. ) and Brevicor.yne 

bra.sice ( L. ), and the lep idoptera .4rtoge.ia rapae (L. ) (Pieris 

r-apae) , Plutelal X.Ylostella ( L. ) , Mamestra configurata 

W k., and 7'richoplusin ni (lib.); special attention was paid 

to the effects of treatments on some natural enemies of the 

pests, including flembi di on lampros (Ifbst. ) and A leochara 

bilineata Gyll. preying on D. brass icae. A. bilineata and 

Apentles ruecula Marshall parasiLising Atroge ia rapae. 

Several soil-incorporated insecticides reduced the numbers of 

emergent seed Iinigs. Pt an ts treated with carbofuran and chlorfenvinphos 

had Least root damage by 0. brassieae. Disulfoton 

was ineffetive. The best aphicidc was ethiofencarb, 

which was closely followed by methamidophos. Permethrin was 

ineffective as an aphicide but very effective against lepidopterous 

larvae. Numbers of overwintaring pup'i-ia of D. brassi 

rtc were greatest fiom untreated plants and least from 

plants treated with chlorfenvinphos. Parasitism by A. bilineatti,averaged 

32% in puparia from untreated plots, as compared 

with 5.5% in those from treated plots. The results are 

discussed in relat ion to the development of pest management 

for brassica crops. [RAE] 

0754. Flerida, C. M. and It. Moral lo-Rejesus. 1982. Isolation 

and characterization of insecticidal fraction from leaf extracts 

of 7'ithonia dipersifolia. Ann. Trop. Res. 4:1-11. 

The different fractions of the acetone extract of T. 

d ivers.ifo lia A. Gray leaves were separated by preparative 

thin layer chromatography after precipitation of pigments and 

more polar constituents with lead acetate. The insecticidal 

fraction was identified through insect bio-aseay using Dysde 

-c.us cinguleitus Fab., T7ribolium castaneum lerbsr. and Sitophilus 

zeamais Motsch . The median lethal dose (LDso) of the 

active fraction was obtained for these species and for Plute 

11. x'ylosella I L. and Spodoptera exempta Walker. The toxicity 

of the semi-purified isolate was only 24.47% less toxic 

l,D)50 - 1.3657 mg/g) than malathion (LDso 1.0972 mg/g) to 

P. x.vlostella, but was much less toxic than the said insecticide 

to the other test species. The toxicity of the isolate 

to P. vylosteln was comparable with values obtained for 

synthetic insecticides used for this insect. Characterizntion 

of the active fraction suggested the presence of a 

gamma- Iac:torne with a hydroxyl group attacked to the ring or 

to an alkyl substituent. tlnsaturation may be present in the 

31 3


ring itself, or external to the ring, alpha to the carbonyl. 

0755. Forbes, A. R. and H. R. MacCarthy. 1959. Control of 

aphids and caterpillars on brussels sprouts in British Columbia. 

Proc. Entomol. Soc. B.C. 56:33--39. 

Eight insecticides were tested at Vancouver in 1958, in 

sprays except where noted, for the control of insects on 

brussels sprouts. Disyston, in granules applied round the 

base of the plants at I lb Al/acre proved outstanding against 

Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), but had little effect on Myzus 

persicae (Sulz.), which was confined to the old leaves. 

Demeton (Systox) and dimethoate were promising against B. 

brass.icne, and mevinphos (Phosdrin) was effective, but had to 

be applied five times. Dimethoate and Am. Cyanamid 18706 at 

I lb/acre were the best materials against M. persicne. Lepidopterous 

larvae (Pieris rapse (L.), Plutella maculipennis 

(Curt.) and Trichoplusin ni (fib. )) were best controlled by 

mevinphos and malathioin at 0.45 and 1.25 lb/acre, respectively. 

[RAE] 

0756. Fox, C. J. S. and R. P. Jaques. 1961. Field tests with 

Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner and DDT for control of two 

pests of cabbage. Can. J. Plant Sci. 41:428--430. 

In Nova Scotia, during 1960, six spray schedules inclu 

(ling Bacillus thuringiensis alone or with DDTi and one of DDT 

with rotenone were evaluated in the field for control of the 

larvae of Pieris rapae (L.) and Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) 

on cabbage. Up to three spray treatments were applied at 

two-week intervals. Three applications of a commerical preparation 

of B. thuringiensis containing 30 l09 x viable 

spores per g at a rate of I lb/acre or one of 50%. DDT at 2 

lb/acre followed by two of B. thuringieDsis were equally 

effective against P. rapae, but DDT was more effective than 

the bacillus against P. maculipennis. An application of 5% 

rotenone at 34 fl oz/acre following two applications of DDT 

gave adequate control of P. maculipennis, but not of P. 

rapae. (RAE] 

0757. Friend, A. H. 1946. Cauliflower seed crop pests. Field 

experiments with the newer insecticides. Observations and 

results. Agric. Gaz. N. S. W. 57:181-182. 

The experiments described were carried out in a crop of 

cauliflowers grown for geed in New South Wales in the seison 

of 1945. The whole crop was sprayed seven times during the 

period up to curd-maturity with a proprietary preparation of 

DDT. The first three sprays were diluted to give 0.05% w/v 

DDT and were applied to the seed bed: the fourth, which was 

applied after planting out, contained 0.1% and caused minor 

leaf scorch, and the content in the last three was therefore 

reduced to 0.025%. Adults of Plutela8 maculipennis Curt. 

were -)resent throughout the season, and adults of Pieris 

rppae L. in the seed-bed and during the early growing stages 

of the crop, after which they disappeared until early August, 

314


but at. no stage were caterpillars observed on the plants, 

despite the deposition of many eggs. [RAE] 

0758. Fullaway, 1). T. 1915. Report of the Entomologist. Rep. 

Hawaii Agric. Exp. Sta. 1914. pp. 43-50. 

The three principal pests of crucifers in Hawaii are 

the imported cabbage worm, Pieris (Pontia) rapae, the cabbage 

webworm, Hellul undal.is, and the diamondbacked cabbage moth, 

Plutella maculipennis; the cabbage aphids, Aphis brassicee 

and Myzus persicae, are also very injurious. The serpentine 

leaf-miner (Ag'romyza pus -Ila), cutworms, grasshoppers and 

thrips, are of minor importance. P. rapue is a serious pest 

of cabbage grown under field conditions. It was first noticed 

in Hawaii in .1898. The time to deal with these caterpillars 

is before they are half-grown; if the plants can be 

started in frames under partial cover, so that the butterfly 

is unable to ovipos,.t on them, they have a good chance of 

beginning to produce hands with little or no infection. 

Arsenic sprays are recommended (arsenate of lead or Paris 

green and lime), applied on both sides of the leaf. The 

Tachinid, Frontina archippivora, undoubtedly does much to 

check the larvae; Chalcis obscurata has been bred from the 

pupa, while a bacterial disease is common in this species. 

ilelluln undalis is equally injurious to cabbage and 

related crops. This pest was introduced into Hawaii between 

1892 and 1895. The larvae frequently destroy seedlings, 

older plants becoming stunted or deformed. According to H. 

0. Marsh, screening the seed-beds and clean culture are the 

best remedies. The Braconid, Chelonus blackburni, is a common 

parasite of this species. 

Plutella muculipenn.is was an early introduction into 

Hawaii. The damage to the plants results from the destruction 

of the leaves by the larvae. Arsenic, kerosene emulsion, 

and hot-water sprays are recommended against it. Multiplication 

is checked by the Irhneumon, Limnerium blackburni. 

The above three species are confined to crucifers; P. 

rapae attacks turnips and cauliflower in addition to cabbage; 

the larva of P. maculipennis is most injurious to thin-leaved 

plants and seedlings; H. undalis damages root crops, such as 

radishes and turnips, by eating out the bud, and destroys the 

foliage of thin-leaved plants. [RAE] 

0759. Fullerton, R. A. 1979. Use of the synthetic pyrethroids 

fenvalerate and cypermethrin to control diamondback 

moth (Plutella xylostella (L.) and the large cabbage moth 

(Crocidolomia binotalis (Zeller)) in Rarotonga, Cook Island. 

Fiji Agric. J. 41:49-51. 

Of four insecticides tested in sprays against Plutella 

xylostella (L.) and Crocidolomia binotalis Zell. on cabbage 

in Rarotonga in the Cook Islands, fenvalerate and cypermethrin 

afforded outstanding control when applied at 100 ml in 

900 litres of water/ha at intervals of two weeks. Diazinon 

at 75 and acephate at 112.5 g/ha reduced the numbers of 

315


larvae on the plants but did not afford acceptable commercial 

con trol . ( RIAE 1 

0760. Gandhale, D. N., A. S. Patil, B. G. Awate,.and L. 

Naik. 

M. 

1982. Effectiveness of newer insecticides for the control 

of diamondbac]k moth, Plutel.l x.ylsot.la (Lepidoptera: 

Plutellidae). Pesticides 16:27-28. 

Synthetic pyrethroids and some other comparatively new 

insecticides were tested for the control of Plutella xyloste 

]in (L.) on cauliflower near Pune, Maharashtra, India, during 

the rainy season of 1980. The most effective were found to 

be methamidophos at 0.05%, fenvalerate at 80 g/ha, cypermethrin 

at 60 g/ha and a herbal insecticide at 1%, which gave 

90-100% reduction of the pest. population. [RAE] 

0761. Gardiner, J. G. 1945. Report of the Minister of Agriculture 

for the Dominion of Canada for the year ended March 

31, t945. Ottawa, Canada. 212 pp. 

In the entomology section (pp. 53-68) of this multisection 

report it is reported that'in estern Canada, the cabbage 

aphid (Brev.icor.vne brassicne L.) seriously affected the 

yields of cabbage, cauliflower and turnip, which were already 

suffering from the effects of severe drought. White grubs 

(Lachnosterna pp.) killed extensive plantings of young 

serynur 

stock, particularly apple, pear and cherry seedlings, in 

the Niagara Peninsula in Ontario; soil treatment with DDT 

appeared to be ineffective against them. The wild Solanum 

poi.vadenjum showed almost. complete immunity to attack by the 

aphids that infest potato in New Brunswick. An emulsion 

containing DDT, applied to the soil at. the time of oviposition, 

gave disappointing results against the onion maggot 

(IiylemyJa antiqun Mg.) in Ontario. A dust of' calomel (mercurous 

chloride) applied to the stems of transplanted cabbages 

protected them from attack by the cabbage maggot (N. brassjcae 

Bch.), but it was ineffective when applied to the 

probably 

soil, 

owing to extremely dry weather at the time of treatment. 

A spray of nicotine sulphate was the most promising 

substitute ior derris against P.Vrausta nub.inlis Hb. on 

maize. Poison baits for the control of cutworms in tobacco 

fields were as effective without molasses as with it. Derris 

(lust and a dust containing 3% DDT killed a high proportion 

the 


potato tuber flea beetle (A'pitr.ix tuberis Gentner) in 

British Columbia. The Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa 

decemlinetn Say), the potato leafhcpper (Empoasca fabae 

Harr.), the imported cabbage worm (Pieris rapae, L,), 

cabbage 

the 

looper (Plusin brnssicae Ril.), the diamondback moth 

(Plutella macu]ipennis Curt.) and the zebra caterpillar (Ceramica 

picta Harr. ) proved to be very susceptible to I)DT, and 

the tomato hornworm (Protoparce quinquemaculata Haw.) and 

striped 

the 

and spotted cucumber beetles (Diabrotica melanocepha9 

]a F. and D. duodecimpunctata F.) were easily killed by it. 

It was also effective, at least on certain crops, against the 

tarnished plant bug (Lygus oblineatus Say) and related spe 

316


cies. The common asparagus beetle (Crioceris asparagi L.) 

was 16--32 times as susceptible to DDT as the spotted asparagus 

beetle (67. duodecimpunctata L.). DDT was very toxic to 

the onion thrips ( Thr.ips tal ci Lind. ) in the greenhouse, but 

failed to control it in the field. [RAEJ 

0762. Ghosh, A. K. and N. R. Ghosh. 1981. Effect of time or 

sowing and insecticidal treatments on the pests of Indian 

mustard ( lrass ica juncea I. ) and on seed yield. Entomon 

6:357--362. 

A field trial was carried out in West Bengal, India, in 

1977-78 to determine the effects of various sowing dates and 

insecticidal treatments on the insect pests of Indian mustard 

( Brassica juncea), which include Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.), 

Crocidolonia b inotn.lis Zel I. , Ath laia lug'ens (Klug) (proA'ima 

I ugens) and Plutella x.vlos tella ( L. ). Sowing in October 

resul ted in better growth and hiigher seed yields than November 

sowing. The application of insecticides also resulted in 

significant ty superior yields as compared with untreated 

plots. Crops sown during October and sprayed with 0.04% 

endosulfan when the pests were first. observed and again 15 

days tater and at the same interval up to the stage of podfilling 

with (.0)25-% demeton-methyl gave a better seed y ield 

than crops receiving an ident ical treatment beginning with 

0 . 04% quina I phos or sprayed with 0. 025% demeton- methyl alone. 

However, there were no significant differences between the 

various insecticidal treatments. Light infestation with L. 

ervsimi had little effect on seed yield. [RAE) 

0763. Gowda, J. V. N. , U1. V. Sul ladmath, and K. P. G. Rao. 

1977. Phenthoate - a new effective phosphatic insecticide 

against cabbage diamondback moth, brinjal borer, and onion 

thrips. Curr. Res. 6:42-43. 

In field tests in Bangalore, India, in 1975-76, three 

spray applications of 0.06% phenthoate at intervals of 15 

days beginning 20 days after transplanting reduced the average 

incidence of Plutella x.vlostella (L. ) on cabbage and (in 

brackets) Leucinodes orhonalis Gn. on egg-plant to 16.40- 

21.14% (28.62-45.51%), as compared with 47.95-48.00% (57.10 

58.6.1) for no treatment. The incidence of infestation after 

application of 0.08% phenthoate against Thrips tabaci Lind. 

on onion was 15.44%, as compared with 36.44% for rio treat 

ment. [RAE) 

0764. Granett, P. and J. P. Reed. 1960. Field evaluation of 

Sevin as an insecticide for pests of vegetables in New Jersey. 

J. Econ. Entomol. 53: 388- 395. 

Tests on a wide range of vegetable crops in New Jersey 

in 1954-58 showed that wettable-powder sprays containing 

0.25-1 lb Sevin/100 U.S. gal controlled Phyllotreta cruciferae 

(Goeze) on cabbage and other crucifers, Empoasca fahae 

(Harris) and Epilachna varivestis Muls. on beans, and Ostrin-ia 

(P.yrausta) nubhi]alis (fb.), tteliothis zea (Boddie) and 

317


Spodoptera (Laphygma) frugiperda (J. E. Smith) on maize, but 

was usually somewhat less effective against Anasa tristis 

(Deg.) on cucurbits and Pier-is rapae (L.), Trichoplusin ni 

(Hb.) and Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) on cabbage. It was 

only moderately effective against Macrosiphum euphorbiae 

(Thos.) (solanifolii (Ashm.)) on potato, did not control 

2'etranj-..hus te-larius (L.) (bimaculatus Harvey) on beans and 

appeared to favor the increase of Rhopalosiphum pseudobrassicae 

(Davis) on turnip, presumably by destroying parasites and 

predators. Foliage injury due to the insecticide was not 

apparent except after repeated spraying of maize in 1956 and 

1957; it was not noticed in 1958. In general, Sevin did not 

appear to have a marked effect. on yield or on the flavor of 

four vegetables testel. Residue analysis on the day of 

spraying showed varying amounts of active chemical, depending 

on the crop, but the residues decreased to a relatively low 

level within a week. tRAE] 

0765. Greaves, T. 1945. Experiments on the control of cabbage 

pests in North Queensland. J. Coun. Sci. Industr. Res. 

Aust. 18:110-120. 

The results are given of two field experiments with 

dusts for the control of cabbage pests, carried out in the 

Burdekin area, North Queensland. On an early crop attacked 

by Hellula undalis F., Heliothis arrige,'j Hb., Prodenia litura 

F., and Crocidolomia binotalis Zell. and not by aphids, 

dusts containing DDT (1 and 5%), lead arsenate (10 and 20%), 

calcium arsenate (10 and 20%), and cryolite (40%), all gave 

very satisfactory control after four applications made at 

ten-day intervals. Magnesite, derris dusts containing 0.5% 

rotenone, and magnesite with the addition of 6% nicotine 

sulphate were significantly inferior. On a later crop, the 

DDT dusts (1 and 5%) were significantly better than any other 

treatment against Plutella maculipennis Curt. and Mvzus persicae 

Sulz., which were the dominant insects present, and 

magnesite with nicotine sulphate was significantly better 

against the aphid than four timbo dusts containing 0.5% 

rotenone. These, in turn, were superior to cryolite (40%); 

all other treatments were inferior. The crop was so heavily 

infested by the aphids that dusts that had no effect on them 

were removed from the plants by their movements and so did 

not affect the larvae of P. maculipennis. The derris and 

timbo dusts containing 0.5% rotenone and a timbo dust containing 

1% rotenone, which was applied after the comparison of 

the other dusts, were ineffective against H. armigera and 

Prodenia litur. 

The combined results of the two experiments indicated 

that when used to dilute lead and calcium arsenate, the order 

of effectiveness of the diluents was "pyrophyllite", kaolin, 

and hydrated lime. The Australian "pyrophyllite", deposits 

of which are found in New South Wales and which contains a 

mixture of hydrated potassium ammonium silicate and siliceous 

pyrophyllite, is a very easy dust to apply and flows very 

318


readily. The local Burdekin lime is a cheap useful diluent 

for lead and calcium arsenate when superior diluents are in 

short supply. [RAEI 

0766. Greaves, T. and D. G. Venables. 1948. The insecticidal 

control of cabbage pests: a summary of experimental 

results, 1944-48. J. Coun. Sci. lndustr. Res. Aust. 21:171 

176. 

Further experiments on the control of cabbage pests 

means 

by 

of insecticides were carried ouL in 1944-48 


in 

cabbage 

fields 

and cauliflower infested by Pluteift maculipennis 

Curt., Pieris rapae L., and Brevicoryne brassicae L. 

Canberra 

in the 

district; 126 sprays and (lusts were tested, 

were 

and 

applied 

they 

at rates of 90-100 gal and 25 lb respectively, 

per acre when damage first appeared and subsequently 

intervals, at 

usually of a fortnight, until about two 

before 

weeks 

harvest. Detailed results are to be published 

but 

later, 

injury ratings for 13 dusts, 11 sprays, and untreated 

plants for each year are here given in a table. 

of greater 

Plutella 

importance 

is 

than Pieris in the Canberra district, 

but as the same insecticides are effective against both, 

damage 

the 

due to them is combined as "moth injury". 

troyed 

They des 

high percertages of untreated plants. It is 

that 

concluded 

DDT is outstanding for their control, BHC (benzene 

hexachloride) inferior, and HETP (hexaethyl tetraphosphate) 

poor. No single insecticide effectively controlled both 

Plutella and Brevicorvne. To obtain reasonable 

aphids, 

control 

the 


concentration of DDT had to be increased to at 

least four times that required for caterpillar control. Emulsified 

solutions of DDT in solvent naphtha controlled aphids 

to some extent, but not sufficiently to warrant the omission 

of a specific aphicide. The most effective dust was one 

containing 1% DDT and 2.4% w/w nicotine (I pint nicotine 

sulphate /20 lb dust) in an inert diluent applied at fortnightly 

intervals. A dust containing 0.5% DDT with 0.125% gamma 

BHC was also effective, but one containing 1% DDT with 5% v/w 

HETP, freshly mixed, was much less toxic to the aphid. The 

most effective spray contained 0.1% DDT with 0.125% HETP, 

freshly mixed; a spray containing 0.1% DDT with 1% w/v soft 

soap also gave good control at both low and high temperatures. 

Other effective sprays were 0.05% DDT with 0.0125% 

gamma BHC, and 0.1% DDT with 0.05% nicotine (I pint nicotine 

sulphate per 100 gal). Combined dusts containing DDT and 

nicotine sulphate in which lime or other alkaline materials 

were used as diluent failed to control Plutelia; such alkalis 

react with DDT, greatly impairing its insecticidal qualities. 

HETP and BHC were not as effective in hot weather against 

Brevicorvne as dusts containing 2.4% w/w nicotine. [RAE] 

0767. Gui, H. L. 1938. Spraying and dusting for cabbage worm 

control. Bull. Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta. 23 (192):113-118. 

An account is given of tests carried out in 1934-37 

with insecticides against Pieris (Ascia) rapae L., Plusia 

319


(Autographa) brassicae Riley, and Plutella maculipennis Curt. 

on cabbage in Ohio from which it is concluded that the best 

control is nAairied by spraying or dusting with Paris green 

or derris powder at intervals of 10 days. Paris green dust 

should be prepared by mixing 1 lb Paris green with 10 lb of a 

diluent such as talc, diatomaceous clay, or lime; flour is 

also satisfactory and increases the adhesive qualities of the 

dust when mixed in equal proportions with other diluents. In 

sprays, Paris green should be used at the rate of 2 lb to 50 

U.S. gal water; a spreader and adhesive is necessary and 2 oz 

fish oil is satisfactory. Derris dusts should contain at 

least 0.5% rotenone; 1 lb derris powder of 4% rotenone content 

should be added to 7 lb flour, talc, diatomaceous clay, 

dusting gypsum or finely ground tobacco stems. Derris sprays 

should contain 0.015% rotenone and should be used with a 

spreader and adhesive. [RAEI 

0768. Gupta, B. M. and J. C. Sharma. 1971. Efficacy of certain 

insecticidal control schedules against insect uests of 

cabbage. Madras Agric. J. 58:889-891. 

In a field test on cabbage in Rajasthan, India, five 

treatments were evaluated for the control of insect pests. 

The best results were obtained with one application of endrin 

in a spray at 0.25 lb/acre followed by two of dimethoate at 

0.50 lb/acre (at 3, 5 and 8 weeks, respectively, after transplanting), 

for which the mortality of L ipaphis er.ysimi 

(Kalt ), Piutella xylostella (L.) (maculipennis (Curt.)), 

Ph.llotreta cruc-i-fere (Goeze), Bag-ada h ilaris (Burr.) (cruciferarum 

Kirk.) and larvae of Spodoptera (Prodenia) 1itura 

(F.) averaged 98.0, 98.0, 92.6, 84.3, 85.3 and 96.6%, respectively. 

The yield averaged 21.1 t/ha, as compared with 18.1 

t/ha for no treatment. [RAE] 

0769. Gurney, W. B. 1924. To control cabbage moth. Agric. 

Gaz. N. S. W. 35:325. 

To protect cabbage plants from Pluteln macuiiponnis 

(cabbage moth), persistent spraying in the seed-beds, and 

later in the field, with kerosene emulsion or tobacco wash is 

useful, but the best spray apparently is that known as Georgia 

mixture. To make this, 2 lb lead arsenate is mixed in 50 

gal of water, and to this solution is added, one sixth of a 

pint of a solution of 1 lb resin and 0.5 lb fresh washing 

soda boiled in a quart o" water until a clear brown liquid is 

obtained. This mixture can be sprayed up to within 5 weeks 

of using the vegetables. [RAE] 

0770. Haddow, B. C. and T. G. Mark. 1970. Iodofenphos- a 

broad review of a promising new insecticide. pp. 531-537. In 

Proceedings of the Fifth British Insecticide and Fungicide 

Conference, 17 to 20 November 1969. Brighton, England, British 

Crop Protection Council, London, U. K. 

Iodofenphos is an organophosphorus insecticide of low 

mammalian toxicity that is effective as a contact and stomach 

320

Insccttcide Control 

poison against a wide range of insect pests. Its low mammalian 

toxicity and long persistence make it useful in farm and 

public hygiene work and also in the protection of stored 

products. Preliminary tests in grain stores and in the 

laboratory showed that iodofenphos is more toxic than malathion. 

Work in various European countries indicates that the 

compound shows promise for the protection of bulk grain. In 

crop protection it has given good control of H. (R) btrass'icae, 

H. (D) antiqua, H. platura (0. cilicrura (Rond.)) and 

Plutell x.lostella (I,.) (maculipennis (Curt.)) on brussels 

sprouts and Meligethes spp. and Ceutorhvnchus assimilis 

(Payk.) on rape. [RAEJ 

0771. Hamersma, P. J., F. J. Stofberg, and C. P. Naude. 

1942. The fluorine and arsenic content of cabbage after 

dusting with insecticides: cryolite, arsenate of lead and 

calcium arsenate. Sci. Bull. Dep. Agric. Forestry South Afr. 

No. 13, 21 pp. 

A detailed account is given of investigations in the 

Transvaal to determine the fluorine and arsenic residues 

remaining on cabbages at harvest after dusting with cryolite, 

lead arsenate, and calcium arsenate, which are commonly applied 

in the Lowveld for the control of Plutella maculipennis 

Curt. The local tolerance for arsenic on vegetables is 1.4 

ppm As2Oa. There is no official tolerance for fluorine, but. 

it is stated that one of 1.4 ppm may soon be enforced. The 

dusts used were cryolite and talc (50:50) containing 22.2% 

fluorine and mixtures of lead arsenate or calcium arsenate 

and talc (20:80) containing 5..1 and 6.6%. As2O3, respectively, 

and applications were made at rates of up to about 60 

lo/acre 2, 4, 6 or 9 weeks after planting and on various 

combinations of these dates. The unwashed plants were analysed 

at harvest, which began 33 days after the last application, 

and the results are given separately for the outer, 

intermediate, and inner leaves. The residues of fluorine and 

arsenic trioxide on the intermediate and inner leaves in no 

case exceeded 1.4 ppm. The results for the outer leaves were 

somewhat inconsistent and may have been affected by rainfall, 

but in most of the cases in which the residues exceeded the 

tolerance, the last application of dust had been made less 

than 60 days before harvest. The residues on the outer 

leaves also exceeded the tolerance when 2.33 g of the cryolite 

mixture and 1.51 g of the lead arsenate mixture were 

applied to the crown of each plant with a teaspoon 5 weeks 

after planting, though the plants were not harvested until 70 

and 73 days later. [RAE] 

0772. Harcourt, D. G. and L. M. Cass. 1955. Studies on 

control of caterpillars on caubage in the Ottawa Valley, 

1953-1954. Can. J. Agric. Sci. 35:568-572. 

Pieris rapae (L.), Piutella maculipennis (Curt.) and 

Trjchoplusia ni (Hb.) on late cabbage in eastern Canada were 

readily controlled in 1947-50 by four applications of a 3% 

321


DDT dust in July and August, but in view of reports elsewhere 

of the development of resistance to DDT and related insec-ticides 

in these insects, the effectiveness of DDT against them 

was re-assessed in Ontario and Quebec in 1953 and 1954. 

Late cabbage in experimental plots were treated on 20 July 

and 2, 15, and 30 August with insecticidal sprays or (lusts, 

the effectiveness of which was assessed as feeding injury to 

the foliage shortly before harvest, 2-4 weeks later. Sprays 

prepared from a 20% endrin emulsion concentrate or a 50% 

wettable 'DDT powder and a dust, containing 3% DDT applied at 

rates of 0.25, 1, and 1 lb Al /acre, respectively, all gave 

excellent control and were significantly superior to a dust 

of 4% malathion at 1.5 lb Al /acre, which gave good but not 

outstanding control in both years. An emulsion spray of dieldrin 

at 0.25 lb., which was tested in one year only, a spray 

of wett.able malathion at 1.5 lb Al which gave good control in 

Quebec in 1953, but only Fair protection in both provinces in 

1954, andti an emulsion spray of' isodrin at 0.25 lb., which 

gave good protection in both provinces in 1953 but was less 

satisfactory in Quebec in 1954. It was evident that DDT had 

maintained its effectiveness and that endrin should almost 

equal it. [RAE] 

0773. Harcourt, D. G. and L. M. Cass. 1959. Control of 

caterpillars on cabbage in the Ottawa Valley of Ontario and 

Quebec, 1956-1957. J. Econ. Entomol. 52:22.1-223. 

In the Ottawa Valley of Ontario and Quebec, the late 

crop of cabbage, which is planted out in late June and matures 

in October, is attacked by Pieris rapne (L.), Plutella 

maculipennis (Curt.) and 7'richoplus.ia ni (fib.), of which the 

first is the most important and causes considerable damage 

each year. DDT gave good control in 1947-54, but failed to 

cause significant reductions of T. ni in 1955, and various 

insecticides were therefore compared with it in 1956 and 

1957. Four applications of 25-40 lb dust or 100 gal emulsion 

spray per acre were made at 15-day intervals from 20-23 July, 

in the early morning, when wind velocities wer low, and 0.75 

lb Phosdrin/acre in emulsion concentrate and 0.26 lb endrin, 

0.75 lb. Guthion, 0.33 lb parathion or rotenone, 1 lb DDT or 

malathion, and 1.5 lb toxaphene /acre in dusts gave 87-97% 

control of Plutell and Pier is in 1956, when populations of 

T. n.i were negligible. The first. three materials gave 85-92% 

control of Plutella, Pieris and a strain of T. ni resistant 

to DDT in 1957, but the others were ineffective against T. 

ni. Comparison of these with earlier resutls did not suggest 

the development of strains of Pier is resistant to DDT. iRAte1 

0774. Harper Gray, R. A. 1915. The prevention of diamondback 

moth outbreaks. J. North Engl. Hortic. Soc. No. 53, 54: 197 

201. 

The outbreak of the diamondback moth (Plutelia macuipennis) 

in the summer of 1914 followed previous records in 

1901, 1891, 1888, 1883, 1851 and 1837. Trials were made at 

322


Cockle Park with a view to preventing oviposition on turnips. 

A strongly infested turnip field was chosen and square plots, 

each 0.05 acre in area, were marked out, and received dressings 

as follows:Plot 1. Paraffin and fine sand: 1.5 pints of 

paraffin to 1 bushel of sand, spread by hand along the 

drills, over and around the turnips, at the rate of 6 cwt/ac-re. 

Plot 2. Lime-sulphur: I lb of shell-lime (slaked before 

boiling) and 1 lb of slphur boiled in 1 gal of water for 30 

minutes; this was then made up to 10 gal with water, and 

applied at the rate of 40 gal/acre by means of a knapsack 

sprayer. Plot. 3. Paraffin and sand, as for plot 1, but at 

the rate of' 3 cwt /acre and broad-casted. Plot 4. Ground 

lime used fresh at the rate of 2.5 cwt./acre. The above 

substances were applied on the afternoon of 23 June, and on 

the following day, the leaves of the turnips along the rows 

in each plot were carefully disturbed. Practically no moths 

appeared in plots I and 4, very few in plot 3, but several in 

plot 2. In other parts of the field, adjacent to the plots, 

large numbers could be disturbed. The plots were examined 

for some days afterwards, when it was found that the moths 

were again beg inning to be abundant in plnts 1 and 3, whereas 

they were still practically ab.ent from plot 4. No harmful 

results followed the dressing of ground line. When the caterpillars 

are on the leaves, most bertefit seems to have been 

derived from brushing the leaves by means of a scuffler to 

which branches were attached, or by some modification of this 

method. Mr. Nichol of Adderstone Grange, Belford, adopted 

with much success the plan of fixing a pole in front of the 

scuffler, with bags hanging from the pole (preferably containing 

a little sand or soil mixed with paraffin) in such a way 

that the bags brushed four drills of turnips. By this method 

the leaves of each drill were brushed four times during the 

operation of scuffling. It was noticed by Mr. Morgan, at 

Cockle Park, in 1914, that turnips singled when the plants 

were small, suffered more from the caterpillars than when 

this was done with stronger and older plants. The last 

turnips to be singled suffered most, probably becausu the 

attack was more severe as the season advanced. Two cases are 

recorded in which starlings and plovers cleared the caterpillars 

from badly attacked fields of turnips. Near West Hartlepool, 

coke fires were placed round headlands of infested 

turnip fields and a large number of moths attracted by the 

light were killed. This pest is always present, but only in 

specially dry seasons does it increase to the extent of 

becoming injurious. Parasitic enemies exercise considerable 

control. Out of' 200 cocoons taken from a turnip field on 28 

July and kept in jars, only 22 moths appeared, the remaining 

178 being parasitised, the Ichneumon, LimneriH gracilis, 

being one of the parasites concerned. [RAE] 

0775. Harper, S. H., C. Potter, and E. M. Gillham. 1947. 

Annona species as insecticides. Ann. App[. Biol. 34:104-112. 

By extraction and precipitation from several solvents, 

323


the toxic principle present. in the seeds and roots of Annona 

reticulata and A. squamosa was obtained at high concentration. 

A preliminary chemical examination of this concentrate 

is described, leading to the conclusion that its toxicity is 

due to a glyceride or glycerides of a hydroxylated unsaturated 

acid or acids of high molecular weight. The extracts 

were tested for insecticidal properties in a variety of 

media. When used as a contact insecticide against Aphis 

fonhe Scop. , ,Jncros iphum ( Macrosiphon.ic.l]a) sanborni Gill., 

and Macros.iphum solanifolii Ashm., the toxicity of the concentrate 

was of the same order as that of rotenone, but against 

Or.vzaephilus surinamensis L. it.i toxicity was considerably 

less. As a stomach poison, the ether extract was both toxic 

and repellent to larvae of Plutella maculipennis Curt. but 

was not toxic or repellent to chose of Jint'raxja (Polio) 

oleracea L. Ovicidal tests against the eggs of P. maculipenn.is 

and Ephest-in kuehniellit Zel1. were inconc lusive. The 

potency of this concentrate is therefore of a limited nature 

and although of roughly the same order as that of rotenone to 

certain aphids, it has neither the intensity of effect nor 

the range of insecticidal action of that compound. [RAE) 

0776. HeadLee, T. J. 1935. Derris as an arsenical substitute 

on vegetables. J. Econ. Entomol. 28:605-607. 

Dert.is elipt.ica is efficient against the Mexican bean 

beetle (Epilachna corrupta), the cabbage looper (Autographa 

brassicae), the imported cabbage worni (Picris rnpe) , the 

diamondback moth caterpillar (Plutella maculipennis), the 

tomato horn worm ( Protopnrce sexta) , t he striped cucumber 

beetle (Djabrotica vittata), the spotted cucumber beetle 

( Diabrotica duodecimpunctata), the asparagus beetle (Crioceris 

asparagi), Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineats) 

and flea beetles (Epitrix cucumeris). Only the corn 

earworm (Heliothis obsoleta) has proved decidedly resistant. 

Apparently derris cenot penetrate its tissues. A saving of 

nearly 2/3 of the required dust app-ars to be possible by 

making the application with single row trailer hoods. [BA] 

0777. Helson, G. A. If. 1947. A survey o" insect pests and 

details of insecticide trials on army farms in the Northern 

Territory. J. Coun. Sci. Industr. Res. Aust. 20:9-16. 

Farms were developed in the Northern Tecritory during 

1940-44 to supply army nefeds, and since insect 'ests, especially 

species introduced on fruit and vegetables brought 

into the area, gradually became troublesome and many of the 

crops were being cultivated on a large scale foc the first 

time in this region, a survey of the pests present was made 

in July 1945, at the height of the growing season. Lists are 

given of upwards of 20 insects found on farms in three areas 

and the crops they attacked, with notes on a few other species 

observed. Those specifically identified were Agromyza 

phaseoli Coq. on beans, Hymenia recurvall's F. and Hellu1a 

undol s F. on beet, Ii. undalis, Heijiothis armigera Hb. , and 

324


P.lutella maculipenn i.; Curt. on cabbage, Aon.id.iella nurant.i.i 

Mask. , Saissetia oleae Bern., and Lepidosaphes beckii Newm. 

on C it rus , Rp ilchni v~igin, ioctopuncta ti F. , Aulacophora 

(Cera tJi) hilris Boisd., A . (Rhnphidopalpa) palmerstoni 

IIIkb. , Oresius arg'enat.us Ev,tns, Aphis gossypi.i Glov. , and 

Thrips tabaci Lind. on cucurbits, 0. argentatus on lettur-e, 

t. arm!igern and Aph-is maidis Fitch on sweet maize, (;nortmoschema 

operculella Zell. on pota,o, G. opercule.llr, H. armigera, 

1'. tabcti, 0. arg'entatus ano Heliothris.,S haemorrho.idalis 

Bch on tobacco, and Helijothis armigeta and T. tabaci on 

loma to. A crop of cabbages at one of the farms was heavily 

infested by 11. armigera, iellula undalis and Plutella maculipennis 

but was saved by an application of the 2% DI)T (lust in 

,July, followed by one of tl,; 0.1% l '"DTqpr.y in A,,, t. fRAE] 

0778. tleison, G. A. 1t. and T. Greaves. 1945. The use of DDT 

as an agricultural insecticide. Results of trials, 1944-45. 

J. Coun. Sci. In,ust r. lies. A st.. 18: 301-309. 

The results are given of experiments carried out in 

Australia belween July 1944 and July 1.945 by the Council for 

Scientific and Industrial Research on the use of DDT against 

agri:ultural pests. The tests were made with DDT dusts and 

with sprays prepared from a concentrate consisting of 1 lb 

DDT in 5 pint.- solvent naphtha, with the addition of 0.5 pint 

emulsifier. This formed a very stable emulsion when added to 

water. 

DDT (lusts were effective against the larvae of several 

moths on cabbage in Queensland. In tests near Canberra, 0.05 

and 0.1% DDTIsprays and 0.5 and 1% )D'T dusts, applied twice 

at an interval of 12 days to a spring crop of cabbage maturing 

late ini December, and at 80 gal and 20 1b/acre, respectively, 

at 1O- or l'1-day intervals to a late crop in February 

and March 1945 gave almost complete control of Plutella 

mnculipennis Curt. and were significantly better than a dust 

of 20% lead arsenate with 6% nicotine sulphate. The DDT 

sprays were significantly better than the dusts'at either 10or 

14-day in terva Ls. There was no significant (Iifference 

between the same DDT (lust applied at intervals of 10 or 14 

lays, but the st ronger (lust. at 10--day intervals was s ignificant 

ly better than the weaker one at. 14--day intervals. The 

stronger spray was significantly better than the weaker one 

at both intervals. The first application of any of the DDT 

treatments gave complete control of Ptier is rnptc? 1. on both 

crops. Some nests of [ridom.vymex detectus F. , Sm., were 

treated in Oct ober with 5% DDT dust at the rate of 1 oz to 

every four en t rance ho es, others in December with I1% dust at 

1 oz to every five entrance holes, and one in January with 2 

quarts emulsion containing 0.1% )lDT, and all the colonies 

were completely control le(, within one week of treatment, but 

in no case did the treatment prevent the repopulation of the 

nest sites by connected or neighbour ing colonies. Dusts of 

5% DDT, applied in cupboards against Technomyrmex detorquens 

WIk. (nlhipes F., Sm) and to a nest of this ant at Canberra, 

325


and on floors and in shallow tins round the legs of a refrigerator 

in Queensland against Pheidole megacephaln F., gave 

complete control. [RAER 

0779. Hely, P. C. 1945. DDT as an insecticide. Result of 

preliminary trials. Agric. Gaz. N. S. W. 56:397-400. 

Further tests of DDT in New South Wales included an 

experiment against Plutella maculipennis Curt., Pieris rapae 

L., and Brevicoryne brassicne L. on cabbage. The treatments 

comprised sprays of 0.05 and 0.1% DDT, and dusts of 1 and 

2%, DDT and 50% lead arsenate in pyrophyilite. Seven weekly 

applications were made, beginning on 3 January, when Plutella 

and Pieris were abundant and some aphids were present. The 

results were estimated on 28 February, when harvest began, 

and showed that all the DDT treatments gave excellent control 

of the lepidoptera, with no significant difference between 

them, and were superior to lead arsenate. They also maintained 

almost complete control throughout the cutting period, 

whereas lead arsenate did not, and plants in untreated plots 

were unmarketable. The results as regards B. brassicae were 

inconclusive. [RAE] 

0780. Henderson, M. 1957. Insecticidal control of diamondback 

moth (Plutella maculipennis Curt.) on cabbage at Cameron 

Highlands. Malays. Agric. J. 40:275-279. 

Sp ay'1 of DDT or BHC satisfactorily controlled Plutella 

maculip.jlis (Curt.) on cruciferous crops in Malaya until 

1956, when reports were received from Singapore, Joho-e, and 

the Cameron Highlands that they were losing their effectiveness. 

Dieldrin was also stated to be giving poor results in 

the Cameron Highlands. Experiments were therefore carried 

out in the latter region in 1957. Cabbages were sprayed at 

weekly intervals from transplanting to a fortnight before 

harvest, and the numbers of larvae on four outer leaves of 

sample plants were counted weekly over the same period. The 

total numbers of larvae were reduced from 758 for no treatment 

to 13 by 0.04% diazinon, 24 by 0.28% malathion, 105 by 

0.15% dieldrin, 707 by 0.15% DDT and 740 by 0.03% gamma-BHC. 

All treatments resulted in significant increases in yield, 

the order of effectiveness being the same as before, and 

diazinon quadrupled the weight of cabbages harvested per 

plot. Only dieldrin left any appreciable residue. [RAE] 

0781. Hervey, G. E. R. and C. E. Palm. 1934. Non-arsenical 

dusts for cauliflower worm control in western New York. Bull. 

N. Y. St. Agric. Exp. Sta. No. 640, 17 pp. 

On cauliflowers dusted 1-5 times at various stages of 

growth with calcium arsenate and hydrated lime (1:3) against 

Pieris rapae L., Phytometra (Autographa) brassicae Riley, and 

Plutella maculipennis Curt., in New York in 1933, large 

amounts of residue were found at harvest, particularly at the 

stump where the dust had collected in the leaf-axis. It 

appears that to keep the residue within the tolerance of 0.01 

326

Insectic .le Control 

grain arsenic trioxide per 1 lb, the arsenical would have to 

be applied about 6-8 weeks before harvest, and so would 

afford little protection unless supplementd by treatments 

with other materials. 

Experiments were undertaken to compare the efficiency 

on cauliflowers and cabbages of various contact insecticides, 

the source of which is stated, reference being made to other 

workers' observations on their use against cabbage caterpillars. 

They were applied to the upper surface of the leaves 

(the dusts at the rate of 30 lb/acre) on 25 July, 14 August, 

and 8 September, and their efficiency was estimated by counting 

the number of living caterpillars on 25 plants taken at 

random in each plot 3 days after treatment. A derris powder 

containing 4% rotenone with talc (1:3 or 1:7) gave excellent 

control, the two strengths being abtLt equally effective. In 

general, it was of far greater value than calcium arsenate 

and lime (1:3) and appeared about equal or slightly superior 

to lead arsenate and lime (1:3). A 1:1 mixture of derris 

containing 5% rotenone and pyrethrum containing 1% pyrethrins, 

diluted with 1-5 parts talc, was very toxic, but apparently 

inferior to derris and talc alone. The pyrethrum 

powder used alone or with talc (1:1) gave satisfactory protection, 

but it lost much of its toxicity when diluted with 2-5 

parts talc. Good results were also obtained with "activated" 

pyrethrum (lusts (containing 2.15 g pyrethrins) when used 

alone. Pyrethrum extract (containing 2.15 g pyrethrins per 

100 ml) diluted 1:300 with .1oz fish--oil soap per U.S. gal 

proved less satisfactory than the dusts. Pyrethrum was not so 

effective as rotenone; it was more rapid in its action, but 

protected the plants over a shorter period. Hellebore, used 

undiluted and with equal parts of talc, did not appear very 

toxic, though it compared favourably with calcium arsenate. 

Pieruis rapae, which was the most injurious, seemed to 

be the easiest species to control, and Plutella, which was 

abundant but apparently fed only on the loose leaves, was the 

most difficult. The larvae of these species were active from 

early in July until early in November and were most destructive 

during August-September. Phytoiretra was not sufficiently 

abundant to determine definitely the effect of the insecticides, 

though it increased considerably during September. 

A derris dust containing 0.5% rotenone applied at the 

rate of 25-30 Lb/acre is tentatively recommended. Two applications 

gave adequate protection against moderate infestation 

in 1933, but the number will depend on the severity of infestation 

and the time the plants are set in the field. [RAE] 

0782. Ho, H. S. and T. S. Liu. 1969. The results of 

comparison of insecticides against diamondback moth. Taiwan 

Agric. Quart. 5:90-93. (in Chinese with English summary). 

Among three different concentrations of chemicals at 

0.1, 0.05, and 0.025%, the best mortality was shown by Phosdrin 

24% E.C. but this kind of insecticide is more tovic to 

human--being than others and can not be used two weeks Defore 

327


the harvesting of vegetables. DIT and Phosdr'n ranked second 

and Nerion 25% E.C, third. So far, DIVP 50% P.C. and DDT 25% 

E.C. were more effect ive at high concentration than at. low 

one. Insect mortalities due to parathion and metasystox, 

wh.ic h have high mammalian toxicities were less than due. to 

malathion, which has low mammalian toxicity. The resistance 

of diamondback moth to insect icides thus differed with compo-sitions 

of insecticides. 

0783. Homeyer:, B. t973. The action of Curaterr against. root 

and shoot pests through application on the soil. Meded. Fac. 

Landbouwwet. Gent. 38: 1231- 1210. (in German with English 

summary). 

Information is given on the chemical and physical properties 

of carbofuran (Curaterr), its toxicity to mammals and 

its effect iveness against. various root. and leaf pests of 

economic plants. The acute oral toxicity to rats is about 15 

mg/kg. The product. aCt.s main ly as a contact. poison but also 

has a high systemic potential. As a soil treatment, carbofuran 

is effective against insects and nematodes in the soil 

and against other insects and tetranychids 1n the aerial 

parts of the plant.; lists are given showing the results of 

laboratory, greenhouse, and field tests in Germany against 

lI.vlemva spp. , Dfiahrot.ica spp. , Agiotes l ineatus (I. ) , Coste 

.vtra zealandica (White), Agrotis seegetum (Schiff.) and Chi.lo 

suppressalis (Wtk.) in the soil and Piutell/n y.vlostelln (1.) 

(maculipenn.is (Curt.)), Phasedon cochleariae (F. ) , Alyzus 

per-si e. ( Su Iz .) , Aphis ( PorttIis) fahue Scop. and '.Tetr ?.chus 

urticae Koch on plants. Owing Lo the wide range of effectiveness 

of this compound, its lack of phytotoxic effects and 

its comparatively long residual action, a single application 

is usually sufficient. tco protect. young plant~s from root, and 

leaf pests. (RAE] 

0784. Homeyer, B. 1975. New approaches to chemical control 

of soil insects. pp. 324-331. In VIII International Plant 

Protection Congress, Moscow, 1975. Reports and Information 

Section III. Chemical Control Part I. Moscow, [ISSR. 

Restrictions have been laid on the application of chLorinated 

hydrocarbons because of their long persistence in 

soil; their insecticidal action is dependent on the mobility 

of the pest. to be cont ro Iled. The possibility of' using soil 

insecticides with a greater mobility in plants and soil and a 

more rapi d action was i nves tiga ted in West. Germany. Information 

is given on the chemistry, toxicology, spectrum of 

activity against soil insects, persistence in soil, mobility 

in soil and uptake by plant roots of phoxim, isofenphos, and 

carbofuran. It was found that. 5 ppm or less of' these com-pounds 

was required in soil for 95% kill of representative 

species of the larvae of co leoptera, diptera and lepidoptera, 

except for cutworms (Agrot.is segelum (Schiff.)) which required 

20 ppm isofenphos or carbofuran. Phoxim proved the 

most potent of the three compounds. In tests with pots of 

328


treated soi-l into which fly larvae were introduced at different 

times or at d:i fferent depths, it. was found that phoxim 

remained effective in the soil for 8 weeks and penetrated 

after simulated rain to a depth of about. 6 cmn, isofenphos 

remained effective for about 12 weeks and penetrated to about 

it cm and carbofuran was effect.ive for about 16 weeks and 

penetrated to about 12 cm. Greenhouse tests with cabbage 

planted in soil treated with isofenphos or carbofuran and 

infested a week later with Phaedon cochleatriae (F.), Plutella 

xV .o,;t f!. Ia (I. ) ( macu.I ip nn.is (Curt . ) ) or M vzus persicae 

(Sulz.) showed that both compounds were absorbed by the plant 

roots sufficiently to make the plant toxic to the first two 

species only carbofuran was effective against the aph.d and 

also gave at least. 95% kill of the other pests at 5 ppm; with 

isofenphos, 10 ppm was necessary to give 95% kill. Carbofuran 

iL therefore recommended for the protection of young 

crops (such as maize, beet, and cotton) against early-season 

biting and sucking pests. [RAFI 

0785. fluckett, If. C. 1925. Control of insects in the cauliflower 

seedbed on Long Island. New York State Agric. Exp. 

Sta. Cire. No. 80, Il pp. 

Insects injuring caul if lower seedlings in New York 

State include the cabbage root maggot (Phorbia brassicae 

Ich. ), most of the eggs of which are laidt within 0.75 in of 

the surface of the soil and within 1 in radius of the plant; 

egg-Ilaying continues for about a month. For the flea-beetles, 

Ph.vllot rota spp. and Epitrix cucumeris Harr. , the seedbeds 

should be inspectedt regularly during the first two weeks 

that the plants are above ground. If remedies are necessary, 

hydrated lime or a mixture of 10 lb hydrated lime and 1 lb 

calcium arsenate shaken over the plants from a cheesecloth 

bag in one or two applications will considerably reduce the 

numbers. Aphids, especially the spinach aphid (MAyzus persicae 

Sulz.), are the most important pests of seedling cauliflowers, 

and the remedies used against them are discussed. 

Thr ips are also very injurious, and should be particularly 

watched for during a period of hot dry weather in May and 

June. The lower surface of the older leaves along the rows, 

especially the outside rows, should be examined for injury. 

The best. remedies are the nicotine sulfate spray of dust and 

tobacco dust as recommended for the aphids. The diamondback 

moth (PlutIeln mcul.iponnis Curt. ), although of less frequent 

occurrence, is capable of seriously injuring young foliage in 

a very short. time. The moths fly in late June or early July, 

and the larvae when disturbed drop from the leaves on silken 

threads. Ap soon as they appear, the plants should be dusted 

with an arsenical or nicotine mixture; the normal applications 

for thrips and aphids are generally sufficient to keep 

this pest in check. A general dust recommended for all three 

pests is 1 lb calcium arsenate to 5 lb 2% nicotine sulfate 

dust, or 3 lb calcium arsenate powder to 50 U.S. gal nizt..ine 

spray mixt.ure; two applications at an interval )f a week 

329


should be sufficient provided that. heavy rain does not occur. 

The cabbage looper ('Phytometra brassicae Riley) is not generally 

a serious pest of cauliflower until late in the season, 

but the caterpillars may quickly strip the foliage.. Both 

this moth and the white cabbage butterfly (Pieris rapae L.) 

may be cont rol led by the methods used against Plutelia macuipenn 

is. [ RAE ] 

0786. Huckett, If. C. 1934. Field tests on Long Island of 

derris as an insecticide for the control of cabbage worms. J. 

Econ. ntomol. 27:440-445. 

'rests were carried out on cauliflower, cabbage and 

broccoli in June-Scptomber 1933 with substitutes for arsenicals 

against Pier is rnpu. I,. and also against. Plutella maculipennis 

Curt. , and Ph.ytometrn (Autographa) brassicae Riley 

which were less injurious but became increasingly numerous as 

the season advanced. The materials were generally applied at 

rates equivalent to 6(0-80 U.S. gal spray or 20-40 lb dust 

/acre. Derris dusts proved effective in control. A derrisclay 

(lust of 0.5% rotenone content applied 4 times at about 

15-day intervals during a 10--week period of infestation gave 

as satisfactory control of P. rapae as 5 or 7 app I icat ions at 

shorter intervals. A derris-clay dust of 0.5% retenone gave 

as satisf'actory results as dusts of 1% a dust of 0.33% was 

not so effective. Talc, clay and tobacco (lust gave promise 

of being satisfactory carri ers for derris (dusts; hy(Irated 

lime apparently reduced their toxicity. Rotenone sprays were 

apparently inferior to (lusts, though this may have been due 

to heavier infestation in the sprayed section. They were as 

effective at a dilution of 1:10,000 as at. 1:5,000. There was 

very little difference in the comparative merits of the 

various spreaders used with rotenone. [RAEj 

0787. fluckett, H. C. 1937. Further tests with pyrethrum as 

an insecticide for cabbage worms. J. Econ. Entomol. 30:323 

328. Experiments with pyrethrum For the control of lepidopterous 

larvae attacking cabbage and cauliflower were carried 

out on Long Island in 1936. Ground pyrethrum f1lowers of 0.9 

and 0.6% pyrethrin content, an inert material impregnated 

with extractives of pyrethrum flowers nnd having a pyrethrin 

content of 2%, and pyrethrum powder imregnated with extractives 

of pyrethrum flowers and having a pyrethrin content. of 

0.5%, were compared, and clay, talc, gypsum, and infusorial 

earth were tested as carriers. Infusorial earth was included 

as a "fluffing" agent in all mixtures of ground flowers and 

impregnated powders with the other diluents at the rate of 2 

lb and 5 lb to 100 lb finished dust, respectively. When the 

light infusorial earth was the only diluent, the quantity 

used was determined by volume, I lb being used to replace 4 

lb of the heavier materials. 

Field tests were carried out in August and September in 

one lightly infested and one more seriously infested field of 

330

Insccticide Control 

cauliflowers. Population counts oi. 20 control plants in 

October showed an average of 0 7 Pie?-ris rapae L., 8.8 P1us.ia 

brassice Riley, and 3.3 Plutella maculipennis Curt., per 

plant in the first., and 0.5 8.teri:, 1.3Plus.ia and 15.6 

Plutel]a in the second. Plots were arranged according to the 

Latin square system. IP the first field, dusts were applied 

on 25 August and 9 and 23 September, and in the second, on 28 

August and II and 26 September. The rate of application 

increased 

the first., 

as the season advanced from 16.5 to 25 lb/acre in 

and from 20 to 32 in the second, when clay, talc 

and gypsum were used, and from 4.5 to 6 in the first, and 4.5 

to 8 in the second when infusorial earth was used. Plant 

injury was classified as none or a trace, slight, moderate, 

and severe, according to the amount of feeding injury on the 

inner 

bases 

foliage and the amount of frass accumulated at the 

of the inner leaves. The results of the laboratory 

experiments were confirmed, in the case of plants treated 

with pyrethrum powder of 0.9% pyrcthrin content diluted with 

clay to 0.6, 0.5, and 0.4% pyrethrin content, the average 

percentage increases over controls in plants showing no injury 

or only a trace were 36, 31.5, and 20; and in the case of 

plants treated with powder of 0.6% pyrethrin content, the 

increases were 52.5, 48 and 42.5. In the second field experiment, 

the combinations tested were the same as in the 

second laboratory experiment. The increases over the control 

in the percentage of plants showing no injury or only a trace 

in one field in the case of plants treated with ground pyrethrum 

flowers (0.9% pyrethrin content) and the averages for 

two fields in the case of those treated with the impregnated 

inert (lust and impregnated powder, in combination with clay, 

talc, gypsum, and infusorial earth were, respectively: 25, 

37, 44 and 43; 13.5, 29, 33 and 25.5; and 19.5, 33,39 and 38. 

[RAE 1 

0788. Huckett, I. C. 1938. Recent developments in cabbage 

worm control on Long Island. Annu. Rep. Entomol. Soc. Ontario 

69: 93-96. 

Arsenical residues in excess of the legal tolerance 

occurred on cauliflower on Long Island. New York., in 1932, 

and the first. arsenical substitute to be used on a large 

scale against cabbage worms (Pieris rpae; the cabbage looper, 

Au Iographl brassicae; the diamondback moth, Plutella 

maculipennis; and the zebra caterpillar Mamestra picta) was 

derris (last. This material failed to kill the larvae of 

Picta and many of the older larvae of brassicae, although it 

was satisfactory against P. r'uptie antl young A. brassicae. 

Dusts containing powdered pyrethrum flowers gave a high percentage 

of kill of all larvae, but owing to the high cost of 

pyrethrum (31 cents per lb in 1933), this material was not 

used extensively until 1935, when the price dropped shai-ply 

to 16 cents per lb. It went up again in 1937 and forced the 

growers to use lower priced dusts consisting of powders 

impregnated with commercial extractives of pyrethrum. These 

331


latter dusts give fair control, but still have certain disadvantages, 

notably a somewhat damp or "greasy" consistency 

which impedes their even flow through the duster. The average 

compositions of' the (lusts mentioned are: (1) Derris: 

dusting clay formulated to contain 0.75% rotenone; (2) Pyrethrum: 

dusting clay formulated to contain 0.6% pyrethrins; and 

(3) Impregnated dusts; clay, talc, or exhausted pyrethrum 

flowers, impregnated to contain from 0.25%--0.3% pyrethrins. 

[BA] 

0789 Huckett, If. C. 1940. Non--arsenical dusts for cauliflo-wer 

and cabbage worm control on Long Island. Bull. N. Y. 

Agric. Exp. Sta. No. 695. 58 pp. 

A summarized account is given of experiments carried 

out during 1933-38 on Long Island, New York, on the use of 

non-arsenial dusts for the control of Pieris rapae L., Plusia 

(Autographal) brass icae Fil, P.1utel.li maculipenn.is Curt., and 

Ceramica (Mamestra) picta Harr., on cauliflower, cabbage and 

brussels sprouts, the main results of which have been noticed 

from previous reports. Pyrethrum dusts were generally easier 

to apply successfully than impregnated pyrethrin dusts; the 

use of clay as a diluent conferred superior dusting qualities 

on the mixtures, but reduced the toxicity of the impregnated 

dusts and also that of the pyrethrum dusts when it represented 

more than one half of the prepared mixture. Mixtures of 

diatomaceous earth and either pyrethrum or an impregnated 

pyrethrin dust gave satisfactory control, but their practical 

use is seriously restricted by the fact that most types of 

dusters for vegetable crops are not adapted to dealing with 

such bul!v mixtures. The most satisfactory diluent in these 

dusts was talc. [RAE] 

0790. Huckett, H. C. 1946. DDT and other new insecticides 

for control of cauliflower worms on Long Island. J. Econ. 

Entomol. 39:184-188. 

In tests on Long Island against Piteris rapae I,., Plus.ia 

(Autographa) brassicae Ril., and Plutella maculipennis Curt., 

on the autumn crop of cauliflower, treatments were applied 

three times between 8 August and 24 September to plants set 

out on 18 July at the rate of 26.5, 30.5 and 30 lb dust/acre 

and 95, 171.5, and 180 U.S. gals spray /acre. Dusts of 0.5 

3% DDT in talc and an inert dust impregnated with less than 

1% DDT were all highly effective and 2% DDD rather less so. 

Dusts containing pyrethrum, cube, Ryanex or sabadilla were 

significantly less effective. A dust of 20% sabadilla gave 

promising results. DDT sprays were also very effective. 

Sprayings containing 1.5 or 3 lb wettable powder (25% DDT) 

per 100 U.S. gal water (0.047 and 0.094% DDT) and I pint oil 

emulsion (25% DDT) in 100 gal water (0.0312% DDT) were slightly 

more effective than sprays of lower DDT content, and the 

emulsions were more effective than the suspensions at the 

lower concentrations. Sprays of 4 and 6 lb Ryanex per 100 

U.S. gal were relatively ineffective. [RAE] 

332


0791. Irving, N. S. 1978. Report on the Antigua, Montserrat 

and St. Kitts-Nevis Anguilla Entomology Program 1975-77. 

Centre for Overseas Pest. Research. London, UK, 55 pp. 

This report on entomolgical research in Antigua and the 

neighbouring islands of Montserrat, St. Kitts, and Nevis is 

in two parts, corresponding to 1975-76 and 1976-77, respectively. 

The first. part. contains a review of the 1)iology, 

injuriousness, and control of about 15 species of arthropods 

on cotton, about 5 on pasture legumes, and others on maize, 

tomato, and cabbage. The results of field trials in Antigua 

are presented. Spec i al at tent, ion was paid to the physical 

behaviour of insecticides when applied to cotton with both 

tractor-mounted and hand operated IILV units. Good control of 

Alabama argillacea (1ib.), the major pest of cotton, was 

obtained by both techniques. Good control was also obtained 

of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) and Heliothis zea (Boddie) 

on maize and of Plutella x.vyloste.lli (I.) on cabbage with 

insecticides of low mammalian toxicity. control of H. zea on 

tomato was less effect ive. The egg parasite Telenomus remus 

Nixon was introduced from Trinidad, reared in the laboratory, 

and released in the field in Antigua for the biological 

control of Spodoptera spp. on maize and cotton. 

The second part of the report includes the results of 

further tests in Antigua of insecticides against cotton pests 

in the field. No significant increases in yield were obtained, 

and it is suggested that this was because of low 

rates of infestation of the usual cotton pests. A relation 

that was detected between the number of eggs of f. zea and 

the incidence of damaged squares indicated a control threshold 

of 2 eggs/plant. Good control of P. xylostella on 

cabbage was obtained with fenvalerate. Recommendations are 

made for future entomological work on cotton and vegetables. 

[ RA ] 

0792. Jackson, I. F. and D. P. Graham. 1979. Permethrin for 

the control of lepidopteran insect pests in New Zealand. pp. 

259--266. Tn M. J. Hartley (Ed.). Proceedings of the 32nd New 

Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference. Ministry of Agriculture 

and Fisheries, Palmerston North, New Zealand. 

The physical, chemical and biological properties of 

permethrin are reviewed, and it is shown from field tests in 

New Zealand that it is particularly active against lepidoptera, 

including Epiphyas postvittana (Wlk.) and Cydia pomonella 

(L.) (.Laspeyresia pomonella) on apple, Heliothis armigera 

contorta Wlk. (Hel :7overpa armigera conferta) on maize (sweet 

corn) and tomato, and Plutella xylostella (L. ) and Artogeia 

rapae (L.) (Pieris rapae) on cauliflower. The concentrations 

applied to apple in the tests ranged from 1.25 to 10 g/1lO0 

litres, and the rates of application on the other crops from 

12.5 to 100 g/ha. [RAE] 

0793. Jarvis, 11. 1926. Sundry notes on injurious insects of 

the Stanthorpe District. Queensl..Agric. J. 26:77-78. 

333


An army--worm, Cirphis unipuncta faw., 

numerous 

which attacks 

garden and field crops in Queensland, 

considerable 

has caused 

damage to peaches and plums; the 

into 

larvae 

the fruit, 

burrow 

generally causing a rot to aet in: 


A 

3 

spray 

oz Paris green, 2.25 oz 40% nicotine sulfate, 

and 

12 

9-10 

oz soap 

gal water is very effective in controlling 

also the 

it 

cabbage 

and 

moth, P.luteila maculipennis Curt. 

rarun Zell.) 

(cruci.fe 

and the pumpkin beetle (Aulacophora sp.), 

damages 

which 

egg plants and all kinds of cucurbits. 

sting 

A bait 

of 1 qt 

consi 

bran and 2-3 oz Paris green or lead 

mixed 

arsenate, 

dry, has been found to control C. unipuncta 

rilysatisfacto 

when dusted round young tomato plants. The larvae of 

two 

other Noctuids, Heliothis obso~ltv F., 

attacking cabbages 

and young tomato plants, and Agro is sp. attacking tomato 

fruit, have been prevalent. [RAE] 

0794. Jarvis, H. 1931. Cabbage mot.h control by non-arsenical 

sprays. Queensl. Agric. J. 36:399-403. 

During recent years, Plu ella macul.ipennis 

caused 

Curt. 

serious 

has 

damage to cabbages in parts of Queensland, 

as spraying 

and 

wiLh lead arsenate has not given 

control, 

satisfactory 

various alternatives were tested. One 

treated 

plot was 

with a proprietary derris preparation, at 

2 

the 

lb to 

rate 

40 


gal water, and a second with a spray 

0.5 

composed 

pt nicotine 


sulphate, 2 lb soap, I lb lead arsenate 

40 gal 

and 

water, four applications being made 

Both 

in 

materials 

each case. 

gave fairly satisfactory control, 

former 

but the 

was more toxic to both larvae and pupae, 

plants 

and 

treated 

the 

with it were cleaner and better 

addition 

grown. 

to its 

In 

greater efficacy, it has the advantage 

being 


non-poisonous to man. [RAE] 

0795. Jenkins, C. F. H. and P. N. Forte. 1946. 

Experiments 

1945-46 

with DDT and 666 as agricultural insecticides. 

Dep. 

J. 

Agric. West. Aust.(2) 23:307-317. 

In experiments in Western Australia, 

in 

a 

pyrophyllite 

dust of 1% DDT 

and a spray containing 0.1% DDT as an 

fiedemulsi 

solution both gave good control of Plutella 

Curt. 

maculipennis 

on cauliflower, the cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapne 

and Plusia 

L., 

(Phytometra) argentifera Gn., on potato, 

silver 

lettuce, 

beet and cabbage, but neither was of value 

Nysius 

against 

vinitor Bergr. on potatoes or the cabbage 

Birevicoryne 

aphid, 

brassicee L. In a test to determine 

harmful 

whether 

residues persist on vegetables tretaed with DDT, 

amount 

the 

in raw and cooked samples of cabbage was 

less 

found 

than 

to 

7 ppm, 

be 

which was the lowest limit that 

determined 

could be 

on the quantity of material available, 

outer 

when the 

leaves were removed, and 40 and less than 7 ppm, respectively, 

when they were not. 

Benzene hexachloride in a dust was ineffective 

Plutella 

against 

maculipennis, Pieris rapae and B. brassicae 

cifers, 

on 

E. 

cru 

ter'rae-regjnae on tomato and N. vinitor 

In sprays 

on potato. 

it was ineffective against N. vinitor and against 

334


T. froggatti on apple, and Ceroplstes destructor, S. oleae 

and Aon.idiella aurantii on citrus, but controlled Plutella 

maculipennis and Pieris rapae. It was very effective when 

used in bran baits either with or without molasses against 

Austroicetes cruciata, and acted much more rapidly than DDT 

or sodium arsenite. [RAE] 

0796. Kelsall, A. and H. T. Stultz. 1937. Pyrethrum and 

derris dust. Rep. Entomol. Soc. Ont. 67:20-29. 

An account is given of laboratory experiments, sometimes 

supplemented by field tests, on the comparative efficiency 

of derris and pyrethrum (lusts, containing not less 

than 3.95% rotenone and 0.94% total pyrethrins, respectively, 

against insect pests in Canada. In field tests, excellent 

control was obtained with pyrethrum and fair results with 

derris. The percentage mortalities of Plutella maculipennis 

Curt. were 83, 100, 0, and 40 with 15 and 30% pyrethrum and 5 

and 12.5% derris, respectively, in one day. Field tests 

suggested that pyrethrum would be effective in concentrations 

that were lethal for Plusin brassicae. [RAE] 

0797. Kessell, A. C. 1972. Effect on bees of insecticides 

used on rape. J. Agric. West. Aust. 13:83-86. 

Rape is being grown on an increasing scale in Western 

Australia. The danger to honey bees (both as pollinators and 

honey producers) from insecticides applied to control insect 

pests (including aphids, Heliothis punctigera Wllgr., Ifellula 

sp., Pieris rapae (L.) and Pluteln xylostella (L.)) on rape 

in flower is emphasized, and recommended precautions are 

described. In a field test. in spring 1971, methyl-demeton-S 

was applied in sprays after dark. Bees from several apiaries 

within one mile were working the crop early the following 

morning and there were no signs of losses of bees from these 

apiaries. In another test, caged bees were placed in the 

field and four insecticides were applied in sprays. With 

methidathion, methomyl (Lannate), trichlorphon and methyl-demeton-S, 

about 8, 20, 35 and 100%, respectively, of the 

bees were still alive one hour after treatment. Eight hours 

later, under 10% were still alive with the first three compounds 

and about 0% with methyl-demeton--S. The danger to the 

colonies from affected bees returning and causing contamination 

is discussed. Recommendations for the chemical control 

of pests, using carbaryl, DDT, methidathion, methyl-demeton-S 

and trichlorphon are tabulated, with special reference to the 

toxicity of these compounds to bees. [RAE] 

0798. Komson, A, and C. H. Rendell. 1979. Insect control on 

cabbage using three volume application rates of insecticide. 

Thai. J. Agric. Sci. 12:181-189. 

In tests in Thailand on cabbage infested by Lipaphis 

erysimi (Kalt.), Phyllotreta flexuosa (Ill.) (sinuata 

(Steph.)), Plutella xylostella (L.), and Trichoplusia ni 

(lb.), a 20% fenvalerate sprays was applied 10 times at 

335


weekly intervals, beg inn i ng one week after transplanting. 

The treatment was applied as a high-volume spray at 30 or 60 

liters/rai (0.16 ha) or as a low--volume spray at. 10 1/rai. 

The low--volume technique gave better control than the highvolume 

technique afnd reduced the t ire involved in application 

by two--thirds. Fenvalerate was very effective against P. 

x.ylost el1 and 7'. ni at the very low rate of 3-4.4 g Al/rai 

(18.75-27.5 g/ha) and also afforded some control of aphids 

and flea beetl es. Unexpectedly, the greate.,t. yields were 

obtained from plots that had the highest numbers of insects. 

[RAR 1 

0799. Kouskolekas, C. A. and J. 1). Harper. 1973. Control of 

insect defoliators of collard- in Alabama. J. Econ. Entomol. 

66:.1159--1161. 

In spray tests in field plots in Alabama (luring 1969 

71, several pesticides were evaluated for control of insect 

defoliators of collards. Galecron applied at 1 lb toxicant/ 

acre, methomyl at 0.5 Ib, Monitor at 0.5 Ib, and Dipel (a 

preparation of the 111)-I strain of Bacillus thur ingiens.is var. 

kurstaki at 0.5 lb gave good control of larvae of Pieris 

rapne (L.) and P.lutellt x.y'losI 1.lla (L.). Dipel at 0.5 lb, 

Galecron at I lb and Orthene at 0.75 lb gave satisfactory 

control of heavy infestations of larvae of Trichoplusja ni 

(Hb.). [RAE] 

0800. Krishnaiah, K. and N. J. Mohan. 1983. Control of cabbage 

pests by new insecticides. Indian J. Entomol. 45:222 

228. 

Field trials were carried out in India in 1975-76 to 

determine the effectiveness of several chemcial and biological 

insecticides against Plutella xy.lostellu (L.), Crocidolomia 

binotalis Zell. , Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) and Myzus 

persicae (Sulz.) on cabbage. Quinalphos, methamidophos, 

dioxathion and endosulfan gave effective control of P. xylostella 

for two weeks, while Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki 

(Dipel), a mixture of Dipel and chlordimeform (chlorphenamidine), 

monocrotophos, phosalone, phenthoate, methomyl, 

and malathion suppressed the population for one week; garlic 

oil gave moderate control of the pest.. C. binotalis was 

controlled effectively for two weeks by monocrotophos, quinaiphoos, 

phenthoate, ch]orpyrifos, chlorfenvinphos, acephate, 

methamidaphos, fenitrothion, carbaryl, and endosulfan. Applications 

of monocrotophos, quinalphos, methamidophos, chlo-rpyrifos 

and enoosulfan controlled L. orysimi for two weeks. 

M. pers.icae was controlled only by methamidophos and quinalphos 

for two weeks and by endosulfan for one week. [RAE] 

0801. Krishnaiah, K., N. J. Mohan, and B. G. Bagle. 1978. 

Control of major insect pests of cabbage by new insecticides. 

Indian J. Plant Prot. 6:44--47. 

During field trials carried out in Bangalore, India, in 

1975-76, 13 insecticides were evaluated for their effective 

336


ness against Plutella xylostella (L.) and 17 against Crocido 

.lomia binotalis Zell. and L.ipaphis erysim.i (Kalt.) on cabbage, 

by applying biweekly sprays. It was found that quinalphos, 

chlorpyrifos, anid dioxathion applied at a rate of 0.5 

kg a.i./ha, followed by monocrotophos (0.3 kg), phosalone, 

phenthoate and methomyI (0.5 kg) were effective against P. 

xylostel]a. Monocrotophos (0.3 kg), quinalphos, phenthoate, 

chlorpyrifos, chlorfenvinphos, trichlorphon, acephate, metha-midophos 

(0.5 kg), fenitrothioi (0.75 kg) and endosulfan (0.7 

kg) proved effective against C. binotalis, while effective 

control of L. erysimi was obtained with quinalphos, methamidophos, 

chlorpyrifos (0.5 kg), monocrotophos (0.3 kg) and 

endosulfan (0.7 kg). [RAE] 

0802. Kutsenin, B. A. 1970. The protection of cruciferous 

crops in the Kola peninsula. Zashch. Rast 15:21. (In Russian) 

. 

Investigations in the Murmansk region of the Soviet 

Union revealed that cabbages and other cruciferous crops with 

high yields in the Kola peninsula were damaged by over 20 

insect species, the most injurious of which were Silpha 

(Acl ypea) optca L. , If'emytt brassica, (Bch. ) and P.lutella 

xylostella (L.) (mactculipennis (Curt.)), details of the biology 

of which are recorded. Agrotechnical procedures for reducing 

infestation are described, including high doses of potassium, 

phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers, the planting of 

early cabbage varieties and planting seedlings in peat containers 

for transfer to the open at. the beginning of June. 

Dusting with DDT or BHC in early spring at 10-12 kg/ha is 

advocated against S. opaca when the population density rises 

to 1-2 adults/M 2 and at 10-15 kg/ha against the larvae of P. 

xylostella when the density reaches 3-4 larvae/plant. Against 

H/. brassicae, the addition of B11C dust to the peat compost 

used in the manufacture of the containers is a advocated at 

1.5 kg/m 3 . In 1966-69, this measure led to greatly increased 

plant yields. [RAE] 

0803. Kutsenin, B. A. 1977. Protection of cabbage in the Polar 

region. Zashch. Rast. No. 6:!2 (ii Russian). 

The growing of crops in the Polar region of the USSR 

was begun in 1931, on the Kola Peninsula, and now some 8000 

ha are cultivated in the Murmansk region, providing useful 

fresh food of high vitamin value for the local population and 

domestic animals. White cabbage is one of the crops grown. 

Losses of cabbage and other cruciferous crops are caused by 

numerous pests, there being over 20 such species on the Kola 

Peninsula. The most injurious are Delia brassicae (Wied.), 

Plutella xylostella (L.) and sometimes Acl.vpea opaca (L. ). 

Since crop yield in Polar conditions is critical, control 

measures are essei, ial to protect the plants, and the numerous 

cultural and Jhumial,1 measures undertaken are described. 

Quick-growing varieties are used in view of the brevity of 

the season, soil fertilization and weed control are essen 

337


tial, and rotation of crops is practised. Soil treatment with 

BtiC is a useful protective measure against. D. brtass icuje, and 

sprays of trichlorphon (chlorophos) or dimethoate (Rogor) are 

applied during the oviposit ion period, resultiiig in 70-80% 

control. These last treatments are also effective against 

the other pests. The measures adopted in indivilual areas 

are described. In general, treatments are required during 

the seedling period, the period of transplanting in the open 

and the period of early field growth. Later treatments are 

determined by thre abundance of indivi dual pests, but are not 

in any case applied within 1.5-2.0 months of harvest because 

of the risk of toxic residues. Natural enemies of the pests 

are not numerous in the Polar region and cannot regulate pest 

abundance. For tb is reason, they are not much considered 

when chemical control is envisaged. [RAE] 

0804. Lee, If. S. 1968. lvaluat, ion of some granulated insecticides 

against the aphids IHhopalosiphum pseudobrassicae 

Davis an( Mzus persicac SuIzer and the diamondback moth 

Plutella maculipennis Curtis on rapeseed by soil treatment. 

Plant Prot. Bull. (Taiwan) 10:65-70. (in Chinese). 

Granular formulations containing 10% phorate (Thimet), 

5% PSI' 204, 5% disulfoton (Solvirex) were tested against 

Iyadaphis r.vsimi (Kalt.) (lhopalosiphu pseudobrnssicae (Davis) 

) , Myzus per-sicne (Sulz. ) and 1'lutell x.vyloste.lla (L. ) 

(maculipennis (Curt.)) on rape in Tiiwan. The granules were 

applied to the furrows before sowing at 40 or 80 kg/ha and a 

further 1-2 g/plant was applied as a side furrow treatment 47 

days after sowing. Phorate was the most effective compound 

and gave good control of all three species. Disulfoton and 

PSP 204 were more effective than Ortho-Bux against the aphids; 

disulfoton and Ortho-Bux had only slight effect on the 

moth, and PSP 204 had none. Phorate and PSP 204 were taken up 

by the plants more rapidly after the side-furrow treatment 

than were disulfoton or Ortho--Bux. The peak of effectiveness 

against the aphids occurred after about two weeks for phorate 

and PSP 204 and after about three weeks for disulfoton and 

Ortho-Bux. Phorate retained its effectiveness longer than the 

other compounds tested; tue best results were obtained with 

the higher rate of application, but, even at this rate, control 

of the aphids was not. complete. The use of granular formulation 

does not harm natural enemies, however, and additional 

control should be afforded by parasites and predators. 

[RAE)] 

0805. Lee, If. S. 1969. Experiment on the control of diamondback 

moth and aphids on Chinese cabbage. Plant Prot. Bull. 

(Taiwan) 11:43-45. (in Chinese with English summary). 

In Taiwan, Plutella xylostella (L.) (maculipennis 

(Curt.)) has developed resistance to several insecticides, 

including dichlorvos (DDVP) and parathion. Tests were carried 

out to evaluate the effectiveness of other compounds 

against this pest and against aphids on Chinese cabbage. 

338


Sprays containing 0.0227 or 0.034% diazinon gave better control 

of both the moth and the aphids than did sprays containing 

0.05 or 0.1% malathion, which were used as a standard. 

The diazinon treatment resulted in an increase in the number 

of cabbages obtained and in their weight, as compared with 

the yields obtained following the malathion treatment. [RAE] 

0806. Lee, 11. S. 1970. Evaluation of several insecticides for 

control of aphids and diamondback moth on cabbages. Plant 

Prot. Bull. (Taiwan) 12:178- 183. (in Chinese with English 

sumary). 

Padan 50% SP, Gardona 24% EC, Lannate 90% EC and Salithion 

25% EC were tested against Lipaphis erysimi, Brevicory-ne 

hrass icte, Myzus persic e, and I'lut ell.a maculipejnis, on 

cabbage. Two standard insecticides, Dibrom 64.5%EC and Diazincon 

60%EC, and untreated check plots were used in each 

replication for comparison with the new test insecticides. 

The criteria of evaluation were the reduction of insect, 

population, phytotoxicity, and crop yields. All insecticides 

were applied five times starting eight days after planting at 

ten (lay intervals. Insect populations were estimated nine 

days after each application. Percentage of leaves infested 

with the three aphid species mentioned above were recorded. 

Diamondback moth damage was determined by counting the larvae 

present on five leaves of each plant after the first application, 

whi Ie ten leaves were examined after the second and 

subsequent applications. Padan 0.04% and Salithion 0.05% were 

highly effective against three aphid species as well as 

diamondback moth. Gardona 0.048% was excellent against diamondLack 

moth but failed in controiling aphids. The percentage 

leaves infested with aphids in Gardona treatment was 

similar to that of untreated check. Lannate 0.06% gave 

effective control for both aphids and diamondback moth, but 

serious phytotoxicity was observed after three or four applications. 

More serious phytotoxicity caused by Lannate was 

also observed on Chinese cabbage in another trial. The 

symptom of phytotoxicity caused by Lannate on Chinese cabbage 

is very similar to the symptom caused by downy mildew (Peronospera 

brassicae Gaum). But it can be distinguished by 

examining the undersurface of leaves. If it is caused by 

Lannate, the undersurface of leaves is smooth and shining, 

while the damage caused by downy mildew is covered by lots of 

conidia and conidiophores. Check insecticides, Diazinon 

0.04% gave better control of both aphids and diamondback 

moth than Dibrom at 0.0645%. Yields of cabbages were significantly 

increased both in quantity and quality in the 

treated plots which showed excellent control of the insects. 

Aphid populations were greatly affected by weather conditions. 

The aphid population dropped sharply during the second 

and third examinations. It. was clue mainly to the cold 

wave and light rainfall in early February. The average 

minimum temperature dropped to 11.4 0 C during this ilime. After 

passage of the cold wave, temperatures rose to 140C and 

339


higher and the aphid population increased considerably again 

during the fourth evaluation. 

0807. Lee, t. S. 1973. Fiel(l evaluation of 

control 

insecticides 

of aphids 

for 

and diamondback moth on cabbages. 

Prot. BulI. 

Plant 

(Taiwan) 15: 130-133. (in Chinese 

si!!:;wary) 

with 

. 

English 

In field tests in Taiwan for the 

erysimi 

control 

(Kalt.) 

of L.ipaph.is 

(RhopaIosiphum psudobrassicae (Davis)), 

Myzus (Myzodes) persicue (Sulz. ) and Plutella 

on cabbage, 

xyloste.lla 

sprays 

(L.) 

were applied four times at intervals 

11 clays, 

of 7 

beginning about 10 clays after planting. 

results 

The best 

against the aphids were obtained with 

thene, 

0.05-0.1% 

which 

Or 

was significantly superior to the 

pounds 

other 

tested, 

cornthough 

0.05% pirimiphos-methyl (Actellic) 

afforded cons 

also 

iderable control. A commercial product 

containing 

(Phosdep) 

Phosvel and dichlorvos (DDVP) was 

than 

less 

pirimipho---methyl 

effective 

when applied tit a rate 

active 

to give 

ingredient. 

0.05% 

Against the larvae of P. 

0.05% 

xylostella, 

pirimiphos-methyl was slightly more effective 

Phosdep applied 

than 

to give 0.05% active ingredient, 

afforded 

and 

somewhat 

both 

greater control than 0.05% Orthene, 

was, nevertheless, 

which 

significantly superior to no 

Naled 

treatment. 

(Dibrom), phenthoate (Elsan) and Salithion , 

used as 

which 

standards 

were 

of comparison, were less effective 

Orthene, pirimiphos-methyl 

than 

and Phosdep against 

naled 

the moth, 

was 

and 

less effective than the three newer compounds 

against the aphids. [RAE] 

0808. Lee, H. S., K. C. Wu, T. S. ,iu, and H. C. Wen. 1979. 

Evaluation of the insecticides for control of the diamondback 

moth and imported cabbageworm. Taiwan Agric. Bimonth. 15:28 

36. (in Chinese with English summary). 

Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L., and imported 

cabbageworm, Pieris rapae crucivora Boisduval, are the most 

destructive pests on cruciferous vegetables in Taiwan. More 

than twenty insecticides have been introduced for the control 

of these pests. Some of them have been ineffective in sup-pressing 

the population of these pests in recent years since 

[;he pests have developed resistance to these insecticides. 

A screen test program was conducted in three localities; 

Taichung, Changhua, and Fengshan, against these pest 

during the spring 1979. There were 21 insecticides and 3 

untreated checks arranged in a randomized complete block 

design with four replications. After planting, two applications 

of the combinations Dipel 3% HD-1, 1:2000, and pirimor 

50% WP 1:2000 were made weekly in order to decrease the 

infestation of other lepidopterous pests and aphids during 

seedling stage. Four candidate insecticides were then applied 

at 10-day intervals. 

The populations of the two pests were quite different 

at three experimental localities. The ratios of diamondback 

moth and imported cabbageworm were 14:1 in Taichung, 6:1 in 

340


Changhua and 2:1 in Fengshan. This might be (tue to natural 

enemies and weather conditions which were different in different, 

localities. There was competition between the two 

pests. In Taichung, for" instance, when the population of the 

cabbageworm remainedfat the same level throughout the duration 

of test, the population of diamondback moth increased 

more quickly than at. two other testing localities. The resuIts 

of the effect of the insecticides against these two 

pests differed at. different loat ions. This might. be due to 

environmental factors. However, on the whole, for the control 

of diamondback moth, Sumicidin 20EC, Kestrel IOEC, Sumicidin 

20WP, Furadan 40.64F. Bayrusil 25EC and Padan 50SP, 

were effective in that order. For the control of cabbageworm, 

Furadan 40.64F., Iayrusil 25EC, Kestrel IOEC, Sumicidin 

20EC, Sum icidin 20 WP. , SaIl ithion 25EC and Superac:ide 4OEC 

were effect ive in that order. 

0809. Lee, H1. Y. 1968. 1)iamondback moth (Plutei.ha xylostella 

(L.) and its control in Hong Kong. Agric. Sci. Hong Kong 1: 

22- 28. Plutella xylosteiln is the most important pest. of brassica 

corps in Hong Kong and causes severe losses throughout 

most of the year. It has recently been reported difficult to 

control by the commonly used chlorinated hydrocarbon and 

organophosphorous insect icides perhaps because of over--usage, 

resistance, or inadequate spraying. A series of spraying 

trialr carried out in 1367 and 1968 showed that phenthoate 

gave satisfactory control whilst diazinon and naled were also 

effective when applied at five lay intervals at recommended 

rates. The ineffectiveness of local biological control agent, 

Apunteles plut el/ne, is discussed in relat ion to the farming 

pattern in the New Territories. [BA] 

0810. Lever, H. J. A. W. 1943. The cutworm Prodenia litura 

Fabr. Agric. J. Fiji 14:11-13. 

When feeding as cutworms, the larvae of Prodenia litura 

F. can be controlled by a poison bran bait; on cabbage in the 

field, they were killed by a spray of I fl oz nicotine sulphate 

in 6 gal water applied primarily against Crocidolomia 

hi not nl is Z e II. and Plut elln marculipennis Curt. Collection 

of the egg masses should be encouriaged. [RAE] 

0811. Lever, R. J. A. W. 1945. Entomological notes. Agric. J. 

Fiji 16:8-li. 

Infestat ion of cabbages by Crocidolomia binotaLis Zell. 

has become more abundant in recent years, owing to increased 

vegetable prodluction, and notes are given on its distribution 

in Fiji arid elsewhere and the appearance of the egg, larvae, 

and adults. The damage is generally more severe on English 

cabbage than on Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis), which 

is less compact , and on a variety of the latter with more 

closely-folded leaves than in one in which they are more 

open. Other food-plants ire Ind.ian mustard (B. juncea) and 

341


Chinese radish (B. sat-ivus hortensis), which are not severely 

damaged, and the ornamental verbenaceous shrub; Clerodendron 

fragrans p.lenif.lorum. The egg, larval, arid pupal stages were 

found to last 4, 10--l1, and 9--11 days, respectively, and 

pupation occurred in ail cases in the soil. A spray containing 

2 oz cryolite in 3 gal water gave satisfactory control 

of this Pyralid and of the diamondback moth (1Pl.ute .lla maculipennis 

Curt.), which is often associated with it on cabbage. 

(RA ] 

0812. Lim, .1. S., S. S. Lee, and K. 1. Sudderuddin. 1982. The 

potential of using diflubenzuron, an insect growth regulator 

against agricultural insect pests., pp. 407-416. In K. L. 

Heong, B. S. Lee, T. M. lim, C. Hf. Teoh, and Y- Ibrahim 

(Eds. ) , Proceedings of the Internat ional Conference on Plant 

Protection in the Tropics, Kuala Lumpur. Tihe Malaysian Plant 

Protection Society, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 

This paper briefly discusses the possibility of use of 

one insect growth regular insecticide, diflubenzuron, to 

suppress insect populations, and reviews the work done in 

authors' laboratory an(d elsewhere. Among lepidopterous insects, 

good larvicidal activity was observed against the 

block headed coconut. caterpillar (Atephantfis serinopn), the 

cabbage looper, beet armyworm, and tobacco budworm, and the 

diamondback moth (t'Jutella xylostella). 

0813. Littleford, M. F. and I,. P. Ditman. 1963. An evaluation 

of several insecticides against pests of broccoli. J. Econ. 

Entomol. 56:766-767. 

Weekly applications from 14 August to 21 October of 12 

oz Bayer 25141, 1 lb Bayer 44646, 12 oz General Chemical 3707 

or 1 lb ethyl-DDD (Perthane), the last with 20 oz. malathion, 

all in 50-100 U.S. gal. emulsion spray/acre, gave good control 

of 1.richoplusia n-i (fib.) on broccoli in Maryland, and 

the same treatments were probably responsible for the disappearance 

of Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) before harvest. 

Dimethoate at only 4-8 oz, applied until 14 October, gave 

complete control of lrevjcor.vne brass-icae (L..), but Bayer 

25141, General Chemical 3707, and 1 lb Stauffer R3413 were 

almost as effective. Both Bayer compounds caused some injury 

to the foliage. [RAE] 

0814. MacCarthy, H. R. 1962. Insecticides for control of Brassica 

pests in British Columbia. Proc. Entomol. Soc. B. C. 

59: 5-10. 

In 1959-61, 13 insecticides were tested for the control 

of low or medium populations of Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), 

Myzus persicne (Sulz.) , Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) and 

Pieris rapae (L.) on cruciferous crops in British Columbia. 

The results of single applications to brussels sprouts indicated 

that the best over-all control was given by sprays of 

dimethoate, diazinon, mevinphos (Phosdrin) or a mixture of 

disulfoton (Di-Syston) and ethyl-DDD (Perthane). Disulfoton 

342


killed B. brassicae for up to 126 days, though it could not 

be detected chemically after 102 days. When applied in the 

seed furrow, it reduced plant emergence by up to 68% and 

caused stunting. [RAE] 

0815. Magallona, E. D. 1981. Crop protection of Chinese cabbage 

and related species in the Philippines. pp. 173-183. In 

N. S. Talekar and T. D. Griggs (Eds.) Chinese cabbage: Proceedings 

of the First International Symposium. Asian Vegetable 

Researc-h and Development Center, Shanhua, Tainan, Taiwan, 

ROC. 

Chinese cabbage, Brassicn campestris ssp pekinens.is 

Rupr, is only a minor crop in the Philippins, being generally 

overshadowed by common cabbage, which also is grown in the 

high elevation areas. However, its close relative, petsai 

(B. campestris ssp chinensis) is widely grown in both the 

high and low elevation areas. For both plants, the main 

insect pest is the diamondback moth (Plutel.la xylostella). 

Insecticide use is still the main control measure, although 

the use of parasites and insecticidal plants is beginning to 

be vigorously researched. Tephrosia vogelii as a source of 

rotenoid appears most promising. The parasite Apanteles sp is 

now undergoing studies on mass rearing prior to field evaluation. 

A novel approach towards obtaining relevant insecticide 

residues data is being presented using Chinese mustard as the 

chosen vegetable. Among future trends in crop protection 

insecticide usage will be optimized, more farmer grown/generated 

control agents will be used, and there will be greater 

positive government involvement in crop protection. 

0816. Magallona, E. D. and L. R. I. Velasco. 1978. Critical 

time for the protection of cabbage against Plutella xylostella 

Linn. Philipp. Entomol. 4:99-104. 

In order to minimize insecticide applications, toxic 

residues and ecological disruption, investigations were made 

to determine the most critical time for applying insecticides 

to protect cabbage in the Philippines against P.iutella xy.lostella 

(L.), within the context of a pest management scheme. 

The insecticides tested were triazophos at 0.5 kg toxicant/ha 

and Decis, which were applied at various starting dates and 

intervals between applications during the two crop seasons in 

March-May 1977 and in November 1977-January 1978. The results 

indicated that, at high levels of infestatin, treatment 

is required 4-7 weeks after transplanting. At low levels of 

infestation, crop yields were only slightly increased by 

insecticide application. [RAE] 

0817. Magallona, E. D., E. A. Verzola, T. M. Reyes, and C. 

M. Bajet. 1982. Insecticide management with particular relevance 

to Baguio-La Trinidad area. pp. 43-58. Proc. 13th 

Annual Convention, Pest Council of the Philippines, Baguio 

City. 

The authors report results of their survey of insecti 

343


cide use for diamondback moth (Plute.ia xy.loste.lla I_ ) control 

by the farmers in Baguio-La Trinidad area of the Philippines. 

A total of 155 farmers were interviewed. Cypermethrin, 

triazophos, cartap hydrochloride, fenvalerate, decamethrin, 

methamidophos, and Buc.i.llus thu-ringiensis are the frequently 

used insecticides. About 50% farmers used mixtures 

of two or more insecticides. Most farmer spray at 5 to 8 day 

interval beginning 7-9 days after planting until 7-10 days 

before harvest. Survey also indicated that this insect has 

developed resistance to many insecticides. The authors make 

several suggestions on the insecticide use and integration of 

various control measures. 

0818. Matthewman, W. G., ID.G. ltarcourt, and J. P. Perron. 

1952. Timing of DDT applications for control of caterpillars 

on cabbage. Can. Entomol. 84:346--352. 

Cabbages in the Ottawa district are commonly damaged by 

larvae of Pieris rapite ( L. ) , P.lutel-a maculipennis (Curt.) 

and Trichoplusia ni ( ib.). Early varieties, which sometimes 

escape infestation, are planted out in late May and are 

attacked chiefly by Pieris and, to a less extent, Plutella. 

Since the heads usually formed by the time the attack becomes 

severe, rotenone dusts or sprays are recr-mmended for control, 

and 1-2 applications in late June or early July are effective 

against all three species. Late varieties are planted out at 

the end of June and are subject to attack from July to October, 

with a peak in August. Pieris, which is responsible for 

most of the damage, predominates during July and the first 

part of August, Plutella in September and October and sometimes 

even in August, and T. ni, which rarely accounts for 

more than 5% of the total infestation in late August and 

early September. All three species are readily controlled by 

properly timed sprays or dusts of DDT, but since the intensity 

and date of infestation vary considerably from year to 

year, the number and timing of the applications were investigated 

in Ontario in 1947, 1948, and 1950 and in Quebec in 

1949, when schedules comprising 1-4 applications of a 3% DDT 

dust. at 35-40 lb/acre were tested in experimental plots. 

Applications were made on or about 20 July and 2, 15 and 30 

August; the general level of infestation was high in 1947 and 

1948, moderate in 1949 and low in 1950. The effectiveness of 

the treatments was assessed on the basis of foliage injury 2 

5 weeks before harvest. It was found that all three species 

were controlled by applicatinns directed primarily against 

Pieris and that the best results were obtained when the first 

application was made before peak populations of this species 

were reached. A schedule of four applications gave almost 

complete control, and is regarded as the best for years of 

average infestation, though three applications, beginning on 

20 July, may suffice in years when populations of P. rapae 

decrease rapidly in late August and the other two species are 

not numerous. [RAE] 

344


0819. Mohamad, I. B., Y. B. Ibrahim, and W. C. Chong. 1979. 

Field efficacy of several selected insecticides against the 

diamondback moth, P.lutella x.nylostell (I.) on cabbage, Brassica 

oleracen var. capitata (L.), in the lowland of Malaysia. 

Pertanika 2:84- 88. 

In experiments in West Malaysia in which locally available 

insecticides were tested for the control of Plutella 

xylostel.la (,.) on cabbage in the lowland region of' the 

country (at Serdang), significant reductions in larval populations 

were obtained with six applications (beginning two 

weeks after transplanting and continued at weekly intervals) 

of sprays containing 0.1% acephate, methamidophos or benciocarb, 

Bacillus thuringionsis var. kurstnki (as Thuricide HP 

3.2% applied at I g/liter), or 0. 007% diflubenzuron. All the 

treated plots yielded significantly more marketable heads 

than the untreated control plots. [RAH] 

0820. Mohamad, R., Y. Ibrahim, and W. C. Chong. 1980. The 

residual effect of some insecticides on Plutella xylostella 

(L.) larvae in the greenhouse. Pertanika 3: 10-12. 

To test the residual effect of various insecticides 

against. second--instar larvae of P.lutela xY.vlostella (L.), the 

larvae were confined on the leaves of turnip that had been 

sprayed 24, 48, 96 or 192 h earlier with 0. l% acephate, 

bendiocarb or methamidophos, 0.027% diflubenzuron or a preparat-ion 

containing Bacillus thutriingiensis var. kurstaki (Thuricide 

HP 3.2%) at I g/litre. Larval mortality was recorded 

24, 48 and 72 h after the start of exposure to the treated 

leaves. Acephate retained its activity longer than the other 

insecticides, giving more than 80% mortality of larvae placed 

on the leaves eight days after treatment. Bendiocarb, methamidophos 

and B. thuringiensis gave about 50% mortality after 

six days. Diflubenzuron gave less than 50% mortality under 

all test conditions. [RAE] 

0821. Mong, T. T. and K. I. Sudderuddin. 1978. Effects of a 

neem tree (Azadirachta indica) extracts on diamondback moth 

(Plutella xylostella L.). Malays. Appl. Biol. 7:1-9. 

The antifeedant properties of water and alcohol extracts 

of different parts of the neem . ree (Azadiratichta .ndica), 

applied as soil or foliar sprays, were tested against 

the larvae of P.lutelln xvylostolla (L.) on turnip (Brassica 

rapa). None of the extracts gave complete protection to the 

plants against. attack by the larvae, but the extract of the 

seed was the most effective, followed in order of descending 

effectiveness by the extracts of leaves, bark or twigs, snd 

wood. Studies on the persistence of neem extracts and the 

effect of soil composition on its uptake by the plants showed 

the active principle to be effective for up to 10 days in 

treated plants. The rates of uptake by the plants in different 

soils were almost alike. The ability of adult females 

of P. xylosteiln to recognize oviposition sites was not 

affected by the presence of the extract. Neem seed extract 

345


applied to eggs by dipping and topically to larvae and pupae 

adversely affected hatching and larval and pupal development, 

and most of the treated insects surviving to the adult stage 

had deformed wings. [RAE] 

0822. Morallo-Rejesus, B. and L. C. Eroles. 1978. Two insecticidal 

principles from marigold (Tagetes spp.) rcots. Philipp. 

Entomol. 4:87-97. 

The insecticidal activity of two purified principles 

(PA showing an ink-blue fluorescence and PB showing a greenish-grey 

fluorescence) extracted from the roots of both 

French marigold (Tagetes patula) and local and hybrid varieties 

of African marigold (T. erecta) were tested by topical 

application on Plutella xylostella (L.) and NephotettiA virescens 

(Dist.) in the Philippines. The results were assessed 

on the basis of the LD5Os. Both PA and PB from T. patula 

were more toxic to P. xylostella than were those from T. 

erecta, but the reverse was true for N. virescens. The 

principles from the hybrid variety of T. erecta were more 

toxic than those from the local variety, and PA was usually 

more toxic than PB. The compound most effective against P. 

xylostella was thus PA from T. patula, and the most effective 

against N. virescens was PB from the hybrid variety of T. 

erects; these compounds were comparable in effect to acephate 

and isoprocarb, respectively. Combination of PA and PB produced 

either a synergistic or an antagonistic effect according 

to the source-plant and the insect species; this indicated 

that PA and PB acted on different sites of the insect 

body and each modified the physiological action of the other. 

It appeared that the principles from T. patula need not be 

isolated separately for control of either of the test illsects. 

(RAE] 

0823. Morgan, W. L. 1929. Preliminary experiments in cabbage 

moth control. Agric. Gaz. N. S. W. 40:761-766. 

The cabbage moth (Plutella maculipennis Curt.) is an 

important pest of cabbages and cauliflowers in New South 

Wales. During serious infestations, which occur every few 

years, more than 50% of the crop is destroyed. Crops planted 

late in the autumn and harvested early in the spring usually 

escape severe damage. Cruciferous weeds and even garden 

flowers, on which the larvae develop readily, serve as a 

continuous source of infestation and render control measures 

ineffective. During a favorable season 80 to 90% of the 

crop is rendered marketable by dusting with lime and tobacco, 

this measure giving, sufficient protection until the infestation 

is checked by the advent of the cold weather. If the 

winter is late, however, severe damage to the crop many 

occur. 

Since spraying lead arsenate or dusting with lime and 

tobacco have not always given satisfactory control, experiments 

with these and other insecticides were conducted in 

1929. Sprays of white oil emulsion, nicotine sulphate, and a 

346


derris preparation proved ineffective. Lead arsenate was 

used at. the rate of 1.5 lb to 50 gal water, and the best 

results were obtained by adding 5 oz casein-lime spreader. 

This spray protected the outer liaves only, whereas dusting 

with equal parts of lime and tobacco apparently repelled the 

larvae from the centers of the plants. Very promising result. 

is recommended for control. The spray should be applied at 

intervals of about 10 days. Dusting can be carried out while 

the plants are still wet after the application of the spray; 

better results, however, were obtained by dusting on the 

first dewy morning after spraying. The dust need only cover 

the center leaves to drive the larvae to the outer ones. 

Soap used as a spreader with lead arsenate tended to check 

the growth of the plants, although no actual scorching of the 

foliage occurred, and failed to deposit the spray coating 

evenly. Old seed-beds are a source of infestation to the 

crops and should be ploughed under as soon as the plants that 

are required have been taken from them. [RAE] 

0824. Morgan, W. L. 1931. Experiments in cabbage moth (Plutella 

maculipennis) control, 1930. Agric. Gaz. N. S. W. 52: 

57-58. 

In experiments for the control of Plutella maculipennis 

Curt., on cauliflowers, the insecticides recommended in 1929 

were compared with dusts of lead or calcium arsenate, applied 

by an intermittent blower machine, which produces a cloud of 

(lust passed through a 200-mesh sieve. The lead arsenate dust 

gave the best results. The treatment recommended is a 50 or 

75% lead arsenate dust applied once a week during the season. 

For seedbeds, a 2.5% nicotine dust, applied every day or two, 

according to the degree of infestation, is effective. Dusting 

with arsenicals should cease a month before cutting, 

owing to the danger of poison, but a nicotine dust may be 

used instead if necessary. [RAE) 

0825. Morgan, W. I. 1935. Derris root powder. Its place in 

cabbage moth control. Agric. Gaz. N. S. W. 46:267-268. 

In experiments in New South Wales on the control of 

Plutella maculipennis Curt. on cabbage, finely powdered derris 

root mixed with talc (1:9) was about as effective as lead 

arsenate mixed part for part with hydrated lime or kaolin. 

Not more than 10 days should elapse between treatments with 

either derris or lead arsenate. As lead arsenate dusts are 

cheaper, they should be used until the hearts begin to form, 

but after that derris dusts should take their place. [RAE] 

0826. Morrill, A. W. 1919. Report of the Entomologist. 10th 

Annu. Rep. Arizona Commiss. Agric. Hortic. 1917-18. pp. 29 

73. 

The area under cultivation in Arizona during 1917 was 

largely increased, and accordingly pest control became more 

important. Vegetable crops were attacked by the usual pests. 

Pieris (Pontia) rapae L., Plutella maculipennis Curt., and 

347


Phytometra (Autographa) brassicae Riley, all attacked cabbages, 

the latter being the most common; 4 lb of lead arsente 

powder to 50 U.S. gal water, with a small quantity of soap, 

proved it satisfactory spray. Melons were considerably damaged 

by Dfiabrotica soror lec. (Western twelve-spotted cucumber 

beetle). The larvae eat the roots, while the adults destroy 

the leaves. An effective spray is 3 oz lead arsenate to 

2 U.S. gal water, or 1 oz lead arsenate to I U.S. gal Bor 

deaux. [RAE) 

0827. Muggeridge, J. 19,10. The diamondback moth. Its 

renceoccurand 

control in New Zealand. N. Z. J. Agric. 51:253-264. 

P]uft. lla mculipenis Curt. is distributed throughout 

New Zealand, where it is a serious pest of cabbage and other 

cruciferous crops, particularly in the South Island. 

are 

There 

six generations a year, and all stages are to be 

throughout 

found 

the different. seasons. The spraying or dusting 

field 


crops by any method so far evolved cannot be 

owing 

undertaken 

to expense and mechanical difficulty. In gardens, 

spray of 

a 

1 lb Paris green, 3 lb soap, and 50 gal water may 

used, 

be 

the material be ing thoroughly appl ied to both surfaces 

of the leaves. The importance and natural enemies of the 

moth in other countries are discussed. In New 

only 

Zealand, 

parasite 

the 

so far found is an ichneumonid closely allied 

to Angiin lateralis Gray., but as not more than about 

the 

7% 

larvae 


are parasitised, it is proposed to introduce other 

species of the gunus from Britain. (RAE] 

0828. Murthy, K. S. 11. K., K. Lakshminarayan, and B.H.K. 

1982. 

Ran. 

Dissipation of certain commonly used insecticides 

cauliflower 

from 

(Brass.icn oleracaea L. var. cap-itata). Pestology 

6:21-26. 

Cauliflower, a popular vegetable in India, is damaged 

by Hellula undalis (F.), Agrotis ipsilon (Hfn.), Lipaphis 

erysin (Kalt.) (pseudohrassicae (Davis)) and Plutel.la 

tellaxylos 

(L.) (maculipennis (Curt.)). The most effective insecticides 

against these pests were malathion, carbaryl, 

lonephosa 

and endosulfan. In studies in 1978-79 in Hyderabad, 

malathion at 0.10 and 0.15% was found to reach the safe 

for 

limit 

residues of 8 ppm in 2.96 and 3.93 days, respectively, 

and the half life values for these concentrations reached 

safe 

the 

limit of 10 ppm in 0.E7 and 1.71 days, respectively, 

with half-life values of 1.58 and 2.98 days. Phosalone 

endosulfan, 

and 

both at 0.05 and 0.l10, reached the safe limit of 

2 ppm in 5.91 and 

days 

8.95 

(endosulfan), 

days (phosalone) 

with 

and 

half-life 

in 9.35 and 

values 

14.0 

of 3.15 and 2.83 

days for phosalone and 3.50 and 4.28 days for endosulfan. 

[RAE) 

0829. Nagano, M. and M. Sakai. 1974. Ovicidal and larvicidal 

activities of cartap (Padan) against the diamondback moth, 

Plutella xylostella. J. Takeda Res. Lab. 33:252-259. (in 


348


The ovicidal and larvicidal activities of cartap (hyd-rochloride) 

against the diamondback moth were investigated in 

laboratory tests in comparison with trichlorofon, mevinphos, 

methomyl and chlordimeform (hydrochloride). To test the ovicidal 

activity, the eggs laid on paper towel were treated 

with the insecticidal solutions. The most active ovicides 

were mevinphos and methomyl which were followed by cartap. 

The other insecticides were inferior to the aboves in the 

tctivi ty. The larvicidal activity was tested for the diffe-rent 

larval stages on the cabbage leaves treated by dip into 

the solutions. The highest activity was obtained by cartap 

throughout against the different larval stages (2nd-4th instars), 

and the complete kill was obtained at about 50 ppm. 

The same level of the toxicity against the 2nd instar larvae 

was obtained by mevinphos, trichlorofon and chlordimeform at 

400-500 ppm. The 3rd and 4th instar larvae were little 

sensitive to trichlorofon and chlordimeform. The residual 

activity of the chemicals sprayed on the cabbage leaves was 

examined in different temperature conditions against the 

larvae. The activity of cartap at 500 ppm lasts for more 

than 20 (lays at 15--35oc, whereas the others lost the activity 

after few days. The larval feeding on the cabbage leaves 

were fairly suppressed by cartap and mevinphos, but not by 

other three insecticides. The toxic syndroms of the larvae 

were also described. 

0830. Naqvi, S. N. If. and A. 1H. Qurashi. 1973. Field trials 

of Petkolin in combination with Lolone for the control of 

diamondback moth (Lepidoptera:Plutelliclae) in larval stage. 

Agric. Pak. 24:25-31. 

In field-plot tests -in Karachi, Pakistan, during 1969 

70, sprays containing a mixture of Petkolin (a chlorinated 

petroleum product) and phosalone (Zolone) (giving a total of 

1.7% active ingredients) were effective against larvae of the 

diamondback moth (P]utella xyloste..t (L.)) on radish and 

cauliflower, increasing the yields by factors of about 7 and 

20, respectively, when three applications were made. [RAE] 

0831. Nicholls, H. M. 1921. Annual report of the government 

microbiologist. Tasmania Dep. Agric. Stock. Rep. 1920-21. Ho 

bart. 

Cabbages and allied plants were considerably damaged by 

Plutella maculipennis (cruciferarum) (cabbage moth), which 

has increased abnormally owing to a series of hot summers. 

The measures r-!commended are dusting with a mixture of soot 

and lime or spraying with hot water at a temperature of 1200. 

Paris green and lead arsenate are effective sprays, but 

dangerous for use on vegetables, an infusion of hellebore 

being a much safer remedy. (RAE] 

0832. Nichols, D. It. R. and N. French. 1983. Chemical control 

of diamondback moth on spring cabbage. Ann. Appl. Biol. 102 

(suppl.) :14--15. 

349


In field-plot tests in the UK in 1980, sprays of DDT, 

trichlorphon, permethrin or deltamethrin were applied at 

various rates to spring cabbage at the Ist true leaf stage, 

when there were about 10 eggs/cotyledon, or at the .2nd or 

2nd-3rd true leaf stages for the cotnrol of Plutella x.vlostv- 

Ila (L.). The results showed that the best control and 

highest yield increases were obt.ained with the earliest applications 

(at the 1st true leaf stage). All the insecticides 

gave good control. (RAE] 

0833. Nichols, R. H. 1978. Annual departmental report for 

the financial year 1977--78. Director of Agriculture and Fisheries. 

Hong Kong. 71 pp. 

A section on crop protection (pp. .14-15) of this report 

on agriculture in Hong Kong provides a brief review of 

investigations on the control of insect pests. Among these, 

it is reported that fenvalerate, cypermethrin, permethrin, 

and prothiofos reduced populations of aphids and of diamondback 

moth (Plutella xyiostehla (L.)) (the latter having shown 

signs of resistance to organophosphates including diazinon 

and phenthoate) by more than 90%. [RAE] 

0834. Obarski, J. 1931. Pests of cultivated and ornamental 

plants observed in the years 1928-1930 in the grounds of the 

College of Agriculture in Skierniewice, Poland. Choroby Roslin, 

i, 2:14-23. (in Polish). 

Notes are given on 54 injurious insects, divided according 

to the plants attacked. Scolytus (Eccoptogaster) mali 

Bechst., was present in numbers in the summer of 1930 on 

apple trees damaged by the severe frosts of the preceding 

winter, killing many of those that might otherwise have 

recovered. Spraying the infested trees in June with 15% 

carbolineum compelled the beetles to abandon their galleries 

and drop to the ground; on healthy trees the same spray 

proved an excellent repellent. Anthonomus pomorum L., occurred 

on apples and pears, Porthetria (Lymantria) dispar L., on 

plums, Abraxas grossularinta L., on gooseberry, and adults of 

Byturus tomentosus F., on raspberry. Cabbages were infested 

by Barathra brassicae L., Plutella maculipennis Curt.., and 

Pieris brassicae L., the last-named being attacked by a 

number of parasites, of which Apanteles glomeratus L., was 

the most important. Dusting with Paris green and lime, 

5:100, proved very effective against both Pieris and Plutel- 

Ia. In 1930, Phorbia (H vlemyia) brassicae Bch., destroyed 

about 10% of the seedlings of cabbage and 90% of those of 

cauliflower, and Pegomvia hyoscyami var. betae Curt., was 

abundant on the leaves of beet in June, damaging about 20% of 

young plants. Other injurious pests included Chlorops taeniopus 

Mg., on cereals; Lygus pratensis L,., Dolycoris baccarum 

L., and Euxoa (Agrotis) segetum Schiff., on tobacco; 

Prociphilus (Pemphigus) midificus Lw., on ash (Fraxinus excelsior); 

Gastroidea viridula DeG., on Rumex alpinus; and Arge 

rosae L., on roses. [RAE] 

350


0835. Ooi, P. A. C. and K. I. Sudderuddin. 1978. Control of 

diamondback moth in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. pp. 214-227. 

In L. L. Amin, A. A. S. A. Kadir, G. S. Lim, K. G. Singh, 

A.M. Tan, and G. Varghese (Ed.) Proceedings of the Plant 

Protection Conference , 1978, Kuala Lumpur, Rubber Research 

Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 

A survey carried out in the Cameron Highlands, Peniusular 

Malaysia, showed that there is complete reliance on 

insecticides for the control of Plutella x.vlostella (L.) on 

BIrissica crops there. Crops are sometimes sprayed up to 

three times/week. The three most commonly applied insecticides 

among the 11 in use are fenvalerate, methamidophos, and 

prothiofos. About 65.% of the farmers sprayed with a mixture 

of insecticides, believing that. this was necessary to achieve 

control of a spectrum of pests and that this practice also 

gave the best result. against P. x.VlostIlln. Most farmers 

believed this pest to be very tolerant to insecticides, and 

larvae were found to be still present in heavily sprayed 

fields. The only parasite reared from field-collected larvae 

was Apante.les plutellite Kurd. ; parasitism ranged from 23.1 to 

52.9%, suggesting that this parasite may also have developed 

some tolerance towards the insecticides. New approaches to 

supplement spraying techniques are discussed. [RAE] 

0836. Parker, J. i. 1913. The imported cabbage worm and the 

cabbage aphis. Montana Agric. Coll. Exp. Sta. Bozeman, Montana, 

Circ. No. 28:9-24. 

The cabbage heads are rendered unsightly and unfit for 

a first-class market by the dark green excrement of the 

"imported cabbage worm" (Pier-is rapi e L. ), and if they are 

badly riddled, growth is stopped. It is well to plough under 

or otherwise destroy all cabbage stumps and leaves remaining 

from the crop, as they efford ideal breeding places. A few 

heavily--poisoned stumps may be left to act as traps. A 

spray, containing either Paris green, arsenate of lead or 

arsenite of zinc, may be used immediately there is any noticeable 

injury. The author says that there is no danger in 

eating cabbage sprayed with arsenicals. Another cabbage worm 

found in Montana, the larva of the diamondback moth (Plutella 

maculipenn-is), is amenable to the same measures. The cabbage 

aphis (Aphis brassicate L. ) also uses crop remnants for depositing 

its eggs, and since weeds, such as wild mustard and 

shepherd's purse, serve as breeding places for the early 

generations of the lice, they should not be tolerated near 

cabbage fields. A most effective spray is: Black leaf tobacco 

extract, 8 oz; soap 4 oz.; water 4 gal. If "Black Leaf 

40" is used, only 3-4 oz need be taken. The soap makes the 

spray spread evenly on the waxy surface of the cabbage and 

makes it penetrate the mealy covering of the lice. Failing 

tobacco extract, a good alternative is a strong solution of 

soap; soap or washing powder I lb, and water 4 gal; and for 

cauliflowers its non-staining property is a real advantage. 

[RAE] 

351


0837. Pepper, B. B. and R. S. Filmer. 1944. A low rotenone 

content Derris malaccensis Dust effective against certain 

vegetable pests. J. Econ. Entomol. 37:248-252. 

Since a considerable quantity of Derris malaccensis 

containing too little rotenone to be of use except as an 

agricultural insecticide was known to be available in the 

United States, field experiments were carried out in 1943 to 

compare the insecticidal action of a dust of this product 

containing a trace of rotenone and 2.94% total ether extractives; 

with dusts of D. elliptica (0.5% rotenone), cube 

(Lonchocnrpus sp) (0.4 and 0.5% roterone) and cube with 

Lethane 60 (0.4% rotenone), all in Pyrax ABB (pyrophyllite). 

Although only limited tests were made, it proved as effective 

as the other dusts against Epilachna varivestis Muls. on 

beans, and Pieris rapae L. and Plute.la maculipennis Curt. on 

cabbage, but rather less effective against Plusia brassicae 

Ril. On tomato, it gave slightly more reduction of Macrosiphum 

solanifoii Ashm. seven days after treatment than the D. 

ellipticat dust or cube (lust containing 0.4% rotenone, and 

later observations showed that plants that were untretaed or 

received less effective treatments were badly stunted throughout 

the tomato season; the dust containing Lethane, like 

some other thiocynnate dusts tested, caused distinct yellowing 

of the foliage for about three weeks, after which the 

injury disappered. Against the second generation of Pyvrausta 

nubilalis Hb. on sweet maize, five applications of the D. 

malaccensis dust at approximately five-day intervals from 7 

August were superior to similar applications of cube dust 

containing 0.5% rotenone, but less effective than a mixture 

of fixed nicotine (Black Leaf 155), talc, and sulphur containing 

4% nicotine. [RAE] 

0838. Perry, W. M. 1924. Insect control. Rep. Virgin Islands 

Agric. Exp. Sta. 1923, p. 13. 

Owing to a prolonged period of drought, insect pests 

were more numerous than usual, the larvae ,-f Pieris (Pontia) 

monuste (southern cabbage butterfly) and of Plutella maculipennis 

(diamondback moth) causing serious injury to mustard, 

turnips, cabbage, kohl rabi and radishes. The former was 

successfully controlled by the application of a dust of 1.5 

parts of a commercial preparation of arsenic (containing 30% 

of arsenic oxide), 1.5 parts lime and 7 parts finely ground 

sulfur. This could not be applied against P. maculipennis as 

the larvae appeared in large numbers just as the crops were 

ready for harvesting. Beans and okra (Hibiscus esculentus) 

were seriously injured by Diaprepes abbreviatus (West Indian 

sugarcane root borer). Zinckenia fascia.lis (Hawaiian beet 

webworm), which attacked beets, carrots and Swiss chard, was 

controlled by the application of lead arsenate and air-slaked 

lime in equal parts. Diaspis (Aulacaspis) pentagons (white 

peach scale) heavily infested papaw trees, which were cleansed 

by the use of fish-oil soap at the rate of 1 lb to 5 U.S. 

gal water. [RAE] 

352


0839. Petty, B. K. 1946. Miscellaneous DDT studies, 

cial reference 

with spe 

to some common agricultural pests. Sci. Bull. 

Dep. Agric. South Afr. No. 276, 16 pp. 

The results are given of laboratory tests 

other 

of DDT 

insecticides 

and 

against insect pests of importance 

South 

in 

Africa, together with those of a few preliminary 

experiments. 

field 

In most tests, the materials were 

dusts 

applied 

to both 

as 

pest and foliage in a bell-jar apparatus. 

mortality 

The 

percentages are calculated according 

formula. 

to Abbott's 

Dusts containing 3 and 5% DDT applied at 

telyapproxima 

7.5 lb/acre caused almost. twice as much mortaltiy 

larvae of 


Plutella maculipennis Curt. as undiluted 

cryolitc, 

natural 

and a 5% DDT (lust applied at 15 

Gonipterus 

lb/acre against 

scutellatus Gylh. , killed 95% of the adults, 

reaswhe 

cryolite killed only 25% and B11C and calcium 

were 

arsenate 

still less effective. DDT applied at 1% 

insecticide 

as a soil 

against larvae of Sciobjus granosus 

ineffective; 

Fhs. was 

complete mortality was given by 

residue, 

inter-still 

polymethyl naphthalene, and pentachlorphenol at 

0.36%. [RAE] 

0840. Plank, H. K. 1944. Insecticidal properties of mamey 

other 

and 

plants in Puerto Rico. J. Econ. Entomol. 37:737-739. 

The results are given of preliminary 

cidal 

tests for 

properties 

insecti 

of the aerial portions of plants 

Derr.is 

other 

and 

than 

Lonchocarpus that occur in Porto Rico. 

rials 

The mate 

were air-dried in the shade at room temperature, 

ground and 

and 

applied heavily to pieces of the leaves 

plants 

of food 

of the insects to be tested. A number of plant 

a list 

parts, 

of which is given, showed a toxicity of 40% 

with 

or 

much 

less 

feeding when tested against 3-6 species of 

but 

insects, 

parts of some of the others showed up to 95.9% 

mostly 

toxicity, 

with little or no feeding. The most outstanding 

the mature 

were 

seeds of mamey (Mammen amer.icana) and of 

introductions 

some 

of the yam bean, Pachyrhizus erosus 

The toxicity 

var. 


A. 

the bark, leaves, mature seeds, hulls 

mixture 

and a 

of mature seeds and hulls (67:33) of mamey 

pods 

and 

and 


mixtures 

the 

of seeds and pods (59:59) of three 

the 

races 

yam bean 


to adults of Cerotoma ruficornis Ol., and 

of DiaphanJa 

larvae 

h.val.inata L., Laphygma frugiperda S & A., 

Plutella 

and 

maculipennis Curt., are given in 

shows 

a table, 

that the 

which 

mamey seed hulls and yam-bean pods 

tically 

were prac 

inert, but that mamey bark and yam beans 

pods 

mixed 

were 

with 

the only other materials that permitted any feeding, 

and that only by C. ruficornis and L. frugiperda. 

The ground seeds of M. ame-icana appeared 

contact 

to 

insecticide. 

act as a 

A spray of 8 lb per 100 U.S. gal 

without 

water, 

a spreading agent, killed 44.1% of Myzus 

Sulz. 

persicae 

on Brassica perveridis and 43.4% of Macrosiphum 

L. 

sonchi 

on Senecio confusus in two (lays without injuring 

plants. 

the 

Under field conditions, a spray of 8 lb per 

gal 

100 

water 

U.S. 

with 6 oz Grasseili spreader-sticker applied 

infested to 

cauliflowers gave 67.9% control of P. maculipennis 

353


and 73.6% control of larvae of Ascia monuste L. in four days, 

as compared with 73.5 and 87.5% control, respectively, with 

nicotine sulphate (1:800) with the same amount of adhesive. 

The mixed dust of seeds and hulls gave 60% kill of larvae of 

P. maculipennis on cabbage in four days, and the deposit was 

still toxic after exposure to sun, wind, and dew for four 

days. An extract prepared by soaking 8 oz mamey-seed powder 

in I U.S. quart kerosene for 24 hours at room temperature, 

with intermittent agitation, and filtering, was toxic to 

household insects including flies, cockroaches and ants, 

principally Paratrechina (Prenolepis) longicornis Latr. It 

appeared to act slowly when applied with a small hand sprayer 

in the open, but permitted little recovery. 

No insects of importance attack Almmen americana in 

Porto Rico; larvae of Myelois notabilis Wlk. were found just 

inside the hulls of about. 1% of the seeds that had weathered, 

but this attack was believed to be secondary. No insect 

infestation was found in seeds gathered and separated from 

the pulp soon after the fruit had fallen. [RAE] 

0841. Potter, C. and J. F. Perkins. 1946. Control of Brassica 

pests by DDT. Agric. 53:109-113. 

DDT was tested for the control of pests of cruciferous 

crops in England during 1944 and 1945. A dust of 5% DDT in 

kaolin applied to brussels sprouts on 18 July 1944 gave 

complete control of Mamestra brassicae L., and, until 3 

August, of P-ieris rapte L. , and reduced the numbers of Plute- 

Ila maculipennis Curt. The treatment was applied when the 

females were ovipositing actively, but did not prevent oviposition, 

and by 29 August the tops of the plants showed considerable 

damage by Pjeris rapne. Plants that had received a 

second application on 17 August were free from larvae on 29, 

and the earlier damage sustained by them was almost unnoticeable. 

Treatment on 17 August alone gave complete control 

of M. brassicne and almost complete control of P. rapae, and 

considerably reduced damage. In 1945, part of a field of 

mixed crucifers on which there were few caterpillars was 

dusted with DDT on 10 August; on I September, no living 

larvae were present and no damage had occurred since the 

treatment, whereas some of the control plants were defoliated 

by larvae of Pier is brassicue L. , which were almost fully 

fed. Complete control of P. brassicae P. rnpae, and Mesographe 

(Pioneen) forficuli.K L,., and a great reduction in numbers 

of Mamestra brassicae were given in two days when the dust 

was applied on 28th August to heavily infested kale. 

Plots of winter cabbage were treated on 5 July, when a 

few larvae of Pieris brassicae and P. rupee and large numbers 

of adults of Plutella maculipennis were present with a spray 

containing 0.2% (w/v) DDT in suspension. No caterpillars 

were found on 63 treated plants on 18 July, but 99, mostly P. 

macul.ipennis, but including some M. brassicue and Pier is 

rapae, were found on 59 untreated ones; of 359 sprayed and 

354 unsprayed plants examined on II September, 12 and 62, 

354


respectively, were damaged. Neither the spray nor the dust 

had any significant effect on infestation by Brevicoryne 

brassicne L.; numerous dead hymenopterous parasites, including 

many of the genus Aphidius, and some dead coccinellids 

were found in the treated plots, but. syrphid larvae survived 

the treatments. [RAE] 

0842. Powning, R. F. 1950. The compatibility of DDT with 

nicotine and alkaline diluents in agricultural dusts. Aust. 

J. Agric. Res. 1:178-181. 

Combined dusts of' DDT and nicotine sulphate applied 

against Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) and Brevicoryne brassicae 

(L.) on cabbage in field experiments in Australia already 

described showed a marked reduction in toxicity to the larvae 

of Plutelln when the diluent, was calcium hydroxide, and it 

has been s':ggcstcd that there may be a reaction between 

nicotine and DDT in agricultural formulations. The effects 

of alkaline diluents cnd nicotine sulphate on DDT in dust 

mixtures during storage was accordingly investigated in the 

laboratory. )usts containing 1% p,p'DDT in pyrophyllite, 

calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium oxide, 

barium hydroxide, or calcium hydroxide, which were the diluents 

used in the field alone or with 6% nicotine sulphate 

were 

ant 

analysed for 

after storage DDT 

for 

contert immediately after preparation 

up to eight weeks in air--tight tins at 

room temperature. At the end of the this time, pyrophyllite, 

ral ciumi carbonate and magnesium carbonate had caused very 

little reduction in DDT content, barium hydroxide had reduced 

it t,v about 40%, and magnesium oxide by 95%; calcium hydroxide 

completely decomposed the DDT in a fortnight. Decomposition 

was slightly more pronounced in dusts containing nicotine 

sulphate, except when the diluent was pyrophyllite. 

Although barium hydroxide is more alkaline than calcium hydroxide, 

(lusts diluted with it were more effective in the 

field and showed less reduction in DDT content in the laboratory; 

it reacts rapidly with atmospheric carbon dioxide to 

form barium carbonate, however, which , by analogy with 

calcium carbonate, would not cause rapid decomposition of 

DDT. It. is concluded that the alkaline diluents were responsible 

for most of the ricomposition of DDT, and that dusts of 

DDT and nicotine sulphate in pyrophyllite, calcium carbonate 

or magnesium carbonate are sufficiently stable to control 

cabbage pests and can be stored for at least two months prior 

to use. [RAE] 

0843. Predtetchenski, S. 1925. The cabbage moth, P.lutella maculipennis 

Curt. Astrakhan Sta. Plant Prot., Leafl. 55, 3 pp. 

The young larvae of Pluto ltu maculipennis Curt. may be 

destroyed by thorough wetting with soap solution, but against 

the more mature ones Paris green should be used. The preparation 

of both sprays is described. [RAE] 

0844. Prokic--Immel, R., G. Christ, H. Jansen, and K. Thomas. 

355


1977. The efficacy of the low-toxicity insecticide CM-UTH 

1424 against phytophagous insects. Pflanzenkr. Pflanzenschutz 

84:31-37. (in German with English summary). 

In laboratory, greenhouse, and field investigations on 

the insecticidal properties of' CM-1iTH 1424, good control of 

larvae of Plutella .v.1ostella (L.) (maculipennis (Curt.)), 

Operophtern brumata ( L. ) , Chlorocl.vstis rectangulata (I,.), 

Yponomeuta malinellus Zell. , Euproctis similis (Fuessly) 

(chr.vsorrhoea auct. ), Malacosoma neustrin (1.), Spilonota 

ocellanra (Schiff.), Hed va nubiferana (Haw.), Archips rosanus 

(I,.), Adoxophycs orana (Fisc:h.v. Roesl. ) (reeticulana (Hb.)), 

Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) a n d Fpilachna varivestis 

Muls. was achieved. Moderate to good control of Spodoptera 

littoralis (Boisd.), Ps.vlla mali (Schmidb.), P. cratoegi 

(Schr. ), and adults of Meligetheys aeneus (F.) and L. decemlineata 

was obtained, but there was little action against 

aphids and tetranychid inites. No phytotoxicity was observed, 

even at high rates of application. The compound is degraded 

in plants and soil within an acceptable time. (RAE] 

0845. Puttarudriah, M. and K. L. Bhatta. 1955. A preliminary 

note on studies of Mysore plants as sources of insecticides. 

Indian J. Entomol. L7:165-174. 

The results are given of investigations in 1935-39 on 

the insecticidal properties of 44 species of plants indigenous 

in Mysore that were readily available and known as fish 

poisons or for their medical properties or commonly used as 

insect deterrents; derris (Derr.is elliptica), which had been 

introduced a few years previously, was also tested, for 

comparison. Dusts, aqueous suspensions, and cold alcoholic 

extracts were prepared from various plant parts and tested in 

the laboratory against insects. When second- and thirdinstar 

larvae of Prodenia litura (F.), Crocidolomia binotalis 

Zell., Plutella maculipennis (Curt.), Idiocerus sp. and Callosobruchus 

(Bruchus) chinensis (,.) were allowed to crawl 

over the dusts for five minutes, one or morn parts of 11 

plants, including derris, gave 80 per cent. mortality within 

four days. When the first four insects and also Euproctis 

fraterna (Moore), Epacromia tamulus (F.) and Coccus viridis 

colemani Kannan were sprayed with suspensions at concentrations 

up to 20%, the only toxicity noted was shown by 5% 

suspensions of derris root and the bark of Mundulea sericeu 

(suberosa) tested on [diocerus; no extracts were effective as 

stomach poisons, but those of about 25 plants gave 80% kill 

of one or more of the insects at concentrations of 3-10 when 

used as contact insecticides. In addition to derris root, 

extracts of the seeds of Tephrosia candida and Annona squamosa 

and bark of M. scricen were effective against all the 

insects. 

As the insecticidal potency of fish-poison plants is 

due to the presence of rotenone, the materials showing toxicity 

were examined chemically for this compound, and their 

total ether and total alcohol extractives were compared with 

356


nicotine sulphate for toxicity to C. v. colemani. Only seeds 

and roots of 7'. cundidit and seeds of 7'. vi l.osa showed the 

presence of rotenone, and no correlation was found between 

ether and alcohol exctractyives and toxicity to the insects; 

only the seeds of 7'. candid, and A. squamosa and the bark of 

M. sericea were comparable -in toxicity to nicotine sulphate 

or derris root. Treatment with hot industrial alcohol comp 

letely extractedi the active principles from the bark of M. 

sericea, and the seeds of T. candida, and the extracts formed 

stable emulsions suitable for uses as sprays when mixed with 

molasses as cI wetting agent and diluted with water; the 

concent rat ions found toxic to various insects in laboratory 

and small-scale field tests did not exceed 1%. It is conside 

red that these materials and the seeds of Annona squamosa 

are likely to be of commercial value as insecticides. [RAE] 

0846. Ramasubbaiah, K. and R. Lal. 1978. Residues of phos-phamidon 

in cabbage crop. Indian J. Entomol. 40:182-186. 

Phosphamidon sprays are applied to cabbage in India for 

the control of 7'richoplusia ni (fib.), Plutelia xylostella 

I,. ) (mx cti_ipennis (Curt . ) , Blre vi co.yne brassi cae ( L) , and 

Bag'ra(a hilaris (Burm.) (cruciferarum Kirk.). Chemical assay 

an d bioassay (using adults of Dlrosophi.lu me.lanogfaster Mg. 

tests were carried out to determine the residue levels of the 

toxi cantL on the crop fol lowing the app Iicat. ion of 0.03 and 

0.05% sprays to runoff. Samples were takes 0, 1, 4, 7, 10, 

and 15 days after treatment. There was good agreement between 

the results obtained by the two methods of assessment. 

The half--li !'e values of the toxicant in leaves and heads were 

2.19 and 2.t-4 (days, respectively, for the 0.03% sprays, and 

2.55 and 2.37 clays for the 0.05% sprays. The time required 

for residues to reach the tolerance limit (0.5 ppm) in leaves 

and heads was 10.87 and 10.53 clays for the 0.03% sprays and 

11.83 and 10.81 days for the 0.05% sprays. The time required 

to reach the level of detectability of bioassay (0.033 ppm) 

in leaves and heads was 18.49 and 18,08 days for the 0.03% 

sprays and 21.84 and 17.58 days for the 0.05% sprays. Washing 

harvested heads 7 days after spraying reduced the residue 

levels to less than the tolerance limit. [RAE] 

0847. Heid, W. J. Jr. and C. 0. Bare. 1939. Cabbage insect 

investigations. Rep. South Carolina Exp. Sta. (1938-39). 

52:177- 180. 

An account is given of studies during 1938 and 1939 on 

the control of Plusia (Autographa) brassicae Riley, Plutella 

maculipennis Curt., and Pielris rapae L., larvae of which 

cause serious damage to spring cabbages in South Caroina, and 

also of Heiiothis armiger-a 1b. and several species of cl imbing 

cutworms, which injure the autumn crop. As arsenicals 

cannot safely be used on cabbages after the head begins to 

form, dusts of derris and pyrethrum were tested; each proved 

effective against larvae of some of the species, but derris 

was more effective against the population as a whole and 

357


could be used at greater dilutions; neither was as effective 

as arsenical or fluorine compounds against cutworms. Field 

experiments indicated that a derris dust (1% rotenone), with 

clay as the di luen t and appi i ed at interva Is of 10 days, 

preceded, in the case of' the autumn corp, by applications at 

the same intervals of calcium arsenate and hydrated lime 

(3:1) or equal parts of synthetic cryolite (83% sodium alumi 

nium fluoride) 

heading stage, 

tested. [RAE] 

and talc to con t ro I cutworms during 

was the most practicable of the 

the preschedules 

0848. Reid, W. J. Jr., C. E. Smith, I. B. Reed, and C. 0. 

Bare. 1942. Studies on the control of cabbage caterpillars 

with derris in the South. Circ. USI)A No. 615, 26 pp. 

Investigations were carried out in South Carolina and 

Louisiana in 1935-37 on the number and schedule of applications 

of dusts of powdered derris root and china clay (0.5% 

rotenone) necessary to protect cabbage from damage by larvae 

of Plusia brassicae, Plutella maculipennis, and Pieris rapae 

and the economic value of such treatments. It was found that 

protection of' the autumn crop during the prolonged harvesting 

period was desirable; three applications of derris dust made 

between the time when the first heads began to form and the 

beginning of harvest, or three of Paris green and hydrated 

lime (1:9 by weight) before the formation of the first heads, 

followed by two of' derris dust during the heading period, 

were the most valuable treatments and resulted in a considerable 

increase in marketable cabbage at the beginning of 

harvest. It was not usually profitable to apply the derris 

dust to spring cabbage earlier than just before the beginning 

of harvest, and one or more applications made after this time 

always resulted in a significant decrease in the number of 

damaged plants and an increase in the yield of marketable 

plants. [RAE] 

0849. Reid, W. J. Jr., C. E. Smith, _. B. Reed, and W. A. 

Thomas. 1941. Field studies of insecticides used to control 

cabbage caterpillars in the South. Tech. Bull. USDA No. 782, 

35 pp. 

In experiments carried out in South Carolina and Louisiana 

in 1933-35 to determine the comparative effectiveness 

of certain arsenicals and organic and inorganic substitutes 

for them against the larvae of Plusia (Autographa) brassicae 

Ril., Plutella maculipennis Curt., Pieris rapne L., and several 

species of Agrotinae, chiefly Ag'rotis vpsllon Hfn., Feltin 

annexa, Treitschke, and Heiiothis armigera fib., oncabbage; practically all comparisons were made between materials 

applied aG dusts. The derris dusts gave the most uniform 

results of the materials tested, being among the most effective 

against each species except the Agrotines, to which 

calcium arsenate, Paris green and cryolite were the most 

toxic. It is concluded that a derris dust mixture containing 

0.5-1% rotenone is sufficiently toxic to all the species but 

358


the Agrotines to be of value as a substitute for arsenicals 

in practical field control, and that. pyrethrum diluted to 

contain 0.l pyrethrin I is of value against Pieris rapae and 

Plusia brassicne. [RAE] 

0850. Ridler, R. D. 1975. The control of diamondback moth and 

cabbage white butterfly larvae with phenthoate. pp. 230-233. 

in M.J. Hartley (Ed.) Proceedings of the 28th New Zealand 

Weed and Pest Control Conference, Ruakurn Agricultural Research 

Center, Hamilton, New Zealand. 

Phenthoate was compared with methamidophos (two trials) 

and DDT (one trial) for the control of larvae of Plutella 

x.vlostel la (L. ) and Pieris rnpae (L..) on cabbage in New 

Zealand. Tn two trials at Pukekohe, phenphoate at 1.4 or 

1.75 kg/ha was superior to methamidophos at 0.67 kg/ha when 

applie*d at intervals of 7-12 days. fn one trial at Levin, 

phenthoate at 1.25 kg/ha or 1.5 kg/ha was superior to DIJT at 

0.84 kg/ha when applied at intervals of 18 days. [RAEJ 

0851. Rolfe, S. W. It. 1964. Dimethoate controlling pigeon 

damage and diamondback moth. Plant Pathol. 13: 150. 

In an experiment in southern England in 1962, menazon 

and dimethoate were applied to brussels sprouts against aphids 

with inconclusive results ( ing to low aphid populations. 

However, damage by the (iamondback moth (Plutella 

xyiost ela (1,.)) was greatly reduced on plants sprayed with 

dimethoate on 27 June and 25 July and also on others to which 

dimethoate was applied in granules. In addition, damage by 

pigeons showed similar but smaller reduction. [RAE] 

0852. Romanova, V. P. 1930. On pests of mustard in the Northern 

Caucasus. Bull. North Caucas. Plant Prot. Sta. 6-7:139 

152. (in Russian). 

Mustard, which is an important crop in the northern 

Caucasus, is often seriously damaged by insects. Observations 

in the Stavropol and Sal'sk regions during the spring and 

summer of 1929 showed that over 50 different species are 

involved. A list of these is given, in many cases with brief 

notes on their bionomics and the injury caused. Plutella 

maculipennis Curt.., has 3- 4 generations a year, which overlap, 

all stuges being present in the field throughout the 

summer. The larvae of the first generation and some of those 

of the second infest the lower surface of the leaves, in 

which they cut round holes, others of the second feeding on 

the flowers and ovaries; pupation occurs in transparent cocoons 

on the leaves and pods. The larvae of the third generation 

destroy the flowers and pods, pupating on the latter 

and the shoots. About 16% of the larvae of the second and 

third generations were parasitized by Ang'itia fenestralis 

Hlmgr., A. t ibialis Gray., and Diadromus subtilicornis Grav. 

Other important pests include: Athalia calibri Chr (spinarum), 

Colaphellus (Colaphus) hoefti Men, CHrpocoris pudicus 

Poda, Eurydema festivum L., Anthrenus scrophulariae L., Ado 

359


nib variegata Goeze, L.vdus syriacus L. , L. chalybeus Tausch., 

and Podonta daghestn.i¢, Opatrum sabulosum L,., Phyllotreta 

atra F. , P. cruciferne Goeze, Chaetocnema tibialis Hb. , and 

C. breviuscula F. Among the insecticides tested-, calcium 

arsenite dust applied between the end of May and the beginning 

of July ati.the rate of about it lb to an acre killed 90l00% 

in each case of the larvae of Plutella maculipennis, 

Pier.is daplidice and AthaJia colibr'i, being also effective 

against flea beetles. Spraying with barium chloride, 1 lb to 

3 gals. water, was effective against. the larvae of A. colibri 

and those of P. maculipennis, and did not scorch the plants. 

[RAE] 

0853. Roney, J. N. and F. L. Thomas. 1935. Arsenical substitutes 

for controlling vegetable insects. J. Econ. Entomol. 

28:615-617. 

A brief account is given of the resuLts of a three 

year investigation of arsenical substitutes in Texas against 

Pier is rtpne L. , Phytometra (Autographa) brhassione Riley, and 

Plutella maculipennis Curt. on cabbage and Heiiothis obsoleta 

F. on tomato. In tests cornducted between 21 April and the 

end of June, during which period the minimum temperature was 

50 0 F. and average temperatures were above 70 0 F., treatments 

were started as soon as the larvae appeared and 2-3 applications 

proved sufficient to protect each of three cabbage 

crops. A dust containing 10% derris or 0.5% rotenone and 90% 

300-mesh conditioned sulphur produced increases in yield of 

2,500 lb and 8,000 lb of marketable cabbage to the acre in 

two experiments at a cost of about two shilling an acre for 

the material. A derris dust appeared to be the best of the 

insecticides tesled against H. obsoleta. [RAE] 

0854. Sachan, J. N. and B. P. Srivastava. 1975. Studies on 

the insect pests of cabbage II. Insecticidal control. Indian 

J. Entomol. 37:344-352. 

Field-plot tests were carried out in the Jaipur region 

of India during 1967-70 on the effectiveness of various 

insecticide treatments for the control of cabbage pests, 

mainly Plutella xylostella (L.) (maculipennis (Curt.)) Trichoplusia 

ni (Hb.), Hellula undalis (F.) and Lipaphis erysimi 

(Kalt.). Fortnightly sprays of 0.03% endrin, 0.075% gamma- 

BHC (lindane) or 0.20% carbaryl up to harvest gave effective 

protection. However, because of high persistence and mammalian 

toxicity, endrin was not recommended. As cabbage heads 

mature at different times, 3-4 harvests are usually carried 

out over a period of 7-10 days; in order to protect the crop 

during this period, the data indicated that sprays of 0.03% 

malathion should be applied immediately after each harvest. 

[(RAE] 

0855. Sakai, M. 1981. Insecticides for pest control in cruciferous 

crops in Japan. pp. 193-204. In N. S. Tal-kar and T. 

D. Griggs (Eds.). Chinese cabbage: Proceedings of the First 

360


International Symposium. Asian Vegetable Research and Development 

Center, Shanhua, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC. 

Daikon (Japanese radish), common cabbage and Chinese 

cabbage are the major cruciferous crops grown in Japan. To 

maintain high yield and quality in an intensive cultivation 

system, insecticides are indispensable, since these crops are 

exposed to a wide variety of insect pests. Larvae of Mepnes 

0ra brassicae, Spodoptern liturn, Plutel.la xyloste.lla, Fier.is 

rapae ssp crucivora and Oebia undalis and adult Phyllotreta 

striolata and aphids - all of which attack aerial plant parts 

- are controlled by foliar application of aephate cartap, 

phenthoate, dichlorvos and others. Soil incorporation of 

acephate granules and top dressing with acephate and disulfoton 

granules are also effective. Agrotis fucosa and A. 

.vpsilon, which cut the seedlings, are controlled by soil 

treatment with cyanophenphos (lust and diazinon granules and 

baits of carbaryl and trichlorfon. Soil treatment with dichlorfenthon 

and disulfoton protects against injury caused by 

P. xylostel.la larvae. Chlorfenvinphos or diazinon soil treatment 

controls H.viemia platura. To ensure safety, pesticide 

registration requires detailed statements about the toxicity 

and environmental impact of pesticides. Besides, insecticide 

application is restricted to a permitted period and has to 

comply with the government's "Directions for the Safe Use of 

Agricultural Chemicals" directives to keep residues below 

tolernce. These measures are essential for insecticide use 

on vegetables which are frequently eaten uncooked. 

0856. Sarode, S. V. and K. K. Kumar. 1983. Efficacy of some 

granular insecticides against major pests of cabbage. Pesticides. 

17:26-27. 

The average numbers of Plutellt xylosteiia (L.) and 

Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) on cabbage that had been treated 

with granules of carbofuran, phorate and quinalphos, each at 

I or 1.5 kg toxicant/ha in Bangalore, India, are given. Pest 

populations were low at the time of treatment and incresed on 

all plots irrespective of the treatment and increased on all 

plots irrespective of the treatment applied, but all treatments 

were superior to none for 44 days; the most effective 

against both pests was carbofuran at 1.5 kg/ha, followed by 

phorate at 1.5 kg. Granular treatment of cabbage plants is 

concluded to be of little ultimate use unless followed by 

another control measure 45 days after transplanting. [RAE] 

0857. Sarode, S. V. and R. Laael. 1981. Persistence of lindane 

on cauliflower. Indian J. Entomol. 43:408-412. 

The persistence of lindane applied for the control of 

Plutella xylostella (L.), Bagrada hilaris (Burm.) 

(cruciferarum Kirk.) and Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) in 

cauliflower was studied in Delhi, India, in 1977-78, by 

spraying at 0.I and 0.2% and 1.1 and 2.2 kg ai/ha at the 

stage of head formation, using 1100 litres emulsion/ha. The 

initial residue was 10.86 and 16.82 ppm for the lower and 

361


higher concentrations, respectively, in the leaves and 9.50 

and 13.75 ppm in the head. These residues fell below a 

detectable level after 21 days. A waiting period of 6-7 days 

was necessary after spraying for safe consumption. Washing 

reduced the residues by 11.63 and 56.50% at the lower and 

higher dosages, respectively, while cooking reduced the 

residues by 32.50 and 70.90%. [RAE1 

0858. Saynor, M. 1976. Cabbage caterpillars. Advisory Leaflet, 

No. 69. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. 

London, U1. K., 7 pp. 

This leaflet on the external morphology, life-history, 

natural enemies, and control of Pieris brassicae (L.), P. 

rapae (L.), P. napi (I,.), Mamestra brassicne (L.), Plutella 

xylostella (L.), iVoctua pronuba (L. ) and Evergestis forfica 

]is (L. ) and on the damage that they cause to cabbage, cauliflower 

and other Brassica crops in Britain, is a revision of 

one published earlier. The main changes in this version 

relate to the notes on the morphology and life--histories, in 

which a clearer distinction is made between one species and 

another, and to the directions for control, including the 

addition of derris liquid (5% rotenone), iodofenphos, and 

triazophos to the list of chemical compounds recommended 

against these pests. [RAE] 

0859. Schreiber, A. F. 1915. Vegetable insecticides. The Horticulturist. 

Rostov-on-Don. No. 12:903-912. (in Russian). 

The good results obtained by some insecticides of vegetable 

origin, such as a decoction of tomato leaves and stalks 

against the caterpillars of P-ieris brHssicae, are discussed. 

A decoction of leaves of Veratrum album or V. nigrum against 

pests of m,"ket-gardens is the only remedy used by the peasants 

in Transbaikal. Decoctions of Datur stramonium, Petunia, 

Hyoscyamus niger, H. albus, H. major, Euphorbia biglandulosa 

and E. dendroides are all recommended by Sprenger in 

"Die Gartenwelt" (i112). The author describes his own experiments 

with extracts of aloes, henbane (Hloscyamus niger), 

and wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) in 1915. The extract of 

aloes is sold ready-made, but may be prepared by extracting 

the aloes in boiling water and adding molasses to make it 

adhesive. Spraying is carried out early in the morning, 

after the disappearance of dew, and again in the evening at 

sunset. Henbane was cut into pieces while in flower, dried 

and boiled in water till nearly all the water had evaporated; 

the decoction remaining was then strained through gauze, and 

for use, 1 lb of the extract and 1 lb of soft soap are 

dissolved in about six gallons of water. The decoction of 

wormwood was prepared in the same way, 1 lb of it with 1.5 lb 

of soft soap being dissolved in about four gallons of water. 

Cabbages, salad-plants, turnips, bird-cherries, birch trees, 

etc., were sprayed against Barathra (Mamestra) brassicae, 

Plut-:Ja maculipennis (cruciferarum), Phyllotreta sp., and 

Aphis sp. The best results were obtained with the aloes 

362

Insecti-cide Control 

against all these pests; wormwood had little effect on Phyllotreta 

and the extract of henbane was effective only against 

Aphids. Extraccts of tomatoes and hellebore were very effect 

ive against Aphids and various other market--garden pests, 

such ts B. brassicae, Plutella maculipennis, Pieris napi, P. 

brassicae, P. rapne, and J'hyllotreta. In order to prepare 

these extracts, the plants must be dried, cut into pieces, 

closely packed in a container and boiled in water, stirring 

and crushing the contents from time to time. After five or 

six hours, when all the water will have evaporated, the 

decoction is strained through gauze. It can be kept a long 

time in bottles which are well corked; for use, 1 lb is 

dissolved in about six gallons of water; spraying should be 

done on sunny clays and repeated after rain. [RAE] 

0860. Schreiner, J. T. 19H4. On some new insecticidec, which 

can replace Schweinfurt Gre,.n for us. pp. 48--50. In Proceedings 

of (Provincial) Entomoljgical Conference. Zemstvo of 

Charkov, Charkov. USSR. 

Several insecticides, which can more or less successfully 

replace Paris green, the chief supply of which comes from 

Germany, are suggested. Pure white arsenic has been largely 

used in many localities of the government of Saratov and 

along the Volga for the last forty years, but owing to the 

great damage it causes by scorching it is not recommended, 

although favorable results as regards insect pests have been 

frequently obtained. Arsenite of lime, being a combination 

of arsenic and quick lime, is recommended by many horticulturists 

and this preparation deserves serious consideration in 

orchards, though its application against pests of field 

crops, especially against locusts, is laborious and inconvenient. 

Sodium arsenite is considered to be the most convenient 

and effective remedy against various locusts such as 

Locusta migr-atoria, Ca-ll.iptamus italicus, iDociostaurusmaroccanus 

and Gomphocerus sibiricus, which perish from this insect.icide 

in from 15 to 20 hours after spraying, which is 

quicker than when Paris green and lime is used. 

It. has not yet been tried in orchards, but is expected 

to prove successful. Djipsin is very effective against orchard 

pests, but less so against locusts and pests of field 

corps. Barium chloride is successfully used against Hyponomeuta 

mai.inel.us and Both.,noderes (Cleonus) punctiventris. 

During the discussion on this paper, it was pointed out by K. 

K. Miller and G. S. Sudeikin that good results were obtained 

at Kishinev and Voronezh with London purple. In the former 

place, it was used in a liquid form and no scorching was 

observed even with a strong concentration; in the latter, it 

was applied, in the form of powder (I lb of purple mixed with 

10 lb of flour) and gave good results against caterpillars of 

Pieris rapse, P.lutella maculipennis (cruciferurum), and Barathra 

(Mamestra) brassicae, while a solution proved less effective. 

[RAE] 

363


0861. Schuster, D. J., R. B. Chalfant, W. H. Denton, 

B. 

and 

Workman. 

R. 

1978. Cooperative evaluation of chemical 


control 

lepidopterous larvae on cabbage at four locations 

Florida and 

in 

Georgia. J. Georgia Entomol. Soc. 13:327-331. 

Field-plot tests were carried out at 

Florida 

four sites 

and Georgia 

in 

in 1977 to evaluate the effectiveness 

weekly of 

sprays of three experimental insecticides 

tly 

and 

registered 

curren 

materials (methomyl, Bacillus thuringiensis 

var. kurstaki and endosulfan) for the control of lepidopterous 

larvae on cabbage. The synthetic pyrethroids 

and 

FMC 33297 

PP 557 (two formulations of permethrin) and SD 43775 

rates 

at 

from 0.056 to 0.112 kg a.i./ha, the organophosphate 

acephate at 1.121 kg and the carbamate UC 51762 at 0.841 

all significantly 

kg 

reduced the numbers of larvae 

xylostella 

of Plutella 

(L.) and Tr.ichoplusia ni (Hb.) and plant 

Methomyl 

damage. 

and Thuricide HP (a formulation of B.t var kurstaki) 

gave poor control of these larvae at one site. IRAEJ 

0862. Semenov, A. E. 1950. A complex method of controlling 

the cabbage moth and the cabbage fly with Hexachlorane 

Dokl. Veses. 

Dust. 

Akad. S. Kh. Nauk Lenina 15:39-42. (in Russian). 

Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) and Hylemyja 

(Bch.) 

brassicae 

are the chief pests of cabbage in the Arctic 


regions 

Soviet Union, and observations on their bionomics 

combined 

and 

control were carried out in 1948 at a place on 

Ob, 

the 

near the Arctic circle. Adults of the 

generation 

overwintering 

of P lutella were present from late June 

July, 

to 

and 

late 

the larvae infested the plants from 12 to 

causing 

28 July, 

great damage by feeding on the young hearts. 

the 

Some 

pupae 


hibernated and some gave rise to adults in 

August. 

late 

These entered hibernation without ovipositing, 

second-generation but 

in the year. The adults emerge 

overwintered 

from the 

puparia in th soil in late June, and the 

were 

larvae 

injurious from about 10 July until mid-August. 

tests 

In 

on 

the 

control, a dust of 6% BHC was applied to 

from 

seedlings 

a perforated tin at the rate of 0.5 g/plant, so 

cover 

as 

the 

to 

whole of it and the soil round about. Three 

cationsappli 

were made, on 1, 10, and 20 July, and as a 

none 

result, 

of the plants was killed by Hylemyia or damaged 

Plutella, by 

as compared with 9.3 and 98.5%, respectively, 

no treatment. 

for 

In a further test, a single application 

July, before 

on 9 

the hearts were set, was almost as effective 

against Plutella as three on the dates mentioned. [RAE] 

0863. Senior-White, R. 1917. Insect pests. Trop. Agric. 48: 

115-121. 

Kohl-rabi, turnips and cabbag s are all liable 

station 

to 

by 

infe 

Hellula undalis and Plutella maculipennis, 

which 

both of 

can only be controlled by spraying; Idaea 

Phytometra 

fibulata; 

(Plusia) orichalcea, and Crocidolomia binotalis 

can only be controlled by hand-picking. [RAE] 

0864. Sharom, M. S. 1980. Frequency of insecticide applica 

364

Insecticiide Control 

tion on sawi (Brassica juncea) production. Malays. Agric. J. 

52:8-13 

Brassica juncea, which in Malaysia is known as sawi, is 

very vulnerable to insect attack, the main pest species being 

Phyllotreta f.lexuosa (Ill.) (sinuata (Steph.)), P. cruc.ifera 

Goeze, Plutella xylostella (L.), Hellula sp. and Spodoptera 

litura (F.). In field tests at Serdang, West Malaysia, in 

1978 to determine the effects of application frequency of an 

insecticide both on pest control and on the plants, Elsan 

Forte (a mixture of 20% phenthoate with 40% dichlorvos) was 

found to be effective in controlling the pests when applied 

at intervals of 3 or 6 days, with a significantly higher 

yield from plots treated at intervals of 3 days. Although 

the yield from plots treated at intervals of 12 days, or as 

needed, was significantly higher than that from untreated 

plots, most of the plants were of poor quality and unmarketable. 

The quality of the plants after the final application 

date gradually declined with time when the plants were left 

unharvested in the field, and the reduction became significant 

from the 8th day onwards. [RAE] 

0865. Shorey, H. H. 1963. Field experiments on insecticidal 

control of lepidopterous larvae on cabbage and cauliflower. 


Of 25 insecticides tested in sprays against lepidopterous 

larvae on cabbage and cauliflower in southern California 

in 1961-62, Am. Cyanamid 43064, Baycr 44646, endosulfan, Monsanto 

40273, Monsanto 40294, and Zectran at 0.5-0.8, 0.7-0.8, 

1.0, 0.7-1.0, 0.8-1.0, and 0.4-0.7 lb/acre, respectively, 

were effective against Trichoplusia ni (Hb.) and Spodoptera 

exigua (Hb.). Endosulfan and Zectran gave good control of 

Plutella maculipennis (Curt.), as also did DDT, demeton, 

diazinon, ethion, parathion, mevinphos (Phosdrin), phosphamidon 

and pyrethrins (with ten times the amount of piperonyl 

butoxide) at 2, 0.31, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.22, 0.5 and 0.9 lb./ 

cre, respectiverly. Some marginal scorching of the leaves of 

cauliflower was caused by Am. Cyanamid 43064 at the higher 

rate, but that compound persisted longer than Zectran or 

Bayer 44646. Thc numbers of S. c,,gua and P. maculipennis 

were reduced proportionately more ".n those of T. ni by any 

given compound. [RAE] 

0866. Shorey, H. HI. and R. L. Hale. 1967. Evaluation of 

systemic insecticides incorporated in the soil for control of 

lepidopterous larvae on cole crops in southern California. J. 

Econ. Entomol. 60:1567-1570. 

The effectiveness of some of the newer systemic insecticides 

in controlling lepidopterous larvae in cruciferous 

vegetables in the United States, where Trichoplusia ni (Hb.) 

has proved difficult to control with conventional insecticides 

applied in sprays or dust, was investigated in southern 

California in 1963-66. The materials were applied to the 

foliage or soil for the control of T. ni, Pieris rapae (L.) 

365


and Plutella xylostella (L.) (maculipennis (Curt.)) on cabbage, 

cauliflower and broccoli. Soil applications of NIA 

10242 at 1 or 2 lb/acre were very effective against Pieris 

and Plutella for several weeks, but were effective a-gainst T. 

ni for not more th-a 1-2 weeks. Soil applications of Cyanamid 

47031 at I lb/acre were effective for several weeks 

against T. ni but did not provide adequate control of Pieris. 

Both soil and foliar applications of NIA 10242 and Cyanamid 

47031 were as effective against T. ni as a standard mixed 

spray of DDT and toxapnene. [RAE] 

0867. Smith, C. E. and P. K. Harrison. 1944. Field tests with 

DDT and other insecticides against cabbage caterpillars. J. 

Econ. Entomol. 37:152--153. 

The authors describe small-plot tests of a number of 

treatments for the control of caterpillars attacking autumngrown 

cabbage, carried out in Louisiana in 1943. Random 

examination of 100 cabbage plants on 27 October revealed the 

presence of 100 young larvae, principally Plusia (Autographa) 

brassicae Ril., but also including Pieris rapae L., Plutella 

maculipennis Curt., Heliothis armigera Hb., and climbing 

cutworms. The insecticides were applied on 29 October and 5 

November. Examination five days after the second application 

showed 6 larvae/l00 plants on the plot treated with 14 lb/ 

acre of DDT in pyrophyllite (1:10), 61 on that treated with 

14 lb pyrethrum in pyrophyllite (0.3% total pyrethrins) and 

74 on that treated with 18 lb derris in pyryophyllite (0.5% 

rotenone). These differences were not significant, but the 

other dusts tested and a number of sprays were significantly 

less effective than the DDT dust. On plants that were 

treated with the DDT dust at the rate of 18 lb /acre on 12 

November, some insects were affected 2 hours after treatment, 

and several of these were dead after 20 hours. After 3 days, 

there were 8 living and 15 dead larvae and pupae of Plusia 

brassicae, 2 living and 20 dead adults of the banded cucumber 

beetle (Diabrotica balteata Lec.) and 2 and 4 living larvae 

or pupae of Pieris and Plutella, respectively, on 200 dusted 

plants; undusted plants had large populations of Plusia brassicae 

and small ones of the other species. [RAE] 

0868. Smith, D. 1975. Cabbage pest control investigations. 

Queensl. J. Agric. Anim. Sci. 32:13-18. 

In three tests in "south-eqstern Queensland in 1968-69 

of 15 insecticides applied as sprays to cabbage, up to six 

applications at intervals of two weeks of 0.05-0.1% diazinon, 

0.1% tetrachlorvinphos or 0.05% methidathion afforded satisfactory 

control of Plutella xylostella (L.), Pieris rapae 

(L.), Hellula hydralis Gn. and Crocidolomia binotalis Zell. 

[RAE] 

0869. Sousa, A. A., J. R. Frazee, M. H. J. Weiden, and T. D. 

J. D'Silva. 1977. UC 51762, a new carbamate insecticide. J. 


366


UC 51762, a new broad-spectrum carbamate insecticide, 

was found to be particularly effective in laboratory and 

field tests in Texas and North Carolina for the control of 

lepidopterous larvae that attack several economically important 

crops; these included Spodoptera eridaniu (Cram.), Trichoplusia 

ni (Hb.), Plutella Yylostella (L.), S. frugiperda 

(J.E. Smith), Pseudoplusia includens (Wlk.), Heliothis zea 

(Boddie) and H. virescens (F.). Residues of the insecticide 

on plant foliage remained toxic to insects for long periods, 

but the soil-life was short. Available evidence indicated 

that UC 51762 was primarily a stomach poison with only modest 

contact toxicity. The compound did not appear to be a practical 

systemic insecticide. There was no phytotoxicity in 

laboratory and field tests when UC 51762 was applied to a 

number of vegetable and field crops, including cotton, soybean 

and maize. The peroral and dermal LD5O's for rats were 

160 and >1600 mg/kg, respectively, and the compound was safe 

when inhaled. (RAE] 

0870. Staniland, L. N. and A. Beaumont. 1933. Ninth Annual 

Report of the Department of Plant Pathology for the year 

ending September 30, 1932. Pamph. Seale-Hayne Agric. Coll. 

No. 40, 43 pp. 

Brief notes are given on insect pests observed to be 

important factors affecting the yield of broccoli seed in 

Devon and Cornwall. The eggs of Ceuthorrhynchus a;similis 

Payk. (turnip seed weevil) are laid in spring on the seedpods 

or in the immature seed-vessels, and the larvae feed on 

the pistils or the unripe seeds. Severely infested pods 

usually open early, the full-grown larvae falling to the 

ground and pupating at a depth of about 2 in. There are 

probably two generations a year, a variety of crucifers being 

attacked. Sprays containing derris or pyrethrum, such as are 

applied without injury to raspberry flowers against the raspberry 

beetle (Byturus tomentosus F.), would probably give 

satisfactory control. If it occurs in small numbers, Meligethes 

aeneus F., is probably beneficial in pollinating the 

flowers, but it is often abundant enough to cause serious 

loss of seed. Dusting with lead arsenate is reported to be 

effective, and the measures recommended against C. assimilis 

might be of value. The larvae of Plutella maculipennis Curt. 

(diamondback moth) damage the leaves and feed on the developing 

seed-pods, sometimes causing serious loss. This Tineid 

is specially abundant in coastal districts. On plants kept 

for seed, control may be readily obtained by a lead arsenate 

spray, which will also be of value against the larvae of 

Pieris brassicae L. and P. rapae L. [RAE] 

0871. Stofberg, F. J. 1944. The control of cabbage pests. 

Fmg. South Afr. No. 56, 3 pp. 

Notes are given on the control of several insects that 

infest cabbage in South Africa. The bagrada bug (Bagrada 

hilaris Burm.) chiefly attacks seedlings, which it frequently 

367


destroys, but it also damages weak plants after transplanting. 

This Pentatomid can be controlled by a spray prepared 

by dissolving 1 lb soap in I gal boiling water, stirring in 1 

pint crude carbolic acid, boiling for 30 minutes, and diluting 

with 15 parts water, or one prepared by dissolv'ng 1 lb 

soap in 2.5 gal water and, immediately before use, stirring 

in 1 pint 60% commerical methylated spirit. Seedlings can be 

protected by placing frames covered with gauze over the beds 

or by surrounding the beds with a screen of fine wire gauze 3 

ft high, which apparently excludes the bugs. 

Larvae of Plutella maculipennis Curt. and Crocidolomia 

binotalis Zell. also cause heavy losses. On the high veldt, 

where injury is less serious, sufficient protection against 

both species is afforded by dipping the seedlings in a suspension 

of lead arsenate, but on the low veldt, where P. maculipernis 

is seldom controlled by parasites, the plants should 

be dusted two or three times at a rate of about 30 lb /acre 

with a mixture of lead arsenate or calcium arsenate and talc 

(1:3--4) or cryolite and talc (1:l). Applications ahould not 

be made within five weeks of harvesting. 

Aphids on cabbage can be controlled by proprietary 

dusts containing 2 or 4% nicotine or sprays of nkcotine 

sulphate (1:800) or 7% nicotine extract (1:100), preferably 

with the addition of 1 lb soap per 20 gal spray. A home-made 

nicotine spray can be prepared by steeping 1 lb scrap tobacco, 

preferrably of the snuff (Virginia) type, cut into 0.5 

inch lengths, in 1 g~l hot (not boiling) water for 24-48 

hours until the liquid is the color of strong tea, and straining. 

It should be used immediately and without further 

dilution. [RAE] 

0872. Street, R. 1975. The effect of crude extracts of the 

Meliaceae Azadirachta indica and Melia azederach on various 

insects. Z. Angew. Entomol. 77:306-312. (in German with English 

summary). 

Crude extracts of leaves of the neem tree (Aazadirachta 

indica A. Juss) and the Persian lilac (Melia azederach L.) 

were tested against larvae of the Mexican bean beetle (Epilachna 

varivestis Mulsant), diamondback moth (Plutella maculipennis 

L.), and beet leaf bug (Piesma quadratum Fieb.) by 

foliar and/or topical application. The extracts caused inhibition 

of development as well as morphological effects. Some 

anti-feedant activity wat observed in tests with the diamondback 

moth. [BA] 

0873. Strcng, L. A. 1936. Report of the chief of the bureau 

of entomology and plant quarantine, 1936. USDA, Washington, 

D.C. 121 pp. 

A concise account is given of work on insect pests 

carried out in the United States during the year ending 30 

June 1936, some of which has already been noticed. On cabbage, 

dusts containing derris were more effective than pyrethrum, 

cryolite or calcium arsenate against the imported cab 

368


bage worm (Pieris rapae L.), while of derris, cryolite, Paris 

green, pyrethrum, and calcium arsenate, the most effective 

against the cabbage looper (Plusia brassicae Riley) were 

derris and cryolite, and against the diamondback moth (Plute- 

JIB maculipennis Curt.) derris and calcium arsneate. Laboratory 

tests showed that the ground root of Tephrosia (Cracca) 

virginiana was as effective against the common caterpillar 

pests of cabbage as derris or cube (Lonchocarpus) containing 

equal percentages of active ingredients. Atomised spryas of 

pyrethrum extract in the oil gave 95% mortaliy of the leafhopper 

(Eutettix tenellus Bak.) on beet. [RAE] 

0874. Su, C. Y. and R. I. Rose. 1977. Comparison with some 

kinds of insecticides for the control of diamondback moth, 

Plutella xylostella (L.) on cruciferous crops. Bull. Soc. Entomol. 

(Taiwan) 12:70-72. (in Chinese with English summary). 

Two insecticide screening tests were conducted to study 

the efficacy of various chemicals in controlling diamondback 

moth on Chinese cabbage. In both tests deltamethrin, fenvalerate, 

S-3206, S-3151, carbofuran, quinalphos, and surecide 

gave good control of the insect. 

0875. Su, C. Y. and R. I. Rose. 1977. Field testing of new 

synthetic pyrethrin insecticides for the control of cruciferous 

insect pests. Plant Prot. Bull. (Taiwan) 19:13-20. (in 


When the effectiveness of sprays of several new synthetic 

pyrethroid insecticides applied at rates ranging from 50 

to 500 g Al/ha for the control of Plutella xylostella (L.), 

Pieris rapae (L.), Trichoplusia ni (Hb.) and Lipaphis eryrimi 

(Kalt.) (Rhopalosiphum pseudobrassicae (Davis)) on cabbage 

was evaluated in field tests in Taiwan in 1976, S-5602, s 

3206, and permethrin gave the best control of all the pests 

and resulted in the highest yield of marketable cabbages. 

0876. Swingle, W. T., H. L. Haller, E. H. Siegler, and M. 

C. Swingle. 1941. A Chinese insecticidal plant, Tripterygium 

wilfordii, introduced into the United States. Sci.ence 93:60 

61. 

The powdered root of Tripterygium wilfordi, a perennial 

twining creeper that is widely cultivated in Chekiang, is 

commonly used by Chinese market gardens for the control of 

leaf-eating insect pests of vegetables, and in 1935 cuttings 

of this plant were collected in Chekiang and grown in the 

Plant Introduction Garden at Glenn Dale, Maryland. In preliminary 

tests, a sample of the powdered root of T. wilfordi 

received from China in the autumn of 1935 was found to have 

little or no value as a contact insecticide. A second sample, 

obtained in the spring of 1936, showed no contact action 

on larvae of Laphygma (Prodenia) eridanin Cram., Malacosoma 

americana F., Bombyx mori L., or Leptinotarsa decemlineata 

Say, and no other action on those of Laphygma, but larvae of 

the other three insects were deterred from feeding on dusted 

369


leaves, and those of B. morl and Leptinotarsa that fed on 

them died after taking a sufficient dose. This second sample 

was at least six months old when used, and it is believed in 

China that the insecticidal value of the powder declines 

steadily and is entirely lost after a year's storage. 

In the autumn 

of' 1939, 

freshly prepared powder from 

vigorous plants growing at Glenn Dale was available and 

proved very toxic to first-instar larvae of Plutella maculipennis 

Curt., and Pieris rapae L., but it caused relatively 

low mortalities, and in some instances practically none, to 

first-instar larvae of Laphygma eridania, second and larger 

instars of Diaphania h.valinata L. , and large larvae of Psara 

(Pachyzancla) bipunctalis F. Alcoholic extracts gave slightly 

better results. The material was very repellent to small 

larvae attacking crucifers, but was less effective than derris 

on larger ones. In tests against larvae of Cydja (Carpocapsa) 

pomonella L., by the apple-plug method, the powder 

gave about 60% uninjured plugs when used at the rate of 2 lb/ 

50 U.S. gal water. An alcoholic extract of the fresh root 

used at the rate of 2 lb extractives/50 U.S. gal gave 90%. 

In view of this result, chemical studies of the plant extractives 

are being made. [RAE] 

0877. Syam, U. 1983. The effect of several insecticides on 

diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) and its parasite (Diadegma 

eucerophaga Gray.) in a cabbage crop. Paper presented 

at Kongres Entomologi II Jakarta 24-28 January 1983. (in 

Indonesian with English summary). 

Methamidophos, methidathion, and chlorpyrifos were 

tested in a field experiment for their efficacy against the 

diamondback moth (P. xylostella Curt.) and their effect on 

the parasite Diadegma eucerophaga Gray. The insecticides 

were applied as foliar spray four times at 14, 24, 34 and 44 

days after transplanting with spray volumes of 500, 600, 700 

and 800 i/ha respectively. The dosage of each insecticides 

for the respective sprays were as follows: (1) metamidophos 

104, 124.8, 145.6, and 166.4 gAI/ha, (2) methidathion 315, 

378, 441 and 504 gAI/ha, (3) chlorpyrifos 200, 240, 280 and 

320 gAI/ha. The result showed that all the three insecticides 

were effective for controlling the diamondback moth. 

The yield of the treated plots in terms of marketable cabbage 

was 1.3 - 1.5 times higher than the yield of the control 

plots. The levels of "active adult parasite population and 

the percentages of parasitism both in treated and control 

plots did not show significant difference. Thus, the insecticides 

apparently did not have any detrimental effect on the 

parasite. 

0878. Tan, M. T. and K. I. Sudderuddin. 1978. Effects of neem 

tree (Azadirachta indica) extracts on diamondback moth (Plutella 

xylostella L.). Malays. App]. Biol. 7:1-9. 

The antifeedant properties of water and alcohol extracts 

of five different parts of tb- neem tree (Azadirachta 

370


indica) applied in two ways, were tested against diamondback 

moth (Plutella xylostella) larvae. Brassica sp. plants 

treated with neem extracts were only partially protected 

against Plutella attack, the order of effectiveness being 

seed>leaf>bark>twig>wood extracts. Studies on the persistence 

of neem extract and the effect of soil composition on its 

uptake showed the active principle to be effective for up to 

10 days in treated plants. The rate of uptake by plants in 

different soils was almost the same. The ability of female 

Plutella adults to recognize oviposition sites was not affected 

by the presence of neem extracts. Neem extracts also 

disrupted the development of eggs, larvae and pupae. 

0879. Tao, C. C., L. T. Chen, and K. H. Chen. 1952. Report on 

the field insecticidal control of cruciferous insects in 

Taiwan. Agric. Res. (Taiwan) 3:15-29. (in Chinese with English 

summary). 

This research was done from 1949 to 1951. During these 

years, the field survey and control experiments of cruciferous 

insects were taken throughout of the island. The results 

may be summarized as below. There are 16 species of 

insects that attack crucifers. Their features and habits are 

briefly dis-cussed. Due to market demand, utilization of 

labor and land, the farmers are growing cruciferous vegetables 

continuously. For this reason there are frequent infestations 

of turnip aphid, Rhopalosiphum pseudobrassicae Davis, 

turnip flea beetle, Phyllotreta vittata Fabricius, and some 

species of caterpillars, including diamondback moth. Turnip 

aphid may be controlled by rotenoid emulsion (containing 3.5% 

crystalline retenone). Turnip flea beetle can be controlled 

by 1% gamma BHC dust and the caterpillars by 10% DDT dust. 

If turnip aphid and caterpillars appeared at the same time, 

they may be controlled by the spraying of 25% DDT emulsion. 

The methods of applying these insecticides and how to get the 

most effectiveness, economics, and safety are also described. 

0880. Taylor, G. G. 1948. Experiments for control for whitebutterfly 

(P.eris rapae L.) and diamondback moth (Plutella 

maculipennis Curt.) on cabbages. N. Z. J. Sci. Technol. 

29(A):265-272. 

An account is given of experiments in New Zealand in the 

three seasons 1944-47 in which DDT was compared with other 

insecticides for the control of Pieris rapae L. and Plutella 

xaculipennis Curt. on cabbage. The results obtained in 1944 

45 have been noticed from a preliminary report. In 1945-46, 

when six applications were made in February-April, the percentage 

of cabbages free from damage were 3.4 and 1.8 for 

derris dusts containing 0.25% rotenone with pyrophyllite and 

a mixture of magnesite-talc and clay (1:1), respectively, as 

the diluent, 17.7 and 45.3 for a benzene-hexachloride dust 

diluted to contain 0.18 and 0.36% gamma isomer, 58.3 and 73.3 

for 0.75 and 1.5% DDT in the mixture of magnesite-talc and 

clay, and 78 and 55.6 for 0.75% DDT micronised in this di 

371


luent so that 95% of the particles were less than 20 and 7 ji, 

respectively. Sprays containing 0.075% DDT prepared from a 

wettable powder, a proprietary emulsion concentrate and emulsified 

xylene solution gave 83.5, 79.9, and 86.1V.undamaged 

cabbages. In 1946-47, DDT in micronised dusts and sprays of 

a wettable powder, in all of which 95% of the particles had a 

size of less than 20 u were tested in different schedules of 

application during February and March. The percentages of 

undamaged cabbages for the dusts were 97.9 and 85.5 for 0.5% 

DDT applied 8 times at intervals of 6 days and 4 times at 

intervals of 12 days, respectivley, 90.8 and 68.3 for 1% DDT 

applied 4 times at intervals of 12 days and 3 times at intervals 

of 18 days, and 85.3 for 2% DDT applied 3 times at 

intervals of 18 days. For the sprays, they were 75.2 and 

28.1 for 0.025% DDT applied 8 times at intervals of 16 days 

and 4 times at intervals of 12 days, 68.1 and 41.4 for 0.05% 

DDT applied 4 times at intervals of 12 days or 3 times at 

intervals of 18 days, and 65.8 for 0.1%. DDT, also applied 3 

times at intervals of 18 days. In each year, untreated 

cabbages adjacent to the experimental plots became so heavily 

infested, first by Pieris and later by Plutella, that they 

were not marketable. (RAE] 

0881. Tempel, W. 1928. Work against the cabbage moth. Die 

kranke Pflanze, 5:121-122 (in German). 

The larvae of the cabbage moth (Plutella maculipennis 

Curt.) may be destroyed with arsenical dusts and sprays so 

long as the hearts of the cabbages have not closed. When 

this has occurred, the plants may be dusted with a mixture of 

1 part tobacco dust and 4 parts lime or one of 5 parts 

nicotine sulphate and 95 parts lime, or they may be sprayed 

with nicotine or quassia. After the harvest, all the debris 

and stalks must be destroyed. (RAE] 

0882. Theobald, F. V. 1928. Entomological Department. Rep. 

Res. Adv. Dep., S. E. Agric. Coil., Wye, 1927-28, 19 pp. 

Notes are given on the incidence of insect pests in 

south-eastern England during the year ending 30 September 

1928, which has been remarkable for severe damage by a variety 

of insects, aphids being particularly numerous. The larvae 

of Cladius pectinicornis Frcr. (rose sawfly) caused severe 

injury to strawberry foliage. A second brood occurs in 

August and September, when the best treatment is to cut the 

leaves close and burn them to the ground, measures which also 

largely control Capitophorus fragariae Theo. Sciara annulata 

Mg., attacked mushroom spawn in the open, this being the 

first record of its attacking mushrooms. Plutella maculipennis 

Curt. (diamondback moth) was numerous on crucifers in 

Kent, where it appeared three weeks earlier than in 1926, all 

stages of the moth being present simultaneously. Two or more 

washes of nicotine and soft soap efi'ected successful control, 

but this treatment was too costly in most cases. Plesiocoris 

rugicollis Fall. (apple Capsid) has been extremely destruc 

372


tive in certain areas. A nicotine and soft soap wash, which 

reduced injury on long-stalked varieties of apple, is of 

little use for short strigged varieties. 

Serious damage was caused to currants by Capsids, chiefly 

Lygus pabulinus L. Other bush-fruits and strawberries, 

and in one case pears, were also attacked. Tar distillates 

proved useless against L. pabulinus, but good results were 

obtained by spraying first the bushes and then the soil 

beneath them with 10 oz nicotine and 3 lb soft soap to 100 

gals water; spraying the bushes alone was ineffectual as most 

of the Capsids fell to the ground without being hit. Damage 

to hops was caused by Lygus spinolae Mey. Larvae of Hemerophila 

(Simaethis) pariana L. caused such serious damage to 

apple foliage that the development of the fruit buds was 

affected. [RAE] 

0883. Theobald, F. V. 1929. Some notes on injurious insects 

and other animals in 1928. J. South East Agric. Coil. 

No. 26:104-116. 

A severe outbreak of Plutella maculipennis Curt. occurred 

in 1928 over a considerable area, wallflowers and stocks 

and other cruciferous crops being attacked. The best spray 

used against it consisted of 4 oz nicotine and 2 lb lead 

arsenate to 80 gal water, but nicotine (lust was still more 

effective. Other vegetable pests included Trifidaphis phaseo./i 

Pass. on the roots of beans and Achorutes armatus Nic. 

on seedlings of crucifers and lettuce and in some places on 

mushrooms. [RAE] 

0884. Theunissen, J. and H. D. Ouden. 1978. Influence of some 

insecticides on the development of caterpillar populations on 

cabbage. Neth. J. Plant Pathol. 84:157-165. 

Five commercial insecticidal preparations containing 

acephate, carbaryl, bromophos-ethyl, diflubenzuron or a mix 

ture of azinphos-methyl and dimethoate (Azinphos-D) were 

applied to cabbage at Wageningen, the Netherlands, at rates 

2 

to give 0.5, 0.625, 1.3, 0.225 or 0.75 g A1/10 m , respectively, 

to test their effectiveness agaist the lepidopterous 

pests attacking this crop. The pests present in largest 

numbers were (in addition -o Brevicoryne brassicae (L.)) 

Mamestru brassicae (L. ) and Ever-gestis forficalis (L. ); smaller 

numbers of Pieris spp. , Plutella xylostella (L.) and 

Autographa gamma (L.) (Plusia gamma) were also present. The 

treatment was applied on 12 September and the numbers of 

larvae present and extent of feeding damage were monitored at 

regular intervals until 18 October. The results showed a 

reasonable correlation between population density and feeding 

damage. Carbaryl proved ineffective in reducing populations 

and feeding damage, and the initial impact of diflubenzuron 

on the level of damage (because of its mode of action) was 

also low. Greater control was afforded by the other three 

preparations. When the effect of individual preparations on 

individual pest species was considered, diflubenzuron was 

373


very effective against Mamestra, but not against Evergestis, 

against which the mixture of azinphos-methyl and dimethoate 

gave the best results. Of the five preparations, only the 

mixture had an appreciable regulatory effect on populations 

of the aphid. It is suggested that the choice of insecticide 

should be related to its effectiveness against the dominant 

species in the pest complex at the time of treatment. [RAE] 

0885. Tiitanen, 1964. The effect of pyrethrum preparations 

on certain common horticultural pests. Ann. Agric. 

Fenn 3:272-274. 

In tests carried out in 1960-63 in Finland with 

prepa 

rations of pyrethrum and piperonyl butoxide aerosots (some of 

which also contained other toxicants) were effective in single 

applications against Tetranychus telarius (L.) (urticae 

Koch), Myzus persicae (Sulz.) and Macrosiphum rosae (L.) and 

in three applications at 10-day intervals against the nymphs 

of Planococcus (Pseudococcus) citii (Risso) and Rulecaniu& 

corni (Bch.). The best results against Trioza apicalis 

Forst. were obtained from an aerosol that included methoxy- 

DDT (methoxychlor). Greater differences were observed in 

phytotoxicity than in effectiveness between most of the aerosols. 

Sprays of which pyrethrum and piperonyl butoxide were 

the only active ingredients were excellent against M. rosae, 

M. (Acyrthosiphon) pisum (Harris) and Myzus persicae (although 

with little residual effect), moderately effective 

against P. citri, E. corni and the larvae of Nematus (Pteronides) 

ribesii (Scop.), and poor against T. telarius, Panonvchus 

(Metatetranychus) ulmi (Koch), Lygus spp., Ceutorhynchus 

assimilis (Payk.) and the larvae of Hylemyn antiqua (Mg.), B. 

brassicae (Bch.), H. floralis (Fall.), Plutella maculipennis 

(Curt.) and Pieris brassicae (L.). [RAE] 

0886. Tjoa, T. M. 1959. Results of tests of phosphorus insecticides 

against chlorinated insecticides resistant P. maculipennis 

in Lembang (West Java). Contrb. Gen. Agric. Res. St. 

Bogor No. 155, 11 pp. (in Indonesian with English summary) 

After the development of resistance to DDT by Plutella 

waculipennis (Curt.) on cabbage in Lembang (West Java) in 

1951, many growers applied BHC against this pest. This gave 

good control at first, though it tended to taint the crop, 

but resistance tn it subsequently developed. The use of 

toxaphene, aldrin and dieldrin met with the same fate, 3-4 

times the standard dose ultimately being required for satisfactory 

control. Phosphorus compounds have been used in the 

past few years, but since their poisonous nature is little 

appreciated and there is a danger that they may be applied in 

excessive amounts, tests were carried out to determine the 

minimum effective rates of application. In laboratory tests, 

complete kill of larvae in up to six days was given by 0.05% 

trichlorphon (Dipterex), 0.04% malathion, 0.015% parathion 

(Folidol E-605), 0.2% Chlorthion, 0.4% endrin and 0.4% toxaphene. 

A field test was carried out in 1958-59 in which 

374


cabbages were sprayed 11 times at weekly intervals. Excellent 

control was given by 0.015% parathion and 0.04% malathion, 

0.05% trichlorphon and 0.1% chlorthion were satisfactory. 

Endrin gave good control at 0.4% (four times the 

normal concentration), and toxaphene at 0.5% (three times the 

normal) but the use of such high concentrations is not advisable. 

[RAE] 

0887. Tokairin, 0. and K. Nomura. 1975. Comparative studies 

on the effectiveness of dichlorvos and Bacillus thuringiensis 

preparations between three strains of the diamondback moth, 

Pltjtella xylostella L. Jpn. J. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 19:298 

299. (in Japanese). 

Effectiveness of dichlorvos and Bactospeine, a Bacillus 

thuringiensis preparation, was studied in laboratory against 

two dichlorvos-resistant and one susceptible strains of diamondback 

moth (Plutella xylostella L.). There was no cross 

resistance between the two insecticides. B. thuringiensis 

may be useful in contr.olling organophosphorus insecticide 

resistant strains of diamondback moth. 

0888. Turner, N. 1943. The effect of diluents on the toxicity 

of pure ground derris root in dusts. J. Econ. Entomol. 

36:266-272. 

Since previous workers have shown that the diluent used 

with ground derris and cube roots may have a chemical or 

physical effect on the toxic materials in the roots, several 

diluents commonly used for such dusts were compared. In 

laboratory tests, leaves of greenhouse nasturtiums infested 

with Aphis rumicis L. were exposed to the dusts in a settling 

tower. Pyrophyllite and clay showed little or no toxicity 

alone, and in tests to compare a series of dosages of undiluted 

ground derris there was no significant difference between 

the results with clay and fibrous talc, neither of which 

affected toxicity, but pyrophyllite definitely increased the 

toxicity at the lower concentrations. In another series, 

there was little difference between flaky talc and a slate 

dust, but pyrophyllite was much more effective. In cage 

tests with a series of concentrations of derris in pyrophyllite 

and clay, mortality of the striped cucumber beetle 

(Jiabrotica melanocephnla F.) on potted squash pla-n' was 

very variable, probably owing to the .ijuries received in 

collecting and treating, but dusts containing pyrophyllite 

were distinctly more toxic than those containing clay. In 

field tests with these dusts, the respective rotenone contents 

of pyrophyllite and clay dusts giving 80% control of 

the potato flea beetle (Epitrix cucumeris, Harr.) on potato 

were 0.35 and 0.9%; those of dusts that gave 80% protection 

of bean foliage from the Mexican bean beetle (Epilachna 

varivestis, Muls.), when applied on 28 July against the 

adults and 8 and 18 August against the larvae, were 0.25 and 

0.9%, 0.125, and 0.5%, giving excellent commercial control; 

and those producing 70% marketable heads of cabbage when 

375


applied to plants infested lightly with the imported cabbage 

worm (Pieris rapae, L.) and diamondback larvae (Plutella 

maculipennis Curt.) and moderately to severely with the cabbage 

looper (Plusia brassicae Ril.) were 0.35 and.l%. (RAE] 

0889. Ullyett, G. C. 1943. The control of the small cabbage 

moth. Fmg. South Afr. Nc.112, 2 pp. 

Investigations over a period of six years on the 

factors responsible for the natural mortality of Plutella 

maculipennis Curt., on market-garden crucifers in South 

Africa have produced results bearing directly on tie control 

of this pest, and measures based on them are being tested. 

In view of the importance of these crops under war-time 

conditiops, however, one recommendation that has been found 

of value is given here. 

Parasites and predators can control 90% of the larvae 

under favorable conditions, but in years when they fail, 

chemical control measures become necessary. The plants are 

most susceptible to attack during the three weeks following 

planting out from the seed-bed, and in this period a low 

population, which may pass unnoticed, may cAuse damage that 

will seriously affect subsequent growth. Dipping the seedlings 

as they are taken from the seed-bed in a well-stirred 

mixture of 3 oz lead arsenate and 1/2 oz calcium caseinate in 

4 gal water is a protective measure that retains its effecti 

veness for 2-3 weeks. It is cheaper and more effective than 

spraying the plants one week after planting out, and causes 

less mortality among natural enemies, which generally become 

established in the crop at a later date. The seed-beds 

should not be treated in any way for as long as possible, as 

a high infestation concentrated in a small area provides an 

excellent breeding site for parasites. Except under unusual 

circumstances, later infestations of P. maculipennis can be 

ignored. [RAE] 

0890. Van der Vecht, J. 1936. Experiments with Derris against 

insect pests in the Netherland Indies. Landbouw 11:401-465. 

(in Dutch with English summary). 

Cabbages infested with Plutella maculipennis Curt., and 

Crocidolomia binotalis Zell. were treated weekly in the field 

with dusts containing 0.5 and 1% rotenone, and the yield was 

about three times as much as from untreated plots and twice 

as much as from plots shere the larvae had been collected by 

hand. A maximum of about 5.5 lb of dust is required for 100 

cabbages during the entire growth period. Sprays were less 

satisfactory. [RAE] 

0891. Varra, G. C. and G. S. Pi-1. 1980. Additive effect of 

pesticides on Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner formulations 

for the control of Plutella xylostella (Linn.). J. Res. 

Punjab Agric. Univ. 17:157-162. 

Laboratory and fieid studies were carried out in India 

to determine the effects of pesticides on formulations of 

376


Bacillus thuringiensis used for the control of the cabbage 

and cauliflower pest Plutella xylostella (L.). It was found 

that the addition of 0.5 and 1.0 ml malathion and 2 and 2.5 g 

zineb (Dithane Z-78) per litre of water in a spray containing 

B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Thuricide HPSC) at 1 g/litre 

had no synergistic or antagonistic effect on the latter under 

laboratory conditions. In the field, the toxicity of B. 

thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Dipel) decreased when zineb was 

added; no synergistic or antagonistic effects were observed 

with any of the other formulations tested. Mortality of 90% 

or more was only obtained with Thuricide HPSC and its combinations, 

Dipel and Dipel plus malathion; even in L'iese treatments 

effectiveness started to decline on the 3rd day. [RAE] 

0892.Veitch, R. 1935. Cabbage pests and their control. Queensl. 

Agric. J. 43:332-335. 

The common pests of cabbage in Queensland are Plutella 

maculipennis Curt. (cabbage moth) which occurs there wherever 

cabbage is grown, Hellula (Oebia) undal.is F. (center grub) 

and Brevicoryne brassicae, L. (cabbage aphis). Notes on 

their bionomics and control are given. Weekly applications 

of insecticides are necessary against the cabbage moth, and 

seedlings should be treated every two days. Sprays of derris 

have proved even more effective than lead arsenate dusts or 

sprays, and derris dusts have given good results in preliminary 

triEls. The derris sprays are also effective against 

Hellula and the aphid, but not against the larvae of Heliothis 

obsoleta F. which may cause severe injury by boring into 

the hearts of mature cabbages. [RAE] 

0893. Verma, A. N. and G. S. Sandhu. 1968. Chemical control 

of diamondback moth Plutella maculipennis (Curtis). J. Res. 

Punjab Agric. Univ. 5:420-423. 

In a field test at Ludhiana in the Indian Punjab in 1966 

on the control of Plutella xylostella (L.) (maculipennis 

(Curt.)) on cauliflower, sprays of parathion, dicrotophos 

(Bidrin) and phosphamidon at 0.025 and 0.05%, DDT at 0.1 and 

0.2% and carbaryl at 0.1% were unsatisfactory, but 0.025% 

diazinon, 0.1% trichlorphon, 0.01% mevinphos, 0.08% malathion 

and 0.2% carbaryl proved very effective. For use on cauliflower 

at head formation stage, applications of mevinphos or 

malathion at intervals of less than a week are recommended, 

owing to the rapid development of both the plant and the 

insect and the mining behaviour of the larvae in the first 

two instars. [RAE] 

0894. Verma, A. N., N. D. Verma, and A. D. Khurana. 1972. 

Chemical control of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella 

(L.) infesting cauliflower in Haryana. Indian J. Encomol. 

34:206-212. 

In the laboratory studies on the relative eff.cacy of 

different insecticides against the 4th instar larvae oi Plutele., 

xylostella (L.) (macalipennis (Curtis)), mevinphos, 

377


trichlorphun, malathion, diazinon, gamma-BHC, dichlorvos, 

monocrotophos, chlorfenvinphos, DDT, ethyl parathion, phosphamidon, 

fenitrothion, methyl parathion, tetrachlorvinphos 

and endosulfan were found to Le respectively 128.78, 59.12, 

34.91, 29.28, 22.11, 21.85, 20.07, 18.01, 14.27, 8.07, 4.54, 

4.07, 3.i9, 3.06 and 1.93 times as toxic as endrin. Carbaryl, 

aldrin and dieldrin were found to be the least toxic. 

The pest seems to have developed resistance to endrin in this 

area. In the field-cum-laboratory trial, diazinon, chlorfenvinphos, 

a'nd dichlorvos (each at 0.025%), trichlorphon 0.15%, 

and mevinphos 0.01% gave 100% kill within 24 hours. Ethyl 

parathion or monocrotophos 0.025% after 48 and 72 hours, and 

DDT or B1iC 0.2% after 72 hours also proved very effective. 

The remaining insecticides which gave over 80% mean mortality, 

in order of effectiveness were: carbaryl 0.15%, endosulfan 

0.05%, fenitrothion 0.025%, tetrachlorvinphos 0.075%, and 

malathion 0.05%. 

0895. Vetrova, M. N. 1977. The protection of cabbage. Zashch. 


In the Ivanov region of the USSR, cabbage in the early 

stages of growth is infestc! by Delia brassicae (Wied.), 

flea-beetles and (later) by various leaf-feeding species of 

lepidoptera. Tests were carried out in 1973-74 on the effectiveness 

for control of these pests of 2% granules of gamma- 

BHC or 5% diazinon (Basudin). They were introduced into the 

soil beneath the plants 2-3 days after planting out at a rate 

of 40-50 kg/ha. As a supplementary measure, a spray of 0.2% 

trichlorphon (chlorophos) was applied twice on some plots 

when lepidopterous larvae appeared. The granules had a repellent 

effect on adults of the fly and also those of other 

cabbage flies, so that few eggs were laid and larvae were 

scarce, whereas 8% of the plants were damaged by them on 

untreated plots. Flea-beetles did not appear for 10-12 days 

after treatment. Trichlorphon killed 62--67% of the larvae of 

Plutella xylostella (L.), but had no effect on the eggs or 

pupae. Larvae of Pieris rapae (L.) were killed by it for as 

long as they were exposed to its action, but were protected 

once they had penetrated into the plants (mortality falling 

to 33-46%). A combination of the two treatments gave the 

greatest increase in yield, and increases in the contents of 

dry matter, total sugors and ascorbic acid in the heads of 

treated plants were noted. [RAE] 

0896. Voon, C. H. and G. F. Chung. 1978. Permethrin, a synthetic 

pyrethroid insecticide for the control of lepidopterous 

pests. pp. 287-298. ln L. L. Amin, A. A. S. A. Kadir, 

G. S. Lim, K. G. Singh, A. M. Tan, and G. Verghese (Eds.). 

Proceedings of the Plant Protection Conferences 22-25 March 

1978. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Plant Protection Society and 

Rubber Research Institute., Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 

It is reported that field tests in Malaysia and Indonesia 

have shown permethrin to be effective against larvae of 

378


many species of Lepidoptera. At rates of 50-100 ppm, permethrin 

sprays have given good cotnrol of Plutella xyloste1Jl 

(L. ) on cabbage, Leucinedes orbonalis Gn. on eggplant, Earias 

vittela (F.)(f bia (Stoll)) on okra, Heliothis armigera (Hb.) 

(obsoleta auct.) on tobacco, Lamprosema diemenalis (Gn.) on 

soybean and Setorc nit ens Wlk. on oil palm. Even at 50 ppm 

permethrin was superior to 1000 ppm methamidophos and 50 ppm 

fenvalerate against P. xylostella on cabbage. No phytotoxic 

effects were observed in any of these tests with permethrin. 

[BA] 

0897. Wahl, R. 0. 191G;. Notes on some common insect pests of 

the vegetable garden. Union of South Africa, Dep. Agric. 

Pretoria, No. 14:19-24. 

A short account of the life-histories and control of 

the common insect pests in South African gardens is given. 

The ft-lowing poison bait is advised for cutworms: 1 lb of 

arsenite of soda dissolved in 10 gal of water, and mixed with 

8 lb of treacle or brown sugar, is used to moisten lucerne or 

barley chaff which is then scattered broadcast on the land. 

If the seedlings are already planted, this bait is placed 

round each plant, taking care to avoid touching it. For the 

small cabbage moth, Plute..a maculipennis Curt. (cruciferarum, 

Z.) paraffin emulsion and red oil in the proportion of 

1:32, or even weaker, is recommended. For cabbage aphids 

resin or nicotine wash are most successful. All cruciferous 

plants should be removed as soon as the crop is harvested. 

The bug, Bagrada hilaris, which is one the most formidable 

pests, attacks cereals as well as cruciferous plants and may 

be destroyed with a red oil emulsion. If only hard water is 

obtainable, 1 oz ol washing soda should be added to every 4 

gal. The maize stalk borer (Busseola (Sesamia) fusca Hmp.) 

may be controlled by destroying the plants immediately the 

cobs are removed, taking care that all pupae and caterpillars 

in the stems are killed. No plants should be allowed to 

remain through the winter. Both for this moth and for Heliothis 

obsolec F. (armigera, Hb.), ploughing during the winter 

months, so as to expose the pupae to frost, is recommended. 

Beetles of the genus Mylabris may be treated by spraying with 

arsenate of lead or Paris green, but a better method is to 

collect them by hand in the morning or evening and and drop 

them into boiling water or paraffin. Against the potato 

tuber moth (Phthorimaea (Gelechia) operculeila), preventive 

measures must be adopted. Sound tubers should be stored 

before the sun has set and tne moths are on the wing, and the 

entire crop should be removed as soon as it is ready to dj- 

. 

Frequent cultivation, removing infested tops, deep planting 

and compact ridging will help to prevent infestation. Infested 

tubers may be fumigated with carbon bisulphide in airtight 

rooms using 8 lb or 5 pints of bisulphide to 1,000 

cubic feet of air space. 

for seed. [RAE) 

Infested tubers should not be used 

379


0898. Waites, R. E., R. J. Gouger, and D. H. Habeck. 1978. 

Synthetic pyrethroids for control of caterpillars on cabbage 

and brussel sprouts and Colorado potato beetle on Irish 

potatoes. J. Georgia Entomol. Soc. 13:247-250. 

In te'.ts in cabbage plots in Florida in 1976, sprays of 

the synthetic pyrethroid PP-557 (a formulation of permethrin) 

and SD-43775 applied at rates of 1.5 and 2.0 oz AT/acre, 

respectively, were more effective than sprays of methomyl and 

SD-35651 in controlling a complex of lepidopterous larvae, 

which included Trichoplusia ni (Hb.), Artogeja rapae (L.) 

(P.ieris rapae), P- utelIa xY.vlostela (L. ), Evergestis rimosalis 

Gn. and Hellula rogatalis (Hulst). In tests in plots of 

brussels sprouts, sprays of PP--557, FMC 33297 (another formulation 

of permethrin) and SD-43775 at 1.5, 3.0 and 2.0 oz 

gave better control of all the larvae than (lid those of SD 

35651, Dipel (a formulation of Bacillus thurinpiensis) or 

pirimicarb. Sprays of PP-557, FMC 33297, SD-43775, and carbaryl 

at 1.5, 1.5, 2.0 and 32 oz gave excellent control of 

Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) on potatoes. [RAE] 

0899. Walker, H. G. and L. D. Anderson. 1934. Notes on the 

use of derris and pyrethrum dusts for the control of certain 

insects attacking cruciferous crops. J. Econ. Entomol. 27: 

388-393. 

Larvae of Phytometra (Autogrnpha) brassicae Riley and 

Plutella maculipennis Curt. often seriously injure cruciferous 

crops near harvest time, when it is impossible to apply 

arsenical or fluorine sprays or dusts without risk of poisonous 

residites. A broccoli field in Virginia, about to head 

and heavily infested with larvae of both these moths and 

moderately with Murguntia his trionica Hahn was dusted with 

various materials. Pyrothrum gave better control of Phytometi-a, 

and derris of Plutelia. Pyrethrum-talc dusts containing 

0.5 and 0.3% pyrethrins were about equally effective, whereas 

dusts with 0.1% pyrethrin gave decidedly lower kills. Similarly 

derris dusts containing 0.5% rotenone were not appreciably 

inferior to those of 1%, but markedly superior to 

those of 0.25%. Practically all the derris and pyrethrum 

dusts gave better control at the end of 48 hours than did 

calcium arsenate-lime dust (1:3). T 1 eneral, pyrethrum 

acted more quickly than derris. Of eigf:i! 'arriers used with 

the derris dusts, talc was the best againp The caterpillars, 

closely followed by gypsum and an inert clay. Newly made 

lime, flour, and tobacco dusts gave fair results, whereas 

lime that had been mixed with the derris 60 days previously 

and zinc sulphate-lime gave the worst. In an additional 

test, finely ground tobacco dust gave almost as good control 

is gypsum. In field tests, derr-s with talc, gypsum and th, 

,lay gave 77-79% contiol, but a much larger amount of tih,. 

fypsum duot was required to cover a given acreage than of 

!ither of the other carriers, of which the clay required 

.east. 

Against M. histrionica, a derris-talc dust gave the 

380


best results, and all the derris dusts tested gave much better 

results than a pyrethrum dust. Examinatin 30 minutes 

after application suggested that pyrethrum was much more 

effective than derris, but after 48 hours all the bugs 

treated with the former had recovered, whereas many of those 

treated with derris had died. Tests of five carriers with 

derris dust gave results similar to those obtained against 

the caterpillars, except that gypsum gave slightly better 

results than talc and the clay. Results obtained in the 

field with derris dusts against Murgantia have varied even 

under approximately the same conditions. [RAE] 

0900. Walker, H. G. and L. D. Anderson. 1935. Summary of 

results obtained with arsenical substitutes for the control 

of vegetable crop insects at the Virginia truck experiment 

station. J. Econ. Entomol. 28:603-605. 

Derris and pyrethrum (lusts have been tested in Virginia 

against Phytometra (Autographa) brassicae Riley, Plutella 

maculipennis Curt., Diubrotica melanocephala F. (vittata F.), 

Heliothis obsoleta F., Epilachna corrupta Muls., Epitrix 

cucumeriJs larr., Thrips fabaci Lind., Anasa tristis DeG., 

Murgantia histrionica Hahn, Brevicoryne brassicae L. Macrosiphum 

(IJ.linoia' solnifoiji Ashm., and Myzus persicae Sulz. 

Details of the results obtained and the relative efficiency 

of various carries are briefly discussed. [RAE) 

0901. Walker, H. G. and L. D. Anderson. 1937. Control of larvae 

of diamondback moth, Plutella maculipennis Curtis. J. 

Econ. Entomol. 30:443--448. 

In view of the severity o2 the infestation of crucifers 

in south-eastern Virginia by Plutella maculipennis Curt, 

since 1932, an investigation was made into the cause of the 

inconsistency of results obtained in previous experiments on 

the control of pests of crucifers with derris. Experiments 

in the autumn of 1935 on infested collards showed that repeated 

applications of derris dust containing 0.33% rotenone 

at the rate of 35 lb/acre at intervals of 7-10 days will kill 

the young larvae of P. maculipennis as they hatch, giving 

good control. Nearly mature larvae, however, are notsuscep tible to the treatment. This probably accounts for the fact 

that poor control was obtained with derris in 1934. In a 

second experiment on collards in the autumn of 1936, four 

applications of derris and talc or cube and talc (0.75% 

rotenone), and a mixture of derris, pyrethrum, and talc all 

at 20-25 lb to the acre gave satisfactory control, and a good 

crop was obtained. Noburn, a dust containing not less than 

10% Paris green ,nd 40% calcium arsenate plus an inert 

carrier, applied tt the same rate, gave good results until 

its use was discontinued on 6 October because of the danger 

of high arsenical residues. Control plots produced a very 

poor and un-7rketable crop. A similar experiment was conducted 

on kalc Three applications during October of Noburn, 

calcium arsenate with hydrated lime (1:1 by weight), derris 

381


with Aresket (1:600) and talc (0.7f rotenone), cube with 

Aresket (1:600) and talc (0.5 and 0.75% rotenone), and cube 

with talc (0.5 and 0.75% rotenone), all at the rate of 20-25 

lb to the acre, and three applications of Chalk Mixture (a 

cheap low grade arsenical dust) at 50 lb/acre, prevented 

serious injury. Dusts containing Aresket gave slightly but 

not significantly be.ter results than similar dusts without 

it. As a result of these tests, kale plants infested with 

newly-hatched larvae were treated on 31 October and 10 November 

with derris and talc and cube and talc dusts containing 

0.5% rotenoAte, both with and without Aresket, applied at the 

rate of 25 lb/acre. Cube, Aresket and talc gave 87% control 

and the other dusts 82% control. (RAE) 

0902. Walker, H. G. and L. D. Anderson. 1943. Control of 

aphids and diamondback moth larvae on collards with rotenonenicotine 

dusts. J. Econ. Entomol. 36:343-344. 

Since nicotine dust controls Aphids on crucifers and 

repeated applications of derris and cube dusts control larvae 

of Plutel]8 maculipennis Curt., dusts of nicotine, derris, 

derris and nicotine and derris and pyrethrum were compared 

for the control of a heavy infestation of Brevicoryne brassicae 

L. , Mvyzus persicae Sulz. , and P. maculipennis that developed 

on collard and kale in Virginia in the autumn of 1941. 

The nicotine dusts used were Black Leaf 155 (14% nicotine 

fixed on a bentonite carrier) and Black Leaf 10 (finely 

ground tobacco stems impregnated with 10% free nicotine). 

The dusts were mixed on 10 November and applied to collards 

on 11 and 18 November at the rate of 40-45 lb/acre from a 

duster equipped with a cloth trailer about 30 ft long. 

Counts made on 17 and 22 November showed that dusts of Black 

Leaf 155 in hydrated lime (2 or 3% nicotine) were more effec-tive 

than one of derris powder in pyrophyllite (0.75% rotenone) 

against M. persicae, but less effective against Flutel- 

Ia. Dusts of Black Leaf 155 or Black Leaf 10 and derris in 

pyrophyllite and of Black Leaf 155 and derris in hydrated 

lime (2 or 3% nicotine and 0.75% rotenone) tended to be more 

effective than the Black Leaf 155 and hydrated lime in controlling 

the aphid and more effective than the derris and 

pyrophyllite against thc caterpillars. There was a tendency 

for hydrated lime to be a better diluent than pyrophyllite 

for the dust of derris and Black Leaf 155. A dust of derris 

powder, pyrethrum and talc (1% rotenone and 0.1% pyrethrins) 

gave good control of Plutella, but was unsatisfactory against 

the aphid. The combined dusts of nicotine and derris also 

gave very satisfactory results when ,ised commercially for the 

control of these insects on collard and kale. Counts of B. 

brassicae were not made, but general observations indicated 

that its reaction to the dusts were similar to those of M. 

persicae. [RAE] 

0903. Wason, E. J. 1945. DDT as an insecticide. Results of 

preliminary trials. Agric. Gaz. N. S. W. 56:498. 

382


In this concluding part of an account of the results 

obtained in preliminary tests with DDT in New South Wales, it 

is stated that cabbage plants were found to be free from 

Plutella maculipennis Curt., Brevicoryne brassicae L., and 

Myzus pers.icae Sulz., after being dusted nine times at intervals 

of 8-10 days with 1% DDT for all applications or with a 

mixture containing 50% lead arsenate and 2.5% nicotine up to 

the hearting stage and then with derris. Of untreated plants 

76% were infested, sonic by all three pests. DDT appeared to 

have a stimulating effect on the growth of the plants, as 

indicated by the yield of cabbages trimmed for market. [RAE] 

0904. Watson, J. R. 1917. Florida truck and garden insects. 

Univ. Fla. Agric. Exp. Sta., Gainesville, Bull. 134:35-127. 

This paper gives a comprehensive survey of the principal 

insect pests attacking garden crops in Florida and contains 

useful instructions with regard to general meihods of 

controlling insects; formulae are given for the most usual 

poison and contact insecticides and the process of fumigation 

is described. Beets are attacked by blister-beetles, of 

which the most common are Epicauta heterodera and E. vittata. 

The colonies should be sprayed with lead arsenate, or, as the 

larvae are beneficial in eating the eggs of grasshoppers, the 

beetles may be driven from the field by whipping the plants 

with twigs, working with the wind. Chortophlia (Pegomyia) 

ricina (beet leaf-miner) burrows in the leaf-tissues and 

should be checked by stripping the plant of infested leaves. 

Minor beet pests include the moths Celerio lineata, Hymenia 

perspectalis, and Zinckenia (H.) fascialis. 

Cabbage, cauliflower and mustard are attacked by the 

same pests. For cutworms, which gnaw off the young plants 

just above the ground, poison-baits, such as young green 

plants dipped in a strong solution of Paris green, or Kansas 

mixture, should be scattered about the field after sunset, 

preferably before the cabbages are planted out. Other lepidopterous 

pests include Ph.ytometra (Autographa) brassicae 

(cabbage looper), Plute.la maculipennis, Pieris (Pontia) 

rapae, Pieris protodice and P. monuste. These can be easily 

controlled by arsenicals, such a% 2 lb of lead arsenate or 

zinc arsenite to 50 U.S. gal water; soap or flour paste 

should be added to make the mixture adhere to the leaves. 

Among aphids, Afyzus persicae, Aphis brassicae and A. pseudobrassicae 

attack cabbages, and are controlled by a spray of 

tobacco e.tract. Chortophila (Phorbia) fusciceps (cabbage 

root-maggot) is best dealt with by placing some repellent 

such as tobacco dust about the roots of young plants, or in a 

badly infested plot carbon bisulphide can be poured from 

small spoon into a hole slanting down to the root. Minor 

pests include Murgantia histrio;,ica (harlequin cabbage-bug) 

and Mermis a bicans (cabbage hair-worm). [RAE] 

0905. Wells, P. D. 1983. Cauliflower. Zimbabwe Agric. J. 80: 

41-44. 

383


This review of the growing of cauliflower in Zimbabwe 

includes brief notes on the recognition, injuriousness and 

chemical control of arthropod pests, especially Bagrada bilaria 

(Burm.), Brevicoryne brassicse (L.), Agrotis spp., Tetranychus 

spp., Plutella xylostella (L.), Hellula undalis (F.) 

and Lidriomyza brassicae (RiI.). [RAE] 

0906. White, W. H. 1935. A summary of studies on arsenical 

substitutes for cabbage worm control on cabbage and limitations 

on arsenical treatments. J. Econ. Entomol. 28:607-609. 

During three years' experiments in North and South 

Carolina, Louisiana, and Ohio, derris and pyrethrum have on 

the whole been more effective than Paris green, calcium 

arsenate or natural or synthetic cryolite against the larvae 

of cabbage pests, principally Phytometra (Autographs) brassicae 

Riley, Pieris (Ascia) rapae L., 01]utella maculipennis 

Curt., and Hellula undalis F., and they have not been much 

more costly than arsenicals or fluorine compounds. The efficiency 

of each of the materials is shown in relation to each 

species. Better results were obtained with dust mixtures 

than with sprays. Derris dusts containing from 0.5 to 1% 

rotenone gave the most satisfactory results, but fresh pyrethrum 

dust containing 0.9% total pyrethrins, mixed with 5 

parts (by weight) of a diluent was also good. Several nonalkaline 

materials, including finely ground tobacco dust, 

finely pulverised clay, talc, diatomaceous earth, infusorial 

earth, and sulphur, proved satisfactory diluents for both 

materials. Good control was secured with a suspension of 

powdered derris root in water diluted to give the spray a 

rotenone content of 0.02-0.025%. Commercial pyrethrum extract 

or a combination of pyrethrum and derris extracts gave 

fairly satisfactory results. Experiments in 1932-33 and 

1933-34 in South Carolina and Louisiana with both spring and 

autumn cabbage crops showed that cabbages ordinarily bearing 

four loose outer leaves may be treated with insecticides 

leaving harmful residues up to 40 days before harvest, whereas 

those ordinarily marketed without any stripping or with 

more than four loose outer leaves cannot be treated with 

arsenical insecticides at all. [RAE] 

0907. Wilson, C. E. 1921. Report of the Entomologist. Rep. 

Virgin Islands Agric. Exp. Sta. 1920. Washington, L. C., pp. 

20-35. 

The most serious pest of cabbages and kohl-rabi on 

American Virgin Islands was Plutella maculipennis (diamondback 

moth). The larvae skeletoiize the lea-es and retard the 

plant's growth. Dusting with one part Paris green to eight 

parts air-slaked lime, or spraying with 2 lb Paris green, 6 

lb soap and 100 U.S. gal water, are recommended. Slight 

damage was caused by Pieris (Pontia) monuste (southern cabbage 

but 'rfly) and Aphis brassicae (cabbage aphis), predaceous 

and parasitic enemies controlling the latter. [RAE] 

384

Insectipide Control 

0908. Wolfenbarger, D. and E. T. Hibbs. 1958. Insecticides 

and spray schedules for the control of cabbage leaf feeding 

lepidoptera. J. Econ. Entomol. 51:443-445. 

Insecticides and schedules of application were evaluated 

in Iowa in 1956--57 for the control of larvae of Plutella 

maculipennis (Curt.), Pieris rapne (L.) and Trichoplusia ni 

(Hb.) feeding on the leaves of cabbage grown for the fresh 

market in July. Sprays were applied at 5J U. S. gal/acre, 12 

times at weekly intervals from 17 May (four weeks before 

heading) until harvest on 2 August in 1956 and five times at 

weekly intervals from 22 June (a week before heading) until 

17 July, a week before harvest, in 1957. Relative amounts of 

leaf damage caused by the larvae were visually related in 

five classes, and the results were analyzed statistically. 

In 1956, 0.25 lb endrin/acre gave significantly better protection 

than other treatments, and 0.75 lb Guthion, 0.33 lb 

parathion, and 0.5 lb Thiodan were significantly superior to 

1 lb DDT/acre. In 1957, endrin and parathion at 0.3 lb/acre 

were both very effective, and 0.3 lb Phosdrin almost as good. 

A test of spray timing showed that applications of 1 lb 

DDT/acre once a fortnight were significantly inferior to the 

same treatment or to 2 lb toxaphene applied once a week and 

to 0.33 lb applied once a fortnight. Weekly applications of 

parathion gave the best protection. Several other organic 

insecticides were of little value. [RAE] 

0909. Wolfenbarger, D. A. and D. 0. Wolfenbarger. 1966. Control 

of two Lepidopterous cabbage pests by use of different 

insecticides and application methods. Fla. Entomol. 49:87-90. 

Tests on the control of Trichopcrsia ni (Hb.) on cabbage 

were carried out in October-November at Weslaco in 

southern Texas and on the control of this species and of 

Plutella xylostella (L.) (maculipennis (Curt.)), also on 

cabbage, in March 1965 at Homestead in Florida. In Texas, 

sprays of naled, methyl-parathion, paraffinic, isoparaffinic 

or naphthenic oil emulsions or methyl-parathion with each of 

the oil emulsions were applied at high volume in 90 U.S. gal. 

water per acre and parathion, naled, at low volume. Highvolume 

combinatins of methyl-parathion and oil were significantly 

more effective than methyl-parathion alone. Lowvolume 

paraffinic oil alone and naled gave good control of 

larvae at least 0.5 in. long, and parathion with paraffinic 

oil gave the best control of larvae of all sizes seven days 

after application. Naled and the oils alone were more effective 

at low volume, but the two methods of application were 

equally successful against small larvae. 

In Florida, 16 different insecticide spryas were applied 

at 0.5-2 U.S. gal. toxicant in 100 U.S. gal. water per 

acre. The results showed that T. ni was best controlled by 

General Chemicals 6506 and P. xylostella by methidathion and 

Niagara 10242. Azodrin , Niagara 10242 and mixtures of DDT 

with toxaphene, phosphamidon with toxaphene, and Bacillus 

thuringiensis with oil emulsion all reduced the numbers of 

385


Trichop.lus.ia larvae and pupae to not more than 0.3 per plant, 

and all sprays except endrin, Union Carbide 20047A, and 

parathion reduced Plutel.ln populations to not more than 0.2 

per plant. Comparison of the results given by endrin in 1965 

with those obtained in 1957 indicated that T. ni is becoming 

resistant to it. [RAE] 

0910. Workman, R. B. 1983. Spray nozzle and pressure tests 

for cabbage caterpillar control. p. 509. In Proceedings, 10th 

Internat'ional Congress of Plant Protection, Brighton, British 

Crop Protection Council, Croydon, U. K. 

Six insecticides were applied 6 times in sprays at 4 

spray pressures and with different nozzle arra gements to 

cabbage in Florida against larvae of Trichoplusia ni (Hb.) 

and Piute/lI xYvlostella (L. ). Cabbage marketability ranged 

from 35 to 100% (as compared with nil for no treatment), and 

was highest where spray boom designs included nozzles on drop 

pipes at the sides of the plants near the soil level and 

decreased with reduction of drop pipe length. Marketability 

also decreased with reduction of spray pressure, and volumes 

of spray tended to increase marketability. Boom designs with 

3-4 nozzles/row were better than those with 5-6, and the best 

insecticides were fenvalerate and permethrin. [RAE] 

0911. Yadav, P. R. and J. N. Sachan. [975. Residual toxicity 

of some insecticides to the larvae of diamondback moth (Plutella 

xvlostella (Lepidoptera:Plutellidae). Pesticides 9:28 

30. 

A pot experiment was carried out to test the residual 

toxicity of a number of insecticides against larvae of P. 

xylosteila, using cauliflower variety Snowball-16. Insecticides 

were sprayed on 5-6 leaf stage of' plants and 10 third 

instar larvae were released on each plant after an hour and 

again after 10 days of spraying. The mortality data was recorded 

after 1, 2, 4, 11, 13 and 16 days of treatment. Resuits 

showed that endrin (0.10, 0.08 and 0.05%) and lindane 

(0.10 and 0.08%) gave good initial kill as well as longer 

residual effectiveness, when observed at 16 days after treatment. 

Almost all the concentrations of carbaryl, malathion, 

thiometon proved quite effective when observed four days 

after treatment. However, all treatment dosages except higher 

con-centrations of each insecticide failed to provide effective-ness 

when observed 11 (lays after spraying. On 16 days 

after treatment none of the concentration of organophosphates 

as well as earbaryl showed residual effectiveness. [EA] 


0230, 0232, 0233, 0240, 0241, 0245, 0246, 0247, 0248, 

0249, 0251, 0253, 0260, 0267, 0271, 0275, 0285, 0289, 

0303, 0306, 0328, 0360, 0367, 0370, 0389, 0410, 0424, 

0439, 0443, 0529, 0532, 0534, 0537, 0538, 0539, 0553, 

0566, 0574, 0584, 0612, 0627, 0629, 0644, 0652, 0663, 

0946, 0947, 0952, 0955, 0959, 0967. 

386

Insecticide Resistance 

12 

0912. Ankersmit, ,. W. 1953. DDT- resistance in Plutella maculipennis 

(Curt.) (Lepidoptera) in Java. Bull. Entomol. Res. 

44: 421-425. 

Wi th the except. ion of Crocidolomia binota.lis Zel 1. 

Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) is the most important insect 

pest of cabbage in indonesia. In Java, good control of P. 

maculipennis was formerly given by spraying 5--6 times with 

DDT, the total amount applied being about. 4.5-5.5 lb DDT 

/acre, but in 1951, this measure failed in Lembang (west 

Java), and about 40 lb DDT /acre in nearly twice the number 

of applications was ineffective, even when reinforced with 1% 

lead arsenate an d small amounts of DDT in kerosene. In 

November--December 1951, dusts and sprays of BHC gave good 

control, but. this material is I jab le to affect the flavor of 

the cabbages and of potatoes grown in rotation with them. 

I nves ti gat ions t.o determ ine whether a resitant population 

had developed were begun in May 1951. Strains originating 

from larvae collccted in Lembang and in Patjet , -4here 

DDT still gave good control, were reared in the laboratory, 

and larvae of vari oils generat. ions were dIs ted wi th 5% DDT. 

The mortality percentages in the second, third, fifth and 

eighth generations were 20, 28, 23 and 64, respectively, for 

the strain from Lembang and 100, 100, 84 and 96 for that from 

PaLjet. In a further test, larvae of different generatins 

originating from pupae collected at Lembang in September 1951 

were exposed to various dusts and the results again compared 

with those for a similar strain from Patjet. The mortality 

percentages for the Lembang and (in brackets) the Patjet 

strain were 24(96) and 16(92) in the first and fourth generations, 

respectively, for 5% DDT, 82 (100) in the third for 

5%. B1IC, 72 (88) and 72(92) in the third and fifth for 5% 

toxaphene, and 96 (92) and 92(100) in the first and second 

for a derris dust containing 8.3% rotenone. 

In field tests, the l)DT dust applied six times at 

intervals of about a fortnight, beginning in early October, 

to experimental plots at Patjet, gave good control and was 

slightly more effective plots at Patjet, gave good control 

and was s 1 i ght I y more effective than (lusts of 5% B1C or 

toxaphene. At Lembang, however, where eight weekly applications 

were made between December 1951 and February 1952, a 

dust of 5% DDT and one of pyrethrum (1% pyrethrii,s) in talc 

(1:2) and sprays of 0.105% wettable DDT and an emulsified 

solution of 0.08% DDT gave no control. An emulsified solution 

of 0.0105% gamma BHC reduced infestation by about half, 

and one of 0.078% toxaphene and a dust of derris (8.3% rotenone) 

diluted 1:5 reduced it by about 90%. On the basis of 

these results, toxaphene is recommended for use during most 

of the growing period, with the substitution of derris in the 

last application; this is desirable to avoid toxic residues 

387

Diawondback Moth Bibliography 

and to delay so far as possible the development of resistance 

to toxaphene, which appeared already to be in progress. The 

author points out that since P. mnculipennis has 15-18 generations 

a year and DDT was first used in large quantities 

agianst it at the end of 1948, about 30-40 generations were 

required for the development of resi!tance. [RAE] 

0913. Anonymous. 1979. Food and Agriculture Organization 

Recommended methods for the detection and measurement of 

resistance" of agricultural pests to pesticides. Method fdr 

the diamondback moth (Plutella x.vlostella L.). FAO method 

No. 21. FAO Plant. Prot.. Bull. 27:44-46. 

A method recommended by the FAO for the detection and 

measurement. of the pesticides resistance of Plutella xyloste 

118 (L.), a widespread Brassica pest in many countries, is 

described. The method involves determining the mortality of 

4th-instar larvae four days after topical application. [RAE) 

0914. Anonymous. 1980. Scientific Research Abstracts in Republic 

of China. Science and Technology Information Center, 

National Science Council. Taipei, Taiwan. 1026 pp. 

This volume contains 823 abstracts giving details of 

scientific research carried out in Taiwan, mainly in 1979. 

In some cases, the work has already been described in scientific 

publications and where appropriate, bibliographic references 

are supplied. Investigations of relevance to agricultural 

entomology are included in the section (pp.341-406) on 

pests and diseases. The topics mentioned in this section 

include: the effect of low-temperat,,re storage of pupae of 

Apanteles plutellae Kurd.; the delaying of the development 

of insecticide resistance in Plutella xyiostell (L.); the 

effect of anti-juvenile hormone on sex attractancy in P. 

Xylostella; the determination of the economic injury levels 

of P. xylostella on cauliflower. [RAE) 

0915. Barroga, S. F. and B. Morallo-Rejesus. 1975-76. A survey 

of diamondback moth (Plutella x.vlostella Linn.) populations 

for resistance to insecticides in the Philippines. 

Philipp. J. Plant Indus. 40-41:1-14. 

The resistance of 12 Plutella populations to DDT and to 

five organophosphorus insecticides using third-instar larvae 

was detected by paper impregnation method and confirmed by 

topical application. As shown by the topical resistance 

factor (RF), all the Plutella populations were resistant to 

methyl parathion (RF ranging from 247.34 to 1753.39), malathion 

(RF ranging from 17.82 to 822.34), DDT (RF ranging from 

9.74 to 397.36), dichlorvos (RF ranging from 14.69 to 

172.43), and diazinon (RF ranging from 14.69 to 172.43). The 

lowest RF (ranges from 1.22 to 20.16) was to mevinphos. The 

College, Daet, Ligao and Bugias populations were the only 

ones that exhibited susceptibility to mevinphos but resistant 

to DDT, methyl parathion, diazinon, malathion and dichlorvos, 

Atok, Guinobatan, Buhi, Claveria, Kanlaon and Trinidad popu 

388


lations were slightly resistant (RF ranging from 2.52 to 

8.68) to mevinphos. Baguio population was moderately resistant 

(RF of 14.96) while that from Bukidnon was highly resistant. 

(RF of 20.16). Mevinphos (phosphate type)-resisant 

population exhibited cross-resistance to orthene and tamaron 

(phosphoroamidothioate type), whereas College mevinphossusceptible 

population although resistant to methyl parathion 

a:Id malathion ()hosphorothioate type) was still susceptible 

to orthene and tamaron. 

0916. Chang, C. P. and C. N. Sun. 1979. Diazinon resistance 

in the diamondback moth. Sci. Agric. 27:250-253. (in Chinese). 

No signfiicant difference was observed in the penetration 

of pyrimidine-ring 1 4 C-labelled diazinon topically ap-plied 

to susceptible and resistant (resistance ratio 14) 

diamondback moth larvae. Resistant larvae showed higher in 

vivo degradation of diazinon than the susceptible ones. In 

vitro studies revealed higher oxidative degradation in the 

resistant strain. In addition, extramicrosomal metabolism of 

diazinon was also stronger in the resistant strain. Slightly 

reduced sensitivity of acetylcholinesterase to diazinon inhibition 

was found in the resistant diamondback moth. The 

diazinon-resistant diamondback moth, though more susceptible 

to cartap, showed significant cross resistance to endosulfan. 

0917. Cheng, E. Y. 1981. Insecticide resistance study in Plutella 

xylostella L. I. Developing a sampling method for surveying. 

J. Agric. Res. China 30:277-284. 

As part of a study on insecticide resistance in Plutella 

xylostella (L.), a sampling method for surveying resistance 

was developed in a large vegetable-growing area in Taiwan. 

A population of the pest was identified that was homogeneous 

in resistance to permethrin and covered 5000 ha; this indicated 

that the insect had the ability to mix different genetic 

strains over a large area. Ao analysis of the data 

obtained indicated that it was both economical and accurate 

to measure the resistance of P. xylostella to insecticides by 

sampling in 5 separate crucifer fields in an area of 5000 ha. 

The significance of the results in terms of future management 

of the pest is discussed. (RAE] 

0918. Cheng, F. Y. 1981. Insecticide resistance study in Plutella 

xylostella L. IT. A general survey (1980-81). J. Agric. 

Res. China 30:285-293. 

A general survey of the resistance of Plutella xyloste- 

Ila (L.) to five commonly used insecticides was carried out 

in Taiwan from December 1980 to April 1981. The highest resistance 

ratio was 32.5 for carbofuran, 10.9 for mevinphos, 

3.6 for cartap, 48.5 for permethrin and 75.0 for fenvalerate. 

The problem of resistance was more serious in the south than 

in the north, and in the growing areas than on high ground. 

Of the districts surveyed, 19% had serious problems with 

389


resistance of the pest, 47% had some problems, 24,% had minor 

problems and only 10% were without significant problems. 

0919. Cheng, E. Y., T. M. Chou, and C. H. Kao. 1983. Insecticide 

resistance study in Plutella xylostella (L.) IV. The 

activities of glutathione- S- transferase in the organophospho-rus-resistant 

strains. J. Agri. Res. China 32:373-378. 

The role of glutathi one(GSlH)-S- transferase as a detoxication 

mechanism to organophosphorus insecticides was investigated 

in thf: diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). 

The GSH-S-transferase was prepared from the susceptible ILstrain, 

two organophosphoru.;-resistant streins, and two synthetic 

pyrethroid-resistant strains. The result. indicated 

that the GSH -S--transferase activities in two organophosphorus-resistant 

strains were 3 to 4 times higher than that of 

the susceptible II-strain, i.e. , the parental strain from 

which all resistant strains were derived. Both 0-methyl and 

O-ethyl groups on the organophosphorus insecticides can cause 

GSH-S-transferase activity increases in insecticide pressed 

diamondback moth population. Hence, the GSH-S-transferase 

detoxication mechanism is quite specific to the organophosphorus 

insecticides. The study indicated that the glutathione 

conjugation is an important resistant mechanism to the 

organophosphorus insecticides in the diamondbdck moth. [RAE] 

0920. Cheng, E. Y., T. M. Chou, and C. H. Kao. 1984. Insecticide 

resistance study in Plutella Yylostella (L.): V. The 

induction, cross resistance and glutathione--S-transferase in 

relation to mevinphos-resistance. J. Agric. Res. China 33:73 

80. 

The diamondback moth, PlutelIa vj-1osIel1a (L.), developed 

resistance to mevinphos rather slow arid unstable. After 

twenty generations of mevinphos suppression at LC75 level, 

only 5-8 folds resistance was obtained. The mevinphosresistant 

diamondback has a broad cross resistance to other 

organophosphorus compounds and cartap, but this resistance 

was not extended to most of the synthetic pyrethroids. Significant 

increase of glutathione-S--transferase activity occurred 

in the fourth instar and was paralleled with a reduction 

in mevinphos susceptibility during the same period. The age 

related glutathione-S-transferase activity change was also 

observed in the mevinphos-resistant strain except the overall 

enzyme activity was at-higher level. [RA,] 

0921. Chi, H. and C. N. Sun. 1976. Diamondback moth resistance 

to diazinon in Taiwan. Sci. Agric. 24:403-406. (in 

Chinese). 

A field strain of diamondback moth relaxed from the 

selection pressures of insecticides gradually regained its 

susceptibility, and within 14 generations this susceptibility 

increased by 3-fold. Selection in the laboratory for 14 

generations resulted in 14-fold increase in resistance to 

diazinon, as compared to the relaxed susceptible strain. 

390

Insecticidle Resistance 

Four of the eight strains from different parts of the island 

were resistant to this insecticide. The rest were either 

somewhat tolerant or susceitible to diazinon. This difference 

in diazinon susceptibility might be related to temperature 

as well as the application of insecticides. 

0922. Chou, T. M. and E. Y. Cheng. 1983. Insecticide resistance 

study in Plutelia xv]ostella (L.). III. The insecticide 

susceptibility and resistance response of a native susceptible 

strain. J. Agric. Res. China 32:146-154. 

The toxicity information of twenty-two insecticides on 

the diamondback moth was obtained by testing a native susceptible 

I--lan strain. Top five insecticides of all tested 

compounds are synthetic pyrethroids. Decamethrin is the most 

effective insecticide arno carbaryl is the least. Mevjnphos 

and carbofuran are the most effective compound for organophosphates 

and carbamates respectively. The overall result of 

toxicity test of I-lan strain is quite comparable to that of 

a susceptible strain introduced from France. Carbofuran can 

rapidly induce the resistance in the diamondack moth with 

only minor cross resistance problem to other insecticides. 

Fenvalerate induced the resistance at a rate slower than that 

of ca-bofuran, but it caused severe cross resistance in the 

moth. Cartap can only induce the resistance at a very slow 

rate and result in a moderate cross resistance problem. Both 

the cartap-resisLant and the tenvalerate--resistant strains 

responded to fenvalerate and decamethrin in a similar fashion 

but were different from cypermethrin and permethrin. 

0923. Feng, t{. T. and C. N. Sun. 1978. Diamondback moth resistance 

to methonyl in Taiwan. Sci. Agric. 26:135-138. (in 

Chinese) . 

Selection in the laboratory of diamondback moth larvae 

for 19 generations resulted in the development of methomyl 

resistance in this insect pest (resistance ratio of 17.5 

using a field-collected and laboratory-kept strain as susceptible 

reference strain). Five out of the eight strains 

collected from the western part of the island were resistant 

to methomyl (resistance ratio larger than 5). This resistance 

might be related to the activity of several aliphatic 

esterases as revealed by disc gel electrophoresis. 

0924. Feng, H. T. and T. C. Wang. 1984. Selectivity of insecticide 

to Plutella x.vlosteila (L.) and Apanteles plutellae 

Kurd. Plant Prot. Bull. (Taiwan) 26:275-284. 

Selectivity of nine insecticides on diamondback moth, 

Pilutelin xyloste.ln (L.,, and its natural enemy, Apanteles 

plutellae Kurd. were investigated. Among the insecticides 

tested, acephate, dichlorvos, profenfos and fenvalerate, with 

smaller selective ratios, are highly desirable for use in 

integrated control. Synergistic studies with piperonyl butoxide, 

the microsomal mixed-function oxidase inhibitor, and 

EPN, the hydrolase inhibitor, showed that the additics of 

391


either synergist. to most insecticides in this experiment 

created adverse effect on natural enemy conservation. The 

data in our report confirmed a hypothesis proposed previously 

by other authors, i.e. "Differential tolerance to insecticide 

occurs between the herbivorous pest. insect and its natural 

enemies basically is resulted from the coevolution among the 

host plant, the pest insect and The natural enemies. Toxic 

secondary substance in plant species, working as a selecting 

agent, enlarges the difference of oxidative activity between 

the pest insect and its natural enemies but not the nonoxidative 

enzymes during the evolutionary process". This 

theoretical basis is useful for proposing the proper candidate 

insecticides to be applied in intergrated peat management 

system. 

0925. Harcourt, D. G. 1956. Occurrence of a DDT-resistant 

strains of the cabbage looper, TrichoplusiR ni (Hbn.), in the 

Ottawa Valley. Can. J. Agric. Sci. 36:430--434. 

In 1955, DDT dusts failed to control lepidopterous 

larve on late cabbage and cauliflower in some commercial 

plantings in the Ottawa Valley, even where the recommended 

number of applications was increased to 10 or the concentration 

was doubled, and it gave only 59% control in the field 

tests on cabbage, as compared with 96-100% in 1953-54. Counts 

of larvae on dusted and untreated plants one weelk after each 

of the our applications showed that. control of Pieris rapae 

(L.) and Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) was excellent, and 

that populations of these species were not outstandingly 

great, whereas Trichoplusia ni (Hb.), which is usually of 

little importance, was four times as numerous as in the 

previous six years and poorly controlled. In a laboratory 

experiment, mortality among 125 larvae of T. nJ in all instars 

that were collected near Ottawa and confined singly 

with disks of cabbage leaf cut from plants dusted with 3% DDT 

and 33 lb/acre earlier in the day was only 24.8% after 72 hr, 

and the survivors completed their development normally on 

untreated foliage. It is concluded that the failure of DDT 

to give control was due to the appearance of a strain of T. 

ni resistant to this material. [RAE] 

0926. Ho, S. H., B. H. Lee, and D. Lee. 1983. Toxicity of 

deltamethrin and cypermethrin to the larvae of the diamondback 

moth. Plutella xylostella. Toxicol. Lett. 19:127-132. 

Two photostable pyrethroids, deltamethrin and cypermethrin, 

were tested against 4th instar larvae of a susceptible 

(S) strain and a resistant (R) strain of P. xylostella L. by 

topical application. Both compounds were very effective 

against the S strain larvae (LDso for deltamethrin, 0.0014 

,ug, and for cypermethrin, 0.0046 g/larva, at 48 h). The R 

strain collected from the field was >30,000-fold resitant to 

cypermethrin. Deltamethrin was poorly synergized with piperonyl 

butoxide in the S strain, but much stronger synergism 

was obtained in the R strain. The possible reasons for such 

392


high levels of resistance and the potential use of synergized 

pyrethroids in Plutella control program are discussed. [AE] 

0927. Lee, S. L. and W. T. Lee. 1979. Studies on the resistance 

of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella to commonly 

used insecticides. J. Agric. Res. China. 28:225--236. (in 


Plutella xy.lostell (I.) is one of the most. serious 

insect pests of cruciferous crops in Ta'wan. Chemical insecticides 

have been used to control the moth on vegetables for 

more than 12 years. The insecticides, when used at the 

recommended rates, were initially effective in reducing both 

populations of the pest and the damage caused by them to 

acceptable levels. However, insecticidal effectiveness has 

gradually been declining following widespread and continuous 

use, and populations of the pest are apparently increasing 

rapidly. It is suggested that this is a consequence of the 

insect having developed resistance to the insecticides. In 

studies carried out on the current status of insecticides 

resistance of the pest, the resistance spectra of strains 

collected from various vegetable crops in the field was 

determined by the topical application of several insecticides. 

Most of the strains showed a relatively high level of 

resistance to commonly used insecticides such as malathion, 

diazinon, dichlorvos (DDVP), mevinphos, phenthoate and endosulfan. 

In addition, some strains exhibited multiple resis-tance. 

The implications of such resistance to a wide range 

of insecticides, seasonal fluctuations in insecticide-resis-tance 

levels in field populations, and the future of chemical 

control of this insect in Taiwan are discussed. [RAE] 

0928. Liu, M. Y., J. S. Chen, and C. N. Sun. 1984. Synergism 

of pyrethroids by several compounds in larvae of the diamondback 

moth (Lepidoptera:Plutelliclae). J. Econ. Entomol. 

77:851-856. 

Synergism of' several pyrethroids in both susceptible 

(FS) and resistant (BC) Plutella xylostella (L.) larvae by 

several inhibitors of detoxifying enzymes and a compound 

reported t3 affect the insect nerves was determined. Only 

permethrin was synergized consistentl:, and obviously in the 

resistant BC strain by the esterase inhibitors triphenyl 

phosphate and S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate. Piperonyl 

butoxide (pb), a microsomal oxidase inhibitor, synergized all 

four pyrethroids, although to different degrees, in both FS 

and BC strains. Pretreatment of the BC strain with pb increased 

the effectiveness of fenvalerate by 15-fold, deltamethrin 

13-fold, permethrin 6-fold, and cypermethrin 3-fold. A 

tank-mix formulation of pb, Butacide, when mixed and applied 

simultaneously with these pyrethroids at varying ratios, also 

showed synergized by Butacide. A 1:1 to 5:1 ratio for Butacide 

and pyrethroids seemed optimal for the control of resistant 

P. xyloste]l1. The response of the BC strain to deltamethrin 

and fenvalerate was affected somewhat by the pretrea 

393


tment of 1,1-di-(4--chlorophenyl) ethanol. Finally, the possible 

consequences of large--scale appl ications of synergists, 

such as the appearance .and intensification of certain resistance 

mechanisms and effects on mammals, are discussed. (RAE] 

0929. Liu, M. Y., C. N. Sun, and S. W. Iuang. 1982. Absence 

of synergism of DDT by pi-eronyl butoxide and DMC ethanol in 

larvae of diamondback moth (Plute].iie xylostel.n) ( Lep i dop t era:Yponomeutidae). 


Susceptible and multiple-resistant (resistance ratio 

for DDT 2 200) strains of diamondback moth, Plutella xyloste 

Ila (I.), were used t o determine the ef fect of a microsomal 

oxidase inhibitor, piperonyl butoxide (pb) and a DDT-dehydrochlorinase 

i nh ib i tor, DMC, on DDT toxicity. For both 

strains, DMC did not increase, but as a matter of fact, 

decreased I)DT toxicity somewhat. Although pb synergized DDT 

by twofold against the susceptible strain, it. produced very 

little effect in the resistant strain. The absence of synergisym 

by pb and DMC raised the possibility of existence of a 

nonmetabolic mechanism of DDT resistance in the diamondback 

moth. This mechanism might also play an important role in 

diamondback moth resistance to synthetic pyrethroids and may 

be similar to previously described nonmetabolic mechanism for 

DDT-pyrethroid resistance in houseflies and mosquitoes. 

0930. Liu, M. Y., Y. J. Tzeng, and C. N. Sun. 1980. Synthetic 

pyrethroid resistance in the diamondback moth. Sci. Agric. 

28:355-358. (in Chinese). 

Most populat ions of diamondback moth in Taiwr,; were 

found to be resistant to syfithetic pyrethroid insecticides. 

Diazinon--resistant diamondback mot.h showed cross-resistance 

to these pyrethroids, while methomyl-resistant moth showed 

negative cross-resistance to permethrin, cypermethrin and 

deltamethrin. Inhibitors of microsomal oxidases could overcome 

partially the pyrethroid resistance. No effect of esterase 

inhibitors on the toxicity of pyrethroids against resistant 

strain was noted. 

0931. Liu, M. Y., Y. J. Tzeng, and C. N. Sun. 1981 . Diamondback 

moth resistance to several synthetic pyrethroids. J. 


In laboratory tests, most, field strains of Plutella 

xylostella (L.), a' pest of cabbage, in Taiwan developed 

resistance to the 4 major synthetic pyrethroids permethrin, 

cypermethrin, deltamethrin (decamethrin), and fenvalerate, 

and the resistance levels to the three alpha-cyano-3--phenoxybenzyl 

esters were generally higher than that to permethrin. 

A diazinon-resistant strain showed significant cross-resistance 

to all four compounds, whereas a methomyl-resistant 

strain had slight yet consistent iegative cross--resistance to 

all the compounds except fenvalerate. Synergism of pyrethroid 

toxicity by piperonyl butoxide, but. not. DEF, was observed 

against a highly resistant strain. Fenvalerate resistan 

394


ce in the moth lacked sex linkage, was partially recessive 

and was due to more than ore gene. [RAE] 

0932. Liu, M. Y., Y. J. Tzeng, and C. N. Sun. 1982. Insecticide 

resistance in the diamondback moth. J. Econ. Entomol. 

75: 153-155. 

Fifteen insecticides were tested in the laboratory in 

Taiwan for their efficacy against one susceptible (S) and two 

field strains (Peng--hu, from the Pescadore Islands, and Banchau, 

from Taiwan) of Plutella xylostella (L.), a pest of 

cruciferous crops. The synthetic pyrethroids (permethrin, 

cypermethrin, deltamethrin (decamethrin) and fenvalerate) had 

the highest inherent toxicity to the S strain, and the organophosphates 

(except prothiofos (Tokuthion), which was nearly 

as effective as the pyrethroids) were l--2 orders less effective. 

DDT, cartap, and methomyl were intermediately toxic, 

whereas carbaryl and propoxur were the least effective. The 

Peng-hu strain was only slightly resistant, whereas high 

levels of resistance to all the compounds were found in the 

Ban-chau strain. The four pyrethroids remained the most 

potent, followed by prothiofos, cartap, and dichlorvos. [RAE] 

0933. Miyata, T., 11.Kawai, and T. Saito. 1982. Insecticide 

resistance in th- diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. 

(Lepicoptera:Yponomeutichae). Appi. Entomol. Zool. 17:539-542. 

Susceptibilities of three field strains of the diamondback 

moth, Plutella xylostella L., against dichlorvos, prothiophos, 

phenthoate, and fenvalerate were determined, and 

were compared with those of a susceptible strain. Insecticide 

solutions were sprayed to third instar larvae with a 

rotary spray tower. Susceptibilities of three field strains 

(Aichi, H1yogo, and Okinawa) to dichlorvos, prothiophos and 

phenthoate were lower than those of '.he susceptible strain. 

Among three field strains tested here, no resistance to 

fenvalerate was found. 

0934. Mo, T. T. 1959. Results of tests of phaphorus insecticides 

against chlorinated insecticides resistant Plutella 

maculipennis (Curt.) in Lembang (West Java). Pemb. Balai 

Basar Penj. Pert. 155:3-11. (in Indonesian with English summary) 

. 

These investigations are a continuation of those made 

by Ankersmit (1953) in Lembang (West Java) during 1951-52 

regarding resistance of the diamondback moth (Plutella maculipennis) 

to DDT. According to Ankersmit, lead arsenate was 

used from about 1923 to 1933 for the control of Plutellq. 

Later derris was widely used, while in about 1946 cabbage 

growers began to use DDT. Early in 1951 it was found that 

the application of 1 kg DDT Al/ha/treatment failed to give 

satisfactory control of Plutelila. For good control it was 

necessary to increase the amount of DDT/ha and make twice the 

number of applications. As much as 45 kg DDT/ha was needed 

during the entire growing period. Later it was found that 

395


even with the addition of 1% lead arsenate suspension and 

some Shelltox to the above amount failed to control the pest. 

By the end of 1951 growers changed to BHC with good results 

as far as insect control was concerned, but this insecticide 

gave a bad taste to the cabbage, as well as to potatoes when 

planted on the same land after the cabbage harvest. The use 

of toxaphene, aldrin, and dieldrin has met with the same 

fate. Increased amounts up to 3-4 times the standard dosage 

must be used for satisfactory cotnrol, thus materially increasing 

cost. A few years ago endrin was popular among the 

growers with satisfactory results when applied at 0.1%. However, 

in 1958 0.5 to 1.0% was necessary for good control. 

Thus, the growers in Lembang area have experienced the buildup 

of resistance by the Plutell caterpillars to DDT, BHC, 

toxaphene, aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin over the past 14 

years. In Indonesia there are no statutary regulations yet 

to regulate the use of dangerous insecticides for food 

plants. Therefore, the growers are at liberty to make use of 

insecticides which are more and more poisonous. Recently 

some growers in West Java have used insecticides containing 

phosphorus compounds with good results as far as killing the 

insects are concerned, but little thought has been given to 

the danger to humans. Since rather large quantities of the 

phosphorus compounds were ordered in 1959, it is to be assumed 

that these dangerous insecticides may also be used by 

the vegetable growers in the Lembang area for the control of 

Plutella. It is doubtful if the growers fully realize the 

danger in using these very poisonous compounds, since many of 

them are more or less illeterate. Also the growers donot 

know what amounts of these phosphorus insecticides to use. 

The chances are that they will use tur more than is necessary, 

thus causing a build-up of resistance far faster than 

ordinarily expected when low concentrations are used at 

first. The cause of the resistance which the Plutella caterpillars 

have gained so quickly against chlorinated hydrocarbons 

must undoubtedly be ascribed to the generous use of 

these poisons. It was urgent that some investigations be 

made to determine the exact concentrations necessary for 

practical control of Plutella and still be with the safety 

limits in regard to the health of the vegetable consumers. 

Laboratory trials were therefore carried out in October 1958, 

with the total of 20 second instar Plute1a caterpillars in 

each test. Six insecticides were used at several different 

concentrations. In addition to the laboratory tests, a field 

test was made during 1958-59 in Margahayu (north of Lembang 

at elevation of 1274 m). The trials consisted seven randomized 

plots (5 x 10 m), replicated four times. Each plot 

contained 60 cabbage plants, spaced in six rows, 75 cm apart 

in the row and 80 cm between the rows. 9ne month old plants 

of the variety "Roem van Enkhuizen" were set in the plots on 

17 november 1958 and the cabbage heads were harvested on 19 

February 1959. The day before spraying, counts were made on 

the numbers of caterpillars on the same 10 plants in each 

396


plot. The treatments were started on 27 November 1958 and 

continued at weekly intervals until 5 February 1959, a total 

of 11 treatments. Because of the occurrence of black rot 

(Xanthomonas campestris) which threated t- de,.itroy the planting, 

it was necessary to harvest the crop on 19 February 

1959. All the cabbage including the large and small heads 

was harvested in one day. Derris for comparison was left out 

because the availabe derris unfortunately turned out to be of 

bad quality. Folida-5 605 gave the best control. Malathion, 

Dipterex, and Chlorthion, in normal concentrations, gave the 

satisfactory control. Endrin gave good control when the 

concentrations were increased to 0.4% (four times the normal 

concentration) and toxaphene to 0.5% (three times the normal 

concentration). Use of these two insecticides at these high 

concentrations is not advisable. (BA] 

0935. Nemoto, H., K. Kiritani, and H. Ono. 1984. Enhancement 

of the intrinsic rate of natural increase induced by the 

treatment. of the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella (L.)) 

with sublethal concentrations of methomyl. Jpn. J. Appl. 

Entomol. Zool. 28:150-155. (in Japanese with English summa-ry). 

Dipping application of sublethal concentrations of 

methomyl to 4th instar larvae and pupae of the diamondback 

moth resulted in the increase of the fecundity of the adults 

produced. The concentrations employed were 10, 50, 100, and 

500 ppm. The adult females derived from the treated pupae 

laid more eggs with higher rates of fertilization as compared 

with the untreated check, irrespective of the concentration 

of methomyl. However, the adult females thus treated had a 

shorter life than the untreated ones. These effects of 

methomyl enhanced the intrinsic rate of natural increase (Y) 

or the finite rate of increase per month ( A ), and it is 

suggested that the application of methomyl might cause a 

resurgence of the moth population through the stimulation of 

the reproductive potential. 

0936. Kalra, R. L. and R. P. Chawla. 1977. Evaluation of 

bioassay techniques for the detection of insecticide resistance 

in Plutella xylostella. FAO Plant Prot. Bull. 25:85-87. 

Methods involving direct spraying in a Potter's tower, 

filter-paper impregnation and topical application were evaluated 

in the laboratory in India for their suitability as 

standard methods for the detection of insecticide resistance 

in larvae of Plutella xylostella (L.). The topical application 

method by which acetone solutions of insecticides were 

applied to the dorsal surface of insects was found to be 

satisfactory. This method could easily be adapted for field 

use. It is emphasised that when using this method, the baseline 

values of various insecticides should be estimated in 

order to ascertain resistance. [RAE] 

0937. Noppun, V., T. Miyata, and T. Saito. 1983. Susceptibi 

397


lity of four strains of the diamondback moth, Pluteila v.ylostella 

L. against insecticides. J. Pestic. Sci. 8:595-599. 

As the first step to clarify the mechanism of irsecti-cide 

resistance, the susceptibility of four strains of the 

diamondback moth against four organophosphorus a'nd two carbamate 

insecticides, cartLap and fenvalerate were assessed by 

the topical application method. The results showed that the 

resistant strains were highly resistant to three organophosphorus 

compounds (phentoate, prbthiophos and cyanophos), 

moderately to two carbamate insceticides (acephate and methomyl) 

and cartap, but obvious 

no resistance was observed for 

dichlorvos and fenvalerate. 

0938. Sudderuddin, K. 1. and P. F. Kok. 1978. Insecticide 

resistance in Plutella .vloslella collected from the 

Highlands 

Cameron 

of Malaysia. FAO Plant Prot. 111. 26:53-57. 

The resistance of a strain of Plutella xy.lostella 

collected (L.) 

from a farm in the Cameron Highlands of 

11 

Malaysia 

insecticides 

to 

was evaluated in laboratory tests. 

applications 

Topical 

of the compounds were made to fourth-instar 

larvae and mortalities recorded after 24, 48 and 

showed 

72 h. 

that 

LD50s 

the strain wits 2086, 626, 530, 64, 40, 

6, 

16, 

5 

12. 

and 

6, 

5 times as resistant as a susceptible strain 

malathion, 

to 

(hlorpyrifos--methyl, DDT, gamma-BliC, dichlorvos, 

cartap, methomyl, methamidophos, carbaryl, resmethrin 

5602, 

and 

respectively. 

S- 

The implications of resistance to such a 

wide range of insecticides and the future of chemical control 

of the insect, which is an important pest of cruciferous cops 

including cabbage in Malaysia, are discussed. [RAE) 

0939. Sun, C. N. 1981. Insecticide resistance 

pests 

in 


insect 

cruciferous vegetables and its countermeasures. 

128--143. 

pp. 

In C. N. Chen, W. Y. Su, and W. F. Hlsiao 

Proceedings 

(Eds.). 

of Symposium on Production and Insect Control 

Cruciferous 


Vegetables. Plant Protection Center, Wufeng, 

Taichung, Taiwan, ROC. (in Chinese with English summary). 

The gradual depletion of effective organophosphorus 

and carbamate insecticides, the appearance of pyrethroid 

resistance, and the demonstration that resistance also involves 

,juvenile hormone mimics an(I chitrn synthesis inhibitors 

indicate the ever increasing importance of insect 

to 

rcu 

insecticides. 

istance 

Insect resistance to insecticide is 

accelerated 

an 

microevol-uation phenomenon. Under 

selection 

intensive 

pressure of insecticides, the resistant 

exist 

genes 

at 

which 

very low frequency in the population are 

tratedconcen 

and become integrated with the genomre of 

tion. 

the popula 

The fitness genes are also coadapted to provide 

groundback 

necessary to accomodate with the new character. 

insects 

The 

become resistant to insecticides by reducing 

penetration 

the 

and enhancing detoxication of insecticides, 

by lowering 

and 

the sensitivity of the target site. 

Among insect pests of cruciferous vegetables, Spodoptera 

exigue, cabbage looper, diamondback moth, green peach 

398


aphid, cabbage maggot, imported cabbage worin, black cutworm, 

striped flea beetle, and tobacco cutworm have been found 

resistant to one or more than one groups of major insecticides. 

The organophosphorus insecticide resistant in green 

peach aphid is positively correlated with its esterase activity. 

Cross resistance to carbamates is observed. Resistance 

to insecticides in diamondback moth is a world-wide problem. 

In Taiwan, it has been found to be resistant to several 

organophosphorus and carbamate compounds, and also to 

organonitrogen compound cartap. High resistance to four 

important synthtic pyrethroids has been detected in this 

insect only a couple years after their introduction to this 

area. To lessen our dependence on insecticides, and thus 

reduce the selection pressure, and to choose optimal sequence 

of use of insecticides are generally agreed on as the principles 

to be followed in taking countermeasures for resistance. 

0940. Sun, C. N., 11. Chi, and H. T. Feng. 1978. Diamondback 

moth resistance to diazinon and methomyl in Taiwan. J. Econ. 

Entomol. 71:551--554. 

Diazinon-- and methomyl-resistant strains of the crucifer 

pest Plutella xylostella (L.) with resistance ratios of 

14.4 and 17.5, respectively, were developed in the laboratory 

in Taiwan by continuous selection for 14 and 19 generations. 

The susceptibility of the moth to these two chemicals at 

several localities in Taiwan was determined from 1975 to 

1977. The survey confirmed that resistance to these insecticides 

had developed in some field populations. Electrophoretic 

studies revealed qualitative differences in esterase 

and phosphatase zymograms in susceptible and resistant 

strains. [BA] 

0941. Sun, C. N., Y. J. Tzeng, M. Y. Liu, and S. W. Huang. 

1981. Diamondback moth resistance to insecticides (a review). 

Sci. Agric. 29:245-247. (in Chinese). 

This article briefly reviews the documented cases of 

diamondback moth resistance to insecticides. It also makes 

speculations on the possible causes for the resistance problem 

in this insect in Taiwan. 

0942. Sun, C. N., T. K. Wu, M. Y. Liu, J. S. Chen, and C, J. 

Lee. 1983. Diamondback moth resistance to insecticides. p. 

649. In Proceedings of 10th International Congress of Plant 

Protection, Brighton, Volume 2, British Crop Protection Concil, 

Croydon, U. K. 

The biochemical basis of insecticide-resistance in 

plutelin xylostelia (L.), a pest of crucifers in Taiwan, was 

investigaed in the laboratory, iwth special reference to the 

invlvement of insensitive acetylcholinesterase in organophosphate 

and carbamate resistance, and that of mixed-function 

oxidases and hydrolases in synthetic pyrethroid resistance. 

399



0432, 0439, 0547, 0679, 0685, 0810, 0818, 0887. 

400

Integrated Control 

13 

0943. Chalfant, R. B. 1979. Action threshold for the cabbage 

caterpillar complex ii Georgia. J. Georgia Entomol. Soc. 14: 

359-363. 

Cabbages in Georgia, USA, are infested by a larval 

complex of three major lepidopterous species, namely Trichoplusia 

ni (Hb.), Plutella xylostella (L.) and Artogeia rapae 

(L.) (Pieris rapae). In studies in Tifton in 1975-77, cab 

bages were sampled and treated with insecticides according to 

different experimetnal action thresholds (ATs) for the lar 

val complex. The AT (for all species combined) ranged from 

0.1 to 0.3 larva/plant, the differences resulting from the 

season, the predominant insect species, and the insecticide 

Rprays to be applied. Depending on the insecticide, a saving 

of up to four applications without significant loss of marketable 

produce resutled from treatment decisions based on ATs 

rather than a fixed weekly schedule. [RAE] 

0944. Chalfant, R. B., W. H. Denton, D. J. Schuster, and R. 

B. Workman. 1979. Management of cabbage caterpillars in 

Florida and Georgia by using visual damage thresholds. J. 


The major insect defoliators of cabbage in southern 

Georgia and Florida are larvae of Trichoplusia ni (Hb.), 

Plutella xylosteIa (L.) and Artogeia rapae (L.) (Pieris 

rapae). fn field-plot experiments in the two states in 1976, 

permethrin sprays were applied to the crop according to three 

pest management schedules and five visual damage thresholds. 

When damage to cabbage was assessed throughout the growth 

cycle by means of a threshold of 1-2 holes/plant, there were 

reductions of 4-12 sprays from a fixed weekly or twice-weekly 

spray schedule but no significant Losses in percentage of 

marketable heads. The use of a visual threshold of 1-2 

holes/plant was as effective as larval counts for making 

treatment decisions and was less time-consuming. Larval 

damage before head leaves had formed had no significant 

effect on the productin of marketable plants. [RAE] 

0945. Chen, C. N. and W. F. Hsiao. 1984. Evaluation of action 

thresholds for defoliating caterpillars on Winter cabbage at 

central Taiwan. p. 553. In 17th international Congress of 

Entomology, Hamburg, West Germany, Abstract volume. 

Action thresholds for defoliating caterpillars on winter 

crop of cabbage were evaluated at central Taiwan from November 

to next February during 1980--t982. Larval counts of both 

Plutella .ylostella (DBM) and Artegein rapute crucivora were 

converted to DBM equivalent units based on our previous 

study. Control action was taken whenever the DBM units 

reached 10 per 10 plants before 10-leaf stage and 20 thereafter. 

Based on cost-benefit analysis, we noted that in the 

401


1980 crop three sprays were warranted when using fenvalerate, 

permethrin or cartap. And the net profit per 1 N.T. dollar 

input was 8.7, 6.7 and 3.0 N.T. dollars, respectively. While 

in the 1981 crop five sprays were needed and the net profit 

was 4 N.T. dollars for deltamethrin, permethrin, and prothiofos. 

0946. Chen, C. N. and W. Y. Su. [980. Control thresholds for 

major caterpillars attacking cauliflower in Taiwan. p. 272. 

In 16th International Congress of Entomology, Kyoto, Abstract 

volume. 

The control thresholds for both Plutella xyloste.lla 

(L.) and Pieris rapae crucivora Boisduval on cauliflower were 

determined through the following approaches. (1) An artificial 

defoliation and a preliminary control strategy study 

were conducted during 1976 winter crop. (2) Consequent--ly, 

tentative control thresholds for the Diamondback moth (DBM) 

were tested in the field during 1977 winter crop by applying 

Dipel plus Pirimicarb. Field survillance was made at 5 to 7day 

interval and population changes of DBM were recorded. 

From cost/benefit analysis, we concluded that 10 DBM larvae/lO 

plants before heading was the most appropriate threshold. 

(3) By employing DBM-equivalent Units the tentative 

control thresholds for both pest species were eval uated 

again during 1978 winter crop. We concluded that 10 DBM 

units/lO plants before heading and 100 units thereafter were 

the most profitable control thresholds for both pests, provided 

that the sprout or head was not attacked. Accordingly, 

only four applications were needed to maintain pest numbers 

below that level, in comparison to conventional nine times. 

The benefit was about US$6 return per $1 input. 

0947. Jackson, T. 1982. Rationalisation of spray programs for 

control of insect pests in Brussels sprouts. pp. 308-311. In 

M.J. Hartley (Ed.) Proceedings of the Thirty-fifth New Zealand 

Weed and Pest Control Conference, Waikato, New Zealand. 

New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Society. Inc. Palmerston, 

New Zealand. 

The effects of a reduced spray program (with fenvalerate 

at 150 and demeton-S-methyl at 210 g/h3) against Artogeia 

rapae (L. ), Plutella xy.lostellu (L.) and Brevicoryne 

brassicae (L.) on the marketable yield of Brussels sprouts 

were investigated in New Zealand. The reduced spray program 

(with insecticide applied as necessary, indicated by monitoring 

the pests) afforded a higher marketable yield than no 

treatment, and a higher gross yield than the standard 2weekly 

program, possibly because of phytotoxicity with the 

latter. The costs were less than half of those for the 2weekly 

program. [RAE] 

0948. Kirby, R. D. and J. E. Slosser. 1984. Composite economic 

threshold for three lepidopterous pests of cabbage. J. 


402


A composite threshold for three lepidopterous cabbage 

pests, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), Plutella xylostella (L.), 

and Pieris rapae (L,.), was developed for use in fresh-market 

cabbge. A multiple regression model was developed which 

describes percent marketable yield as a function of selected 

variables. The variables were: seasonal mean number of all 

larvae per plant, percent T. ni larvae >13 mm in length prior 

to the plant stage of "cupping" mean seasonal temperature in 

0 C, and the interactions among these three variables. The 

threshold was shown to be dynamic, but a static, composite 

threshold of 0.30 larvae per plant would produce at least an 

80% marketable yield. Insecticide treatment schedules based 

on assessment of larval populations resulted in a redution of 

from one to four-end-one-half applications below the number 

used in a 5- to 6-.day automatic schedule, while simultaneously 

providing the same or higher yields. 

0949. Lim, G. S. 1984. Diamondback moth problem and management 

in Malaysia. p. 822. In 17th International Congress of 

Entomology, Hamburg, West Germany, Abstract volume. 

In Malaysia, the diamondback moth (DBM) is a key pest 

of cabbages with chemical insecticides constituting the only 

control measure. Consequently, numerous problems have resulted, 

viz: (1) development of resistance in the pest, (2) 

increase in incidence of chemical poisoning of farmers, (3) 

presence of chemical residues on marketed produce, (4) hazards 

to wildlife and (5) rapid rise in cost of crop produc-tion. 

Arising from these have thus emerged a strong need for 

a more rational outlook; hence the integrated pest management 

(1PM) approach. Initial development of the 1PM program was 

aimed esscntially at reduced use of insecticides while maintaining 

crop yields and/or revenues. In such an attempt, the 

insecticides were employed only when necessary as guided by 

tentative economic thresholds. The feasibility of such a 

program encompassing the integration of permethrin, Bacillus 

thuringiensis, parasitoids and pheromone traps was evaluated 

against the farmers' pest control practices in which cabbages 

were sprayed against DBM at 3-4 days intervals. Preliminary 

findings based on net revenue attained as well as the overall 

reduction in the number of insecticidal applications per 

crop showed that the iPM program was genrally superior to the 

farmers' prophylactic practice. However, there were indications 

that IPM may not always be optimal, being also governed 

by the degree of DBM infestation, damage by other pests and 

diseases, and price fluctuations. 

0950. Lobo-Lima, M. L. and C. Klein-Koch. 1981. Priorities in 

the integrated control of harmful arthropods in the Cape 

Verde Islands (W. Africa). Mitt. Deutsch. Gesell. Allege. 

Angew. Entomol. 3:60-65. (in German with English suumary). 

The main target pests in integrated control program 

against harmful arthropods in the Cape Verde Is. are indicated: 

these include Oedaleus senegn.lensis (Krauss), the 

403


sweet-potato pest Cylas puncticollis, Heliothis armigera 

(Hb.), Plutella xylostella (L.), Coccus viridis (Green), 

Dacus frontalis Becker and flem isin tabaci (Gennadius), the 

vector of tomato yellow leaf curl virus. A preliminary list 

of natural enemies is given together with an estimation of 

their importance in the regulation of arthropod pest populations. 

[ RAE1 

0951. Mamat, M. J., K. I. Heong, and G. S. Lim. 1982. Assessment 

of cabbage losses inflicted by the diamondback moth in 

Peninsular Malaysia. MARDI Res. Bull. 10:186-194. 

Two field studies, one at Serdang (lowland) and the 

other at Tanah Rata (highlands), were conducted in Malaysia 

to the relationships between yield and diamondback moth larval 

density; mean larval density and the number cf insecticidal 

applications; and marginal revenue/marginal cost of diamondback 

moth control and larval density. Infestation by 

Plutella is 1.7 times greater on highlands than in the lowlands 

as a results yield loss is greater in highlands. The 

cabbages in the highlands require more chemical applications 

(six) than that grown in the lowlands (four) to achieve the 

stime degree of control (50%). The economic thresholds for 

both locaions were about 37 larvae per 10 plants throughout 

the crop season. In highlands, an average crop usually 

requires 15 to 20 insecticide applications to obtain 20 

tons/ha yield. This brings the total cost to MS$3,900 per 

year per ha. Despite the high production cost, there is 

still over MS$ 2,200 net revenue in highland areas. 

0952. Morisak, D. J. and D. E. Simonet. 1981. Controlling 

caterpillars on fresh market cabbage. Ohio Rep. Res. Develop. 

66:73-76. 

A study was carried out in Ohio in 1980 to evaluate 

several sampling methods to be used in conjunction with 

economic thresholds to determine control measures against 

lepidopterous larval pests of fresh market cabbage, the most 

serious of which are the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella 

(L.)), the imported cabbageworm (Artogeia rapaxe (L.)) and 

the cabbage looper (Trichopiusia n.i (Hb.)). Cabbages were 

evaluated for marketability by giving them damage ratings of 

1-6. The method of sampling plants with any larvae on them 

during the pre-heading and heading stages was as effective in 

terms of percentage marketable heads, damage ratings, and 

number of insecticidal applications as counting the total 

number of larvae per plant and required less than 50%j of the 

sampling time. It is thought that this method, if used more 

frequently than once a week, may provide the accuracy required 

of any potential sampling method used by a grower or 

scourt. [RAE] 

0953. Morisak, D. J., D. E. Simonet and R. K. Lindquist. 

1984. Use of action thresholds for management of lepidopterous 

larval pests of fresh-market cabbage. J. Econ. Entomol. 

404


77:476-482. 

Management programs involving the use of action thresholds 

to initiate insecticide treatments for controlling the 

complex of cabbage-feeding lepidopterous larvae (P.lute-la 

x.vlostelIa, Trichoplusia ni and Artog'eia rapae) were evaluated 

in comparison with a standard weekly spray program. 

Use of thresholds of percent infested plants throughout both 

cabbage growth stages (preheading and heading) reduced required 

spray applications by three and by four to seven in 

spring and summer plantings of cabbage, respectively. There 

was no significant effect on production of marketable plants 

compared with cabbage treated weekly from the first appearance 

of larvae until harvest. Sampling for infested plants 

required substantially less time than counting larvae per 

plant. A management program using thresholds of percent 

infested plants provides a simple, practical means of rapidly 

assessing and controlling larval populations with the potential 

for reducing insecticide use. 

0954. Palis, F. Cs. 1983. Economic assessment of the monitoring 

and the calendar systems in the chemical control of the 

diamondback moth, PiutejJa xyvloste]la (I. ) on cabbage. Philipp. 

Agric. 66:65-74. 

The control of Piutelia xyiosteila (L.) on cabbage in 

the Philippines was investigated at Laguna to determine the 

relative advantages of treatment applied either according to 

a fixed fortnightly calendar date or when an economic threshold 

was exceeded as indicated by population monitoring. 

Both methods were equally effective in preventing economic 

losses from the pest, but monitoring gave an additional 

profit. Monitoring is therefore more economical if it can be 

clone by a government technician or if the farmer can be 

trained to do it himself, but the fixed fortnightly schedule 

is more economical if staff would have to be specially hired 

for monitoring. The critical time to apply protective treatments 

was found to be during the first 32 days after transplanting; 

later applications could be dispensed with, since 

late infestations had little effect on the cabbage yield. 

[RAE) 

0955. Shelton, A. N. and J. T. Andaloro. 1982. Effect of 

lepidopterous larval populations on processed cabbage grades. 

J. Econ. Entomol. 75:141--143. 

Larval populations of Artogeia rapae (L.) (Pieris rapae), 

Plutella x.vlostel]a (L.) and Trichopiusia ni (Hb.) on 

cabbage for processing, from head initiation until harvest, 

were compared with the percentage of cull material (a direct 

function of grade) in 27 commercial fields in New York State 

in 1979 and 1980. Although larval populations varied considerably 

between fields and between years, no significant 

correlation between the percentage of cull material and larval 

populations was found. The majority of cull material was 

green tissue which would have been removed regardless of 

405


lepidopterous injury. The rationale for strict control of 

lepidoptera on processing cabbage from head initiation until 

harvest was not found to be cost-effective. (RAE] 

0956. Shelton, A. and J. T. Andaloro. 1983. Management of 

insect pests in processing cabbage in New York State, USA, p. 

1209. In Proceedings, 10th International Congress of Plant. 

Protection, Brighton. British Crop Protection Council, Croydon, 

U. K. 

Methods are summarised whereby the development of thresholds 

and sampling procedures and the selection of suitable 

insecticides reduced the use of insect. icides against Tricho-plus-ia 

ni (Hlb.), elrtogeia rapae (L.) and Plutella xylostella 

(L.) on cabbage in New York State in 1978-82 by 49% and 

increased their effectiveness by 54%. Mainly by the use of 

resistant. varieties of cabbage, the application of insecticides 

against Thrips tabaci Lind. was eliminated. (RAE] 

0957. Shelton, A. M., J. '. Ajalor,, and J. Barnard. 1982. 

Effects of cabbage looper ( Trichoplusia ni) , imported cabbageworm 

(Pie-.is rapae), n.I diamondback moth ( Plutella xylostella) 

on fresh market and processing cabbage. J. Econ. 

Entomol. 75:742-745. 

Action threshold-! for lepidopterans on fresh market 

cabbage in New York are proposed. These are based on foliage 

consumption rates of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni 

(Hubner) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae), imported cabbageworm, Pieris 

rapae (L. ) (Lepidoptern:Pie, idae), and diamondback moth, 

Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera:Yponomeutidae), incorporated 

with actual larval counts of these pests. Once head 

formation is initiated, cabbgae can tolerate ca. 0.5 cabbage 

looper equivalents per plant before head damage occurs. Larval 

populations can be permitted to build before head formation, 

without. a loss in weight or marketability, provided 

they are treated with an effective insecticide at head initiation 

and treated thereafter at a low threshold. Head 

weight, rather than cosmetic appearance, is more valid criterion 

for processing cabbage but was not accurately predicted 

by larval counts. (BA] 

0958. Shelton, A. M., M. K. Sears, J. A. Wyman, and T. C. 

Quick. 1983. Comparison of action thresholds for lepidopterous 

larvae on fresh" market cabbage. J. Econ. Entomol. 

76: 196-199. 

Five different action thresholds for control of lepidopterous 

larvae on fresh-market cabbage were compared in Wisconsin 

and New York (USA), and in Ontario, Canada, in 1981. 

An average of the three locations revealed that a threshold 

of one or more new feeding sites/head (Florida threshold) 

required less time to assess and received the fewest insecticide 

applications (1.3), but also allowed the most injury. 

All other thresholds received 3-4 applications and provided 

acceptable and aimilar levels of marketability. Thresholds 

406


based on egg and larval counts of imported cabbageworm (ICW), 

Pieris lapae (L. , and cabbage looper (CL), Trichoplusia ni 

(}Hubner ), and feeding injury by larvae of ICW, CL,, and diamondback 

moth (DB), Plutella X *'vlostella (L.), required nearly 

2.4-fold the evaluation time of' the Florida threshold. A 

threshold based on 50% of sampled plants infested with any 

larvae of the three species required 1.6- fold the assessment 

time of the Florida threshold. A fortnightly insecticide 

application, without regard to insect pressure, provided 

results similar to all other thresholds, e :cept that of 

Florida. iliA] 

0959. Simonet, D. E. and D. J. Morisak. 1982. Utilizing 

action thresholds in small-plot insecticide evaluations 

against cabbage- feed ing, lepidopterous larvae. J. Econ. 

Entomol. 75:43-46. 

The efficacy of insecticides against Plutelfi '.vylostella 

(L.) Artogeia rapae (L. ) (Pieris rapae) and Trichoplusia 

ni (Hb.) was investigated in Ohio using a threshold of 0.5 

total larvae per plant as a basis for comparison. The compounds 

were evaluated on the basis of control[ achieved, 

frequency of application necessary for control and crop marketability. 

The results indicated that evaluating insecticides 

on this basis was useful in determining how they may 

best be incorporated in a monitoring decision-making system. 

[RA F 1 

0960. Srinivasan, K. 1984. Visual damage thresholds for diamondback 

moth, Plutella x.ylostella (Linnaeus) and leafwebber, 

(Crocidolomia binotalis Zeller on cabbage. Ph. D. Thesis, 

University of Agricultural Sciences, Hebbal, India. 166 pp. 

An economic threshold on fresh market cabbage affeeIed 

by diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) and leafwebber, 

Crocido.lom.ia binotalis Zeller was developed in this 

study based an visual estimate of defoliation and a determination 

of thi.3 damage on the marketable yield. In addition, 

field experiments involving different planting pattern of 

cabbage and tomato was e-cplored for the utilization of such a 

such cultural practice to reduce incidence of both lepidopterous 

pests on cabbage. The best visual damage rating as 

revealed by the maximum yield was superimposed on the promising 

intercrop combination so as to further reduce the incidence 

of both pests and increase cabbage yield. 

There was no significant correlation between the defoliation 

of non-wrapper and outer wrapper leaves which indicated 

that the damage due to lepidopterous larvae before 

cupping did not contribute to economic yield loss. Defoliation 

of wrapper leaves significantly reduced the marketable 

yield. Larval feeding starting various intervals after planting 

indicated that larval population recorded on 40 days 

after planting (DAP) and increased thereafter had significantly 

negative correlation to marketable yield. Insecticide 

protection 7 to 10 days before this date could prevent the 

407


pest population reaching economic injury status. Multiple 

correlation and linear regression revealed that 90 to 92% 

yield loss can occur if cabbage is left unprotected. Same 

regression correlation revealed that populations of diamondback 

moth and leafwebber that occurred on 60 DAP had maximum 

negative effect on yield. Leafwebber prefers to feed on 

plants at the initiation of cupping stage which results in 

either aborted head or multiple head formation which areduced 

overall yield. Therefore, a blanket insecticide spray at 

this stage was necessary. Based on visual damage thresholds 

in winter 1981, the plots maintained with 0.5 to 2.0 mean 

holes in wrapper leaves required four spray applications 

until harvest. Yield obtained in these plots were at par 

with yields recorded in those plots sprayed (0.07% phosalone) 

nine times at weekly intervals. A maximum additional net 

income of $606/ha over control was obtained in plots maintained 

with damage threshcid of 0.5 holes in wrapper leaves. 

During rainy season 1982, seven sprays at weekly intervals 

were required to attain a marketable yield of 7.155 t/ha and 

this was at par with yields obtained in plots sprayed four 

times to maintain damage threshold of 0.5 holes in wrapper 

leaves. A maximum additional net income of $7E4/ha over 

control was obtained in plots maintained with 0.5 hoels in 

wrapper leaves. 

In tomato-cabbage intercropping study, simultaneous 

planting of cabbage and tomato didnot reduce insect infestation 

of cabbage significantly over infestation of cabbage 

planted as a sole crop. Maximum reduction in the infestation 

of cabbage by both diamondback moth and leafwebber larvae was 

observed in one row cabbage one row tomato planting pattern 

when cabbage was planted 30 days later than tomato. The 

reduction in insect incidence didnot increase the yield. 

Superimposition of damage thresholds on the intercrop combination 

of one row cabbage one row tomato, with cabbage planted 

30 days later than tomato, required two sprays of 0.07% 

phosalone during crop growth period compared to four sprays 

for maintenance of visual damage threshold of 0.5 hole in 

wrapper leaves on cabbage planted as sole crop. 

0961. Straka, F. 1979. The level of economic damage caused by 

leaf-gnawing pests (luring the first half of the vegetation 

period of cabbage and cauliflower. Gradinar. Lozar. Nauka. 

16:84-92. (in Bulgarian with English summary). 

Field studies were carried out in Bulgaria during the 

years 1975-77 on the economic threshold of damage caused by 

leaf-gnawing insect pests such as Phyllotretn sp., Plutelln 

xylostel]la (L.) (maculipennis (Curt.)), Artogeia rnpae (L.) 

(Pieris rapac), P. brassicae (L. ) and A thtilia rosae (L. 

(colibri (Christ)) during the first half of the vegetative 

period. It was established that evident economic damage 

(more than 3%) occurred when the percentage of leaf area 

destroyed reached 8.97-10.41 in early cabbage, 10.75-13.76 in 

late cabbage, 13.80-16.89 in early cauliflower, and 7.79 

408


9.63 in late cauliflower. Using these data, common thresholds 

of economic damage caused by these pests during the 

first half of the vegetative period were calculated. [RAE] 

0962. Straka, F. 1983. Economic damage thresholds for the 

cabbage moth on cauliflower and for the main leaf-gnawing 

pests during the second half of the vegetative period on 

crucifer species. Gradinarska i Lozarska Nauka 20:64-71. (in 

Bulgarian with English summary). 

As a result of observations carried out in Buigaria in 

1975-80 in fields of early and late cauliflower naturally 

infested by Mamestra brassicae (L.), equations were formulated 

expressing the correlation between the density of the 

pest and the quanti - of non-standard production, on the 

basis of which economic damage levels were determined. Spraying 

of early cauliflower was considered economically justifiable 

when there were more than 4-5 2nd-instar larvae per 

100 plants; the threshold was 9-8 larvae/100 plants for late 

cauliflower. Up to the time of budding, the necessity for 

control of the pest can be determined by a general economic 

threshold for leaf-gnawing pests, including Phyllotreta spp., 

Plutella xylostella (L.) (maculipennis (Curt.)), Artogeia 

rape (L.) (Pieris rapae), P. brassicne (L.) and Athalia 

rosue (L.) (colibri (Christ)). Experiments in which damage by 

these insects was artificially simulated under field conditions 

showed that control measures during the second half of 

cabbage and cauliflower vegetation was necessary when damage 

affected more than 7.69-10.80% of leaf area in early cabbage, 

8.75--11.30% in later cabbage, 10.54-15.68% in early cauliflower 

and 6.00-10.00% in late cauliflower. Spraying was justified 

when the mean grade of injury was greater than 1 on the 

accepted 5-grade scale. [RAE] 

0963. Ter-Simonyan, L. G. and A. D. Mikheeva. 1981. Criteria 

of the desirability of chemical treatment of cabbage. Zashch. 

Rast. No. 12:54-55. (in Russian). 

The most injurious insect pests of cabbage in the USSR 

include the leaf-eating larvae of the cabbage and rape white 

butterflies (Pieris brassicae (L.) and Artogeia rapae (L.)), 

the cabbage moth (Plutel.in xylostella (L.)) and the cabbage 

noctuid (Msmestra brassicae (L.)). All feed on the leaves, 

leaving only veins and a mass of excreta, and enter the 

heads. Little is known of the numbers of these larvae at 

which control becomes necessary for economic reasons. Some 

data are available for individual regions in certain years, 

but not necessarily for all species, and some information is 

available from the far north. The authors describe investigations 

on these pests and their economic thresholds of injuriousness 

in the non-black-soil zone of the RSFSR. A direct 

relation was establii;hed between the numbers of larvae and 

loss of yield, and the so-called rosette stage of leaf development 

proved to be the mosL susceptible. This is discussed 

in relation to te various pests, and losses for various 

409


degrees of infestation are calculated. Forecast losses determine 

the necessity of control measures, and it appeared from 

the resutts that applications of insecticides might be reduced 

to 2 per season. [RAE] 

0964. Weires, R. W. and H. C. Chiang. 19'3. Integrated control 

prospects of major cabbage insect pests in Minnesota 

based on the faunistic, host varietal, and trophic relation 

ships. Tech. Bull. Univ. Minnesota, Agric. Exp. Sta. No. 291, 

42 pp. 

Studies were made for three years on the insect fauna 

of cabbage in Minnesota. Weekly counts of the major phytophagous 

and entomophagous species were conducted during the 

summer, four cabbage cultivars were evaluated for resistance 

to major pests, and two sites, one urban and the other rural 

, were compared. The fauna comprised 220 taxa, including 

representatives of 21 orders, 92 families and 186 genera, 

which are shown in a table. Of this, 178 were identified to 

species. Of the total of taxa, 160 were interacting in the 

cabbage community. Sixty were apparently incidental transients 

or of an unknown role. The cabbage food web consisted 

of 11 leaf feeders, 10 sap feeders, 4 root feeders, 21 saprobes, 

79 saccharophiles, and 85 carnivores. 

Lepidoptera were the most important pests above ground. 

Pieris rapae (I.) was the most abundant of these, followed by 

Plutella xylostella (L.) and Trichoplusia ni (Hb.). In the 

first season, poulations of T. n-i were decimated by !inuclear 

polyhedrosis virus, and they remained low in the following 

two sesons. Greater numbers of lepidopterous pests were 

found at the rural site. Four pest species of aphids were 

found. Myzus persicee (Sulz.) was the most abundant. It 

reached peak populations in mid-August, but numbers collapsed 

with the build-up of effective predator and parsite populations. 

Hyadaphis erysimi (Kalt.) (pseudobrassicae (Davis)) 

occurred at low infestation levels before mid-August. Brevicoryne 

brassicae (L.) occurred at low levels from late August 

to harvest. Alate forms of Pemphigus populitransversus Ril. 

were found in midsummer. The most abundant aphid parasite, 

Diaeretiella rapae (M'Int.osh), was reared from both M. persicae 

and B. brassiuce collected throughout the study. M, 

persicae was also parasitised by a fungus. Parasitism of 

lepidopterous and aphid pests was greater at the rural site. 

Reasons for this appeated to be low host densities and the 

reduction of parasitism at the urban site owing to interference 

by road dust. Significant cultivar differences were 

found for the larvae of Plutella xylostella, the eggs of 

Pieris rapae, and M. persicae. 

Coccinellids were the most abundant predators, Hippodamia 

convergens (Guer.) being the most numerous. Coccinellid 

abundance coincided with the abundance of M. persicae on a 

seasonal and cultivar basis. Species reared from egg to 

adult showed optimal survival on M. pe"s.icae and poor survival 

on B. brassicae. The copious wax secretions of the 

410


latter appeared to interfere with use of this aphid as food. 

Chry'sopn carnea Steph. was the most abundant. chrysopid, and 

Micromus postircs (Wlk.) the most abudnant hemerobiid. The 

chrysophids appeared to feed on both lepidopterous and aphid 

pest species. The hemerobiids were more strictly aphidophagous 

. The cec idomyid Aphidoletes aphidimyza ( Rond. ) was the 

most abundant dipterous predator, and Allograpta obliqua 

(Say) and Metasy;rphus americanus (Wied. ) were the most abun-dant 

syrphids. Peak ceridomyiid and syrphid abundance coincided 

with the peak of abundance of M.vzus persicae. 

It is suggested in a discussion of control that the 

most feasible approach to minimising usage of chemicals would 

be to use Bacillus thuringionsis against Lepidopterous pests. 

It can be combined with conventional insecticides when the 

control of Brevicorvne brassicae becomes necessary. [RAE] 

0965. Workman, R. B., 1. B. Chalfant, and D. J. Schuster. 

1980. Management of the cabbage looper and diamondback moth 

on cabbage by using two damage thresholds and five insecticide 

treatments. J. Econ. Entomol. 73:757-758. 

In studies in Florida and Guorgia in the spring of 

1979, the use of management decisions, based on two thresholds 

of feeding damage, for controlling larvae of Trichoplusia 

ni (1ib.) and Plute.la xvylostella (I.) on cabbage reduced 

the numbers of insecticide spray application; when compared 

to fixed schedules but resulted in a loss of marketable 

heads. A visual damage threshold of >1.0 'feeding window'/ 

plant was superior to one of >1.0 hole/plant as it detected 

the presence of T. ni larvae in the early instars when they 

are more easily ccntrolled. Permethrin tended to give better 

control than a preparation of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. 

kurstaki Berliner (Dipel), alone or in combination with methamidophos, 

or methomyl in the management program. [RAE] 

0966. Zaitseva, V. G. and E. A. Ponomareva. 1976. A test of 

the economic effectiveness of plant protection. Zashch. Rast. 

1:34-36. (in Russian). 

A choice of indices of the effectiveness of plant 

protection measures should take into account not only the 

technical effectiveness of the measures against the pest 

concerned, but also the general effects on the yield of the 

crop and the expenses of the farm as a whole. In a test in 

the Leningrad region of the Soviet Union, cabbage was sprayed 

three times with a preparation containing 80% trichlorphon 

(chlorophos) applied at 1.6 kg in 400 litres water/ha against 

Plutell nXylostella (L.), Pieris rap e (I,.), P. brassicae 

(L.) and Mamestra brassicae (L.). Infestation before treatment 

was 88-92% of the plants. The effectiveness of the 

treatment was estimated at about 89%. The costs of the 

treatment and the savings are calculated in some detail per 

ha, and it is shown that the net cost of the cabbage crop was 

reduced by 12.9%. When the cost of labor in man-hours was 

taken into account, the reduction was 10%. However, profita 

411


bility was increased by 36.7%. Profitability varies with the 

price obtained for the crop and is considered to be the best 

index of effectiveness, but it will vary from case to case. 

[RAE] 


0270, 0318, 0610, 0792, 0816, 0925, 1012. 

412

Pheromones, Juvenile Hormones, Chemusterilants, 

and Repellents 

14 

0967. Ando, T., T. Koshihara, II. Yamada, M. H. Vu, N. Takahashi, 

and Y. Tamaki. 1979. Electroantennogram activities of 

sex pheromone analogues and their synergistic. effect on field 

attraction in the diamondback moth. Appl. Entomol. Zoo,. 

14: 362-364. 

Earlier studies had suggested that the sex pheromone of 

Plutella xylostella (L.1 included compounds other than (Z)fl-hexadecenyl 

acetate and (Z)-ll-hexadecenal. Electroantennogram 

(EAG) studies followed by field testing provided results 

suggesting that in addition to these compounds, females 

also release one or more of the following: the parent alcohol 

((Z)-11--hexadecenol), the geometric isomers ((E)-ll-hexadecenyl 

acetate and (E)-ll-hexadecenal) and the double bond positional 

isomer ((Z)-12---hexadecenal). This study showed that 

the measurement of the EAG activity of many sex pheromone 

analogues is a useful method to search for synergists of the 

sex pheromone. [RAE] 

0968. Anonymous. 1980. Report for 1979. Part 1. Rothamsted 

Experimental Station, Harpenden, England, U.K. 292 pp. 

The topics reviewed in a section by T. Lewis on entomology 

(pp. 79-93) of this report from an agricultural research 

station in southern England include aphid monitoring, 

aphid occurrence, cereal aphids, monitoring moths (especially 

pea moth (Cyd.ia n igr-icant (F.)) and diamondback moth (Plutella 

xylostella (L.)) with sex attractants, side effects of 

insecticides (including genetic variability of aphid populations 

and insecticide resistance), the chemical control of 

Sitona on field beans (Vicia faba) and pests, the integrated 

control of pests of winter wheat and sugar-beet, and natural 

enemies of Sitona. Further information of entomological 

relevance is to be found in sections of the report on Broom's 

Barn Experimental Station (pp. 55-78), farms (pp. 95-99), 

molecular structures (including those of pyrethroids) (pp. 

131-138), physics (including the diffusion of moth pheromones 

in crop canopies) (pp. 153-163), plant pathology (pp. 165 

183) and statistics (pp. 245-257). (RAE] 

0969. Ashihara, W. 1977. A laboratory bioassay method of the 

sex pheromone of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostela 

(L.). Jpn. J. App]. Entomol. Zool. 21:171-172. (in Japanese). 

A method for bioassaying the sex pheromone of Plutella 

xyostella which can be performed any time under illuminated 

conditions is described. Sex pheromone crude extract was obtained 

from females raised at 20 0 C under 14 h light. The male 

response to sex pheromone extract was determined by the mating 

dance which constitutes waling while vigrating the wings 

vigorously. Response was highest in the 21st h of night and 

lowest in the 14th h of day, consistent with the fact that 

413


this species mates mainly at night. At any time, response to 

sex pheromone increased with the days after hatching. The 

most suitable intensity of illumination was 100-1,000 Ix. 

Response rate increased linearly with concentration 

5 the range - 4 

from 3XIO 

within 

- 

to 3Xl0 F. F. [BA] 

0970. Bonneinaison, I. 1966. Tests of chemosterilants 11. Effect 

on various tepidoptera. Phytiat. Phytopharm. 15:79-92. 

(in French). 

In this second part of' a series, details are given of 

tests of seven chemosterilants applied to different stages of 

Plutell, x.vostel-l (IL.) (maculipennis (Curt.)) and Mamestra 

brassicae (L.) in the laboratory in France. Male or female 

adults of P. x.vloste.lln from larvae that had been fed during 

the second instar on cabbage leaves tretaed five times with a 

0.05% solution of methotrexate (amethopterin) showed normal 

fertility and no wing malformations. Fentin acetate as a 

0.025% spray on cabbage leaves offered to larvae for food, as 

a 0.05% deposit on petri dishes in which larvae were reared, 

or at 0.05% in water supplied to adult males did not affect 

the number of eggs laid but resuted in nearly 20% of them 

failing to hatch. flempa at. 0.08% in sugar water offered to 

adults of P. v.vlostella for 48 hours caused fairly heavy 

mortality and 17% egg sterility. Tepa administered in the 

same way caused totel egg sterility at 0.125-0.8% and 98-100% 

at 0.085%, but. the numbers laid bore no relation to the 

concentration used. Contact of adults for 15 or 30 minutes 

with a deposit of 2.2 mg. tepa per sq. cm on glass resulted 

in 83-93% sterility; the effect of' the same amount of steriliant 

in a closed petri dish decreased slightly 30 clays after 

treatment. 

Other products were tested against both P. xylostella 

and M. brassicae. Immersing the pupae or spraying the egga 

of M. brassicae with 0.05% thiotepa had little or no effect 

on the fecundity of the ensuing adults, and large reductions 

were observed only in the case of second-instar larvae fed 

with treated leaves; the resulting adults were mated with 

untreated ones, and pairs of which the male had been treated 

produced large numbers of non-viable eggs. Thiotepa at 0.08% 

in sugar water offered to adults of P. xylostella had a more 

lasting effect on the males than on the females. Metepa 

applied in the early stages to P. xylortel]J had intermediate 

result., but a deposgit of 0.1 mg. per sq. cm on glass caused 

31-61% sterility when adults were in contact with it for four 

hours and remained effective for over 20 days in a closed 

petri dish at 20 0 C. Adults fed for 24 hours with sugar 

water containing 0.8% metepa showed 30-74% sterility. Those 

of M. brass icae fed for 48 hours with a solution containing 

0.4% metepa showed total sterility, and even 0.085% gave quite 

satisfactory results, the males being affected more than the 

females. Apholate had only a slight sterilising effect when 

applied to eggs, larvae or pupae of P. xylostella but was 

more effective than metepa on adults of this species or on 

414

Pheromones, JR, Chemosterilants, Repellents 

females of M. brassicae, producing a high sterility rate when 

applied to the latter at only 0.08%. In P. xylostella, both 

apholate and metepa acted within 48 hours and sometimes in 24 

hours, the effect being more rapid with males than with 

females. In M. brassicne, these products delayed the beginning 

of oviposition both of treated females and of normal 

females mated with treated males. [RAE] 

0971. Brewer, G. J. and If. J. Ball. 1981. A feeding deterrent 

effect of a water extract of tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L., 

Compositae) on three lepidopterous larvae. J. Kansas Entomol. 

Soc. 54:733-736. 

In the laboratory in Nebraska, an extract of tansy 

(Tanacetum vulgare) made by grinding fresh tansy leaves in 

distilled water and painted on to leaf discs of broccoli was 

found to reduce feeding significantly by the larvae of Artogein 

rapae (L. ) (Pier is rapae) and Plutella xylostelln (L.) 

and slightly but no significantly by those of Trichoplusia ni 

(Hb.), which is more polyphagous than the other two species. 

The extract painted over the entire body surface of larvae of 

all three species had no adverse effect on them and permitted 

normal pupation. [RAE] 

0972. Chalfant, H. B., J. W. Todd, W. K. Taylor, and B. Mullinix. 

1977. Laboratory studies on the antifeeding effect of 

a fungicide, guazatine, on eleven species of nhytophagous 

insects. J. Econ. Entomol. 70:513-517. 

The effects of the fungicide guazatine on the feeding 

of 11 insect species were investigated in the laboratory in 

the USA. The reduction in feeding of all species tested, except 

Nezara viridula (L.) and Anticarsia gemmatalis Hb., was 

significant, predictable, and directly related to the logio% 

concentration. The approximate decreasing order of sensitivity 

to guazatine was adults of Epilachnu varivestis Muls., 

adults and larvae of Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), larv-e 

of Manduca sexta (Joh.), larvae of Trichoplusia ni (Hb.), 

larvae of ieliothis zea (Boddie), larvae of Plutella xyloste- 

Ila (L.), larvae of Spodoptere exig'ue (Hb.), adults of Euschistus 

servus (Say) and larvae of Pseudoplusia includens 

(Wlk.). [RAE] 

0973. Chang, F., R. Kou, and Y. S. Chow. 1979. The effect of 

precocene I and II on sex attractancy in the diamondback 

moth, Plutelle xylostelle L. Proc. Nat. Sci. Counc. ROC. 3: 

67-76. 

Two simple chromene compounds known as precocene I and 

II have been reported to have anti-juvenile hormone properties 

against certain insect species. These compounds were 

topically applied to virgin female diamondback moths in an 

effort to investigate their effects on sex attractancy to 

virgin males in a Y-choice olfactometer. Results from this 

study indicate that sublethal amounts of precocene II (5 and 

10 jig/female) significantly reduces the sex attractancy by 

415


females. Precocene I (0.50 and 1 pg/female) appears to be 

without effect in this regard. Hydroprene, a potent juvenile 

hormone analog, increases the sex attractancy of the female, 

which supports the belief that interference with juvenile 

hormone production and/or secretion by application of precocene 

II may be operating in some way to affect pheromone 

releas-3 by the treated moths. Applicability of these findings 

in future pest control is indicated by results obtained in 

preliminary field testing of traps baited with precocenetreated 

females. [BA] 

0974. Chisholm, M. D., W. F. Steck, E. W. Underhill, and P. 

Palaniswamy. 1983. Field trapping of diamondback moth using 

an improved 4-component sex attractant blend. J. Chem. Ecol. 

9:113-1.18. 

In addition to three known sex lure components ((Z)-llhexadecenyl 

acetate, (Z)-ll-hexadecenal, and (Z)-ll-hexadecenol), 

(Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate was field-proven as a trace 

coattractant for male P. xylostella, with an optimal content 

below 0.01% in blends. This potent 4-component lure for 

diamondback males also attracted Crymodes devastator males, 

and in this respect is not different. in its attractancy from 

virgin diamondback moth females. Replacement of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl 

acetate in the four component lure with (Z)-9-tetradecen-l-ol, 

at the level of 10% of t:e total lure mixture, 

did not alter it:; attractancy for diamondback moth males, but 

it did inhibit attraction of C. devastator. The status of 

biologically active components as possible sex pheromones or 

parapheromones is discussed. [BA] 

0975. Chisholm, M. D., E. W. Underhill, P. Palaniswamy, and 

V. J. Gerwing. 1984. Orientation disruption of male diamondback 

moths (Lepidoptera:Plutellidae) to traps baited with 

synthetic chemicals or female moths in small field plots. J. 


Only two components of the four-componet sex lure (Zll 

16:aldehyde, Zll-16:acetate, Zll-16:alcohol, and Z9-14:alcohol) 

for Plutella xylostelln were effective in disrupting 

orientation of male moths to baited traps in small field 

plots. Both Zll-16:aldehyde and Zll-16:acetate effected 

disruption but were more effective when combined. The lure 

components ZJI-16:alcohol and Z9-14:alcohol together gave no 

significant reduction in number of P. xylostella captured 

when tested alone; nor was the disruptive power of Zll 

16:acetate or Zll-16:aldehyde + Zll-16:acetate increased when 

the two alcohols were added. 

0976. Chisholm, M. D., E. W. Underhill, and W. F. Steck. 

1979. Field trapping of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella 

using synthetic sex attractants. Environ. Entomol. 8: 

516-518. 

Mixtures of (Z)-ll-hexadecenal and (Z)-ll-hexadecenyl 

acetate used as lures were as attractive to males of Plutella 

416

Pheroqopes, J11, Chemosterilants, Repellents 

xylostella (L.) as 10 virgin females, based on field trapping 

tests in Saskatchewan. The best binary lure tested was 100 

;ig 7:3 aldehyde:acetate dispensed from red-rubber septa, and 

the optimal trap height was 0.3 m. Virgin females and synthetic 

lures also attracted males of Apamea devastatrix 

(Brace) (Crymodes devastator). Several olefins were tested 

as additives to synthetic lures; attraction of both species 

was inhibited by (Z)-9-tetradecenal Pud (Z)-9-tetradecenyl 

acetate. [RAE] 

0977. Chow, Y. S. 1981. Insect sex pheromone: its application 

and potential use in cruciferous pest management. pp. 103 

118. In C. N. Chen, W. Y. Su, and W. F. Hsiao (Eds.). Proceedings 

of Symposium on Production and Insect Control of Cruciferous 

Vegetables, Plant Protection Center, Wufeng, Taichung, 

Taiwan, ROC. (in Chinese with English summary). 

Many lepidopteran species are known to be dependent on 

chemical messengers, sex pheromones, to bring the sexes together 

for mating. Here I review and present the information 

available only on the cruciferous pest, such as diamondback 

moth Plut.la xylostella (L.), armyworm, Spodoptera litura 

(F.) and cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), as an 

example to augment methods of pest control such as masstrapping, 

confusing technique, and survey work. Mating disrupt 

chemicals, parapheromone and pheromone analogues sometime 

also could be used in the habituation of insect, communication. 

The results of using sex pheromone obtained by 

Japanese workers with nuclear-polyhehrosis virus on the large 

scale control of S. litura were emphasized. Other behaviormodifying 

chemicals, androconial scale of Pieris melete and 

kairomone, substances which attract predators to their preys 

were introduced too. Work in Taiwan is in progress and aims 

at using sex pheromone to assist the timing of other control 

measures or for contorl at a stage when insect populations 

had been reduced by other methods. I consider the use of sex 

pheromone which could be combined with pesticides is urgently 

needed for controlling cruciferous pests. Sex pheromones of 

other important pests such as Oebia undalis Fabricius and 

Crocidalomia binotalis Zeller need future work on identification, 

synthesis, and economical ways to merchandise them. 

0978. Chow, Y. S., J. Chen, and S. H. Lin-Chow. 1976. Anatomy 

of the female sex pheromone gland of the diamondback moth, 

Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidne). Int. J. 

Insect Morphol. Embryol. 5:197-203. 

Possible locations found for, the sex pheromone gland of 

females of Pluteila x.ylostella (L.) were single layers of 

columnar cells located in three different parts of the abdo7 

men. These were the intersegmental folds of the eighth and 

ninth segments, the thick epidermal cells on the dorsal inner 

surface of the ninth abdomin,Al segment and the epithelium 

around the ostium bursae. Histologically, the intersegmental 

folds, the epidermal cells, and the epithelium are similar to 

417 

-%e-^


those of sex-pheromone producing glands of other lepidoptera. 

Histochemicall , when stained with Oil Red 0, all three different 

parts give a positive pink color, suggesting that they 

all secrete lipids. Chemical extracts of the thick epidermal 

cells on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the ninth segment 

give a strong male response, and the main sex pheromone organ 

is probably located on the ninth segment. As extracts from 

all three locations can cause a larger male response than the 

extract from any one site alone, it is concluded that more 

than one location is involved in sex pheromone production. 

[RAE) 

0979. Chow, Y. S., S. C. Chiu, and C. C. Chien. 1974. Demonstration 

of a sex pheromone of the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera:Plutellae). 

Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 67:510-512. 

The sex pheromone of the female diamondback moth, Plutella 

xylostella (L.), was isolated and a parapheromone was 

found to be cis-9-tetradecenyl acetate. 

0980. Chow, Y. S., C. L. Hsu, and Y. M. Lin. 1978. Field attraction 

experiment of the sex pheromone of the diamondback 

moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) in Taiwan. Nat. Sci. Coun. 

Month. 6:651-656. (in Chinese with English summary). 

The sex pheromone of the diamondback moth, Plutella 

xylostella (L.) is produced and released by the female moth 

during the night of each day. Females which emerge during 

the first day are able to emit pheromone ("call") at 23:00, 

the calling time shifts earlier day by day with increasing 

age. For instance, two day old females are calling at 21:00, 

four day old at 19:00. On the other hand, the attraction 

ability of the virgin females per day is increasing with age, 

reaching a maximum attraction level on days 4-5 and then 

d( reasing to zero. Under natural condition, four virgin 

females together attract more males than the chemically synthesized 

sex pheromone mixture (1:1 Z-ll-hexadecenyl acetate 

and Z-ll-hexadecenal). But when the temperature decreases 

(below 10 0 C), or environmental conditions are unfavorable to 

the females, more males are caught by the synthesized pheromone 

trap. If Z-ll-hexadecenyl acetate and Z-11-hexadecenal 

are mixed in different ratios in pheromone traps, the long 

term effect of the chemicals (10 ,ug) in the field causes the 

diamondback moth population density peak to change from a 

sharp peak (2-3 days) to a peak that is 10 days or more in 

duration and is flatter in appearance. This may mean that 

the sex pheromone can cause a previously synchronized diamondback 

moth population to go to a asynchronized one by the 

disruption of the communication between the sexes. We have 

also found that addition to the sex pheromone, Z-ll-hexadecenyl 

acetate and its corresponding aldehyde, methyl Z-llhexadecanoate, 

is synergistic compound at low concentrations 

by firld screen tests. 

098i. Chow, Y. S. and Y. M. Lin. 1983. Recent advance of the 

418

Pheromones, JH, Chemosterilants, Repellents 

sex pheromonal studies of the vegetable pests. pp. 134-143. 

In Proceedings of Symposium on Insect Control of Vegetables 

in Taiwan. Department of Agriculture and Forestry, Taiwan 

Provincial Government, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC (in Chinese 


The utilization of sex pheromone in pest control is 

being established only in two species, Lhe tobacco cutworm 

Spodoptera litura (F.) and the diamondback moth Plutella 

xylostella (L.). In cabbage fields, when different kind of 

traps with pheromone lure were used double layer sticky trap 

could catch more numbers of S. litura males than the cone 

trap or the plastic trap. The plastic trap (Bag-A-Bug) which 

contained organophosphorus insecticide 2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl 

phosphate to kill insects within the box by vapor is 

very practical for large scale usage. Because the plastic 

trap do not need sticky materials, it has good future for 

survey work in case of labor shortage. When the above two 

species pheromones were combined within one trap, the number 

of males of S. litura caught was not different from those 

traps baited with its own pheromone alone. But under the 

same experimental conditions, the number of male diamondback 

moth caught was decreased. When the caught S. litura males 

were dissected for internal observation, changes in pink 

color of the ductus ejaculatorius simplex with age were 

observed, this ph-nomena is similar to that of adult males of 

S. littoralis (Boisd) described by Haines. Besides, the pink 

color of the testis of the male adult was noted. 

0982. Chow, Y. S. and Y. M. Lin. 1983. Pheromonal studies in 

Taiwan. pp. 135-140. In Allelochemicals and pheromones. C. H. 

Chou and G. R. Waller (Eds.). Institute of Botany, Academia 

Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC. 

The authors review the sex pheromone research carried 

out in their laboratory at the Institute of Zoology, Academia 

Sinica, Taipei. Among various insects for which sex pheromones 

are synthesized and tested in the field are Cadra cautella, 

Plodia interpunctella, Spodoptera litura, Plutella xylostella, 

and Periplaneta americana. A defensive pheromone of 

the stick insect, Megacrania tsudai Shiraki, is also characterized. 

It consists of three major components. 

0983. Chow, Y. S., Y. M. Lin, and C. L. Hsu. 1977. Sex 

pheromone of the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera:Plutellidae). 

Bull. Inst. Zool. Acad. Sin. 16:99-105. 

Sex pheromone of the diamondback moth Plutella xyloste- 

Il (L.) has been confirmed to be the mixture of Z-11-hexadecenyl 

acetate and Z-11-hexadecenal by using chromatographical 

isolation techniques (LC and GL") and field attraction experiments. 

The best attractive ratio of the above two compounds 

in field tests is from 1:1 to 3:1. Parapheromones 

such as Z-9-tetradecenyl acetate and Z-9-hexadecenyl propionate 

alone can cause partial male response in laboratory, but 

all failed to attract insect in field work. Because chemica 

419


ily synthesized pheromonal mixture can trap two thirds of the 

male moths attracted by four live virgin females, the mixture 

in 1:1 ratio is proposed as the sampling tool in surveys of 

populations, or mass trapping agent for the control of the 

diamondback moth. 

0984. Chow, Y. S., Y. M. Lin, N. S. Lee, and H. J. Teng. 

1984. The disruption effect of the synthetic sex pheromone 

and its analogues on diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. 

in the field. Bull. Inst. Zool. Acad. Sin. 23:119-122. 

Five mg and 50 mg of sex pheromones (Z-ll-16:Ald, Z-1l- 

16:Ac and Z-11-16:OH), 5 mg and 10 mg of Z-9-14:Ac and 1 mg 

and 10 mg of Z-11-16:011 were tested to show the disruption 

effect on diamondback moth Plutella xylostella in the Shing- 

Chu cabbage field. When the distance between the sticky trap 

and tested chemical was zero or 2.8 m, the tested chemicals 

did not show the disruption effect. However, when the distance 

increased to 6.3 m or 8.4 m, all tested chemicals, except 

1 mg of Z-11-16:OH, showed the disruption effect. In control 

traps more male- were attracted in long distance (6.3 m and 

8.4 m) than th:it in short one (0 m and 2.8 m). It seemed 

that there was P disruption effect among attracting traps in 

the short distance but no or less effect in the longer one. 

So that 1 m of active space of sex pheromone proposed by 

Ishii et al. (1981) needs further consideration. The data 

obtained from this observation suggest the active space of 

diamondback moth in the field is possibly between 1.4 to 

6.3 m. 

0985. Cook, I. M. and G. H. S. Hooper. 1974. Chemosterilization 

of Plutella maculipennis (Curtis) (Lepidoptera:Plutellidae) 

by exposure to residues of metepa. J. Aust. Entomol. 

Soc. 13:241-243. 

Tests in Australia on the sterilization of adults of 

Plutella xylostella (L.) (maculipennis (Curt.)) by exposure 

to residues of metepa are reported. Males were sterilised by 

exposure for 3 h to a residue of 1.57 mg/cm 2 without any deleterious 

effect on survival. With females, high mortality occurred 

before a high degree of sterility was achieved. [RAE] 

0986. Findlay, J. B. R. 1970. The use of antifeedants for 

the control of bollworm on cotton and diamondback moth larvae 

on cabbage. Phytophylactica 2:57-58. 

Fentin acetate (Brestan) and fentin hydroxide (Du-Ter), 

two antifeeding compounds, were lested in sprays at 0.3-0.03% 

for the control of Heliothis (Helicoverpa) armigera (Hb.) on 

cotton in South Africa. They had no effect, which is attributed 

to their la'-k of contact toxicity and the sheltering of 

the buds and pollen from the spray by the leaves of the 

squares. On cabbage, however, the two materials gave very 

promising results against Plutella xylostella (L.) (maculipennis 

(Curt.)) at 0.5% and compared favourably with endosulfan 

at 0.05%. [RAE] 

420


0987. Fujiyoshi, N., K. Miyashita, and K. Kawasaki. 1979. 

Mating inhibition in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella 

(L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) with its synthetic sex 

pheromone. Jpn. J. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 23:235-239. (in Japanese 


The level of mating inhibition in Plutella xylostella 

(L.) afforded by the synthetic sex pheromone (a mixture of 

(Z)-ll-hexadecenal and (Z)-l1-hexadecenyl acetate in a ratio 

of 1:1) was evaluated in the laboratory in Japan. A constant 

and high rate of mating was obtained by providing adults with 

a 5% honey solution. The mating rate was about 80% when three 

pairs of adults were confined (without pheromone) in a 300-ml 

flask, but was 0% eight hours after exposure to 100 ug pheromone 

per flask. The reductions in the mating percentages 

were proportionate to the dose used. At 0.1 and 1 ug/flask, 

there was a delay of about 30 min in the start of pairing as 

compared with adults in flasks without pheromone. [RAE] 

0988. Hong, T. K. 1981. A laboratory study of insect growth 

regulators against the diamondback moth, Plutella x.vlostella 

(Plutellidae) larvae. Malays. J. Appl. Biol. 10:57-62. 

In the laboratory at Minden on Penang Island, West 

Malaysia, the relative effectiveness of five juvenile-hormone 

analogues was tested by ingestion against mature larvae of 

Plutella xylostella (L.) on Chinese c2bbage. Hydroprene (ZR 

512), which was used as standrd of reference, was more effective 

than any of the other analogues, the next most effective 

being methoprene (ZR-515), followed by ZR-520. The chitin 

inhibitor diflubenzuron was tested against second-instar 

larvae and proved more effective after exposure for three 

days than for one day; at similar dose 1Ivels, it was not as 

effective as the juvenile-hormone analogues against the larvae, 

but when fed to adults it caused the production of nonviable 

eggs and therefore merits further investigatin in the 

field. [RAE] 

0989. Hooper, G. H. S. 1970. Chemosterilant studies at the 

University of Queensland, Australia. pp. 291-294. In IIIrd 

International Congress of Plant Protection (chemicals). Milan, 

Italy, 6-8 October 1969. Pentre International des Antiparasitaires., 

Zurich, Switzerland. 

Studies on the effects of chemosterilants on Blattella 

germanica, Plutella maculipennis, and Austrodacus cucumis are 

being carried out at the University of Queensland, Australia. 

Plutella adult males, 0-24 h old, were fed on metepa in 10% 

sucrose for 24 h. Increasing the concentration of metepa 

from 0.1 to 0.6% gave progressively greater sterility from 

19.2 to 99.6% compared with a control sterility of 15.3%. 

Within this range there was no effect on female fecundity or 

on male longevity (which was of' the order of 14 days). However, 

above 0.6% metepa the degree of sterility became very 

erratic; for example, 0.8% gave 48.0% sterility. The authors 

thought it possible that above a.critical cjncentration the 

421


metepa could have a repellent effect. When investigated, no 

support could be gained for this explanation. Topical application 

of metepa in volatile solvent has also given good 

results. Dosages of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 ug applied to 0-24 

h old males gave sterility of 15.1, 53.2, 99.2, 99.9 and 

100.0% respectively compared with n control sterility of 

3.9%. When confined for six hours on filter paper impregnated 

with metepa in maize oil, 2 

deposits of 0.38 ug/cm and 

greater gave complete sterility with no effect on fecundity 

or on male longevity. 

0990. Horak, A., I. Hrdy, F. Krampl., and L. Kalvoda. 1980. 

Field trials with pheromone traps for monitoring the pea 

moth, Cyd.ia nigricana. Sbornik UVTIZ--Ochr. Rostl. 16:213 

225. (in Czech with English summary). 

Three types of pheromone traps, based on (E)-lO-dodecenyl 

acetate (OH-E), (8E,IOE)-8,10-dodecadienyl acetate (OH- 

EE), and Codlemone ((8E,lOE)-8,10-dodecadien-l-ol), respectively, 

were tested in the field in Czechoslovakia in 1977-78 

to trap adults of Cydia nigricana (F.) in pea crops. A trap 

of triangular cross-section baited with OH-E proved to be the 

most efficient, the average daily catch being 2.1 males/trap 

between 7 July and 29 August 1978. OH-E was highly specific 

and the only other species attracted to the trap was Phyllonorycter 

blancardellus (F.); Codlemone attracted Plutella 

xylostella (L.) (maculipennis (Curt.)) in addition to C. nigricana. 

Peak numbers of adults of C. nigr%'cana were trapped 

at about 17.00 h; the threshold temperature for flight was 

18 0 C. Such traps appear very promising for monitori:ng the 

pest in connection with supervised-control programs. ,RAE] 

0991. Ishii, T., K. Nakamura, I, Kawasaki, H. Nemoto, K. Takahashi, 

and A. Kubota. 1981. Active space of the sex pheromone 

of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: 

Yponomeutidau;. Jpn. J. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 25:71-76. 

(in Japanese with E:glish summary). 

In field tests in Japan with pheromone traps baited 

with virgin females of Plutella xylostella (L.) or with a 

rubber dispenser impregnated with the synthetic sex pheromone 

of this species (a mixture of 0.05 mg (Z)-ll-hexadecenal, 

0.05 mg (Z)-ll-hexadecenyl acetate and 0.001 mg (Z)-ll-hexadecenol), 

it was found that adulL males were attracted equally 

to the two types of'bait. The maximum distance downwind 

where the pheromone was active was estimated to be 0.6-0.9 m. 

The ratio of males caught in the trap to the numbers entering 

the odor plume (the attraction rate of the trap) was estimated 

by comparing experimental and simulation results. An 

attraction rate that was less than 30% increased with increases 

in wind velocity. In a further test, males were 

released at various distances from a pheromone source and the 

numbers taking off and flying lipwind were recorded for 5 min 

after release. A large number ,f those released 1-2 m from 

the pheromone source flew upwind at.-1 it was concluded that 

422

Pheromones, JH, Chemosterilani.a, Repellents 

this was evidence of the odor plume. (RAE] 

0992. Jermy, T. and G. Matolcsy. 1967. Antifeeding effect of 

some systemic compounds on chewing phytophagous insects. Acta 

Phytopathol. Acad. Sci. Hung. 2:219-224. 

The antifeeding compounds so far mentioned in the literature 

as inhibiting the feeding of chewing phytophagous 

insects have no notable systemic effect. Since systemic 

action would be a decided advantage and afford continuing 

protection for new growth, the authors investigated in Hungary 

the possible antifeeding effects on six insect species of 

several systemic fungicides. The test compunds were applied 

in solution or suspension to disks punched from leaves of the 

normal food-plants of each teaL spco . The results obtained 

are shown in tables. 

In preliminary tests, the best results were obtained 

with 2,4,6-trichlorophenoxy-etyanol, which markedly inhibited 

feeding by larvae of Athalia rosae (L.) (on rape), adults of 

Phytodecta fornioata (Bruggem.) (on lucerne) and larvae of 

flyphantrin cunea (Dru) (on mulberry): it also inhibited oviposition 

by Ceutorhynchus maculaalba (Hbst.) on young poppy 

fruits. In the main tests, this compound, 2,4,6-trichlorophenoxyacetic 

acid and the sodium salt of the latter completely 

prevented feeding by larvae of A. rosae and Plutella 

xylostella (Y.) (maculipennis (Curt.)) (on rape); only slight 

feeding by Pandemis dumetata (Treitschke) occurred on strawberry 

leaves treated with these substances. The other compounds 

tested, which comprised phenoxyacetic acid and its 

sodium salt, 2-thiouracil, 2-methyl-thicuracil, 6-azauracil, 

2-methylthio-6-azauracil, aud 2-thio-6--azauracil, showed moderate 

to very strong inhibitory effects on A. rosae and 

P lutella, but only the last showed even a slight inhibitory 

effect on Pandemis. It was noted that the degree of inhibition 

varied widely according to the test insect. It is 

concluded that feeding inhibition is probably a general characteristic 

of halide derivatives of phenoxy-ethanol and of 

phenoxyacetic acid, particularly for those of the aryl-alkylethers. 

[HAE1 

0993. Koshihara, T. and H. Yamada. 1980. Attractant activity 

of the female sex pheromone of diamondback moth, Plutella 

x.vlostella (I..), and analogue. Jpn. J. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 

24:6-12. 

It has been shown that (Z)-ll-hexadecenal and (Z)-llhexadecenyl 

acetate are attractant components of the sex 

pheromone of Plutella xyloste]la (L.) and that the analogue 

(Z)-ll-hexadecenol has a synergistic effect on the two components. 

Studies were therefore carried out in the field with 

mixtures of these comipounds on rubber septa placed in sticky 

traps in cabbage fields. (Z)-ll-Hexadecenal and (Z)-llhexadecenyl 

acetate at 1:1 attracted the most males in spring 

and summer (except mid-summer) at 0.01-0.1 mg and in winter 

at 0.1-1 mg. The attraction of the mixture in mid-summer was 

423


enhanced by the addition of 1-10 (Z)-1l-hexadecenol; in 

winter, it was poorly enhanced by the addition of 1% (Z)-llhexadecenol. 

Throughout the year, a mixture of (Z)-1l-hexadecenal 

and (Z ) I- hexadeceny I acetate at 1: 1 and at the 

level of 0.1 mg, with the addition of 1% (Zj-l1-hexadecenol, 

showed considerably more attraction than a trap with 5 virgin 

females. The pheromonal activity remained strong for some 40 

days, even in summer. [RAEI 

0994. Koshihara, T. and It. Yamada. 1981. Female sex pheromone 

of the diamondback moth, Plutelln xylostella. Jpn. Agcic. 

Res. 0. 15:22 28. 

A review is presented of investigations in Japan on the 

female sex pheromone of Plutella x.vlostella (L.), an important 

pest of cruciferous vegetables. The pheromone was identified 

as a mixture of (Z)-ll-hexadecenyl acetate and (Z)-llhexadecenal. 

A mixture of these 2 compounds and (Z)-llhexadecenol 

at a ratio of 5:5:0.1 and dose of 0.1 mg loaded 

on rubber septa was found to te effect ive for trapping males 

for investigating population densities. [RAE) 

0995. Koshihara, T., It. Yamada, Y. Tamaki, and T. Ando. 1978. 

Field attractiveness of the synthetic sex pheromone of the 

diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L..). Appl. Entomol. 

Zool. 13:138-141. 

Tn'. ,esults are presented of field tests on cabbage in 

Japan to investigate the attractiveness to males of Plutella 

xyloste]la (L.) of the synthetic sex pheromone coW,,ponents 

(Z)-ll-hexadecenal and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate. They 

indicated that when used tosfether on a cotton wick in the 

ratio 5:5, 1 ,ug of the mixture was equivalent in attractiveness 

to 5 virgin females at mean tempertures of 10-150C. The 

mixture was less attractive to the males at 200C for reasons 

that were not determined. (RAE) 

0996. Kumar, K. and R. B. Chapman. 1983. Repellency and antifeedant 

activity of pyrethroids to diamondback moth. Proc. N. 

Z. Weed. Pest Control. Conf. No. 36: 162-i66. 

Strong repellent and antifeedant activity against 3rdinstar 

larvae of P.iuteihi .vyoste.la (I.) were found when 

larvae were exposed in the laboratory in New Zealand to 

leaves of broccoli that had been treated with permethrin and 

fenvalerate at the LCI -and LC50. These effects were not as 

marked with weathered residues on broccoli that had been 

treated at recommended rates in the field. [RAE] 

0997. Lau, C. F. and K. I. Sudderuddin. 1979. Studies of the 

effects of the chemosterilants thiotepa and hempa on Plutella 

xylostella L. Malays. Appl. Biol. H: 145-153. 

Preliminary evaluation of the chemosterilants thiotepa 

and hempa against the cabbage pest Plutella xylostelia (L.) 

was carried out in the laboratory at Kuala Lumpur, West 

Malaysia. Sterility induced in both sexes by topical appli 

424

Pheromon.s, Jl{, Chemosterilants, Repellents 

cation (of thiotepa at 0.13, 1.2 or 2.4 ug and of hempa at 

0.25, 25 and 50 pg/insect) persisted over the test period, 

although the number of eggs laid was unaffected and the 

fecundity of normal females mated with treated males was 

similar to that of females mated with untreated males. Males 

treated with either chemosterilant had normal sexual vigor 

and a normal life-span. Thiotepa proved to be 31 and 41 

times as efffective as hempa in causing complete sterilitly 

in males and females, respectively. Female sterility was due 

mainly to non-viability of eggs, although at higher doses egg 

production also decreased. Histological studies showed that 

both compounds affected oogeneais and vitellogenesis. Viability 

was reduced in eggs from females that had been treated 

in the larval stae. In vitro inhibition studies showed that 

thiotepa at high concentrations inhibited cholinesterase and 

carboxylesterase. [RAE] 

0998. Iin, Y. M. and Y. S. Chow. 1982. Deactivation of the 

sex pheromone of the diamondback moth by alumina. Bull. Inst. 

Zool. Acad. Sin. 21:61-66. 

The sex pheromone of the diamondback moth was deactivated 

completely when it was chromatographed on active alumina 

column. It is established that the components of the sex 

pheromone, (Z)-ll-hexadecenal and (Z)-1l-hexadecenyl acetate, 

were coverted and hydrolyzed respectively to the corresponding 

alcohol, (Z)-Ll-hexadecenol, by active neutral alumina. 

0999. Lin, Y. M. and Y. S. Chow. 1983. Field evaluation and 

stability studies of the synthetic pheromone of the diamondback 

moth, Plutelln x.vlostella. pp. 147-155. In Allelochemicals 

and Pheromones. C. H. Chou and G. R. Waller (Eds.), 

Institute of Botany, Academeia Sinia, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC. 

The optimal dose of the sex pheromone of the diamondback 

moth in the field trapping was 50-100 u.g of a mixture of 

(Z)-ll-hexadecenal, (Z)-ll-hexadecenyl acetate, and (Z)-llhexadecen-l-ol 

in the ratio of 5:5:0.1, dispensed in polyethylene 

(PE) caps or PE microtubes. Under ordinary conditions, 

the synthetic pheromone was attractive to males only 

about ten days. However, when the antioxidant BHT was added 

to the pheromone mixture, the longevity of the attractant 

bait was extended to five weeks. The mechanism of this 

prolongation of the bait was elucidated by showing that (Z)l1-hexadecenal, 

one component of the sex pheromone, gave (Z) 

11--hexadecenoic acid and hydroperoxides by illumination in 

sunlight or irradiation with a 300-W lamp. This photooxidation 

of the sex pheromone could be inhibited by adding BHT. 

Another component of the sex pheromone of the diamondack 

moth, (Z)-ll-hexalecenyl acetate, was stable to photooxidation 

under the same conditions. 

1000. Lin, Y. M. and Y. S. Chow. 1983. Synthesis of insect 

sex pheromones and their homologues. II. Synthesis of the sex 

pheromones of the diamondback moth and Spodoptera litura F. 

425


pp. 144-152. In Proceedings of Symposium on Insect Control of 

Vegetables in Taiwan. Department. of Agriculture and Forestry, 

Taiwan Provincial Government, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC. 


(Z,E)-9,11-Tetradecadienyl acetate, a major component 

of the sex pheromone of Sponoptera lit ura (F. ) was synthesized 

by the Witting reaction between (E)-2-pentenal and the 

ylid derived from 9-hydroxynonyl triphenyl phosphonium bro-mide. 

(Z)-l-Hexadecenal and (Z)-ll--hexadecenyl acetate, the 

sex pheromones of the diamondback moth, (Plutella xylostella) 

were synthesized by acetylenic route starting from 1,10decanediol. 

1001. Lin, Y. M., Y. S. Chow, 11.J. Teng, C. B. Hurng, and S. 

S. Wang. 1984. The distance effects of (Z)-9-tetadecenyl 

acetate and (Z)-11-hexadecen-l-0l on the sexual communication 

of diamondback moth, Plutell8 xylostella L. Bull. Inst. Zool. 

Acad. Sin. 23:187-192. 

Fifty jg of the synthetic sex pheromone in the ratio of 

3:7:0.1 of (Z)-ll-hexadecenal (Zll-16:Ald), (Z)-1l-hexadecenyl 

acetate (Zll116:Ac), and (Z)-ll-hexadecen-l-ol (ZIl- 

16:OH) significantly caught more adults than other blends in 

the Sang Chung cabbage field. The sticky traps with this 

ratio of synthetic sex pheromone were used as monitoring 

tools for evaluating the disruptive effect. ZII-16:OH and 

Z9-14:Ac reduced 58-69% captures of diamondback moth in the 

pheromone trap. Both Z9-14:Ac and Z1I-16:OH showed the disruptive 

effect on the sexual communication of Plutella xylostella 

at 0.7 m, however significantly more adults were caught 

when compared with the pheromone traps at 0 m. So, when using 

these two chemicals as disruptants for controlling diamondback 

moth, the spacing between disruptants shorter than 1.4 M 

is suggested. 

1002. Lin, Y. M., Y. S. Chow, and H. C. Tzeng. 1982. Field 

trapping of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) 

and Pseudoletia separata Walker using the synthetic 

sex pheromone of the diamondback moth. Bull. Inst. Zool. 

Acad. Sin. 21:121-127. 

The optimal dose of the sex pheromone of the diamondback 

moth in the field trapping were 50-100 ig of the mixture, 

(Z)-ll-hexadecenal, (Z)-ll-hexadecenyl acetate and (Z) 

11-hexadecenol in the ratio of 5:5:0.1, dispensed in polyethylene 

(PE) caps or PE microtubes. Under ordinary condition, 

the synthetic pheromone was attractive to males only 

about ten days. When the antioxidant BItT was added to the 

pheromone mixture, the longivity of the attractant bait was 

increased to five weeks. The males of rice armyworm, Pseudaletia 

separata Walker, were attracted by the above synthetic 

lure of the diamondback moth, but not attracted by the single 

component alone, or the binary mixture of (Z)-ll-hexadecenal 

and (Z)-ll-hexadecenyl acetate in the ratio between 9:1 and 

1:9. The males of Leucania separata Walker were attracted by 

426


the mixture of (Z)-ll-hexadecenyl acetate and (Z)-l1-hexadecenol 

in the ratio of 4:1 and males of L. loreyi Duponchel 

were attracted by a 9:1 mixture of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate 

and (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate and also a 0.8:8:2 mixture of 

(Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)--9-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)li-hexadecenyl 

acetate in cabbage field in the vicinity of 

paddy field at Nankang, Taipei. 

1003. Linnaluoto, E. T. and S. Koponen. 1983. Northern moths 

(Lepidoptera) attracted by synthetic pheromones. Ann. Entomol. 

Fenn. 49:64. 

Eight synthetic sex pheromones made for controlling 

lepidopterous pests in more southerly areas were tested in 

Lapland, Finland, in 1981-82 to see whether they were attractive 

to any northern species of Lepidoptera. Three noctuids 

and a great many Microlepidoptera (including species of Coleophora) 

were taken in traps containing four of the pheromones 

(including those of Trichoplusin ni (fib.), P.Iutella 

xylostella (L.), and C.Ydia prunivora (Walsh) (Grapholita 

pruni ,ore,) ). [RAE 1 

1004. Maa, C. J. W. and Y. M. Lin. 1984. Pheromone response, 

enzymatic activity, and electrophoretic properties of antennal 

esterase of male diamondback moth in Taiwan. p. 466. In 

XV[I International Congress of Entomology. Hamburg, Abstract 

Volume. 

Natural populations of diamondback moth (Plutella xy.ostella 

L.) collected from five different vegetable fields 

were investigated. The response of male to the female pheromone 

was revealed by a Y-test in laboratory and mass trapping 

of adult males in field as well. The antennal esterase 

activity of diamondback moth was monitored by either Inaphthylacetate 

or 14C (Z)-ll-hezadecenyl acetate. In addition 

the zymogram of antennal esterase was also studied by 

poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. We found that variations 

of pheromone response of the adult male to trinary of (Z)-llhexadecenal, 

(Z)-ll-hexadecenyl acetate, and (Z)-ll-hexadecenol, 

was either age-dependent or population-dependent. Assay 

of antenaal esterase activity was positively correlated with 

the behavior of the male moth. Zymogram of antennal esterase 

showed that there are three to six bands varied with different 

population. Certain bands are possibly associated with 

the response of male adults to pheromone. The pheromone 

hydrolytic activity of antennal esterase by using isotope 

labeled acetate pheromone was shown to be significantly high 

when the male adapted to the habitat where the insecticide 

was intensively used for pest control. 

1005. Maa, C. J. W., Y. M. Lin, and Y. S. Chow. 1983. Variation 

of pheromone response and antennal esterase activity of 

the male diamondback moth (Plutela xylostella L.) of Taiwan 

pp. 157-165. In Allelochemicals and pheromones. C. H. thou 

and G. R. Waller (Eds.). Institute of Botany, Academia Sini 

427


ca, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC. 

Male sex behavior to the female sex pheromone of the 

diamondback moth revealed that the male adults responsed 

differentially to 1.0 ug of the sex pheromone mixtu.re of (Z)l-hexadecenal, 

(Z)-!l-hexadecenyl acetate, and (Z)-ll-hexadecen-1-oI 

in a ratio of 1.0: 1.0:0.02. Variation of he 

pheromone response of the male adults was found either agedependent 

or, population-dependent. A male collected from 

Geoufang (GF), where insecticides were never used for pest 

control, showed the strongest response to the lure, whereas 

males from other locations, where pesticides had been used 

for contro I , were less active to the ba i . Assay of antennal 

esterase activity, paralleling the behavior test of the male 

moth, showed a pos i Live correlation between these two biological 

factors. No such interrelation was found between the 

sex behavior of the male moth with its leg esterase activity. 

The hydrolytic activity of the antennat esterase toward 1naphthyl 

acetate was at least threefold that of the leg 

counterpart. The possible role of the antennal esterase as 

well as the leg esterase on pheromone reception is discussed. 

1006. Maa, C. J. W., Y. M. Lin, and Y. S. Chow. 1984. Population 

variations in male response to female sex pheromone of 

Plutella xylostella in Northern Taiwan. Plant Prot. Bull. 

(Taiwan) 26:249-255. 

Five blend ratios of synthetic sex pheromone of the 

diamondback moth (Plutella x.ylostella L.), namely 7:3:0.1, 

6:4:0.1, 5:5:0.1, 4:6:0.1 and 3:7:0.1 of (Z)-ll-hexadecenal; 

(Z)-ll-hexadecenyl acetate; (Z)-ll-hexadecen-l-ol were chosen 

to assess the attractunt efficiency of male catch in the 

fields at northern Taiwan. Evidences showed that, population 

variations of male adults to female sex pheromone of the moth 

existed in Taiwan. Male adults from Nan-Kang, Sheh-Tzu, San- 

Chung, and I-Lan showed a preponderant response to a blend 

ratio of 3:7:0.1 (aldehyde, acetate, and alcohol), male 

adults from Chu-Pei prefered to 4:6:0.1 combination. Factors 

that might influence the male response were discussed. 

1007. Morallo-Rejesus, B. 1978. Juvenile hormones and insect 

control. Philipp. Entomol. 4:21--54. 

In this article the author briefly reviews the available 

information on hormonal regulation of insect development 

and chemical structure of juvenoids. She then discusses the 

results obtained in her laboratory with Attacus JH and Cecropia 

JH on Ostrinja furnacalis, leliothis armigera, Spodopte-a 

litura, Plutella x.ylostelia, Musca domestica, and Dacus dorsalis. 

In the case of P. xylosteila, topical application of 

Attacus JH and Cecropia JH on one-day old last instar larva 

caused inhibition in reproduction. Sterilization was observed 

both in male and female. Stferility was transmitted from 

treated male to untreated female or treated female to untreated 

male. Aside from the reduction in number of eggs 

laid, the viability of the eggs was significantly reduced in 

428

Pheromones, J11, Chemosterilants, Repellents 

the different mating crosses. The sterility effect was transmitted 

from F1 to F2. 

1008. Morallo-Rejesus, B. and L. D. T, tangco-Fabellar. 1979. 

The effect of Attacus and Cecropia juvenile hormones on the 

development and fecundity of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella 

Linn. and transfer of partial sterility to its offspring. 

Philipp. Entomol. 4:177--183. 

The natural juvenile hormones of Attacus atlas (L.) 

(termed AJH) and of H.valophora cecropia (L.) (termed CJH) 

were topically applied to final-instar larvae of Plutella 

xY.vloste ila (L.) in the laboratory in the Philippines. The 

doses giving 25 or 50% inhibition of metamorphosis (ED25 and 

ED5O) were determined: the ED25s were 1 x 20-2 ug/mg body 

weight for A.JH 10 - 

and 4 x for C.ii, and the ED50s were 1 x 

10-8 for AJH and I x 10-6 ug/mg body weight for CJH. Treatment 

reduced larval survival, pupation, and adult emergence 

and caused the format ion of larval-pupal intermediates 

abnormal 

and 

adults. Mating between a treated male or female and 

an untreated partner of the opposite sex resulted, in either 

combination, in significantly reduced egg production and 

hatching rate. This partial sterility was transmitted to 

the next two generations. [RAE) 

1009. Nemoto, H., K. Takahashi and A. Kubota. 1981. Effective 

period of synthetic sex pheromone of diamondback moth, 

Plutella .vlostelIn. Proc. Kanto Plant Prot. Soc. No. 28:104. 

(in Japanese). 

Two shapes of dispenser of F-01, a synthetic sex pheromone 

for P. .ylostella, which is a mixture of 0.05 mg (Z)-1lhexadecenal, 

0.05 mg of (Z)-1l-hexadecenyl acetate and 0.001 

mg of (Z)-ll-hexadecenol, were compared. Males were captured 

more frequently in traps baited with S-type dispenser of F-01 

than L-type one. Potency of L-type as an attractant lure for 

male moth lasted for 30 days and potency of S--type lasted for 

two months. 

1010. Punja, N., C. N. H. Ruscoe, :tnd C. Treadgold. 1973. 

Insect juvenile hormone mimics: a structural basis for activity. 

Nature New Biol. 242:94-96. 

Certain members of a new group of non-terpenoid compounds, 

esters of chrysanthemic: acid, possess a high order of 

juvenile-hormone mimetic activity. Investigations were carried 

out to study the structural basis for activity of these 

chrysanthemates. When larvae or nymphs of Dysdercus fasciatus 

Sign. , Rhodnius pro i.vus S ta I, Cimex lect ularJus L., 

Plutella x.vlostella (L.) , Phuedon cochleariae (F.), Tenebrio 

malitar L. and Blattlla germanicit (L. ) were sprfyed with 

chrysanthemate solutions and larvae of Aedes aeg.pt (L.) were 

reared in them in order to determine the spectrum of activity 

of the compounds, only Dysdercus was found to be susceptible. 

Further tests were carried out to determine the relative 

activities of different chrysanthemates against this species. 

429


Comparison of Dreiding molecular models of the active chrysanthemates 

with a synthetic preparation of the cecropia oil 

juvenile hormone (AY22342, which contains 12.8% of the trans, 

trans, cis isomer of methyl 10, ll-epoxy-7-ethyl-3,11-dimethyl-2,6-tridecadienoate) 

and with juvabione (methyl 4-(1,5dimethyl-3-oxohexyl)-l-cyclohexene-l-carboxylate) 

effectively 

demonstrated similarities in configuration, suggesting that 

the relative positions of the terminal groups are of greater 

importance for, receptor fit and, therefore, hormone activity 

than is the configuration in the center of the molecule. The 

model comparison also demonstrated the importance of isomerism 

at C2-C3 in determining molecular shape in the alkyl 

chrysanthemates and the relative unimportance of the stereochemistry 

of the cyclopropane ring. The same isomerism also 

produces large differences in the shape of synthetic isomers 

of the cecropia oil hormone; this provided an explanation for 

the much lower activity of the C2--C3 cis isomers compared 

with the trans isomers of the hormone and of farnesol (3,7, 

ll-trimethyl-2,6,1:-dodecatrien-l-ol) and its derivatives. 

Comparison of a number of active mimics (farnesoic acid esters, 

terpenoid ethers, p-substituted benzoates and peptide 

analogues of polyisoprenoids) showed that all give an excellent 

terminal group fit with the cecropia-hormone model. 

[RAE] 

1011. Rahn, R. 1983. Lepidoptera injurious to cabbage crop in 

Western France. Sci. Agron. Rennes. No. 2:48-60. (in French 


As a result of observations with sex pheromone and 

light traps, the Lepidoptera infesting cabbage in Brittany, 

France, were found to be Phlogophora meciculosa (L.), Xestia 

c-nigrum (L.), Autographa gamma (L.) and Noctua pronuba (L.) 

in the winter, which damage cabbages just before harvest by 

their feeding tunnels and accumulations oF excreta, and Mamestra 

brassicae (L.), Evergestis forficalig (L.), Pieris brassicae 

(L.), Artogeia rapae (L.) (P. rapae), Plutella xyloste- 

Ila (L.), and Autographa gamma in the summer, which attack 

the developing plants. Notes are given on the biology of 

each species, with a view to devising rational methods of 

chemical or biological control of the insects, of prevention 

of attack, or of reduction of crop losses after infestation. 

[RAE] 

1012. Ruscoe, C. N. E. 1972. Growth disruption effects of an 

insect antifeedant. Nature New Biol. 236:159-160. 

The effect of azadirachtin (from Azadirachta indica) on 

the feeding and growth of last-instar larvae of Pieris brassicae 

(L.) and Plutella xyloste8la (L.) on cabbage leaves, 

Heliothis virescens (F.) on tobacco leaves and last-instar 

nymphs of Dysdercus fasciatus Sign. on cotton seeds was 

investigated in the laboratory in Britain by spraying the 

material, at various concentratins in a wetting agent, evenly 

over the insects, food, and containers. Subsequent feeding 

430


decreased with increasing concentrations of azadirachtin in 

P. xylostella and H vir-escens and remained at a low level 

when untreated leaves were substituted for the treated ones. 

Development was retarded in all the treated insects, and 

many, especially those treated at high rates, died without 

further moults. No adults of Pieris brassicae or H. virescens 

were produced and the pupae of P. brassicae were small 

and deformed, evidently as a direct effect of azadirachtin, 

since feeding by this species was not inhibited. Azadirachtin 

possesses some structural features in common with insect 

ecdysones and may therefore act through interference with the 

normal hormone balance. Extracts of the leaves of Melia 

azedarach in chloroform, but not in water, inhibit feeding 

and retard growth and development in lepidopterous larvae, 

but azadirachtin is readily extracted from the leaves of 

Azadirachta indica with water and so is unlikely to be the 

active principle in aM. azedarach. Though less effective 

against lepidopterous larvae than against Schistocerca gregaria 

(Forsk.), azadirachtin is considered to be of potential 

value against some crop pests. [RAE] 

1013. Scheurer, R., V. Fluck, and M. A. Ruzette. 1975. Experiments 

with insect growth regulators (IGRs) on Lepidopterous 

pests and some of their parasitoids. 

Ges. 48:315-321. 

Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. 

Three derivatives of aryl--pentenoic and aryloxy-butenoic 

acid were tested in sprays as insect growth regulators 

against Plutella x/lostella (L.) and its parasite Diadegma 

fenestralis (Hlmgr.) (Nythobia fenestralis), Pieris brassicae 

(L.) and it3 parasites Apanteles glomeratus (L.) and Pteroma- 

Jus pupa-um (L.), and Lymantria dispar (L.) (Porthetria dispar) 

and its parasite A. fulvipes (Hal.) and a chalcid 

hyperparasite, under greenhouse and field conditions with 

material collected in the field in Switzerland. When CGA 

13353 , CGA 34301 and CGA 34302 were applied at 0.05 and 

(in brackets) at 0.075% to final-instar larvae of Plutella 

xylostella, the percentages that gave rise to normal adults 

were 25.8 (14.8), 57.6 (56.2) and 34.6 (62.0), respectively, 

as compared with 100% for no treatment. la groups of 21-25 

larvae that were parasitised by D. fenestralis, 92-96% gave 

rise to adult parasites, as compared with 95.6% for no treatment. 

Similar results are presented for the other species 

tested, for which the rates of application, effectiveness, 

and effects on parasites, differed in some details. It is 

concluded that a' though damage caused by the pests to the 

plants could not bu prevented entirely, the fact that treat 

ments did not seriously affect the parasites suggests that 

they might be of use in integrated control programmes to 

achieve long-term reductions in pest populations. [RAE] 

1014. Su, C. Y. and W. Y. Lee. 1977. Study of morphological 

and histological structure of the female sex pheromone gland 

of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: 

431


Plutelliclae). Plant. Prot. Bull. (Taiwan) 

Scanning 

19:149--156. 

electron microscopy 

showed that 

in studies 

the sex pheromone 

in Taiwan 

x.ylostella 

gland of females 

(L.) is 


divided 

Plutella 

into 

anterior 

three areas,, 

portion, namely 

glandular 

the 

area, and 

nation 

posterior 


area. 

ultrastructure 

Exami 

cells 

revealed 

contain that 

cuticle, 

the glandular 

mitochondria, 

lipid droplets 

microvilli, 

and basement 

vacuoles, 

membrane. 

of epicuticle 

The cuticle 

and endocuticle, 

consists 

and 

loped 

microvilli 

below are 

the 

well 

endocuticle; 

deve 

the nuclei are large and irregu 

lar. [RAE] 

1015. Tamaki, Y., K. Kawasaki, H. 

Osaki, 

Yamada, 

T. 

T. 

Ando, 

Koshihara, 

S. Yoshida, N. 

and 

hexadecenal 

H. Kakinohana. 

and 

1977. 

(Z)-[l-hexadec(enyt 

(Z)-ll 

components 

acetate: 


sex 

the 

pheromone 

diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: 

dae). Appl. 

Plutelli 

,ntomol. Zool. 

Two 

12:208-210. 

chemicals (Z)-ll-hexadecnal 

acetate, and 

isolated 

(Z)-ll-hexadecenyl 

from female dia,,iondback 

fied as two 

moth, 

components 

were identi 

of female sex 

moth. 

pheromone 

These 


chemical 

diamondback 

differ from 

pionate 

the (Z)- 9 that 

-hexadecenyl 

was found to 

pro 

be an important component 

mondback of 

moth 

dia 

in Taiwan. [RAEJ 

1016. Yamada, H. and T. Koshihara. 

ctiveness 

1980. Interspecific 

of female sex 

attra 

pheromone components 

moth, Plutella 

of diamondback 

xylostella (L.), 

leak 

and 

miner, 

their analogue 

Acrolepiopsis to stone 

sapporensis Matsumura. 

48:104-110. Kontyu 

(in Japanese with English 

Interspecific 

summary). 

attractiveness 

components 

of female 


sex 

diamondback 

pheromone 

moth, 

(Z)-ll-hexadecenyl 

(Z)-ll-hexadecenal 

acetate, 

and 

hexadecenol, 

and their parent 

to the 

alcohol, 

stone (Z)-ll 

leek miner, 

cies, a 

was 

closely 

extensively 

related 

evaluated 

spe 

in 

that 

the 

the 

field. 

stone 

It 

leek 

was 

miner 

found 

moth 

sensitive 

was characteristically 

to the mixture of 

more 

(Z)-ll-hexadecenal, 

decenyl acetate (Z)-l1-hexa 

and (Z)--ll-hexadecenol 

trations 

at much 

as compared 

higher concen 

with the diamondback 

leek miner moth. 

might utilize 

The stone 

the same 

the 

sex 

diamondback 

pheromone components 

moth at much 

as 

higher concentrations 

mating 

in its 

communication. 


0201, 0282, 0364, 0377, 0632, 0686, 0915. 

432

Author Index 

(By Abstract Number) 

Abe, Y. 681 Beseemer, A. F. H. 714 

Abou-Ghadir, M. F. 629 Bhatta, K. L. 845 

Adashdevich, B. P. 379, 380, Biache, G. 531 

682 Biever, K. D. 213 

Agui, N. 212 Bindra, 0. S. 284 

Andaloro, J. T. 279 Blamble, A. E. 625 

Anionand, P. N. 683 Blanchard, E. E. 395 

Apple, J. W. 707 Blunck. 618 

Armstrong, T. 745 Bobbins, M. L. 541 

Asano, S. 519 Bodor, J. 21 

Asayama, T. 520, 521, 522, Bogavac, M. 409 

523, 524, 525, 526, 527, Bogdanov-Katkov, N. N. 22, 

528 619 

Ashihara, W. 969 Boldt, P. E. 213 

Attia, F. I. 552 Bond, J. A. 715 

Atwal, A. S. 281, 392, 529 Bondar, G. 231 

Aubart, C. 548 Bondarenko, N. 396 

Austin, M. D. 320 Bonnemaison, L. 970 

Averin, V. 18 Borcan, I. 235, 285 

Averin, V. G. 17 Bottger, G. T. 713 

Awate, B. G. 708, 760 Bourdouxhe, L. 735, 736 

Bourne, B. A. 23 

Baba, K. 655 Box, H. E. 24 

Bach, P. De. 393 Bradley, J. D. 199 

Backs, R. H. 313 Bragiina, M. F. 586 

Bajet, C. M. 817 Bremer, H. 25, 286 

Baker, P. B. 282 Bretherton, R. F. 287 

Balazs, K. 21 Brethes, J. 232, 397 

Ball, Jh. J. 971 Brett, C. H. 620, 637, 716 

Balle, B. G. 801 Brewer, G. J. 971 

Barbier, R. 200 Briceno, A. 266 

Bardner, R. 191, 192, 193 Britton, W. E. 26, 621 

Bare, C. 0. 350, 709, 847, Bronson, T. E. 717 

848 Brouwer, W. M. T. J. de. 718 

Barnard, J. 957 Brown, .T. D. 27 

Barroga, S. F. 641, 720, Brubaker, R. W. 177, 363 

721, 915 Bunyakin, V. P. 323 

Basheer, M. 401, 402 Buranday, R. P. 622 

Beaumont, A. 870 Burgerjon, A. 530, 531 

Beausoleil, J. M. 120 Burgess, L. 398 

Bei-Bienko, G. Y. 283 Bushtshik, T. H. 486 

Beid, W. J. Jr. 118 Butler, G. D. Jr. 28, 29 

Bell, J. V. 538 Butts, R. A. 288 

Bennett, F. D. 394 

Bennett, S. H. 710 Cadapan, E. P. 532 

Berdsley, J. W. 19 Caesar, L. 121 

Berezhkov, R. P. 20 Callens, J. Y. 719 

Beri, Y. P. 711, 712 Calora, F. B. 720, 721 

Beroza, M. 642, 713 Cameron, A. E. 233 

433


Campbell, W. V. 716 Chou, K. C. 405 

Carden, P. W. 722 Chou, L. Y. 406 

Carlson, E. C. 30 Chou, T. M. 919, 920, 922 

Carpenter, G. H. 31 Choudhaey, R. 172 

Carrillo S., J. L. 533 Chow, Y. S. 201, 211, 973, 

Cass, L. M. 32, 313, 314, 977, 978, 979, 980, 

315, 723, 772. 773 981, 982, 983, 984, 

Castineiras, A. 399 998, 999, 1000, 1001, 

Cavalcante, M. L. S. 724 1002, 1005, 1006 

Cavalcante, R. D. 724 Christ, G. 844 

Cermeli, M. 725 Chu, Y. I. 295 

Chalfant, R. B. 726, 861, Chua, T. H. 296, 297, 368 

943, 944, 965, 972 Chuang, M. L. 220 

Champ, B. R. 727, 728 Chung, G. F. 896 

Chan, K. 234 Chuo, S. K. 732 

Chand, P. 172 Cindea, E. 235 

Chang, C. P. 916 Clark, P. J. 733, 734 

Chang, F. 973 Clifford, D. P. 643 

Chang, L. C. 289, 400, 405, Clinch, P. G. 648 

534 Collingwood, E. F. 735, 736 

Chang, S. L. 729 Constantineanu, M. I. 407 

Chapman, R. B. 656, 996 Cook, I. M. 985 

Chapman, R. K. 572, 635, 636 Cooley, R. A. 34, 35 

Chaudhuri, S. K. 730 Cooper, J. F. 676 

Chauvin, G. 200 Corbett, G. H. 36, 737 

Chawla, R. P. 936 Cordingley, C. L. 37 

Chen, B. H. 406 Costa, M. S. 38 

Chen, C. N. 290, 291, 292, Costache, M. 235 

293, 337, 555, 556, Cottier, W. 738, 739 

945, 946 Cotton, R. T. 298, 740 

Chen, J. 978 Creighton, C. S. 537, 538, 

Chen, J. S. 928, 942 539, 540, 541, 741 

Chen, K. H. 879 Croods, M. 542 

Chen, L. T. 879 Cunningham, G. H. 543 

Chen, W. J. 535 Cuthbert, F. P. Jr. 118 

Cheng, E. Y. 917, 918, 919, Cuthbert, R. B. 539, 540, 

920, 922 741 

Cherian, M. C. 401, 402 

Chesnokov, P. G. 33 D'Silva, T. D. J. 869 

Chi, H. 214, 337, 921, 940 Danthanarayana, W. 37 

Chiang, H. C. 964 Davis, C. J. 408, 455 

Chien, C. C. 404, 405, 406, De Barjac, H. 544 

979 De Charmoy, d'Emmerez. 39 

Chien, T. 731 De Silva, M. D. 545 

Chilingaryan, V. A. 536 Delobel, A. 299 

Chin, T. 294 Delucchi, V. 409 

Chio, H. 403, 507 Den Ouden, H. 371 

Chisholm, M. D. 974, 975, Denton, W. H. 861, 944 

976 Deshmukh, S. N. 742 

Chiu, S. C. 404, 405, 406, Devriendt, M. 546 

979 Dhaliwal, J. S. 300 

Chong, W. C. 819, 820 Dickson, M. H. 623, 624, 

Chou, H. Y. 209 625, 632 

434

Author Index 

Dills, L. E. 743, 744 

Dindon, P. 626 

Diouf, M. 735, 736 

Ditman, L. P. 813 

Djurle, A. 40 

Dlfremova, T. G. 238 

Do, S. A. 38 

Doinikov, A. V. 41 

Dosse, G. 202 

Downing, D. L. 627 

Doyle, J. A. 120 

Dragomir, N. 235 

Dresner, E. 410 

Drieg, A. 568 

Drishnaiah, K. 800 

Duann, Y. H. 203, 209 

Eckenrode, C. J. 625, 632, 

747 

Eddy, C. 0. 748 

Edwards, W. H. 43, 44, 45, 

237 

Eisentraut, A. 628 

Elliott, M. 645, 646, 647 

Emden van, F. I. 411 

Emmett, B. J. 46, 205 

Endrigkeit, A. 749 

Entwistle, P. F. 547 

Eroles, D. 662 

Eroles, L. C. 822 

Evans, I. B. P. 412 

Fan, S. H. 413 

Fang, J. L. 250 

Fargues, J. 548, 549 

Fedorinchik, N. S. 750 

Fedosimov, 0. F. 414 

Feng, H. T. 923, 924, 940 

Fennah, R. G. 751, 752 

Ferdinandsen, C. 47, 48, 49 

Filmer, R. S. 837 

Findlay, J. B. R. 986 

Finlayson, D. G. 753. 

Fischer, E. 301 

Flerida, C. M. 754 

Fletcher, T. B. 50, 239 

Fluck, V. 1013 

Forbes, A. R. 755 

Forte, P. N. 795 

Fox, C. J. S. 756 

Fraser, J. 648 

Fraser, T. E. M. 652 

Frazee, J. R. 869 

435 

French, N. 832 

French, R. A. 302, 303 

Friend, A. H. 757 

Frommer, W. 550 

Frost, S. W. 304 

Fujimoto, K. 667 

Fujioka, S. 225 

Fujiyoshi, N. 987 

Fullaway, D. T. 758 

Fullerton, R. A. 759 

Funasaki, G. Y. 435, 455 

Gabriel, B. P. 532 

Gahan, J. B. 144 

Gandhale, D. N. 708, 760 

Gangwar, S. K. 352 

Garcia tuduri, J. 96 

Garcia, C. 558, 559 

Gardiner, J. G. 761 

Gerwing, V. J. 975 

Ghesquiere, J. 240 

Ghosh, A. K. 762 

Ghosh, C. C. 51 

Ghosh, M. R. 730, 762 

Gibson, A. 52 

Gill, G. S. 604, 891 

Gillham, E. M. 775 

Girault, A. A. 415 

Given, B. B. 174, 215 

Glas, P. C. 416 

Glas, P. C. G. 437 

Glass, E. H. 720, 721 

Glazunov, V. A. 153 

Goma, B. D. 300 

Goodwin, S. 417 

Gorban, S. E. 53 

Goriainov, A. A. 305 

Goto, T. 649 

Giuger, R. J. 898 

Govinda.-ajan, R. 575 

Gowda, J. V. N. 763 

Gozmany, L. 54 

Graham, D. P. 792 

Gram, E. 55, 56 

Granett, P. 764 

Gray, R. A. H. 306, 307 

Greaves, T. 765, 766, 778 

Gui, J. L. 767 

Guibord, M. O'C. 120 

Gulii, V. V. 551 

Gunn, D. 241 

Gupta, B. M. 768 

Gupta, P. D. 175, 176

Gupta, V. K. 418 

Gurney, W. B. 769 

Gutierrez, J. 299 

Habeck, D. E. 716 

Habeck, D. H. 898 

Haddow, B. C. 770 

Hale, R. L. 866 

Hall, C. J. J. van 57 

Haller, H. L. 876 

Hamersma, P. J. 771 

Hamilton, J. T. 58, 308, 

419, 552 

Harcourt, D. G. 242, 243, 

309, 310, 311, 312, 

313, 314, 315, 420, 

772, 773, 818, 925 

Harding, J. A. 421 

Hardy, J. E. 316 

Hargreaves, H. 59 

Hargreaves, J. R. 27 

Harper Gray, R. A. 774 

Harper, J. D. 800 

Harper, S. H. 775 

Harris, W. V. 60, 61 

Harrison, P. K. 177, 317, 867 

Hassanein, M. H. 244 

Havranek, D. 422 

Headlee, T. J. 776 

Helson, G. A. H. 553, 777, 

778 

Hely, P. C. 779 

Henderson, M. 780 

Heong, K. L. 951 

Hernandez, L. R. 399 

Hervey, G. E. R. 781 

Hibbs, E. T. 908 

Higa, S. Y. 435 

Hillyer, R. J. 178, 179 

Hirano, M. 650, 667 

Ho, H. S. 782 

Ho, K. K. 403, 413, 423, 507 

Ho, S. H. 926 

Ho, T. H. 245, 554 

Hodjat, S. H. 343 

Holdaway, F. G. 62 

Homeyer, B. 783, 784 

Hommes, M. 318 

Honda, T. 667 

Hong, T. K. 988 

Hooper, G. H. S. 985, 9a9 

Hopkins, B. 162 

Hopkins, G. H. E. 63 

436 


Horak, A. 990 

Horn, D. J. 424 

Hou, R. F. 216, 217 

Hrdy, I. 990 

Hsiao, J. H. 215, 216, 217 

Hsiao, W. F. 556, 611, 945 

Hsu, C. L. 980, 983 

Hsu, S. J. 210 

Huang, S. W. 929, 941 

Huckett, H. C. 785, 786, 

787, 788, 789, 790 

Hudon, M. 64 

Hudson, N. M. 451 

Huger, A. M. 568 

Hughes, P. R. 557 

Hukkinen, Y. 65, 66 

Hunter, D. K. 600 

Hurng, C. B. 1001 

Hurst, G. W. 362 

Hutchings, C. B. 67 

Hutson, J. C. 68, 69, 70 

Ibrahim, Y. 820 

Ibrahim, H. 560, 587 

Ibrahim, Y. B. 819 

Ignoffo, C. M. 558, 559 

Iida, S. 649 

Illingworth, J. F. 425 

Imai, S. 225 

Inagaki, I. 524 

Inamori, Y. 677 

Iosifescu, M. 235 

Irving, N. S. 791 

Irving, S. N. 652 

Irwin, R. D. 329, 631 

Isaac, P. V. 71 

Ishii, T. 991 

Itaya, N. 667 

Jack, R. W. 72, 73, 74, 319 

Jacks, H. 734, 738, 739 

Jackson, I. F. 792 

Jackson, T. 947 

Jacques, C. 75 

Jager, A. 653 

Jakimavichius, A. 426 

Jangi, M. S. 560 

Jansen, H. 844 

Jaquees, R. P. 756 

Jarvis, H. 76, 793, 794 

Jary, S. G. 320 

Jay, D. L. 600, 601, 602 

Jayanth, K. P. 345

Author Index 

Jayaraj, J. 575 Kolpin-Ravn, F. 334, 335, 

Jayaraj, S. 576, 577, 583 573 

Jeffrey, P. 643 Komson, A. 798 

Jenkins, C. F. H. 795 Kono, Y. 654, 664 

Jermy, T 992 Koponen, S. 1003 

Jnagaki, I. 525 Kopp, A. 79 

Johansson, K. 561 Kopvilem, H. 326 

Jones, R. E. 321 Kopvillem, K. G. 430, 431, 

Jones, T. H. 77 432 

Joshi, F. L. 427 Koshihara, T. 218, 377, 967, 

Junter, D. K. 602 993, 994, 995, 1015, 

1016 

Kakinohana, H. 1017 Koshkin, S. I. 80 

Kalra, R. L. 936 Kou, R. 973 

Kalvoda, L. 990 Kouskolekas, C. A. 799 

Kamath, M. K. 428 Kozawa, M. 655 

Kanervo, V. 246, 247, 322, Kozlowsky, S. 433 

562 Kramer, K. 327 

Kao, A. H. 612, 919, 920 Krampl, F. 990 

Kao, H. W. 248, 563 Krasucki, A. 81 

Kartzov, A. S. 78 Krieg, A. 567, 589 

Kasamatsu, K. 665 Krishnaiah, K. 569, 801 

Kato, M. 38 Krishnomoorthy, A. 443 

Kato, Y. 677 Krivoshrina, N. P. 180 

Katsuda, Y. 661 Kubo, M. 677 

Kawai, H. 833 Kubota, A. 991, 1009 

Kawakami, F. 681 Kumar, K. 656, 996 

Kawakami, T. 664 Kumar, K. K. 856 

Kawasaki, I. 991 Kung, K. S. 337 

Kawasaki, K. 376, 987, 1015 Kutsenin, B. A. 328, 802, 

Kazaryan, B. K. 536 803 

Kelderman, W. 258, 463 Kuznetsov, N. N. 251 

Kelsall, A. 796 Kuznetsov, V. I. 206 

Kelsey, J. M. 564 

Kennedy, G. G. 565, 629 Lack, D. 82 

Kerrich, G. J. 429 Lagowska, B. 434 

Kessell, A. C. 797 Lai, P. Y. 435 

Kharchenko, N. N. 323 Lakon, G. 436 

Khersonskaya, E. A. 53 Lakshminarayan, K. 828 

Kholopov, P. S. 566 Lal, R. 846, 857 

Khoo, S. G. 464 Lamp, C. A. 630 

Khristova, E. 249 Lange, W. 657 

Khurana, A. D. 894 Langenbruch, G. A. 568, 570 

Kido, T. 655 Lappa, N. V. 559 

Kirby, R. D. 324, 948 Latheef, M. A. 329, 631 

Kiritani, K. 935 Lau, C. F. 997 

Kirobe, H. 661 Lee, B. H. 926 

Kitagaki, T. 519 Lee, C. J. 942 

Klein-Koch, C. 950 Lee, D. 926 

Knowlton, G. F. 325 Lee, H. S. 370, 804, 805, 

Ko, L. T. 250 80S, 807 

Ko, W. W. 440 Lee, H. Y. 809 

Kok, P. F. 938 Lee, J. S. 808 

437


Lee, N. S. 984 MacDougall, R. S. 91, 633 

Lee, S. L. 927 Macfarlane, R. 92 

Lee, S. S. 812 Magallona, E. D. 815, 816, 

Lee, W. T. 927 817 

Lee, W. Y. 1014 Maguire, L. A. 340 

Legotai, M. V. 571 Malmstrom, K. K. 338 

Lempke, B. J. 330, 331, 332, Mamat, M. J. 951 

333 Manabe, Y. 654 

Lenteren, J. C. van 437 Mandricel, M. 235 

Letendre, M. 120 Mani, M. 443 

Le-chs, F. 23 Manjunath, T. M. 444, 512 

Lever, R. J. A. W. 84, 85, Manole, N. 235 

86, 438, 810, 811 Marchal, M. 585 

Liang, T. T. 731 Marcovitch, S. 182 

Libby, J. L. 572 Marinescu, G. 235 

Lim, G. S. 368, 439, 440, Mark, T. G. 770 

464, 685, 949, 951 Markkula, M. 93, 341, 342 

Lim, J. S. 812 Marsh, H. 0. 253 

Lim, B. H. 296, 297 Martel, P. 64 

Lin, J. 632 Martin, H. 710 

Lin, N. C. 607 Martouret, D. 546 

Lin, S. C. 731 Mason, C. 94 

Lin, Y. M. 201, 980, 981, Matolcsy, G. 992 

982, 983, 984, 998, Matsushita, Y. 519 

999, 1000, 1001, 1002, Matsuyama, Y. 655 

1004, 1005, 1006 Matthewman, W. G. 818 

Lin-Chow, S. H. 978 Mayer, E. L. 659, 660 

Lind, J. 47, 334, 335, 573 McEwen, F. L. 288 

Lindquist, R. K. 953 McFadden, T. C. 741 

Linnaluoto, E. T. 1003 McFadden, T. L. 537, 538, 

Lintianiemi, w. m. 87 539, 540, 541 

.,ist, G. M. 336 McGovran, E. R. 659 

Littleford, M. F. 813 McNaughton, I. H. 95 

Liu, H. 337 Medina Gaud, S. 96 

Liu, M. A. 201 Meier, N. F. 445 

Liu, M. Y. 219, 928, 929, Melo, Q. M. S. 724 

930, 931, 941, 942 Menn, J. F. 574 

Liu, T. S. 782 Meyer, N. F. 447 

Lloyd, D. C. 441, 442 Michailov-Doinikov, A. 97, 

Lobo-Lima, M. L. 950 98 

Lochhead, W. 88 Miczulski, B. 448 

Lokki, J. 338 Mihailescu, S. 235 

Lord, K. A. 658 Mikami, N. 665 

Lorimer, R. I. 339 Miler, D. 450 

Lounsbury, C. P. 89, 252, Miles, H. W. 254, 449 

Lowry, Q. S. 621 Miller, D. 99 

Lozhaunikas, E. E. 90 Miller, L. W. 451 

Lumaban, M. D. 181 Mills, H. B. 183 

Luo, H. 613 Mimeur, J. 155 

Minamite, Y. 661 

Maa, C. J. W. 220, 1004, Miner, F. D. 255 

1005, 1006 Mirano, M. 651 

MacCarthy, H. R. 755, 814 Mirzayans, H. 343 

438

Author Index 

Misyalyunene, I. S. 614 Nikitina, T. F. 457 

Miyamoto, J. 665 Nomura, K. 887 

Miyashita, K. 987 Noppun, V. 937 

Miyata, T. 933, 937 Nurdin, F. 458 

Mizerova, F. 100 

Mizutani, T. 667 Oatman, E. R. 347, 565, 609 

Mo, T. T. 934 Obarski, J. 834 

Mohamad, R. B. 819, 820 Obayashi, H. 664 

Mohan, N. J. 569, 800, 801 Odawara, M. 212 

Moiseeva, T. S. 452 Odland, M. L. 743, 744 

Mong, T. T. 821 Oguchi, H. 663 

Morallo-Rejesus, B. 641, Ogura, N. 212 

662, 754, 822, 915, Ohgami, H. 661 

1017, 1008 Ohira, Y. 257 

Morgan, W. L. 823, 824, 825 Ohkawa, H. 665, 666 

Morimoto, K. 677 Ohno, N. 667 

Morin, C. 120 Oka, I. N. 578 

Moris, 1I. M. 101 Okawara, M. 212 

Morisak, D. J. 952, 953, 959 Okuno, Y. 667 

Morisaka, K. 677 Ono, H. 935 

Morley, B. 184 Onsager, J. A. 540 

Morrill, A. W. 826 Ooi, P. A. C. 258, 368, 459 

Morstatt, H. 102 460, 461, 462, 463 

Muesebeck, C. F. W. 453 579, 580, 835 

Muggeridge, J. 103, 104, Orchard, 0. B. 140 

344, 454, 827 Orlova-Nesterchuk, A. I. 11 

Mullinix, B. 972 Ormanyan, Z. K. 536 

Murthy, K. S. R. K. 828 Osaki, N. 526, 527, 528 

Mustata, G. 407 649, 1015 

Otanes, F. Q. 259 

Nagano, M. 663, 829 Ouden, H. D. 884 

Nagarkatti, S. 345 

Naik, L. M. 708, 760 Pagden, H. T. 737 

Nakamura, K. 519, 991 Palaniawamy, P. 974, 975 

Nakao, H. K. 455 Palis, F. G. 954 

Namoto, H. 1009 Palm, C. E. 781 

Naqvi, S. N. H. 830 Papp, J. 465 

Narayanan, K. 575, 576, 577 Paramonov, S. 111 

Naude, C. P. 771 Parker, J. R. 836 

Nayar, J. K. 185 Patel, R. C. 512 

Needham, P. H. 646, 647 Patil, A. S. 708, 760 

Nelson, R. H. 660 Patil, S. P. 260 

Nemoto, H. 935, 991 Pegn, C. C. 729 

Newman, L. J. 105, 106, 107, Pena, B. A. A. 261 

256, 346 Pepper, B. B. 837 

Ng, K. Y. 554 Perez, Z. R. 725 

Ng, S. M. 678 Perkins, J. F. 841 

Nguyen, I. T. 456 Perron, J. P. 818 

Nguyen, S. T. 456 Perry, W. M. 838 

Nicholls, H. M. 831 Pescador, M. L. 720, ?21 

Nichols, D. B. R. 832 Pescott, R. T. M. 112 

Nichols, E. H. 108, 833 Petty, B. K. 839 

Nikitin, V. 109 Phillips, A. M. 144 

439


Pickles, A. 113 Reid, W. J. Jr. 350, 847, 

Pimental, D. 634 848, 849 

Pimentel, D. 467 Reisinger, 0. 548, 549 

Planer, G. R. 347 Rendell, C. H. 798 

Plank, H. K. 840 Reyes, T. M. 817 

Pliginsky, V. G. 114 Richard, M. A. 120 

Plotnikoc, V. 115 Richards, E. L. 734 

Plotronieri, L. S. 38 Riddell-Swan, J. M. 119 

Pockett, H. V. 593 Ridler, R. D. 850 

Pokharkar, R. N. 260 Rioux, G. 120 

Ponomareva, E. A. 966 Ripper, W. 207 

Poos, F. W. 466 Ritchot, C. 120 

Portyanko, N. P. 468 Robert, P. H. 549 

Potter, C. 646, 647, 658, Robert, R. 585 

668, 775, 841 Robert, T. H. 548 

Powning, R. F. 842 Robertson, J. S. 547 

Pradhan, S. 669, 670, 671 Robertson, P. L. 263, 473 

Prasad, S. K. 186, 348 Roer, H. 351 

Prasad, V. G. 569 Rojas, P. S. 474 

Prasertphon, S. 581 Roktaneen, L. P. 586 

Predtetchenski, S. 843 Rolfe, S. W. H. 851 

Prieseler, G. 187 Roman, A. 475 

Prokic-Immel, R. 844 Roman, T. 235 

Pschoirn-Walcher, H. 469 Romanova, V. P. 852 

Punja, N. 1010 Roney, J. N. 853 

Purrini, K. 582, 603 Rose, R. 1. 563, 606, 874, 

Pustovarov, V. V. 116 875 

Putman, W. L. 745, 746 Ross, W. A. 121 

Putnam, L. G. 470, 471, 472 Rostrup, S. 47, 48, 49, 56, 

Puttarudriah, M. 845 334, 335, 573 

Ru, N. 476 

Quevedo, C. 725 Rudder, J. D. 637 

Quick, T. C. 958 Ruhman, M. 122 

Qureshi, A. H. 830 Ruhmann, M. H. 123 

Rungs, C. 433 

Radcliffe, E. B. 635, 636 Ruscoe, C. N. E. 1010, 1012 

Rahn, R. 200, 1011 Rushkovsky, I. A. 124 

Raicu, C. 235 Rusinov, V. I. 477 

Rajamohan, N. 583 Russell, J. 125 

Ramasubbaiah, K. 846 Russo, G. 126 

Rambousek, F. 117 Rust, R. E. 717 

Ramzan, M. 284 Ruwaida, M. 638 

Rao, B. J. K. 828 Ruzette, M. A. 1013 

Rao, K. P. G. 763 

Rao, V. P. 480 Sachan, J. N. 277, 352, 353, 

Raros, R. S. 181, 622 854, 911 

Rautapaa, J. 584 Sacharov, N. 127, 128, 188, 

Razumov, V. P. 349 264 

Read, W. H. 140 Saito, T. 937 

Reay, R. C. 648 Sakai, M. 225, 655, 672, 

Reed, J. P. 764 673, 677, 829, 855 

Reed, L. B. 848, 849 Sakakibara, H. 519 

Reichardt, A. N. 262 Sakanoshita, A. 222, 223 

440

Author Index 

Sakharov, N. 221, 265 

Sakimura, K. 189 

Salinas, P. J. 266, 354, 

355, 356, 357 

Sandhu, G. S. 679, 893 

Sanusi Jangi, M. 587 

Saramma, P. U. 742 

Saringer, G. 358 

Sarode, S. V. 856, 857 

Sato, T. 933 

Sato, Y. 224, 225, 663, 664, 

674 

Sauvage, F. 675 

Sauvaqeau, J. L. 120 

Sawada, Y. 677 

Saynor, M. 858 

Scheurer, R. 1013 

Schmutterer, H. 129, 657 

Schnetter, W. 568 

L:chonken, D. B. 599 

Schoyen, T. H. 130, 131, 

132, 359 

Schreiber, A. F. 859 

Schreiner, J. T. 267, 860 

Schurovenkov, Y. B. 588 

Schuster, D. J. 861, 944, 

965 

Sears, M. K. 364, 958 

Seingle, W. T. 876 

Semenov, A. E. 862 

Sen, H. K. 478 

Senior-White, R. 863 

Severin, H. C. 268 

Sharma, J. C. 427, 768 

Sharom, M. S. 864 

Shaw, M. W. 360, 361, 362 

Shekhurina, T. A. 750 

Shelton, A. 956 

Shelton, A. M. 279, 282, 747 

955, 957, 958 

Shembel, S. Y. 128, 133, 134 

Shiao, W. F. 555 

Shorey, H. H. 865, 866 

Shteinberg, D. M. 479 

Sicker, W. 589 

Sidor, C. 590 

Siegler, E. H. 876 

Simmonds, F. J. 480 

Simonet, D. E. 952, 953, 959 

Singh, D. 190, 284 

Singh, K. 529 

Singh, S. P. 190 

Sison, P. 259 

441 

Sivapragasam, A. 638, 684, 

685 

Slabospitskii, A. G. 481, 

591 

Slosser, J. E. 324, 948 

Smee, C. 135, 482 

Smith, C. E. 363, 848, 849, 

867 

Smith, D. 868 

Smith, D. B. 364 

Smith, J. H. 269 

Smith, P. M. 162 

Smits, P. H. 416, 437 

Smyth, E. G. 136 

Sofner, J. 137 

Solov'ev, P. 138 

Somerville, H. J. 592, 593 

Sousa, A. A. 869 

Spencer, G. J. 365 

Speyer, E. R. 139, 140 

Srinivasan, K. 960 

Srivastava, B. P. 353, 854 

Srostrup, S. 55 

Stan, G. 235 

Staniland, L. N. 870 

Steck, W. F. 974, 976 

Stekol'Nikov, A. A. 206 

Stepanova, L. A. 366 

Stoenescu, A. 235 

Stofberg, F. J. 771, 871 

Straka, F. 961, 962 

Street, R. 872 

Strong, L. A. 873 

Strukov, V. 221 

Stuart, A. M. 483 

Stultz, H. T. 796 

Su, C. Y. 874, 875, 1014 

Su, W. Y. 291, 293, 293, 946 

Subramaniam, T. R. 575, 576, 

577 

Sudarwohadi, S. 367 

Sudderuddin, K. I. 368, 678, 

812, 821, 835, 878, 

938, 997 

Suehiro, A. 141 

Sulcs, A. 142 

Sulladmath, U. V. 763 

Sullivan, M. J. 620 

Sun, C. N. 214, 219, 916, 

921, 923, 928, 929, 

930, 931, 932, 939, 

941, 942 

Suomalainen, E. 338


Svensson, I. 143 Tomescu, A. 235 

Swezey, 0. H. 208, 484 Tomiyama, H. 596 

Swingle, M. C. 144, 676, 876 Torka, V. 492 

Syam, U. 877 Traynier, R. M. M. 196 

Treadgold, C. 1010 

Tadic, M. 409 Treherne, R. C. 148 

Takahashi, K. 991, 1009 Tryon, H. 149 

Takahashi, N. 967 Tsedev, D. 414 

Takahashi, R. 145 Tsuchiyama, A. 597 

Takemoto, T. 655, 677 Tullgren, A. 150, 151 

Talekar, N. S. 639 Turati, E. 152 

Talley, F. B. 659 Turner, N. 888 

Tamaki, Y. 967, 995, 1015 Turnock, W. J. 493 

Tan, K. H. 368 Tutunaru, L. 235 

Tan, M. T. 878 Tzedeler, 0. E. 272 

Tanada, Y. 594, 595 Tzeng, H. C. 1002 

Tanaka, A. K. 649 Tzeng, Y. J. 930, 931, 932, 

Tanase, I. 235 941 

Tang, P. M. 270 

Taniyama, H. 677 Ullyett, G. C. 494, 495, 

Tao, C. C. 369, 370, 879 496, 598, 599, 889 

Tattersfield, F. 668 Umetsu, N. 649 

Taylor, G. G. 734, 880 Umeya, K. 273, 274, 378 

Taylor, W. E. 191, 192, 193 Underhill, E. W. 974, 975, 

Taylor, W. K. 972 976 

Tee, S. P. 638 Usinger, R. L. 29 

Teh, P. C. 678 Uvarov, B. P. 153, 497 

Teherne, R. C. 147 

Telenga, N. A. 485 Vail, P. V. 600, 601, 602 

Tempel, W. 881 Vamada, H. 377 

Teng, H. J. 984, 1001 van den Oever, H. A. M. 367 

Ter-Simonjan, L. G. 486, 963 van der Vecht, J. 890 

Tetangco-Fabellar, L. D. van Lenteren, J. C. 416 

1008 Vankova, J. 603 

Theobald, F. V. 271, 882, Vappula, N. A. 154 

883 Varma, G. C. 604, 891 

Theunissen, J. 371, 884 Vayssiere, P. 155 

Thomas, F. L. 853 Veitch, R. 156, 157, 373, 

Thomas, K. 844 498, 499, 892 

Thomas, W. A. 849 Velasco, L. R. I. 500, 501, 

Thomson, G. M. 146 816 

Thorsteinson, A. J. 175. Venables, D. G. 766 

176, 178, 179, 185, Venkatraman, T. V. 502 

194, 195 Vereshtchagin, B. V. 159 

Thow, R. F. 95 Verestshagin, B. 158 

Thygesen, T. 372 Verma, A. N. 679, 823, 893 

Tiitanen, K. 885 Verma, N. D. 894 

Timberlake, P. H. 487 Verzola, E. A. 817 

Titmarsh, I. J. 488 Vetrova, M. N. 895 

Tjoa, T. M. 886 Vhand, P. 173 

Todd, D. H. 489, 490, 491 Vlaming, P. 416 

Todd, J. W. 972 Voigt, E. 160 

Tokairin, 0. 887 Vojnits, A. 160 

442

Authpr Index 

Voon, C. H. 896 

Voronina, E. G. 750 

Vos, H. C. C. A. A. 503 

Voskresenskaja, V. N. 486 

Voskresenskaya, V. N. 605 

Vostraikov, P. 640 

Voukassovitch, P. 504 

Vu, M. H. 967 

Waage, J. K. 505 

Wahl, R. 0. 897 

Waites, H. E. 898 

Walker, H. G. 506, 899, 900, 

901, 902 

Walton, C. L. 161 

Wan, M. T. K. 275 

Wang, C. H. 201, 209, 210 

Wang, C. L. 507, 606 

Wang, S. H. 374 

Wang, S. S. 1001 

Wang, T. 607 

Wang, T. C. 924 

Warburton, C. 508 

Wason, E. J. 903 

Watanabe, H. 608 

Watso, J. R. 904 

Way, M. J. 162, 680 

Weber, P. W. 509 

Weiden, M. H. J. 869 

Weires, R. W. 964 

Wells, P. D. 163, 905 

White, J. H. 303 

White, W. H. 906 

Whitehouse, F. C. 164, 165 

Wilkinson, D. S. 166, 510, 

511 

Willaman, J. J. 659, 660 

Willing, T. N. 167 

Wilson, C. E. 907 

Wilson, J. W. 375 

Wladimirsky, A. P. 226 

443 

Wolfenbarger, D. 908, 909 

Wood, H. A. 557 

Woodward, C. F. 660 

Workman, R. B. 476, 861, 

910, 944, 965 

Woroniecka, J. 168 

Woroniecka-Siemaszkowa, J. 

169 

Wu, K. C. 276 

Wu, T. K. 942 

Wyman, J. A. 609, 958 

Yadav, C. P. S. 277 

Yadav, D. N. 512 

Yadav, P. R. 277, 911 

Yakovishena, Y. K. 90 

Yakulov, F. Y. 591 

Yamada, H. 218, 273, 274, 

278, 376, 377, 378, 

967, 993, 994, 995, 

1015, 1016 

Yanagita, Y. 222, 223 

Yang, L. C. 211 

Yang, M. H. 610 

Yarrow, W. H. T. 513 

Yaseen, M. 394, 514, 515 

Yasudomi, N. 649 

Ye, L. B. 607 

Yen, D. F. 535, 611, 612 

Yoshioka, H. 667 

Ysohida, S. 1015 

Zacher, F. 516 

Zaitseva, V. G. 966 

Zang, M. 613 

Zanon, V. 152 

Zhukauskene, Y. I. 614 

Zimmermann, G. 615 

Zeobelein, G. 170 

Zurabova, E. R. 616 

Zvierezomb-Zubovsky, E. 171

Abundance and host 

preference, 177 

AC43064, 865 

AC47031, 866 

Acephate, 367, 539, 611, 

732, 759, 799, 800, 

801, 807, 819, 820, 

855, 861, 884, 915, 

924, 937 

Acetylcholinesterase, 665 

Actellic, 807 

Action threshold, 953, 957, 

958, 959 

-- insecticide application, 

958, 959 

-- savings in insecticide, 

943 

Acetylcholine, 658 

Adhesives, 767 

Adult activity, 243 

Adult emergence, 222, 283, 

376 

Adult flying, 241 

Aldrin, 295, 679, 886, 894, 

934 

Aleochara sp., predator, 110 

Aliesterase 220 

Aliphatic esterases, 923 

Alkoxycyclopropanecarboxylic 

acid ester, 661 

Allethrin, 645, 744 

-- isomers, 645 

-- isomers toxicity, 645 

-- pyrethrin comparative 

toxicity, 645, 646, 647 

-- synthesis, 645 

Allyl isothiocyanate, 176, 

178 

Alpha endotoxin, 567 

Alsyssum, host, 189 

Amdal 6000, 540 

Amethopterin, 970 

Aminocarb, 275 

Angitia armillata, 247, 249, 

447 

Angitia cerophsga, 263., 316, 

383, 384, 385, 386, 

387, 389, 410, 426 

Sudject Index 

(By Abstract Number) 

444 

host search, 504 

-- hyperparasite, 454, 473 

-- in multiparasitism, 442 

-- in New Zealand, 473, 489, 

490, 491 

-- in South Africa, 412 

-- in Yugoslavia, 504 

-- introduction in 

Indonesia, 503 

-- introduction in New 

Zealand, 441, 451, 454 

-- life history, 504 

-- parasitism in Indonesia, 

503 

Ang.itia chrysosticta, 263, 

492 

Angitia fenestralis, 247, 

254, 262, 263, 272, 

316, 381, 382, 384, 

426, 431 

-- in Germany, 492 

-- in Holland, 449 

-- in Poland, 448 

-- in USSR, 445, 479, 497 

-- life history, 445, 447 

-- parasitism, 479 

Angitia hellulae, 487, 506 

Angitia insularis, 309 

Angitia lateralis, 263, 827 

Angitia, multiparasitism, 

494 

-- oviposition, 494 

Angitia plutellae, 253, 259, 

313 

-- in Hawaii, 487 

-- in Morocco, 433 

Angitia polynesialis, 487, 

506 

Angitia tibialis, 409, 451 

Angitia sp, in India, 480 

-- in New York, 467 

-- in South Africa, 494, 496 

-- interbreeding, 496 

-- seasonality, 494, 545 

Antagonistic effect, 891 

Antennal esterase, 1004, 

1005 

Antennal sensilla, 201

Subject Index 

Anthricin, 655 

Anthriscinol, 655 

Anti-juvenile hormone, 914, 

973 

Antibiosis in kale, 637 

Anticholinesterase activity, 

666 

Antimicrobial chemicals, 216 

Apanteles aciculatus, 515 

Apanteles compressiventris, 

511 

Apanteles emarginatis, 434 

Apanteles fenestralis, 516 

Apanteles glomet-atus, 329, 

515 

Apanteles halfordi, 495, 598 

Apanteles ippeus, 308, 513 

Apanteles marginiventris, 329 

Apanteles piceorichosus, 395 

Apanteles plutellae, 275, 

276, 294, 345, 369, 

394, 403, 405, 408, 

409, 447 

-- alternate host, 511 

-- effect of Bt, 569 

-- fecundity, 439 

-- host range, 439, 459, 507, 

511 

-- hyperparasites, 460 

-- in Ceylon (Sri Lanka), 545 

-- in Hong Kong, 809 

-- in India, 427, 512 

-- in Malaysia, 440, 459, 

461, 463, 835 

-- in multiparasitism, 441 

-- in the Philippines, 500, 501 

-- in Trinidad, 514 

-- in USSR, 477 

-- insecticide mortality, 

443, 501, 924 

-- life history, 413, 439, 

440, 500 

-- morphology, 460 


-- parasitic potential, 507 

-- rearing, 507 

-- seasonality in India, 512 

-- storage, 423, 914 

-- taxonomy, 511 

Apanteles rubecula, 409 

Apanteles ruficornis, 272 

Apanteles ruficrus, 598 

Apanteles sicarius, 316 

445 

Apanteles vestalis, 394, 514 

Apanteles sp, 244, 247, 379, 

394 

-- in Argentina, 395 

-- in the Philippines, 815 

-- in Trinidad, 514 

-- in West Sumatra, 458 

-- multiparasitism, 494 

Apholate, 970 

Aplastromorpha sp, 482 

Argentina, 24, 232 

Arsenic, 241, 246, 247, 

359, 683, 709, 743, 

758, 785, 838 

-- distribution in cabbage 

head, 694 

-- dusts, 892 

-- nicotine mixture, 785 

-- residue, 694, 771, 788 

-- spray, 892 

Artemisia extract, 223 

Artifical diet, 213 

Asclepias syriaca host, 182 

Aureomycin, 216 

Australia, 4, 27, 58, 

76, 105, 106, 107, 

112, 125, 149, 156, 

157, 269 

Azadirachta indica, 657, 

872, 878, 1012 

Azadirachtin, 1012 

Azinphos-methyl. 723, 728, 

773, 884, 908 

Azodrin (see monocrotophos) 

Bacillus cereus, 567 

-- pathogenicity, 603 

-- toxin, 593 

Bacillus thuringiensis (see 

Bt) 

Bactospeine (see Bt) 

Bacuovirus, 551 

Bahia, 231 

Barbados, 23 

Barbarea vulgaris, host, 243 

Barium chromate, 695 

Barium fluosilicate, 690 

Basella alba, host, 240 

Basudin (see diazinon) 

Bayer 25141, 813 

Bayer 44646, 813, 865 

Bayrusil, 400, 534, 808 

Bear Island, 82

Diamondback Moth Biblir'graphy 

Beauveria brassiana, 559, Boverin, 559, 586 

585, 586 Brachymeria excarninata, 401 

Beauveria brongniartii, 585 Brachymeria phya, 513 

Beauveria sp., 548 -- alternate host, 37 

-- blastospores, 549 549 -- parasite, 37 

Behavior, 357 Brachymeria sidnica, 513 

Belgium Congo (Zaire), 240 Brachymeria femorata, 244 

Bendiocarb, 715, 820 Bracon gelechiae, 512 

Bendiocarb yield response, 819 Bracon hebetor, 494, 598 

Benfurcarb, 649 Bracon sp., 512 

Bensultap, 664 Braconid, 251 

Beta-phenylethylamine, 196 Braconid parasite, 309 

BHC, 249, 276, 360, 583, Braconids in Hungary, 465 

669, 703, 714, 745, Brassica campestris var 

749, 766, 780, 795, sarson, host, 190 

802, 839, 862, 880, -- var toria, host, 190 

886 Brassica juncea, host, 190 

-- cabbage flavor, 912, 934 Brazil, 38, 724 

-- chemical composition, 675 Brestan, 986 

-- gamma isomer, 4o;, 711, Bromophos, 413 

727, 728, 749, 766, Bromophos-ethyl, 718, 884 

780, 854, 857, 879, Bt, 181, 270, 369, 405, 

894, 895, 911 406, 439, 519, 529, 

resistance, 938 532, 535, 542, 556, 

-- isomers, 675 567, 570, 583, 584, 

-- parasite mortality, 379 604, 729, 747, 753, 

-- soil treatment, 803 756, 799, 800, 887, 

-- toxicity, 679 898, 946 

Bidrin, 679, 893 -- additive, 595 

Binapacryl, 552 -- bioassay, 574 

Biological control, 247, -- blood pH, 575 

248, 263, 360, 380, -- cabbage cultivar 

387, 388, 403, 406, ineraction, 541 

416, 419 -- commercial production, 581 

-- in Canada, 493 -- crystal field test, 519 

-- in Fiji, 428 -- crystal specific anti 

-- in France, 1011 serum, 593 

-- in Malaysia, 464, 684 -- effect on beneficial 

-- in New Zealand, 454 insects, 542 

-- in Pacific, 393 -- effect on parasites, 552, 

-- in Tasmania, 451 561, 571, 611 

-- in USSR, 396, 468. -- endotoxin, 589, 603 

-- in vegetables, 419 -- formulations, 555, 616 

-- in Zambia, 13 -- gut pH, 575 

Biology, 119, 229, 242, 243, -- host range, 584 

1011 -- insecticide, comparison, 

Biotrol (see Bt) 552, 583 

Bird predation, 598 compatibility, 569, 611 

Bis(2-fluoroethoxy)methane, -- medium, 581 

710 -- mixture with 

Bitoxibacillin, 591, 614 chlordimeform, 800 

Black leaf, 40, 836 -- parasporal inclusion, 592 

Botrytis sp, 244 -- pathogenesis, 535 

446

Subject Index 

-- pathogenicity, 579 -- viability, 611 

-- pulse-jet mist .- + ethiofencarb, 753 

application, 570 -- + malathion, 891 

-- radiation effect, 560 -- + zineb, 891 

-- radiation resistance, 560, BTB-202, 571, 591 

587 Bulgaria, 249 

-- resistance, 546 Burma, 51 

-- sporo--crystal complex, 546 Butacide, 928 

-- strain, 542, 546, 592, 799 

-- toxin, 555, 593, 682 Cadurcia plutellae, 411, 598 

thermostable, 531 Calcium arsenate, 259, 739, 

-- trial in Canada, 753 748, 765, 771, 781, 

-- trials in India, 569, 785, 824, 839, 849, 

576, 604, 891 852, 871, 873, 899, 

-- trials in Indoesia, 578 901, 906 

-- trials in Japan, 887 Calorific value of food, 193 

-- trials in Malaysia, 580, Campoletis sp, 309 

684, 949 Canada, 32, 52, 64, 

-- trials in Mexico, 533 C7, 88, 120, 121, 

-- trials in New Zealand, 122, 123, 147, 149, 

553 164, 165, 167, 198, 

-- trials in Singapore, 732 288, 365 

-- trials in Sweden, 561 Carbamates, 861 

-- trials in Thailand, 581 Carbamult, 653 

-- trials in USSR, 571, 591 Carbaryl, 529, 533, 583, 

-- trials in U.S., 537, 538, 611, 764, 797, 828, 

539, 565, 572, 594, 884, 893, 894, 911, 

595, 726, 898, 965 922, 932 

-- trials in Yugoslavia, 582 -- LC50, 656 

-- ultraviolet light effect, -- phytotoxicity, 764 

568 -- post-treatment temperature 

-- use in China, 610 effect, 656 

-- use in the Philippines, 817 -- residue, 742, 764 

-- var alesti, 539, 540, 572 -- resistance, 938 

-- var caucasicus, 536 -- synergistic activity, 764 

-- var entomccidus, 536 -- tolerance limit, 742 

-- var galleriae, 223, 251, -- toxicity, 656, 679 

380, 468, 518, 538, 566, Carbofuran, 753, 783, 784, 

586 808, 856, 874 

-- var insectus, 605 -- resistance, 918, 922 

-- var israelensis, 544 Carbolineum spray, 834 

-- var kurstaki, 318, 565, Carbophos, 238 

569, 800, 819, 820, Carboxylesterase activity, 

861, 891, 965 641 

bioassay, 597 Carriers, 765, 767, 786, 

trials in U.S., 609 787, 888, 899, 900 

. --. in Yugoslavia, 603 Cartap, 673, 806, 808, 817, 

....-. serotype 3A/A, 580, 603 855, 932, 945 

-- var morrisoni, 603 -- mode of action, 673 

-- var subtoxicus, 536 -- ovicidal action, 673, 829 

-- var tenebrionis, 568 -- persistance, 673 

-- var thuringiensis, 538, -- resistance, 918, 937, 938 

554, 603 Celery, host, 343 

447

Ceraphron fijiensis, 513 

Ceraphron sp, 460 

Ceylon (Sri Lanka), 68, 69, 

70, 71, 139 

CGA 13353, 1013 

CGA 34301, 1013 

CGA 34302, 1013 

Chelonus ritchei, 598 

Chemical control, 21, 58, 

118, 158, 229, 232, 

235, 238, 241, 245, 

246, 247, 249, 251, 

253, 259, 260, 267, 

271, 275, 276, 285, 

289, 295, 303, 306, 

337, 359, 360, 367, 

370, 396, 598, 628, 

685, 706, 709, 724, 

750, 863 

-- coal tar, 687 

-- effect on parasite, 889 

-- in France, 1011 

-- in Zimbabwe, 905 

-- petroleum soap, 232, 687 

Chemostaxis, 195 

Chemosterilants, 685, 970, 

985, 989 

Chile, 42 

China, 250 

Chitin inhibitor, 988 

Chlordane, 704, 743, 744 

Chlordimeform, 537, 539, 

552, 800, 829 

Chlorfenvinphos, 753, 800, 

801, 894 

Chlorophos (see trichlorphon) 

Chlorpyrifos, 800, 801 

-- yield response, 877 

Chlorpyrifos-methyl, 663, 938 

Chlortetracycline, 216 

Chlorthion, 886, 934 

Cholinesterase inhibition, 

641, 663 

Chrysopa carnea, 398 

Cicer arietinus host, 262 

Clean cultivation, 262, 267, 

301, 598 

Clensel, 695 

CM-UTH 1234, 844 

Coccinella quatuordecimpunctata, 

262 

Coccinella seprempunctata, 

262 

448 


Codlemone, 990 

Coevolution, 924 

Cold resistance, 366 

Common threshold, 961 

Composite threshold, 324, 948 

Compound eye, 209, 210 

-- ultrastructure, 203 

-- electron microscopy, 203, 

210 

-- light induced changes, 

209, 210 

-- pigmentation, 210 

-- post embryonic 

development, 203 

-- SEM, 210 

Computer simulation, 337 

Control, 119, 

223, 236, 

256, 268, 

506 

-- Azadirachta 

198, 228, 

237, 248, 

272, 438, 

indica, seed 

extract, 821, 872, 878 

-- botanical insecticides, 

859 

-- botaniccal products, 845 

-- brushing leaves, 774 

-- cheese cloth cover, 617 

-- clean cultivation, 621, 

823, 881, 897 

-- cord over field, 618 

-- cost-benefit analysis, 

945, 946 

-- crop rotation, 621, 628, 

803 

-- deep hoeing, 633 

-- egg removal, 626, 810 

-- garlic oil, 800 

-- hoeing, 618 

-- hot water spray, 831 

-- intercropping, 622, 631, 

638, 640, 960 

-- kerosene emulsion, 740 

-- late autumn ploughing, 

621 

-- leaf schuffing, 774 

-- London Purple, 860 

-- Mammea americana bark, 

840 

-- Mammea americana seed 

powder, 701 

-- marigold root extract, 

822 

-- measures, 233, 300, 327

Subject Index 

critical period, 962 

-- Melia azedirach extract, 

872 

-- neem extract, 878 

-- neem seed extract, 821, 

872 

-- on cabbage, 112 

-- on cauliflower, 112 

-- on Chinese kale, 108 

-- Pachyrrhizius erosis 

pods, 840 

-- praffin dressing, 774 

-- paraffin emulsion, 897 

-- red oil, 897 

-- root of Tripterygium 

wilfordii, 713 

-- RYania speciosa ground 

wood, 704 

-- sand dressing, 774 

-- seedling dip, 889 

-- soap, 751 

-- soap or washing powder, 

836 

-- soap solution, 843 

-- soapwash, 882 

-- soot lime mixture, 831 

-- Tagetes erectas root 

extraxt, 822 

-- Tagetes patula root 

extract, 822 

-- Tephrosia vogelii 

rotenoid source, 815 

-- thresholds, 818, 946 

-- Tithonia diversifolia, 

leaf extract, 754 

-- tobacco cloth cover, 617 

-- Triptergium wilfordii 

powder, 876 

-- vigorous seedlings, 618 

-- weed control, 628 

Copidosoma truncatellum, 329 

Coruna, 7 

Cost-benefit analysis, 951, 

955, 966 

Coumarin, oviposition 

inhibitor, 176 

Crambe abyssinica, host, 628 

Critical growth stage of 

cabbage, 181 

Crop rotation, 482 

Crop loss, 186 

Cross resistance, 915, 922, 

927 

449 

-- in organophosphate, 915 

Cryolite, 700, 771, 811, 

873, 906 

Cube, 790, 337, 873, 901 

Cube dust, 902 

Cube roots, 888 

Cultivar preference in rape, 

630 

Cultivar preference in 

turnip, 629 

Cultivar resistance, 685 

Cultural control, 118, 

158, 619, 803 

Cupping stage, 948 

Curaterr (see carbofuran) 

Curcurbit, host, 343 

Cyanofenphos, 651, 874, 937 

-- oral toxicity, 651 

-- resistance, 937 

Cyasterone, 674 

Cyclopropanecarboxylate 

esters, 667 

Cyhexatin, 552 

Cyolane, 721 

Cypermethrin, 443, 708, 759, 

760, 817, 833, 922, 928 

-- resistance, 926, 931 

-- trial in Senegal, 735 

Cyprus, 101, 166 

Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis, 

517, 5z8, 590 

Czechoslovakia. 117 

Damage, 58, 118, 229, 236, 

254, 259, 262, 275, 303, 

324, 352, 679, 907 

-- cabbage, in Bohemia, 

Germany, 137 

in Canberra, Australia, 

766 

in Malaysia, 684 

in New South Wales, 

Australia, 823 

in Puerto Rico (USA), 

77 

in Queensland, 

Australia, 76, 157 

in Rhodesia 

(Zimbabwe), 73 

in the Philippines, 181 

in UK, 46 

in USSR, 110, 133 

-- cauliflower, in UK, 46


-- Crambe abyssinica, 628 -- residue, 707, 733 

-- crop loss, 186 -- residue analysis, 733 

-- crucifer, in Denmark, 8 -- resistance, 772 

in Canada, 120, 123 in Canada, 773 

in Hong Kong, 234 in Indon'isia, 

in New Zealand, 103, 410, 886, 912, 934 

104, 344 in Malaysia, 

in USSR, 33, 80 938 

in Venezuela, 705 in Taiwan, 929 

-- irrigated crops, 72 in the Philippines, 915 

-- kohlrabi in USSR, 110 machanism, 929 

-- measurement, 192 -- tolerance limit, 733 

-- mustard, in USSR, 133 -- toxicity, 644 

in Malawi, 94 temperature effect, 644 

-- nature, 191, 202, 245 -- trials, in Canada, 761 

-- radish in USSR, 110 in Lesser Antilles, 752 

-- rape seed, in Australia, in New South Wales, 

125 Australia, 903 

-- root crops, 148 in Nova Scotia, 

-- Swedes, 633 Canada, 756 

-- turnip, 633 DDT-dehydrochlorinase 

in Canada, 88 inhibitor, 929 

in England, 184 DDT-fluoro, 704 

-- vegetable crops, 148 DDVP (see Dichlorvos) 

DBM equivalent unit, 293, Decamethrin (see 

945, 946 deltamethrin) 

DDD, 704, 728, 743, 744, 790 Decis (see deltamethrin) 

DDT, 249, 251, 260, 276, Defoliation, artificial, 946, 

303, 355, 360, 503, 960 

529, 669, 670, 671, -- economic threshold, 961 

672, 675, 679, 699, -- yield loss, 960 

702, 703, 704, 711, Degree-days, 282, 288, 366 

714, 716, 717, 719, Deltamethrin, 443, 652, 816, 

722, 723, 727, 733, 817, 832, 874, 922, 

743, 744, 745, 746, 928, 945 

765, 766, 772, 773, -- resii3tarcee, 926, 931 

777, 778, 779, 780, -- trials in Senegal, 735 

782, 790, 795, 797, Demeton, 755, 762, 865 

802, 818, 832, 839, Demeton-methyl, 730 

841, 842, 850, 865, Demton-S-methyl, 947 

866, 867, 879, 880, Denmark, 6, 47, 48, 49, 55, 

893, 894, 908, 932 56, 334 

-- effect on parasites, Deoxypodophyllotoxin, 655 

379, 682 Dipel (see Bt) 

-- efficacy in Ottawa Derri.s dust, 240, 690, 691, 

valley, 925 693, 694, 697, 698, 

-- nicotine sulphate 699, 748, 765, 767, 

mixture, 842 776, 781, 786, 788, 

-- ovicidal effect, 712 796, 823, 825, 845, 

-- P',PI 733 847, 848, 849, 867, 

-- post-treatment 873, 890, 853, 892, 

temperature effect, 650 899, 900, 901, 902, 

-- repellent action, 712 906 

450

Subject Index 

-- liquid, 697, 858 -- oviposition, 442 

-- ovicidal effect, 668 Diadromus ustulatur, 434. 

-- root, 689 Diadromus varicolor, 475 

-- spray, 794 Diadronmus sp, 276, 369, 481 

-- + nicotine, 902 Diatomaceous clay, 690, 691 

-- + pyrethrin, 902 Diazinon, 276, 289, 400, 

Derris malaccensis, 837 413, 705, 725, 728, 

Description, 91 731, 759, 806, 809, 

Detoxification enzymes, 928 814, 865, 868, 893, 

Development, 366 - 894, 895 

Development on various -- cross resistance, 916, 931 

hosts, 173 -- resistance, 915, 916 

Development with in Taiwan, 921, 927, 94 

temperature, 273 mechanism, 916 

Diabrachys cavus, 309 temperature effect, 921 

Diadegma sp in Chile, 474 -- synergistic activity, 662 

Diadegma cerophaga, 462 -- toxicity, 679 

-- host, 462 -- yield response, 780, 80b, 

-- in Victoria, Australia, 806 

417 Dibrom, 270, 400, 806, 807 

-- introduction in Malaysia, Dichlorvos, 400, 413, 443, 

462 534, 554, 583, 731, 

-- life history, 462 782, 807, 855, 864, 

Diadegma collaris, 434 887, 894, 924, 932, 

Diadegma eucerophaga, 439, 933 

877 -- resistance, 887, 915 

-- in USSR, 477, 481 in Malaysia, 938 

-- in West Sumatra, 458 in Taiwan, 805, 927 

-- insecticide effect, 877 -- synergistic activity, 662 

Diadegma fenestralis, 418, Dicrotophos, 893 

434, 452, 477, 1013 Dieldrin, 360, 711, 727, 

Diadegma insularis, 96, 329, 728, 743, 744, 772, 

347, 399 886, 894, 934 

-- diapause, 472 -- residue, 780 

-- parasitism, 470, 471, 476 -- toxicity, 679 

-- temperature effect, 470 Differential tolerance, 924 

Diadegma varuna, 418 Diflubenzuron, 820, 884, 988 

Diadegma sp, 308, 505 -- ovicidal activity, 812 

Diadromus collaris, 383, -- yield response, 819 

385, 386, 387, 392, Diluents, 765, 767, 786, 787 

409, 417, 438 Dimethyl nicotinium 

-- hyperparasite, 473 sulphatate, 676 

-- in New Zealand, 441, 454, Dimethoate, 275, 755, 768, 

491 803, 814, 851, 884 

-- oviposition, 442 Dinitrocresol, 671 

Diadromus plutellae, 313 Dioxathion, 800, 801 

Diadromus rapi, 417 Dipterex (see trichlorphon) 

Diadromus subtilicornis, Diseases, 244, 308 

247, 272, 379, 431 Dispersal, 354, 364 

-- in Germany, 492 Distribution, 242, 248, 303, 

-- in New Zealand, 442 352, 355, 356, 360 

-- in USSR, 477, 485 -- aggregated, 296 

-- in Yugoslavia, 504 -- bionomial, 296 

451


-- 

-- 

-- 

-- 

in Australia, 256 

in India, 50 

in New Zealand, 827 

in US, 118 

-- 

-- 

-- 

-- 

effect on parasites, 682 

efficacy, 518, 605 

field trials, 614 

persistance, 605 

-- 

-- 

-- 

-- 

in USSR, 238, 366 

in Zaire, 240 

map, 9, 11 

Poisson, 310 

trials in Sweden, 561 

-- trials in USSR, 566, 586, 

591, 605 

Entomopathogenic 

-- spatial, 323 microorganisms, 380 

Disulfoton, 753, 804, 814, 

855 

Disyston, 755, 814 

Entomophagous fungi, 247, 

543, 545, 549, 596 

Entomophthora blunckii, 436, 

Dithinlane El 47031, 720 

DMC, DDT-dehydrochlorinase 

562, 615 

Entomophthora radi,:ans, 501, 


Dominican Republic, 126 

573 

Entomophthora sphaerosperma, 

Dosage mortality curve, 680 

Du-Ter, 986 

Dyar's law, 258 

-- 

-- 

263, 360, 412, 613 

effect on parasites, 599 

effect on predators, 599 

Ecdysone activity, 225 

Ecdysterone, 225, 674 

Economic damage level, 962 

Economic importance, 33 

Economic injury level, 345, 

-- in Finland, 562 

-- in Malaysia, 459, 580 

-- in New Zealand, 490, 654 


-- seasonality, 654 

Entomophthora vivescerns, 

914, 960 562 

Economic 

684, 

954, 

threshold, 

949, 951, 

956, 960, 

396, 

952, 

961, 

Ephialtes brevicornis, 483 

EPN-malathion antagonism, 641 

EPN-mevinphos antagonism, 641 

963 

Egg, fine structure, 200 

EPN-synergism, 662 

EPN-trichlorphon antagonism, 

-- 

-- 

-- 

morphology, 200 

parasite, 444, 446 

production regulation, 178 

641 

Erymia blunckii, 596 

Erynia rat'icans, 501 

Egypt, 244 Esso ER 6622, 741 

Electroantennogram, 201, 967 

Electrophoresis, 940 

Electrophysiology, 652 

Ellice Islands, 63 

Elsan, 270, 400, 534, 807, 

Esterase, 220 

-- activity, 220 

-- distribution, 220 

-- inhibition, 220, 658, 928, 

930 

864 pesticide degradation, 220 

Endosulfan, 245, 260, 443, -- zymograms, 940 

539, 540, 583, 728, Ethion, 865 

730, 762, 800, 801, Ethiopia, 129 

828, 861, 865, 

908, 916, 986 

Endotoxin, 567, 589 

Endrin, 245, 529, 

711, 716, 723, 

728, 768, 772, 

854, 886, 908, 

934 

894, 

679, 

727, 

773, 

909, 

Ethyl-DDD, 723, 813 

Ethyl-DDD + disulfoton, 814 

Ethyl-DDD + lindane, 744 

Eulimneria polynesialis, 425 

Eulimneria sp, 482 

Eupteromalus parnarae, 460 

Eupteromalus viridescens, 

309, 506 

Entobakterin, 251, 380, 468 Eupteromalus sp, 263,473,513 

452

Subject Index 

Exochus erythronotus, 492 

Exotoxin, 589 

Faunal displacement, 295 

Fecundity, 218, 278, 328, 

366, 376, 378 

-- and pupal size, 378 

-- photoperiod effect, 281 

reduction, 312 

Feeding, deterrent, 223, 971, 

972, 986, 992, 1012 

growth disruption, 1012 

-- habit, 137, 

-- in relation 

174 

-- inhibitors, 

-- measurement, 

-- period, 174 

-- preference, 

-- ratio, 313 

-- stimuli 175, 

243, 262, 265 

to Pieris, 

175, 194 

185, 194 

192 

185, 194, 195 

-- mustard plant, 188 

Fenitrothion, 583, 731, 800, 

801, 894 

Fenthion, 583, 728 

Fentin acetate, 970, 986 

Fentin hydroxide, 552, 986 

Fenvalerate, 439, 443, 708, 

759, 760, 808, 817, 

833, 874, 875, 910, 

924, 933, 938, 945, 

947 

-- application volume, 798 

-- cross resistance, 922 

-- dermal toxicity, 651 

-- feeding deterrent, 996 

-- field test, 651 

-- LC5O, 656 

-- mode of action 651 

-- post-treatment 

temperature effect, 

650, 651, 656 

-- residual activity, 651 



in Taiwan, 922 

-- synergism, 928 

-- toxicity, 651, 656 

-- trials in Antiga, 791 

-- trials in Indonesia, 896 

-- trials in Malaysia, 896 

-- trials in Senegal, 735 

Fiji, 84, 85, 86 

453 

Finger and toe symptom of 

roots, 184 

Finland, 65, 66, 87, 93, 

154, 246 

Fitopat, 7 

Fluorine residue, 771 

Flying habit, 377 

FMC 33297, 861 

Folidol (see parathion) 

Food, calorific value and 

growth, 193 

-- choice, 296 

-- competition, 357 

-- consumption, 174, 291, 

313 

-- preference, 275 

Forecasting, 327 

Formalin, 216 

Forte, 864 

Frost effect, 315 

Fumigation, 681 

Fungus disease, 322, 490, 

491 

Furadan (see carbofuran) 

Galecron, 539, 726, 799 

Galicia, 7 

Gardona (see tetrachlorvinphos) 

GBH, 745 

Gel electrophoresis, 923, 

1004 

Gelis tenellus, 309 

General chemical 3707, 813 

Generation duration, 255 

Generations per year, 171, 

188, 223, 238, 240, 

241, 244, 246, 247, 

249, 250, 251, 253, 

262, 267, 271, 272, 

283, 304, 305, 313, 

315, 349, 358, 369, 

506, 852 

Geniocerus rapo, 249 

Germany, 25, 102, 137, 202, 

301 

Ghana, 12 

Glucoerucin, feeding 

stimulus, 185 

Glucosides, 185 

-- feeding stimulants, 175, 

185, 194 

Glucotropaeolin, 185

Glutathion cojugation, 919 

Glutathion(GSH)-stransferase, 

919, 920 

Glyconasturtiin, 185 

Granulosis symptoms, 523 

Granulosis virus (see gv) 

Growth and development, 281 

Growth regulators, 1013 

Guadeloupe, 79 

Gustatory perception, 194 

Gustatory stimulus, 172, 

175, 194 

Guthion (see azinphosmethyl) 

Gv, 556, 590 

-- additive, 563, 595, 606 

-- capsule morphology, 526 

-- changes in host cells, 

520 

-- effect on Malpighian 

tubules, 525 

-- electron microscopy, 521 

-- field tests in Taiwan, 

612 

-- fine structure, 524 

-- first record in Japan, 

527 

-- host population regulation, 

526 

-- host range, 523, 612 

-- inclusion, 522 

-- inclusion structures, 

522, 525 

-- incubation period, 523 

-- infection, in Japan, 527 

protein synthesis, 521 

symptoms, 526 

-- laboratory trials in 

Malaysia, 684 

-- LD50, 612 

-- maturation sequence, 520 

-- morphogenesis, 523 

-- morphology, 520, 522; 612 

-- outbreak in Japan, 526 

-- pathogenicity, 611 

-- pathology, 523, 612 

-- proliferation in 

Malpighian tubules, 525 

-- serological typing, 607 

-- sunlight effect, 563 

-- symptoms, 612 

-- trials in Hawaii, 595 

-- ultrastructural changes 

454 


in host, 521, 524 

-- virulance, 563 

Gypsum, 767 

Hawaii, 19, 28, 62 

HD-I, 572 

Hemiteles sp, 439, 460 

Hempa, 970 

Heptachlor, 295, 744 

HETP, 658, 766 

Hibernation, 234, 243, 253, 

254, 271, 272, 283, 

322, 862, 253 

Horogenes sp., 467 

Hong Kong, 108, 119, 234 

Horagenes armillata, 430 

Horogenes cerophaga 

superparasitism, 502 

Horogenes fenestralis, 325, 

414, 430, 431 

Horogenes insularis, 309 

Horogenes plutellae, 313 

Horogenes .ibialis, 326, 430 

Horogenes sp, 432, 480 

Host density, parasitism 

rate, 461 

Host plant, coevolution, 180 

-- density effect, 340 

-- influence on oviposition, 

179 

-- influence on oocyte 

development, 179 

-- nutrition influence, 281 

-- preference, 172, 173, 

177, 190, 191, 192, 

243, 255, 262, 329, 

421, 634 

-- range, 317, 335 

in South Africa, 241 

in Zaire, 240 

-- relation, 180 

-- resistance, 177, 235, 318 

cell compactness, 637 

larval survival, 636 

cultivar differences, 

636 

factors, 634 

foliage color, 635, 

636 

.. in Brassica juncea, 

639 

in broccoli, 634 

in Brussels sprout,634

Subject Index 

in cabbage, 627, 634, Identification, 27, 58, 198, 

635, 636 205, 207, 229 

in cauliflower, 623, -- key, 207, 208 

624 -- larva, 205, 207 

in Chinese cabbage, Imidan, 270 

639 India, 50, 71, 239, 300, 352 

in collard, 634 Indonesia, 57 

in kale, 634, 637 Infestatation, Alyssum, 189 

influence of green- -- Brassica rapa, 297 

house, 623 -- brocoli, 140, 163 

influence of screen -- Brusels sprouts, 177, 288 

cage, 623 -- cabbage, Alberta, Canada, 

inheritance, 624 164 

mechanism, 636 Argentina, 24 

nitrogen fertilization Charkov, USSR, 17 

effect, 623 Connecticut, 

oviposition USA, 26 

preference, 632, 636 Cyprus, 101, 166 

. .-- plant maturity effect, Denmark, 47, 56 

623 Ghana, 12 

screening condition, 623 Himachal Pradesh, 

seasonal effect, 634, India, 300 

635 Hungary, 21 

source, 623, 624 Indonesia, 367 

species differences, Jamaica, 44, 237 

636, 637 Lesotho, 16 

tolerance, 624 Malaysia, 36 

-- suscrptibility period, 889 Minnesota, USA, 182 

Host-parasite relation, 479 New South Wales, 

Hungary, 21, 160, 358 Australia, 58 

Hybrocytus phycidis, 309 Norway, 130, 131 

ybrocytus sp, 309 Poland, 168 

Hydroprene, 973, 988 Puerto Rico, 298 

Hymenobosmina rapi, 451, 502 Quebec, canada, 64 

Hyperparasite, 253, 254, Romania, 235 

259, 263, 309, 369, Sweden, 151 

399, 439, UK, 14 

-- in Australia, 513 Ufa, USSR, 124 

-- in India, 480 USSR, 180 

-- in Malawi, 482 Victoria, 

-- in Malaysia, 460 Australia, 112 

-- in the Philippines, 500 -- cauliflower, Alberta, 

-- in South Africa, 598 Canada, 164 

-- in U.S., 506 Connecticut, USA, 26 

-- of Angitia tibialis, 409 Cyprus, 101 

-- of Apanteles plutellae, Germany, 301 

409 Ghana, 12 

Hyperparasitism, 263, 316, Hungary, 21 

369, 439 Queensland, Australia, 

269 

IBP, 654 Victoria, Australia, 

Ichneumonid parasite, 241, 112 

251, 309, 326, 383 -- choy-sum, Malaysia, 297 

455


-- collard, 177 Ottawa district, 

-- crucifer weeds, 823 Canada, 67 

-- crucifers, Denmark,334 -- vegetables, Tanzania, 60 

Dominican Republic, 261 Sri Lanka, 139 

Finland, 154, 246 -- watercress, 495 

Hong Kong, 119 -- weeds, 223, 238 

Iraq, 228 -- wild crucifers, 12, 246, 

Kent, UK, 271 262 

.. -- Malaysia, 258 -- wild mustard, 183 

Minnesota, USA, 964 Inokosterone, 225, 674 

Montana, USA, 183 Inorganic insecticides, 

Morocco, 433 700, 709 

Sarawak, Malaysia, 275 Insect., density and yield 

Scotland, UK, 360 loss, 951, 955, 962 

.. South Africa, 241 -- growth regulators, 685 

. .-- USA, 253, 336 -- resurgence, 935 

UK, 3 -- virus, bioassay, 557 

USSR, 283 persistance, 556 

Venezuela, 166 Insecticide application, 717 

Vietnam, 10 -- critical timing, 762, 

. --. Zambia, 1 816, 835, 954, 957, 960 

Zimbabwe, 74, 319 Insecticide, effect on 

-- early variety, 802 ascorbic acid, 895 

-- influence of fertilizers, -- effect on dry matter, 895 

802 -- effect on honey bee, 979 

-- influence of foliage -- effect on sugars, 895 

color, 184 -- effectiveness, 718 

-- Kale, 177, 180 -- film toxicity, 669, 670, 

-- market-gardens, USSR, 2, 671 

18, 115 -- from Annona reticulata 

-- mustard, Germany, 202 775 

Hungary, 358 -- from Annona squamosa, 775 

USA, 183, 325 -- joint action, 641 

USSR, 188, 265, 267 -- mixture spray in 

-- Norta altissima, 183 Malaysia, 835 

-- okara, Ghana, 12 -- ovicidal action, 439 

-- onion, USSR, 78 -- particle size effect, 746 

-- ornamentals, Canada, 198 -- phytotoxicity, 813 

-- radish, Ethiopia, 129 -- potentiation, 41, 663 

-- radish, Sweden, 150 -- pupicidal action, 439 

-- rape, 125, 398 -- properties of tomato, 640 

Ethiopia, 129 Insecticide resistance, 248, 

Germany, 202 355, 369, 370, 410, 936 

-- red cabbage, 177 -- bioassay technique, 936 

-- Sisymbrium altissima, 183 -- delaying development, 914 

-- sugar-beet, -- detection method, 913,935 

Czechoslovakia, 117 -- in India, 604 

-- swedes, Denmark, 6, 56 -- in Japan, 933, 937 

Ireland, 31 -- in Malaysia, 439, 554, 

Wales, UK, 161 684, 949 

-- tumbling mustard, 183 -- in Taiwan, 782, 808, 918, 

-- turnip, Ireland, 31 922, 927, 939, 941 

456

Subject Index 

-- in the Philippines, 641, 

817, 915 

in Trinidad, 515 

-- in Venezuela, 705, 725 

-- mechanism, 641, 928, 942 

-- microevolution, 939 

-- number of generations, 

912, 939 

-- regaining susceptibility, 

921 

-- sampling methods, 917 

-- seasonal fluctuation, 927 

-- selection pressure, 921 

-- strain differences, 933, 

937 

Insecticide selectivity to 

parasite, 439, 443, 924 

Insecticide spray, nozzle 

arrangements, 910 

-- pressure, 910 

volume, 910 

Insecticide, trials in 

Senegal, 736 

-- use in Malaysia, 949 

-- use in the Philippines, 

817 

-- yield response, 762, 947, 

948 

Insectobacillin, 616 

Integrated control, 318, 

405, 685, 949, 950 

Intercropping, 640, 960 

Iodofenphos, 770, 858 

Iran, 170 

Iraq, 228 

Ireland, 31 

Isobenzan, 245, 679, 728 

Isodrin, 744 

Isofenphos, 753, 784 

Isoparaffinic oil emulsion, 

909 

Isothiocyanates, 176 

Itoplectis tunetana in USSR, 

477 

Itoplectis sp, 480 

Jamaica, 43, 44, 45, 237 

JH, analogues, 988 

-- Attacus atlas, 1008 

-- chemistry, 1010 

-- effect on fecundity, 

107, 1008 

-- egg viability, 1007 

457 

-- larval survival, 1008 

-- metamorphosis inhibtion, 

1008 

-- mimic, 1010 

-- pupal abnormality, 1008 

-- sterility effect, 1007, 

1008 

Juvenile hormone (see JH) 

Kaolin, 698 

Kerosene, 769 

Kestrel (see permethrin) 

Kholrofos, 379, 682 

Kitazin P, 654 

Kure Island, 29 

Lannate (see methomyl) 

Larval behavior, 354 

Larval development, 173 

Larval feeding, 291 

Larval parasite, 276 

Larval period, 173, 190, 

243 

Lead arsenate, 271, 598, 

688, 689, 694, 696, 

697, 698, 699, 700, 

727, 740, 751, 758, 

769, 771, 778, 779, 

794, 823, 824, 825, 

826, 831, 870, 871, 

889, 903, 904, 912, 

934 

Leaf area and leaf 

thickness, 192 

Leaf area consumption, 192 

Leaf morphology and 

oviposition, 176 

Lebacid (see fenthion) 

Lectotype, 199 

Leptophos, 741, 807 

Lesotho, 16 

Lespersia archipivora, 329 

Lethane 60, 837 

Lethane B71, 703 

Libyia, 152 

Lienella sp, 513 

Life history, 158, 174, 190, 

213, 223, 227, 228, 

231, 232, 233, 234, 

236, 237, 240, 241, 

243, 244, 245, 246, 

247, 249, 250, 252,


Life history, 254, 255, Malpighian tubules, GV 

256, 258, 259, 2:), effect, 525 

261, 262, 263, 265, -- NPV effect, 601 

268, 269, 270, 272, Management program, 953, 965 

274, 275, 277, 281, Mantid predator, 241 

285, 288, 296, 297, Mass production, 218 

316, 354, 357, 358, Mass trapping, 977 

360, 369, 401, 438, Muteor-us sp, 253 

503, 514, 802, 858 Mating, 211, 257, 260 

Life span, 275, 277 Mating habits, 257, 275, 

Life table, 312 278 

Light trap, 221, 299, 301, Mating period, 222 

304, 306, 314, 343, 377 Mauritius, 39 

Lime, 265, 690, 692, 696, Mechanical control, '06 

699, 748, 758 Median lethal dose, 680 

activation of nicotine Melanic pigments, 226 

sulphate, 699 Melanostoma fasciatum, 263, 

-- sulphur, 774 450 

Limneria gracilis, 508, 774 Meleorus sp, 244 

Limnerium lanigerum, 397 Melia azedirach, 872 

LimneriLm leontiniae, 232 Menazon, 851 

Limnerium ploynesiale, 484 Mesochorus facialis, 409 

Limnerium polynesialis, 425 Mesochorus sp., 253, 254, 

Lindane (see BHC, gamma 272, 460, 512, 

isomer) Metarhizium anisopliae, 585 

Longevity, 215 Metarhizium flavoviride, 585 

Metasystox, 718, 730, 782, 

Macromalon orientale, 429 792 

Malaoxon optical isomers, Metepa, 970, 985, 989 

666 -- critical concentration, 

Malathion, 223, 238, 275, 989 

276, 439, 529, 705, -- fecundity, effect, 989 

716, -22, 723, 725, repellent effect, 989 

731, 754, 770, 772, -- stability effect, 989 

173, 780 782, 800, Methamidophos, 439, 656, 

805, 813, 828, 854, 726, 732, 747, 753, 

886, 893, 894, 911, 760, 799, 800, 801, 

934 817, 820, 850, 915 

-- degradation, 641 -- LC50, 656 

-- insecticide mixture, 641 -- resistance, 938 

optical isomers, 666 -- tests in Indonesia, 896 

-- resistance, 915 -- tests in Malaysia, 896 

-- resistance in Malay-sia, -- toxicity, 656 

938 -- yield response, 819, 877 

-- resistance in Laiwan, 927 -- + Bt, 965 

-- synergistic activity, 662 Methidathion, 797, 808, 868, 

toxicity, 679 877, 909 

-- + Bt, 891 Methomyl, 400, 539, 540, 

Malawi, 94, 135 565, 611, 726, 729, 

Malaysia, 36, 245, 275, 297 732, 753, 797, 799, 

Male genitalia, 206 800, 801, 861, 898, 

Male influence on preovi- 932, 935 

position period, 178 -- contact toxicity, 650 

458

Subject Index 

Methomyl, cross resistance, 

930, 931 

-- ovicial activity, 829 

-- phytotoxicity, 806 

-- resistance, in Japan, 937 


.. in Taiwan, 923, 940 

-- + Bt, 965 

Methoprene, 988 

Methotrexate, 970 

Methoxychlor, 728, 744 

Methyl bromide fumigation, 

681 

Methyl demeton (see 

metasystox) 

Methyl parathion, 251, 379, 

662, 682, 894, 909, 915 

Methyl p-hydroxy benzoate, 

216 

Mevinphos, 400, 534, 718, 

720, 721, 722, 723, 

729, 755, 773, 782, 

814, 865, 893, 894 

-- cross resistance, 920 

-- insecticide mixture, 641 

-- ovicial activiy, 829 

-- resistance, 915, 918, 

920, 927 

-- synergistic activity, 662 

-- toxicity, 679, 922 

Microbial control, 270, 550, 

551, 558 

Microbracon greeni, 478 

Microbracon hebetor, 494, 98 

Microplitis kewleyi, 453 

Microplitis plutellee, 244, 

309, 329, 470, 471, 472 

Microplitis sp, 253 

Microsomal oxidase 


Microsporidian infection, 

608 

Microsporidian morphology, 

608 

Midway Atoll, 141 

Migration, 198, 248, 276, 

287, 302, 303, 304, 

315, 320, 328, 330, 

331, 332, 333, 336, 

338, 339, 342, 351, 

360, 361, 362, 372, 

431, 432 

Minacide, 653 

459 

Mining leaves, 297 

Mobil MC 3470, 741 

Mockerzeckio indica, 460 

Models, 337 

Monitoring, 282, 947, 954 

Monocot, 443, 801 

Monocrotophos, 569, 726, 

730, 800, 894 

Monooxygenase, 654 

Monsanto 40273, 865 

Monsanto 40294, 865 

Morphology, 21, 198, 202, 

207, 211, 242, 858 

Mortality factors, 312, 354 

-- in the Philippines, 501 


Multiparasitism, 439, 441, 

494, 502 

Multiple embeded viruses, 

558 

Multiple regression model, 

948 

Multiple resistance, 929 

Musculature, 206 

Mustard trap crop, 240, 246 

Mustard oil, feeding 

stimulant, 175, 194 

-- glucoside, 185, 196 

-- oviposition stimulation, 

176, 196 

Myrosin, feeding stimulant, 

194 

N-4543, 270 

N-acylated methyl 

carbamates, 648 

Naled, 400, 807, 909 

-- + paraffinic oil, 909 

Naphthenic oil emulsion, 909 

Natural enemies, 263, 272, 

396, 5C8, 803 

Neem extract, 657 

Negative temperature 

coefficient, 650 

Nematode infestation, 598 

Arepiera moldavica, 407 

Nereistoxin toxicity, 672 

Nerion, 782 

New Caledonia, 75, 2S9 

New Zealand, 99, 103, 104, 

204, 263, 344 

Nexion, 413 

NIA-10242, 866, 909


Nicotine, 240, 271, 676, Occurrence, high altitude, 

683, 737, 785, 882, 145 

902, 903 -- in Australia, 106, 107 

-- alkaloid synergists, 660 -- in Brazil, 274 

-- arsenic mixture, 785 in Canada, 147, 365 

-- bitartrate, 676 -- in Finland, 338, 342 

-- dust, 883 -- in Hungary, 160 

-- fixed, 676 -- in Karagandinsk, USSR, 90 

-- ovicidal effect, 668 -- in New Caledonia, 299 

-- phytotoxicity, 659 -- in Norway, 338 

-- silicotungstate, 676 in South Africa, 89 

-- sulphate, 692, 699, 701, -- in Taiwan, 145 

703, 704, 751, 765, -- in Tunisia, 54 

778, 793, 794, 810, - in USSR, 116 

823, 840, 842, 881 -- in Venezuela, 356 

-- synergists, 660 -- on Bear Island, 82 

-- yield response, 739 -- on Midway Atoll, 141 

-- + DDT mixture, 842 -- on Kure Island, 29 

-- + derris dust, 901 -- on Laysan Hawaiian 

-- + Paris green mixture, Islands, 28 

793 -- on Leeward Hawaian 

-- + soap, 714 Islands, 19 

Noburn dust, 901 -- on Ocean Island, 29 

Momuraea rileyi, 585 Ocean Island, 29 

Non-crucifer host, 12, 78, OK-174, 649 

117, 175, 182, 262, 343 Olfactometer, 973 

Norta altissima, host, 183 Olfactory stimulus, 172, 

Northern Rhodesia (Zambia), 1 175, 194, 195 

Norway, 130, 131, 132 Oligarchical fauna, 295 

NPV, 318 Ommatidium, 203, 210 

-- cross infectivity, 602 Onion, 78 

-- identification, 530 Oocyte development, 179 

-- infestation, 600, 601 Organochlorines, 710, 711 

-- pathogenicity, 601 Organophosphorus resistance, 

-- specificity difference mechanism, 919 

indices, 530 Orientation disruption, 975, 

-- test in USA, 538 977, 980, 984, 1001 

Nuclear polyhedrosis virus Orthene (see acephate) 

(see NPV) Ortho 9006, 539 

Nucleocapid, 520 Ortho-bux, 804 

Nutrition and feeding, 192 Outbreak, 248, 280, 301, 

Nutrition and larval 303, 326, 328, 359, 

development, 178" 360, 774 

-- and oviposition period, -- disease, 750 

178 -- in Malawi, 482 

Nyasaland (see Malawi) -- in New Zealand, 473 

Nythobia ceropheg, 426, -- in UK, 774 

502, 513 -- prediction, 364 

Nythobia fenestralis, 379, Overwintering, 198, 223, 238, 

414, 426 306, 315, 366, 431 

Nythobia sp., 379, 474 Ovicides, 245, 668 

Oviposition, 218, 261 

460

Subject Index 

Oviposition, and damage, 632 Parasite, host preference, 

-- egg number, 222, 243, selection, 474 

244, 258, 271, 272 infestation, 405 

-- habit, 240, 241, 243, -- insecticide effect, 379, 

244, 245, 247, 249, 400, 413, 424, 439, 

253, 254, 255, 259, 443, 503, 682, 835 

262, 263, 264, 271, -- introduction, 316, 383, 

272, 275, 276, 306 384, 385, 387, 389, 

-- influence of food plant, 393, 409, 412, 439 

179 in Fiji, 438 

-- influence of male, 179 in Hawaii, 408, 435, 

-- inhibitor in tomato 455, 509 

leaves, 176 in Malaysia, 464, 684 

-- on plastic substrate, 176 in Trinidad, 514 

-- period, 222, 243 -- larval, 241 

-- photoperiod effect, 223 -- liberation, 382 

-- preference, 632 

176, 262, -- life history, 401, 402, 

-- response, 176 404, 409, 431, 439, 

-- stimulus, 176 451, 483, 598 

-- mass rearing, 403, 405 

Padan (see cartap) -- migration, 494 

Paecilomyces fumosoaroseus, -- oviposition, 401, 405, 

585 423, 452 

Panties fenestralis, 247 behavior, 392 

Papoxon, 665, 666 -- parthenogenesis, 401 

Papthion, 665, 666 -- pupal, 244 

Paraffin + sand for control, -- rearing, 409 

306 -- relation, 309 

Paraffinic oil emulsion, 909 -- seasonality, 329, 394, 

Parapheromone, 974, 977, 979 417, 430, 481, 476 

Parasite, 37, 96, 188, -- survival, 423 

232, 244, 247, 249, -- synonym, 395 

251, 253, 254, 259, -- Tachinid, 411 

262, 263, 264, 272, Parasites, in Australia, 417, 

275, 276, 294, 307, 488, 502, 513 

308, 309, 313, 316, -- in Cape Verde Island, 950 

322, 326, 329, 345, -- in Chile, 474 

349, 369, 370, 379, -- in England, 508 

380, 381, 397, 399, -- in Florida, 476 

401, 402, 405, 421, -- in Germany, 436 

447, 453, 466, 964 -- in Hawaii, 425, 484, 487 

-- alternate hosts, 494 -- in India, 427, 429, 480, 

-- complex, European, 441 512 

-- development, 404, 438 -- in Indonesia, 410 

-- diapause, 472 -- in Japan, 469 

-- dispatch, 409 -- in Lesser Antilles, 394 

-- distribution, 409, 494 -- in Luthuania, 426 

-- establishment, 386, 410 -- in Malaysia, 459, 463 

-- fecundity, 392, 401, 402 -- in Mongolia, 414 

-- from Neararctic region, 420 -- in Morocco, 433 

-- host immunity, 445 -- in Moscow region USSR, 

-- host preference, 416, 431, 432, 486 

439, 496 -- in New Zealand, 483, 827 

461

-- 

-- 


Parasite, in North America, Permethrin, contact 

420 toxicity, 678 

-- in Pennsylvania, 743 -- LC50, 656 

-- in Poland, 448 -- piperonyl butoxide 

-- in Romania, 407 synergism, 678 

-- in South Africa, 494, -- post-treatment 

'195, 598 temperature effect, 656 

-- in Sumatra, 458 -- repellent, 996 

-- in Sweden, 475 -- resistance, 917, 918, 931 

-- in Trinidad, 514, 515: -- synergism, 928 

-- in USSR, 430, 682 -- test in Indonisia, 896 

-- in Venezuela, 422 -- test in Malaysia, 896 

-- in Yugoslavia, 504 -- toxicity, 656 

-- interaction, 494 -- yield response, 875 

Parasitism, 247, 263, 275, Perthane, 723, 813, 814 

276, 294, 308, 316, Pest, broccoli, in Hawaii, 62 

329, 345, 369, 379, -- cabbage, in Charabali, 

385, 386, 401, 405, USSR, 97 

409, 412, 413, 414, in Bahia, 231 

416, 417, 430, 431, in Barbados, 23 

432, 439, 774 in Denmark, 49 

-- in Europe, 454 in Dominican Republic, 

-- in New Zealand, 489, 491 126 

-- in Poland, 434 in Fiji, 84, 86 

in USSR, 481 in Finland, 87 

-- rate, 461 in Germany, 25 

-- seasonality, 379 in Hawaii, 62 

Parathion, 260, 276, 289, in India, 50 

529, 539, 672, 679, in Indonesia, 57 

716, 717, 747, 773, in Jamaica, 43 

782, 865, 886, 893, in Mauritius, 39 

894, 908, 909, 934 in Mongolia, 414 

-- mechanism of action, 658 in Moscow, USSR, 109 

-- resistance in Taiwan, 805 in New Caledonia, 75 

Paris green, 240, 253, 265, in Nyasaland (Malawi), 

626, 686, 690, 691, 135 

692, 694, 737, 748, in Ontario, Canada, 

758, 767, 793, 827, 121 

831, 834, 843, 849, in Ottawa Valley, 

873, 901, 906, 907 Canada, 32 

nicotine sulphate in Para, Brazil, 38 

mixture, 793 in Poland, 81 

Particle size and toxicity, in Puerto Rico, 96, 136 

664 in Quebec, Canada, 52 

Pathogen-insecticide in Queensland, 

combination effect, 611 Australia, 149 

Pathogenic fungi, 585 in Solomon Islands, 92 

Pencothion 8E, 705, 725 in Southern USA, 118 

Pentachloroanisole, 659 in Sri Lanka, 68, 69 

Permethrin, 443, 708, 747, in Stavropol, USSR, 

753, 808, 832, 833, 153 

898, 910, 922, 944, in Sweden, 40 

945, 949, 965 in Tanzania, 61 

462

Subject Index 

Pest, cabbage, in Uganda, 59 Pest, in Kishinev, USSR, 159 

seed production, USA, 30 -- in Kursk, USSR, 114 

-- cauliflower, in -- in Lativia, USSR, 5 

Australia, 27 -- in Montana, USA, 34 

in Burma, 51 -- in Okanagan Valley, 

in Ellice Islands, 63 Canada, 122 

in India, 50, 71 -- in Queensland, Australia, 

in Jamaica, 45 156 

in Mauritius, 39 -- in Saskatchewan, Canada, 

in Samoa, 63 167 

in Tonga, 63 -- in Siberia, 20 

-- Chinese kale, in Hong -- in USSR, 22 

Kong, 108 -- market garden, in Orel, 

-- crucifers, in Arkansas, USSR, 100 

USA, 255 -- mustard, in Lower Volga, 

in Bulgaria, 249 USSR, 272 

in China, 250 seed production, 35 

in Denmark, 55 in Sri Lanka, 70, 71 

in Egypt, 244 in Stavropol, USSR, 

in Finland, 65 153 

in India, 5C 239, 260 -- radish, in India, 50 

in Kola Peninsula, in Puerto Rico, 136 

USSR, 328 -- rape, in Denmark, 48 

in Lincolnshire, UK, . . in Stavropol, USSR, 

254 153 

in Malaysia, 245 -- swedes, 95 

in Meghalaya, India, -- tur-nip, 95 

352 in Denmark, 48 

in New Zealand, 204, in Fiji, 86 

233 in New Zealand, 99 

in Norway, 132 in Puerto Rico, USA, 

in Philippine, 259 136 

in Poland, 169 -- vegetable garden, in 

in Salhalin, USSR, 251 Kishinev, USSR, 158 

in Senegal, 155 -- vegetables, in Amani, 

in Taiwan, 270, 295 Germany, 102 

in Trinidad and in Bengasi, Libyia, 

Tobago, 113 152 

in USSR, 33 in Crimea, USSR, 53 

in Zaire, 240 in Guadeloupe, 79 

-- fodder cabbage, in - in Iran, 170 

Finland, 66 in South Dakota, USA, 

-- food root crops, in UK, 268 

15 Pest management schedule, 

-- in Alberta, Canada, 165 944 

-- in Argentina, 232 Pesticide application, 245, 

-- in Astrakhan, USSR, 41, 259, 265, 270, 276 

98, 127, 128, 134, 138 Pesticide stress, 368 

-- in Australia, 105 Pesticide use economics, 

-- in Chile, 42 245 

-- in Don Province, USSR, Petkolin yield response, 830 

171 Petroleum soap, 232 

463

Phaeogenes plutel.lae, 262, 

447, 497 

Phenthoate, 400, 763, 800, 

801, 807, 809, 850, 

855, 864, 933 


Pheromone, 364, 377 

-- activity inhibitor, 976 

-- analog, 977 

-- antioxidant addition, 

1002 

-- bioassay, 969 

-- call, 980 

-- catches, 282 

-- components, 974, 975, 

983, 993, 994, 995, 

1002 

ratio, 987 

synergism, 993 

-- c-11-hexadecenal, 201 

-- c-]1-hexadecenyl acetate, 

201 

-- c-9-tetradecenyl acetate, 

201 

-- deactivation, 998 

-- field study, 974, 995, 

999 

-- gland structure, 978, 

1014 

-- identification, 967, 979 

-- isolation, 1015 

-- interspecific attraction, 

1016 

-- mating behavior, 987 

-- mixture, 980, 993, 994 

ratio, 983 

-- monitoring, 1011 

-- persistance, 980, 993, 

999, 1002, 1009 

-- photooxidation, 999 

-- presence, 968 

-- reception, 1005 

-- receptor, 201 

-- research in Japan, 994 

-- research in Taiwan, 982 

-- response, active space, 

984 

age dependent, 1005 

antennal esterase, 

1004 

concentration effect, 

969, 984 

distance, 991, 1001 

464 


Pheromone, response, in 

insecticide use area, 

1005 

light effect; 969 

population variation, 

1006 

. . popultion dependent, 

1005 

.. temperature effect, 

980, 995 

-- specificity, 1003 

-- synthesis, 1000 

-- traps, 1009 

design, 981 

height, 976 

L-type, 1009 

S-- type, 1009 

Pherothiazine, 683 

Philippines, 181 

Phorate, 720, 804, 856 

Phosalone, 443, 800, 801, 

828, 830, 960 

Phosdep, 807 

Phosdrin (see mevinphos) 

Phosphamidon, 730, 865, 893, 

894 

-- half-life, 846 

-- residue, 846 

-- resistance, 846 

-- toxicity, 679 

Phosphatase zymograms, 940 

Phosphonothiolates, 666 

Phosphorylated enzyme, 641 

Phosvel (see leptophos) 

Photoperiod effect, 223, 

281, 374 

Photoperiodism, 315 

Phoxim, 784 

--- + malathion, 583 

Phthalonitrile 

synergism, 659 

Ph.gadeuon rusticellae, 447 

Phylogenetic relation, 206 

Phytoecdysone, 224, 674 

Phytotoxicity, 947 

Pigmentation inheritance, 226 

Paipla alternans, 504 

Piperonyl butoxide, effect on 

Parasites, 924 

-- synergism, with 

cypermethrin, 926 

with DDT, 929 

with deltamethrin, 926

Subject Index 

Parasites, synergism, with 

neem extract, 657 

with pyrethroids, 928 

with TIA 230, 654 

-- + pyrethrins, 885 

Piprotal, 657 

Pirimicarb, 565, 898, 946 

Pirimiphos-methyl, 663, 807 

Pisum sat.ivum, host, 175 

Plant steroids, 225 

Plutella annulatella, 65, 

143 

Plutella antiphona, 204 

Plutella incarinatell, 142 

Piuteila schmaltze.l.la, 143 

Plutella sera, 204 

Poland, 81, 168, 169 

Ponasterone A, 225, 674 

Population, abundance, 341, 

347, 363, 376 

and crop loss, 186 

-- and damage, 174, 186, 191 

-- dynamics, 311, 312, 345 

-- fluctuations, 279, 300, 

390 

-- modeling, 368 

regulation, 368 

Porgoitrin, feeding 

stimulus, 185 

PP 557, 861 

Precocene I, 973 

Precocene II, 973 

Predators, 110, 241, 254, 

262, 263, 309, 370, 

380, 391, 398 

-- and parasite control in 

South Africa, 889 

-- in Australia, 488 

-- in New Zealand, 450 

-- in Pennsylvania, 473 


-- in Venezuela, 422 

plovers, 774 

Predatory birds, 306, 391, 

774 

Preoviposition period, 174, 

178 

Prepupal period, 243 

Profenfos, 924 

Propoxur, 932 

Protein and leaf 

consumption, 192 

465 

Prothiophos, 833, 932, 933, 

937, 945 

Protomicroplitis cInritiba 

465 

PSP 204, 804 

Puerto Rico, 298 

Pupal parasite, 276, 309 

Pupal period, 190, 243 

Pupation on milkwed, 182 

Pyrethrins, 240, 271, 285 

781, 787, 788, 796, 

867, 906 

-- biological properties, 79 

-- carriers, 788, 789 

-- chemical properties, 792 

-- impregnated dusts, 789 

-- ovicidal effect, 668 

-- physical properties, 792 

-- post-treatment 

temperature effect, 650 

-- testing in New Zealand, 

792 

-- + derris, 902 

-- + piperonyl butoxide, 865 

Pyrethroid resistance, 929 

-- in Taiwan, 930, 932 

-- mechanism, 919 

Pyrethrum, 787 

-- dust, 683, 690, 694, 

781, 787, 788, 789, 

790, 796, 847, 867, 

873, 899, 900, 901, 

912 

-- spray, 737 

Pyridine + soap, 714 

Quassia, 881 

Quazatine, 4, 972 

Quick growing cultures, 803 

Quinalphos, 400, 443, 532, 

762, 800, 801, 856, 

874 

Racemomycin, 677 

Rainfall effect, 161, 241, 

247, 289, 294, 306, 

312, 360, 374, 439, 

514, 633 

Reactivation, 641 

Rearing, 144, 162, 212, 

213, 214, 215, 216, 

217, 218, 219


Rearing, Apanteles SD-35651, 898 

plutellae, 507 

Relative abundance, 317, 348, 

366 

Reproduction, 222, 248, 253 

Reproductive system, 211 

Resemethrin, 539, 741, 938 

Residue tolerance, 771 

Resin soap, 688 

Resistant breeding lines, 

cabbage, 625 

Resistant cultivars, 620, 

956 

Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), 72, 73, 

74 

Rickettsia, 547 

Rogor (see dimethoate) 

Romania, 235 

Rotenone, 275, 683, 690, 

691, 703, 716, 727, 

748, 756, 765, 767, 

773, 775, 781, 786, 

788, 796, 853, 858, 

879, 880, 890, 899, 

901, 912 

SD-43775, 861, 898 

Search behavior, 321 

Seasonality, 118, 238, 241, 

243, 244, 246, 250, 

264, 272, 279, 280, 

282, 284, 285, 286, 

288, 294, 298, 300, 

301, 303, 304, 308, 

313, 319, 322, 325, 

327, 329, 334, 336, 

345, 346, 348, 350, 

352, 353, 360, 363, 

364, 370, 373, 374, 

375, 378, 461, 654, 

618, 818, 852, 964 

-- in India, 679 

-- in South Africa, 598 

-- in USSR, 586 

Seedling treatment, 598 

Segoritis .latratus, 264 

Selectivity in toxicity, 665 

Semisynthetic diet, 217 

Senegal, 155 

Sersilla auricillica, 201 

-- 

-- 

ovicidal effect, 668 

from Derris malaccensis, 

-- 

-- 

basiconica, 201 

chaetica, 201 

837 

-- yield response, 738 

Russia, 180 

Ryanex, 704, 790 

Ryania, 744 

-- coeloconica, 201 

-- styloconica, 201 

-- trichodea, 201 

Sensory relationship of 

oviposition, 176 

S-3151, 874 

S--3206, 874, 875 

S-3206, yield response, 875 

Septicaemia, 568 

Sesamex, synergist with neem 

extract, 657 

Sevin (see carbary) 

S-5602 (see fenvaerate) 

Sabadilla, 790 

Salithion, 400, 650, 806, 

807 

Salsola kali, host, 262 

Sex ratio, 243, 255, 261 

Sexual differences, 274 

Sexual maturity, 257 

Shell SD 16898, 741 

Sinalbin, feding stimulus, 

Samoa, 63 

Sampling, 290, 311,. 323, 

324, 371, 952, 953, 

956 

-- discontiouous, 337 

-- pilot, 371 

-- sequential, 324 

-- simple random, 371 

185, 194 

Sinigrin, 185, 194, 196 

Sis.ymbrium altissima, host, 

183 

Skeletal structure, 206 

Soap solution, 253, 259 

Sodium arsenite, 265, 860 

Sodium fluoride, 247 

-- size, 290, 292 

-- systematic, 371 

Schering 34615, 653 

Scotoperiod, 257 

Soft soap, 697 

Sogaritis latrator, 2(52 

Solomon Islands, 92 

Solvirex (see Disulfoton) 

466

Subject Index 

South Africa, 89, 241 

South Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), 

319 

Species competition, 313 

Species synonymy, 197, 199 

Spermatophore, 211 

Sp.iJochaicjs aib.ifrons, 309 

Spilochalcis de.lira, 253, 259 

Sp.ilochalc.is hirtifemora, 

399, 514, 515 

Spodromatis gastr.ic, 241 

Sporoza pathogens, 582 

Sri Lanka, 68, 6J, 70, 71, 

139 

Starlings as predators, 391 

Stavation effect on 

behavior, 321 

Stereoselectivity, 665 

St.ictop.isthus sp, 500 

Stomach poison test, 680 

Strains, 273 

Stretothricin, 677 

Sulfur, 176, 683, 696, 838, 

853 

Sulphated alcohol, 691 

Sumicidin (see fenvalerate) 

Sumithion (see fenitrothion) 

Summer spray oil, 697 

Superparasitism, 392, 439, 

441, 442, 494, 502 

Surecide (see cyanofenphos) 

Survillance, 946 

Survival, 190, 366 

Swallow, predators, 184 

Sweden, 40, 150, 151 

Synergism, 659, 891, 924, 

928 

Synonomy, 242 

Synthetic pyrethroids, 708, 

760, 861 

Syrphus novae-zeaiand.iae, 

263, 450 

Systox (see demeton) 

Tabacco dust, 823 

Taiwan, 145, 270, 295 

Talc, 692, 693 

Tamaron (see methamidophos) 

Tamelucha plutellae, 262 

Tanacetum vulgare, 971 

Tansy, 971 

Tanzania, 60, 61 

467 

Taxonomy, 197, 204, 206, 

207, 248 

Tebenhno bradleyi, 37 

Telodrin (see isobenzan) 

Temperature effect, 250, 

281, 291, 322, 366, 378 

Tepa, 970 

TEPP, 658 

Tephrosia virginiana, 

Terbufos, 753 

873 

Tetrachlorvinphos, 806, 868, 

894 

Tetrasitichus 

463 

ayyari, 459, 

Tetrasitichus myser, 460 

Tetrasitichus napo, 249 

Tetrasit.ichus soko.lowaskj.i, 

-- 

309, 394, 402, 420 

in Florida, 476 

-- in Trinidad, 5i4, 515 

Thimet (see phorate) 

Thiocyanates, 683 

Thiodan (see endosulfan) 

Thiodicarb, 730 

Thiometon, 718, 911 

Thiotepa, 970 

Threshold, 965 

-- development, 956 

-- temperature, 273 

Thuricide (see also Bt) 

-- 90TS, 533, 534, 554, 577, 

-- 

604, 729 

HP, 819, 820 

-- HPSC, 604, 891 

Thyraeella collaris, 308, 

383, 385, 386, 387, 

389, 392, 409, 417, 

438, 504 

-- alternate host, 515 

-- hyperparasite, 473 

in New Zealand, 454 

-- in Poland, 434, 448 

-- in Silesia, Germany, 492 

-- introduction, in New 

Zealand, 441, 451 

in Trinidad, 514, 515 


-- parasitism in Australia, 

513 

-- var brischkei, 492 

TI-78, 664 

TIA-230, 654


Tobacco, dust, 786, 881 Trichomalopsis sp, 500 

-- extract, 241, 267, 836 Trinidad and Tobago, 113 

-- wash, 769 Tripterygium wilfordii, 876 

Tokuthion (see prothiophos) Triton B-1956, 595 

Tomato leaf extract, 176, Tropital, 657 

223, 640 Tumbling mustard, 183 

Tonaga, 63 Tumidicoxella plutellophaga 

Toxaphene, 704, 716, 743, 415 

773, 866, 886, 908, Tunisia, 54 

912, 934 Typhoon influence, 289 

Toxobackterin, 605 

Traichogramma cacoeciae, 416 UC 200474, 909 

Tralomethrin, 652 UC 51762, 861, 869 

Transplanting distance Uganda, 59 

influence, 296 UK, 3, 14, 15, 46, 

Trap crop, 240, 246, 262, 161, 184, 233, 271, 

626 360 

-- white mustard, 246 Union carbide 34:96, 726 

Triazophos, 367, 816, 817, USA, 26, 30, 34, 35, 

858 77, 136, 182, 183, 

Trichlormetaphos-3, 223, 238 253, 255, 268, 325, 

Trichlorofon ovicial 336 

activity, 829 USSR, 2, 5, 17, 18, 

Trichlorphos, 238, 245, 20, 22, 33, 53, 

251, 328, 468, 518, 78, 80, 90, 97, 

588, 591, 722, 725, 98, 100, 109, ill, 

728, 797, 801, 803, 114, 115, 116, 124, 

832, 886, 893, 894, 127, 128, 133, 134, 

895, 934, 966 138, 153, 158, 159, 

-- effect on parasites, 379, 171, 188, 238, 251, 

682 265, 267, 272, 283, 

-- EPN antagonism, 641 328, 396 

Trichograma brasiliensis, 

515 Vamidothion, 730 

Trichogramma evanescery, 416 Velsicol 506, 726 

Trichogramma minutum, 498, Velsicol AR 60, 707 

499 Vietnam, 10 

Trichogramma for control in Virgin female study, 991, 

Germany, 437 993, 976 

-- for control in Holland, Virogenic stroma, 520, 523 

437 Virus disease transmission, 

-- parasitism in USSR, 457 187 

-- parasitism in Vietnam, Virus X, 588 

456 Visual damage threshold, 

-- rearing, 468 944, 960 

-- release, 468 Voria ruralis, 329, 480 

-- sp, 380, 394, 416, 514 

-- sp in USSR, 446 Weather influence, 307 

-- sp life history, 446 Weed host, 243 

-- species host preference, Wild hosts, 421 

437 Wilfordine, 713 

Trichogrammatoidea armigera, Wilforgine, 713 

444 Wilforine, 713 

468

Subject Index 

Wilforine toxicity, 642 

Wilfortrine, 713 

Wilforzine toxicity, 642 

Wing length changes, 378 

Wood ash, control, 240 

Yield loss, 954, 955, 965 

-- defoliation, 960 

-- forecast, 963 

-- in Malaysia, 951 

-- in radish, 191 

in rape seed, 125 

-- in turnip, 191 

-- in USSR, 586 

-- insect number relation, 

963 

Yponomeutoidea, 206 

469 

Z-ll:acetate, 976 

Z-l1:aldehyde, 976 

Z-phenylalkanoates, 667 

Zll-16:acetate, 975 

ZlI-16:aldehyde, 975 

Zaire (Belgium Congo), 240 

Zambia, 1, 13 

Zectran, 648, 731, 865 

Zimbabwe, 72, 73, 74, 163, 

319, 905 

Zinc arsenate, 904 

Zinc arsenite, 694 

Zineb + Bt, 891 

Zolone (see phosalone) 

Zoophtthora radicans, 580 

ZR-515, 988 

ZR-520, 988

Annotated Bibliography of Diamondback Moth - part

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