1985 - Mycological Society of America

Mycological Society 

of America 

NEWSLETTER 

Vol. 36 No. 1 June 1985

SUSTAINING MEMBERS 

ANALYTAB PRODUCTS 

TED PELLA, INC. (PELCO) 

CAMSCO PRODUCE COMPANY,INC. 

PFIZER, 

INC. 

CAROLINA BIOLOGICAL SUPPLY 

PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC. 

DEKALB-PFIZER GENETICS 

THE QUAKER 

OATS COYPANY 

DIFCO LABORATORIES 

ROHM AND HAAS COYPANY 

HOFFMAN-LA 

ROCHE INC. 

SCHERING CORPORATION 

LANE SCIENCE EQUIPMENT COMPANY 

ELI LILLY & COMPANY 

MERCK SHARP AND DOHYE RESEARCH LABS 

SMITH KLINE & FRENCH LABORATORIES 

SOUTHWEST MOLD AND ANTIGEN LABS 

SPRINGER-VERLAG NEW YORK 

MILES LABORATORIES 

SYLVAN SPAWN LABORATORY, 

INC. 

NALGE COMPANY/SYBRON CORPORATION 

TRIARCH, 

INC. 

NEW BRUNSWICK SCIENTIFIC COMPANY 

WYETH LABORATORIES 

The Society is extremely grateful for the support of its Sustaining 

Members. These organizations are listed above in alphabetical order. 

Patronize them and let their representatives know of our appreciation 

whenever possible. 

OFFICERS OF THE MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 

Officers 

Councilors 

Henry C. Aldrich, President Sandra Anagnostakis (1983-85) 

Roger D. Goos, President-elect Martha Christiansen (1983-86) 

James M. Trappe, Vice-president Alan Jaworski (1983-87) 

Harold H. Burdsall, Jr., Secretary Richard E. Yoske (1983-86) 

Amy Y. Rossman, Treasurer David Malloch (1985-88) 

Richard T.,.Hanlin, Past President (1984) Gareth Morgan-Jones (1983-86) 

Harry D. Thiers, Past President (1983) Francis A. Uecker (1982-85)

MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA NEWSLETTER 

Volume 36, No. 1, June 1985 

Walter J. Sundberg, Editor 

Department of Botany 

Southern Illinois University 

Carbondal e, I1 1 i noi s, 62901 

(618) 536-2331 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Sustaining Members .......... i 

Officers of the MSA ......... i 

Table of Contents .......... 1 

Editor's Note ............ 1 

General Announcements ........ 2 

Calender of Meetings and Forays ... 3 

Forthcoming Courses ......... 4 

New Mycological Research ....... 5 

Fungi for Distribution ........ 6 

Fungi Wanted ............. 7 

Identi fications ........... 10 

Publications Available ........ 11 

New Sooks by MSA Members ....... 12 

Pub1 ications Wanted ......... 13 

Annual Yeeti ng Program ........ 14 

Annual Meeting Abstracts ....... 15 

Uni v. 41 berta Mold Herbarium ........ 45 

Computer Software Available ........ 46 

MSA Placement Service ........... 46 

Travels and Visits ............. 50 

Assistantships and Fellowships Available . . 51 

Vacancies for Mycologists ......... 52 

Positions Wanted .............. 53 

Changes in Affiliation or Status ...... 54 

Papers, Seminars, Symposia, and Workshops . 55 

Honors, Awards, and Promotions ....... 56 

Personal News .. + ............ 57 

Associations and Clubs ........... 57 

Notes and Comments ............. 58 

Changes of Address for Respondence ..... 60 

Affi 1 iated Societies ............ 61 

EDITOR 'S NOTE 

This issue contains the program (pg. 14) and abstracts (pgs. 15-45). Your attention is 

also called to the announcement and application form for the new MSA Placement Service (pgs. 

46-49) and to the advertisement from Far West Fungi on page 53. A special note to a1 1 MSA 

Newsletter contributors is included on page 54. 

Unless otherwise noted, a1 1 creative fi 1 lers (art, poetry, etc.) included are heretofore 

unpublished. Gareth Morgan-Jones prepared the cover "medley". The drawings were done by Jean 

J. Sang1 ier via J. W. Bennett (pg. 9), Christopher Best (pg. 12), and Yves Renaud (back cover). 

With permission from David Minter, the poetry (pgs. 9 & 15) is reprinted from the BMS Foray 

Programne, April 1985. Finally, we thank Royal1 T. Moore for the submission of numerous 

"my~010gi~m~" (one-1 iners), some of which grace these pages. 

In order to conserve space (and reduce cost), readers are encouraged to use the MSA 

Di rectory for addresses where thei r response is requested. Mycol ogi sts, however, seem almost 

nomadic, sometimes making this approach difficult. Therefore, in this issue we are trying a new 

partial solution this problem (see pg. 60). Please make the included changes in your Directory 

as they will not appear in future Newsletter issues. 

Lastly, I wish to acknowledge the able and pleasant assistance of Linda Neuman who typed 

most of this issue and helped master our new letter qua1 ity printer. The ever-cooperative labor 

provided at mailing time by the SIU-C Mycology graduate students is also appreciated.

GENERAL ANNOUNCEMENTS 

ATTENTION BRITISH MEMBERS 

Dave Minter reminds MSA members in sterling areas that they can avoid bank charges in 

converting their MSA subscription to dollars by sending subscriptions in sterling to him at 

C.M.I., Ferry Lane, Kew, Surrey, TW9 3AF, U. K. Calculate the value of your subscripion using 

the dollar/sterling rate in the newspaper of the day you post the subscription, and please make 

sure your 1986 subscription arrives at the C.Y.I. by 1 January 1986. 

MSA PLACEMENT SERVICE 

Prospective graduates in mycology seeking employment are urged to register with the MSA 

Placement Service by completing the Employee Data Form published elsewhere in this issue of the 

MSA Newsletter. Data on prospective employees are provided to potential employers where thei r 

qualifications meet job requirements. Likewise, persons seeking employment are provided with a 

printout of vacant positions that match their training. Inqui ries regarding the service should 

be addressed to either Gareth Morgan-Jones, Auburn University, or Me1 vin S. Fuller, University 

of Georgia. 

TEACHING CULTURES 

Those who teach mycology should be aware that an array of identified fungal cultures are 

available for teaching purposes from the American Type Culture Collection for $12 a piece. A 

catalog of these cultures and their uses can be obtained free of charge from the ATCC. 

THE MYCOLOGY GUIDEBOOK 

For several years we have been working, albeit rather slowly, toward a revision of the 

Mycology Guidebook. It seems appropriate now that we actual ly start thinking about the 

organization of the new edition and its contents. This requires that members of the MSA get 

involved in terms of their ideas and input, as well as writing parts of the text. Below are 

some questions which are merely guidelines for getting started. Other comments w i l l be 

welcomed with enthusiasm! 

1. Are you interested in writing part(s) of the new edition of the Vycology Guidebook? 

2. Did you write one or more sections of the present edition.? 

3. How useful have you found the present Guidebook? 

4. Which subject areas should be added to the text? 

5. Which, if any, subject areas might be deleted? 

6. Do you have any suggestions on the organization of the materials included in the text? For 

example, is the present organization (i.e., 

the categories of General Information, 

Taxonomic Groups, Ecological Groups, Fungi as Bi 01 ogical Tools, and the accompanying 

Appendices) a good format? 

7. It has been suggested that the new edition of the Guidebook be published in Spanish as well 

as English. Do you agree or disagree with this idea? 

Please send comments to these questions as well as other suggestions, etc. to J. Ammirati, 

Chair, Mycology Guidebook Committee, Department of Botany, KB-15, University of Washington, 

Seattle, WA 98195. 

TO ALL MYCOLOGICAL WRITERS 

The MYCOLOGIA MEMOIRS Committee wants book-length manuscripts for review. Contact T. M. 

Hammill for details.

CALENDAR OF MEETINGS, FORAYS, AND WORKSHOPS 

August 1985 

1-4 The Annual Meeting and foray of the NORTH AMERICAN MYCOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 

(NAMA) will be hosted by the Mycological Association of Washington (MAW), and 

will be held at Canaan Valley Resort State Park near El kins, West Virginia. 

Kent H. McKnight will serve as head foray mycologist with numerous other guest 

speakers and workshop leaders from the YSA membership. Mycological and other 

resort activities will abound (I plan to bring my roller sk6tes--ed.) 

Registration: $60.00. Meals $65.00. Room $44-$120.00. Contact Frances Usenik, 

2327 49th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20007. 

1985 ANNUAL MEETING OF THE SOCIETY OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY will be held at 

the Westin Hotel, in Copley Place, Boston, MA. For more information contact: 

Forrest S. Yoy, Morton Thiokol , Inc., Ventron Division 150 9ndover Street, 

Danvers, MA 01932; Phone (617) 774-3100 or Stephen W. Queener, Research 

Associate, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285; Phone (317) 261-7454. 

TENTH ANNUAL NORTHEASTERN MYCOLOGICAL FORAY will be held at the State University 

of New York, Oneonta, NY. Principal mycologists will be David Malloch, 

University of Toronto, David Pegler, Royal Botani cal Gardens, Kew England, and 

Currie Marr, State University of New York. For more information contact: Pat 

and Jim Kronick, 1951 Lowell Lane, Merrick, NY 11566. 

BMS SON OF TRUFFLE HUNT will be held at Cotswolds. Contact Jane Ingham, 21 

Loughmi 11 Road, Pershore, Worcestershi re. 

TELLURIDE MUSHROOM CONFERENCE. Foray in forests surrounding Tell uri de, an 

historic Colorado mining town. Courses include mushroom identification, 

cul ti vation, and ethnomycol ogy. For further information contact: Emanuel 

Salzman, P. 0. Box 5503, Denver, CO 80217-5503. Phone: (303) 296-1218. 

1-18 MUSHROOM STUDY TOUR OF THE HIMALAYAS. Organized by Gary Lincoff, Andrew Weil 

and Emanuel Salzman. Foray in the forests surrounding the hill stations, the 

beautiful old summer resorts of the British colonial days, in the foothills of 

the great Himalayas. For more information contact: Emanuel Salzman, P. O.Box 

5503, Denver, CO 80217-5503. Phone: (303) 296-1218. 

BMS AUTUMN FORAY will be held at Chester. 

Contact Dave Minter for details. 

THE A. H. SMITH FORAY will be held near Baraboo, Wisconsin. Contact Jan Phelps: 

UWC-Baraboo, 1006 Connie Road, Baraboo, W I 53913. 

The Westwater Inn, Olympia, Washington, will be the site of the WESTERN 

INTERNATIONAL FOREST DISEASE WORK CONFERENCE. For particulars contact: Ken 

Russel 1 , Dept . o f Natural Resources, Di vision of Pri vate Forestry and 

Recreation, MQ-11, Olympia, WA 98504; (206) 545-0953; or Walt Thies, USDA 

Forest Service, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvall is, OR 

97331; (503) 757-4396. 

32ND CHARLES HORTON PECK ANNUAL MYCOLOGICAL FORAY will be held in the Arnot 

Teaching and Research Forest of Cornell University, located in Van Etten, New 

York. For more information and/or reservation forms contact: R. P. Korf, PECK 

FORAY COORDINATOR, Plant Path01 ogy, Cornel 1 University, Ithaca, NY 14853.

4 

October - 1985 

BMS MINI-FORAY IN SPAIN (Barcelona, Catalonia, and Monseny). Yrite David Minter 

or Henry Descal s, Department de Botani ca, Facul tat de Bi 01 ogi cas, Uni versi tat de 

Barcelona, Diagonal 645, Rarcel ona 08028, Spain. 

THE OREGON MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY FALL FORAY will be held along the northern Oregon 

Coast. Guest mycologist will be Joseph Ammirati. For information on the 

location contact J. Preston Alexander, Rt. 1, Box 158, Forest Grove, OR 97116. 

November 1985 

23 

April 1986 

BMS Meeting on TOXIC FUNGI at ~odrell' Laboratories, Kew. 

to learn more. 

Contact David Minter 

7-10 

THE HKITISH MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY GEhERAL MEETING in Bristol. Topic: 

"Evolutionary Biology of the Fungi ." Learn more from David Minter. 

23-27 

BMS SPECIALIST WORKSHOP ON ASCOMYCETES will occur at CMI. 

Contact David Minter. 

May - 1986 

3-4 

MID-ATLANTIC STATES MYCOLOGY CONFERENCE is tentatively set at Towson State 

College, Towson, Maryland. Interested persons should contact Jerry Motta, Dept. 

of Botany, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742. 

BMS ANNUAL SPRING FORAY (jointly held with the Botanical Society of Edinburgh) 

wi 11 be in Gal loway, based at Newton Stewart. Write Alan Bennell , Royal Botanic 

Garden, Edinburgh. 

August 1986 

30-Sept. 4 

FOURTH INTERNATIONAL FUNGAL SPORE SYMPOSIUM wi 11 be he1 d in Scot1 and (Sti rl i ng 

University). The host wi 11 be John Smith, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, 

Scot 1 and. 

FORTHCOMING COURSES 

David Minter and Paul Cannon wi 11 conduct an international course on ASCOPIYCETE TAXONOMY, 

7-18 October 1985, at the Universidad Austral de Chi le, Valdivia, Chile. Further information 

is avai 1 able from Dr. H. Peredo, Instituto Silvicul tura, Uni versidad Austral, Casi 11 a 567, 

Valdivia, Chile. 

MUSHROOM TOXICOLOGY will be offered by N. S. Weber & K. Cochran, Sept. 15-21 at Dillman's 

Sand Lake Lodge, Lac Du Flambeau, W I 54538. 

N. S. Weber will teach MUSHROOMS OF SLEEPING BEAK DUNES, July 22-26, at the Leelanau 

Center for Education, Glen Arbor, MI 49636. 

WOOD DETERIORATION, Fall Quarter of 1985, (3 cr.). by Elmer L. Schmidt, Department Forest 

Products, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 

A MUSHRUMF'US - AN MSA FORAY

NEW MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH 

G. C. ADAMS: Genetics of virulence and hypovirulence of Leucostoma persoonii and -- L. cincta 

(anamorphs: Cytospora spp. ). 

J. P. ALEXANDER: The effects of endogenous growth regulators on the growth and differentiation 

of a range of wild fleshy fungi. 

W. C. HAKEWELL: Studies on color guides, color standards, and color dictionaries. 

P. R. BECKJORD: Survey of the ectomycorrhizal epigeous fungi of oaks and conifers on surface 

mines and - in forests of western Mary1 and and factors for their ecology, sociology, and 

phaenol ogy . 

T. SEGAN: The genus Amanita in southern Illinois. 

S. E. CARPENTER: Revision of the ~hialeoideae and Ombrophiloideae (Helotiales, Leotiaceae). 

M. A. CASTELLANO: Monograph of Hysterangium. 

M.-M. CHEN: Epidemiology of white pine blister rust of sugar pine and the study of resistance 

of Pinus radiata to western gall rust: identification of fungal pathogens; ecology of and 

resistance to tree rusts; and edible fungi of China. 

P. K. DUBLISH: Aeromycological studies of a stud-farm. 

D. H. PFISTER: An inventory of the Mycological Literature from 1753 to 1821 with Jean Boise as 

Research Bibliographer. 

G. C. YAYE (with D. H. Pfister & Jean 8oise): Mycological Literature. 

R. KENDRICK: Pathogenicity of Hyphomycetes to Spruce Budworm; model ing the impact of 

herbicides on pond ecosystems; morphology and taxonomy of VAY fungi ; and use of 

biotechnology and a dual fungal culture to produce lipids from cellulosic wastes. 

R. W. YERRIGAN: Relationships in Agaricus (sub) section Hortenses. 

R. KOFFMAN: Studies on Aspergi 11 us clavatus and Psi locybe tampanensi s. 

R. K. S. KUSHWAHA: Biology of Chrysosporium and allied fungi from soil with special reference 

to their morphology and taxonomy. 

G. LIM: Fungal enzymes; production of aroma chemicals by fungi. 

P. D. MILLNER: Interactions among saprophytic root-colonizing bacteria and fungi, and VA 

mycorrhi zae that affect plant nutrition; protein and enzyme analysis of VA mycorrhizae and 

Endogone as related to growth, colonization, and nutrient translocation. 

G. M. MUELLER (with Stephen Rehner): DNA-DNA hybridization as a means for studying 

phylogeneti c re1 ati onshi ps among species of Laccari a. 

M. E. NOOKDELOOS: Taxonomy and ecology of Agarics from Boreal and Arctic regions (esp. 

Entolomataceae, Tricholomataceae). Entoloma sensu lato in eastern Canada and northeastern 

USA. 

S. L. PEELE: New compounds for anti-tumor and anti-cancer activity from mushrooms. 

S. A. REHNER: Taxonomy of A roc be sect. Pediadeae and a phylogenetic analysis (based on 

mol ecul ar approaches) +b$- 

o rocybe sect. Pedi adeae including comparisons to selected taxa 

within the Bolbiticeae.

E. L. SCHMIDT: Shiitake yields on red and bur oak, effects of white rot fungi on bonding 

systems of aspen waferboard, and the influence of aliphatic acids on spore germination of 

wood decay fungi. 

M. SPEAR: Media and techniques for large-scale production of ectomycorrhizal inoculum. 

W. J. SUNDBERG (with Raafat Mohamnadkhani ): lJl trastructural development and hi stochemi stry of 

clamp connection formation in Cyathus 01 la. - 

3. M. TRAPPE: Hypogeous fungi and their mycorrhizae--comparison of Spain with Oregon and 

Cal i fornia (grant from I1.S.-Spain Cooperative Research Awards) ; mycorrhiza-Rhizobium 

interactions in tropical woody legumes (Indo-U.S. Science & Technology Initiative Awards). 

R. C. ULLRICH: The following are studying the aspects of biology in Schizophyllum in Ull rich's 

Lab; Eunice Fruel i ger--0rotidine-5 ' -monophosphate decarboxylase and its gene; Brent 

Suckner--ri bosomal RNA genes ; Lisa Phel ps--cytochrome oxidase suhuni t I I mi tochondri a1 

gene from; Charles Specht--mappi ng mi tochondri a1 genes; and A1 fredo Munoz--tryptophan 

brosynthesi s. 

D. WEBER (with Vic Bundersoa): Development of an interactive video disc for a visual 

identification key to mushrooms (Exxon Educational Foundation Grant). 

W. YUN: Taxonomy of hypogeous fungi in China. 

BASIDIOMYCETES 

J. P. Alexander can provide Pleurotus ostreatus (wild types from the Pacific Northwest), and 

other Pleurotus sp., and a1 so cul-calvatia booniana (Pacific Northwest). 

M. A. Caste1 lano will send Hysterangium specimens. 

M.-M. 

Chen has stored spores of Endocronartium (western gal 1 rust). 

P. K. Dub1 ish offers Phyllacteria dal bergiae on leaves of Dal bergra sisso (preserved material ). 

S. L. Peele has dried specimens, cultures, and spores f rom4mani ta phal loides, A. muscari a, 

Pleurotus sapidus as well as many species of Psilocybe and Panacolus. sea for free 

i nformation or call Florida Mycology ~esearch--904) 478-3912. 

R. E. 

I 

Tulloss offers specimens of Amanita spp. from the pine Barrens of New Jersey (largely 

section Lepi dell a). 

MISCELLANEOUS 

K. Diebolt has cultures of ectomycorrhizal fungi--send for a list. 

A MUSHRUMOR - A HIiVT OF ANOTHER NAME CHANGE FOR THE CO!.!MERCIAL MUSHROOM

FUNGI WANTED 

ACRASIOVYCETES 

R. L. Blanton: Cultures of Copromyxa protea. 

MYXOMYCETES 

K. L. Rraun: Myxomycete specimens from Mexico. 

T. W. Gaither: Collections of any Didymium species. 

H. W. Kel ler: Myxomycetes--speci es of the genera Peri chaena and Li cea; corticol ous myxomycetes 

from 1 i vi ng trees and vines; myxomycetes from Mexico; specimens of Licea fimicol a (common 

on dung from herbivorous animal s--cow, bison, horse). 

S. L. Stephenson : Myxomycetes, especially col lections from western North America. 

OOMYCETES 

H. H. Ho: Phytophthora japonica (P. - oryzeae), and Phytophthora areceae (A1 type). 

ZYGOYYCETES 

B. Yendrick (with M. Srundrett): Wishes to exchange pot cultures or spores of VAM fungi. 

J. M. Trappe: Specimens of Endogonaceae. 

ASCOMYCETES 

G. C. 4dams: Recent collections of Leucostoma and Valsa with host identifications. 

S. E. Carpenter: Cultures and specimens of any Phial eoi deae and Ombrophi 1 oideae (He1 oti ales, 

Leot i aceae ). 

K. Di ebol t : Cultures of Wynnea ameri cana . 

K. Esser: The perfect stage of the Ascomycete Cochliobolus lunatus. 

J. H. Hai nes: Specimens of Hyal oscyphaceae. 

M. Harrington: Recently collected, ai r-dried specimens of Sarcoscypha to culture. Please ship 

. . by overnight delivery system, and they shall gladly reimburse costs. Send c/o L. R. 

Batra, Rm. 313, Bldg. OllA, USDA, Re1 tsvi 1 le, MD 20705. Telephone 301-344-2317 (call 

collect) for any needed information on how to collect or ship these fungi. 

T. Iturri aga: Cultures or specimens or both of Strossmayeria (Helotiales) and its anamorph 

Pseudospi ropes. 

L. M. Kohn: Cultures and specimens of sclerotium-forming Ascomycetes. 

H. J. Kronenberg: Cordyceps si nensi s and Cordyceps ci cadae 

J. M. Trappe: Specimens of hypogeous Ascomycetes.

W. Zhuang: Discomycetes (with pigmented apothecia) on fungi. 


J. P. Alexander: Cultures of Ramaria botrytis, Sparassis crispa, 2. radicata, HerIcium 

abieti s, Fistul ina hepatica, Vol variel la bombyci na, and Agari cus augustus. 

J. Ammi rati : Corti nari us, subgenera Dermocybe, Leprocybe, and Yyxaci um with notes and/or 

kodachromes. Yelanotus with note's and/or kodachromes and spore deposits for culture work. 

0. Bermudes: Cultures of Amanita spp. He would also like cultures of known ectomycorrhiza 

formers and dried specimens of amanitin- and phalloidin-containing mushrooms. He will pay 

postage. 

H. H. Surdsall : Armillaria mellea collections with complete notes as to field characters, 

suspected pathogenicity, and host; cultures, single spore isolates and any other 

information concerning the col lections. 

M. Caste1 lano: Cultures or specimens of Hysterangium (Phal laceae). 

K. Diebol t: Cultures of Gyrodon merul ioides and Sui 1 lus borinus. 

M. F. Doyle: Pacific Island agarics (notes preferred and/or photos, but he's a realist). 

R. E. Halling: Collybia and Marasmiellus. Notes on color and odor always helpful. 

R. W. Kerrigan: Cultures/spore prints of wild Agaricus bisporus and its close relatives. 

Vouchers, notes, and kodachromes appreciated. 

R. Koffman: Gymnopilus spectabilis. 

H. J. Kronenberg: Ganoderma lucidum, and Poria -- cocos. 

A. S. Yethven: Collections of Clavariadelphus from North America with color notes and spore 

deposits, and cultures of Clavariadelphus from Rorth Ameri ca. 

H. P. Mol itoris: Cultures of Yelanotaenium ruppiae (a marine basidiomycete, Usti laginales). 

M. E. Noordeloos: Specimens of Entoloma (sensu lato incl . Leptonia; Nolanea: Pouzarel la, 

Ecci 1 ia; A1 boleptonia). Notes and slides on fresh material are necessary! 

S. L. Peele: Cultures or spores of Psilocybe zapotecorum. 

J. Pfi ster: Recent exsiccatae and spore prints of Me1 anoleuca gramnopodia, - M. graminicola, - M. 

verrucipes, - M. subal pina, and - M. subbrevipes for enzymatic studies. 

D. Prusso: Specimens of Tulostoma from North America including collection data. 

S. Rehner: Cultures and/or spore prints plus voucher specimens (notes & photos; if possible) 

of Agrocybe, Bol bi tius, Conocybe, Gastrocybe (especially Agcocybe pediades, A. 

subpediades, 4. semiorbiaclaris, A. retigera, A. thinlenta, - A. arval is, - A. 

cyl indracalaegeri ta, Gastrocybe lareri tia, C o n o c y b m . 

M. Spear: Cultures of Agaricus subrufesceus and other unusual Agaricus spp. 

W. J. Sundberg: Lepiota spp. (sensu lato; notes and/or photographs helpful ). 

J. M. Trappe: Specimens of hypogeous Basidiomycetes.

R. E. Tulloss: We1 1 -documented collections of Amani t a spp. with slides if possible--please 

inquire, first. 

DEUTEROMYCETES 

W. D. Jennsen : Tri choderma vi ri de . 

R. Koffman : Aspergi 11 us cl avatus. 

R. K. S. Yushwaha: Cultures of Chrysosporium, Arthroderma, and Halbranchea. 

J. Y. McPartland: Cultures of any race (1 thru 6) of Fusarium oxysporum F. sp. vasinfectum. 

M. Wingfiel d: Leptographi um spp., Verti ci cl adiel 1 a spp., and Phial ocephal a spp. 

MISCELLANEOUS 

G. Guzman: Duplicates for the Herbarium of INIREB (XAL). 

W. Lanier: Cultures of any fungus which parasitizes pest insects or nematodes. Contact him at 

BIOSIS, 3788 Fabian Way, Palo Alto, CA 94303. 

R. E. Scott: Cultures of psychrophil ic fungi. Please contact him by letter with culturing 

conditions, etc. before sending (See Changes of Address). 

J. F. White & Garry T. Cole: Endophytic fungi from grasses of North America. 

To An Unwanted Ascomycete 

A fungus by a spore trap grew, 

A di scomycete fresh and new. 

And, heedless of its likely fate 

It soon began to sporulate. 

Its spores, released, flew in a trice 

Into my spore trap's orifice. 

Ah, waste! Its chosen situation 

Has spoiled all chance of propagation, 

And oh! My whole week's record messed 

With spores from this unwanted guest. 

Fool i sh Pezi za ! Better hide , 

Or 1'11 deploy the fungicide! 

---Fel ici ty Jackson

10 

IDENTIFICATIONS 

The following are willing to identify the taxa specified. 

MYXOMYCETES 

H. W. Kel ler: Myxomycetes--species of Peri chaena and Licea, and corticolous myxomycetes. 

ZYGOMYCETES 

S. M. Berch: Vesi cular-arbuscul ar mycorrhi zal fungi ,. Endogonaceae 

J. M. Trappe: Endogonaceae. 

ASCOMYCETES 

S. E. Carpenter: Leoti aceae (He1 o ti ales). 

J. H. Haines: Hyaloscyphaceae. 

A. Y. Rossman: All members of the Hypocriales including Nectria and Gibberella as specimens or 

cultures forming ascocarps. Fresh specimens are preferred. 

L. J. Spielman: Val sa, Leucostoma, and the anamorphs in Cytospora. 

J. M. Trappe: Hypogeous Ascomycetes. 


J. P. Alexander: Calvatia sp., and Pleurotus sp. 

M. A. Caste1 lano: Hysterangium 

G. P. Chamuris: Stereum S.S. or s.1.; temperate or tropical. 

M.-M. 

Chen : Cronartium, Coleosporium, Melampsora, Chrysomyxa; Lenzites, and Daedalea. 

R. E. Halling: Collybia and Marasmiellus. 

M. E. Noordeloos: Entoloma sensu lato (only possible with notes and slides). 

J. M. Trappe: Hypogeous Basidiomycetes. 

R. E. Tulloss: Amanita (Please inquire, first). 

W. Yun: Me1 anogaster 

DEUTEROMYCETES 

M.-M. 

Chen: Cytospora 

M. Wingfield: Leptographium spp. 

' 

"What's happened to the truffle hunterslr' rrTheyrve gone underground. "

PUBLICATIONS AVAI LABLE--FOR GIVE-AWAY, SALE, OR EXCHANGE 

11 

Gaston Guzman has the following for exchange or sale: SULLETIN OF THE MEXICAN SOCIETY OF 

MYCOLOGY, Vol . 19 (1984), 356 pages and 16 color plates. $15 US (back numbers are a1 so 

avai 1 able) . 

Machiel E. Noordeloos has reprints on Entoloma for sale or exchange. Send for a list. 

Joachim Schl iemann has available: Fries' ICONES SELECTAE HYMENOMYCETUM, 1/11; Persoon Is 

SYNOPSIS METHODICA FUNGOORUM 111 I ; Vai 1 lant Is BOTANICON PARISIENSE ; and a 1 arger number of 

other duplicate titles. Send for list or specify desiderata. 

Christian Vol bracht has a list of duplicates from his mycological collection. 

Harold W. Keller has 4. E. Nannenga-Bremekamp's DE NEDERLANDSE NYXOYYCETEN, 1974, 2nd 

edition (with supplement). 

Richard Rlanton has for sale: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROTANY, Vols. 60 (1973) through 70 

(1983) for $4/volume plus postage. Also, JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY, Vols. 23 (1976) through 31 

(1984) for $51~01 ume plus postage. 

Mo-Mei Chen has for sale PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF THE RUST FLORA IN THE FOREST OF TIBET 

(abstract in Enqlish); THE GUIDE BOOK ON LABORATORY IDENTIFICATION OF PORE FUNGI (in Chinese); 

A NEW GENUS, ST~LBECHRYSOMYXA CHEN GEN NOV. of Chrysomyxaceae on Rhododendron, and THE INDEX.OF 

TREE DISEASES OF CHINA. 

Hi romi tsu Hagiwara wants to exchange the MYXOMYCETOUS WORLD by Hagiwara & Izawa, including 

ca. 80 excel lent color photographs with Japanese explanations, for any book(s) or reprint(s) on 

Myxomycetes . 

Donald T. Kowal ski has for sale originals of Lister's A MONOGRAPH OF THE MYCETOZOA, Vols. 

1, 2, & 3 for $350; and April 1926 NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC (Watercolors of Slime Molds) for $10. 

Robert E. Macho1 has for sale MYCOTAXON, Vols. 1-20 and some old mushroom books--send for 

list. 

Stephen L. Peele has available one free issue of THE MUSHROOM CULTURE, The Journal of 

Mushroom Cultivation (see Changes of Address). 

Richard W. 

Kerri gan has free information on easy classroom cultivation of Pleurotus. 

Philip A. Orpurt has for sale MYCOLOGIA, Vols. 41-64 (1949-1972) bound (Ch. brown) $8 each 

($192); and Vol s. 65-75 (1973-1983) unbound, $5 each ($55). 

Walter J. Sundberg will sell Sundberg & Richardson, MUSHROOMS AND OTHER FLESHY FUNGI OF 

LAND BETWEEN THE LAKES, 64 p., 98 color photos, 1980. Prepay $3.65 (includes postage and 

padded mai 1 i ng envelope). 

Jenifer Huang McBeath has a reprint for give away entitled SYYPTOMOLOGY ON SPRUCE TREES 

AND SPORE CHARACTERISTICS OF A BUD RUST PATHOGEN, Phytopathology 74:456-461, 1984. 

Dieter Schierenberg has special lists of books in Botany and Mycology. 

Prinsengracht 485-487, 1016 HP, Amsterdam, Holland. 

Write him at 

Rodham E. Tulloss has, for the cost of copying & postage, a BIBLIOGRAPHY & INDEX TO NORTH 

AMERICAN LITERATURE ON AMANITA with over 300 references, approx. 250 indexed, over 200 taxa. 

Herbert N. Humphrey has for sale a Periodical Library, chiefly mycological, also plant 

path01 ogical and botanical journal s dating from 1872. Examples include: ANNALES MYCOLOGICI , 

Vols. 1-36; BULLETIN DE LA SOCIETE MYCOLOGIQUE DE FRANCE, Vols. 7, 11, 29, 35-55; 

PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Vol s. 1-59; AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY, Vol s. 16-23; and many more. For a 

complete list, write to Herbert N. Humphrey, 4040 Maybelle Avenue, Oakland, CA 94619.

Bryce Kendrick is offering A YOUNG PERSONS' COLOURING HOOK OF FUNGI, THE FIFTH KINGDOM 

(avai 1 able this summer), THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MUSHROOMS, and several references on 

Deuteromycetes. Write him for a list. 

NEW BOOKS BY MSA MEMBERS 

The fol 1 owing announcements were recei ved in response to the MSA Newsletter questionnai re: 

Alan Bessette. 1985. GUIDE TO SOME EDIBLE AND POISONOUS FUNGI OF NEW YORK. 41 color 

photographs and descriptions of fungi, many of which are found throughout the United 

States. A1 though designed for the novice, experienced collectors will also appreciate the 

color qua1 ity and diversity of specimens. Cost is $3.95 including postage and handl ing. 

Available from A1 an Bessette, Utica College of Syracuse Uni versity, 1600 Burrstone Road, 

Utica, NY 13502. Make checks payable to Otica College of Syracuse University. 

J. Cramer, has just received the manuscript for the fourth fully revised edition of Rolf 

Singer's THE AGAKICULES. Typesetting has been started, and publication is scheduled for 

winter 1985-86. 

Nancy S. Weber & Alexander H. Smith. Photographs by Dan Guravich. 1985. A FIELD GUIDE TO 

SOUTHERN MUSHROOMS. Avai lable from Uni veri si ty of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 48109. 

$16.50 less 10% professional discount (+ 4% sales tax in MI), + $1.00 handl ing for first 

copy, $.25 for each additional copy. 

Kenneth B. Raper. 1984. THE DICTYOSTELIDS. Princeton University Press. 453 pp., 

illustrated. $75.00. 

Joost A. Stalpers. 1983. A REVISION OF THE GENUS SPOROTRICHUM, Studies in Mycology No. 24. 

Centraal bureau voor Schimnelcultures, P. 0. Box 273, 3740 AG Baarn, The Netherlands. 105 

pp. hfl. 25. 

M. A. Schipper and Joost A. Stalpers. 1984. A REVISION OF THE GENUS KHIZOPUS, Studies in 

Mycology No. 25. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, P. 0. 273, 3740 AG Baarn, The 

Nether1 ands. 34pp. hf 1. 10. 

Randy Yolina. 1985. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 6TH NORTH AMERICAN CONFERENCE ON MYCORRHIZAE. 

Published by the Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University. 471pp. $20.00 plus 

$2.25 for postage and handl ing. To order, send check payable to OSU College of Forestry, 

to Col lege of Forestry, Oregon State Uni versi ty, Corvall is, OR 97331-5704.

P. K. Dub1 ish needs pub1 ications on aeromycol ogical studies. 

PUBLICATIONS WANTED 13 

J. Schl iemann would 1 i ke important old books on mushrooms, iconographies, rare titles; he 

is also interested in all give-away, sale, or exchange lists. 

E. W. Smith is in need of the Index of Plant Diseases (USDA Handbook 165). 

C. Volbracht is looking for any books on Mycology printed before 1900. 

D. Bermudes needs Charles David Badham's ESCULENT FUNGUSES OF ENGLAND 1847. 

R. Critchfield, Sr. wants any reprints on identification, taxonomy, morphology, and 

ecology of myxomycetes, and is willing to reimburse for reprints and/or postage. 

R. Koffman would like to obtain a copy of THE GENUS ASPERGILLUS by Raper & Fennell. 

R. Y. S. Kushwaha needs publications on taxonomy, ecology of Chrysosporium and members of 

Gymnoascaceae. 

R. E. Macho1 wants old mushroom books, including incomplete, very early works, if the 

parts on mushrooms are intact. 

R. E. Scott would like reprints and any information on microscopic psychrophilic fungi, 

(e.g.) culture conditions, enzyme purifications, and secondary products (See Changes of 

Address ). 

R. W. Yerri gan needs literature on Agaricus and old spawn catalogs. 

S. L. Stephenson would like reprints on Myxomycetes. 

J. P. Alexander would like THE FUNGI by Gaumann; Wolf & Wolf's THE FUNGI, Academic Press; 

PUFFBALLS & THEIR ALLIES..by A. Smith; and A NEW MONOGRAPH ON PLEUROTUS by Yiller (?). 

R. L. Tulloss needs both volumes of C. H. Kauffman's AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN. 

T M. Hammi 11 would 1 i ke the CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY, 1981, Vol . 59; and Gaumann 's THE 

FUNGI: A DESCRIPTION OF THEIR MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES AND EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT. 

M. F. Doyle would like reprints, etc. on insular mycology and long-distance fungal 

dispersal. 

Gui 1 lermo Rodri guez-Scherzer wishes reprints or books (pri nci pal ly on Polyporaceae sensu 

lato) free or in exchange for mexican fungi (Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes). Contact him at 

Herbario Metropol itano (UAMIZ), Departamento de Biologia, Uni versidad Autonoma 

Metropol - i tana-Iztapal apa, Apartado Postal 47-017, Mexico, 0. F. 07800. 

T-shirts, with this design 

in white on deep Fusarium purple, 

are available from: 

Mycoproducts, P. 0. Box 3050 

P. o. Box 3050 

Durham, NC 27705-1050

MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 

1985 ANNUAL MEETING PROGRAM 

University of Florida, Gainesvil le, Florida 

Saturday, August 10 

All Day: 

Foray to San Felasco Hammock State Preserve and University of Florida's 

Horticultural Farm, Alachua County. 

Morni ng: Yi ni Symposium. Recent Advances in Cryotechnol ogy 

Afternoon: Workshop. Recent Advances in Cryotechnol ogy 

Sunday, August 11 

Morni nglEarly 

Afternoon: 

Late Afternoon 

and Evening: 

All Day: 

Foray to Lake Yize, Austin Cary Memorial Forest, Alachua Co. 

Foray to Cedar Key on Florida's Gulf Coast isightseeing and dinner included) 

Meeting of the MSA Council 

Monday, August 12 

Morning: Session 1. Contributed Papers. Taxonomy 

Session 2. Symposium. Factors Effecting Morphogenesis in Achlya 

Session 3. Posters. Ecol ogy, Morphol ogy , and Taxonomy 

Afternoon: Session 3. (continued) 

Session 4. Contributed Papers. Siochemistry and Physiology 

Session 5. Contributed Papers. Ecology 

Session 6. Symposium. Recent Trends in the Study of 

Heterobasidi omycetes 

Evening: 

AIBS Plenary Session 

Tuesday, August 13 

Morning: Session 7. Contributed Papers. Morphology and Taxonomy 

Session 8. Symposium. Recent Advances in the Biology of the Cultivated 

Mushroom 

Session 9. Posters. Biochemistry, Cytology, Genetics, Medical Mycology, 

Physiology and Ul trastructure 

Afternoon: Session 9. (continued) 

Session 10. Contributed Papers. Cytology and Ul trastructure 

Session 11. Contributed Papers. Genetics and Taxonomy 

Session 12. .Symposi urn. Beta-Gl ucans: Thei r Biosynthesi s and Degradation 

Evening: Session 13. Nomenclature Open House and Discussion 

Wednesday, - August 14 

Morni ng : 

MSA Breakfast and Business Meeting 

Presidential Address. Henry C. Aldrich. From Taxonomy to 

Biochemistry - The Odyssey of a Myxomycetologist

Afternoon : Annual Lecture. Franz Oberwi nkler. Evolutionary Trends in Basidi omycetes. 

Session 14: Contributed Papers. Biochemistry and Physiology 

Session 15: Contributed Papers. Genetics, Taxonomy, and Ul trastructure 

15 

Evening: 

Awards Presentat ion and Soci a1 

Thursday, August 15 

Morning: Session 16: Contributed Papers. Cytology and Ul trastructure 

Session 17. Symposium. Observations on the Macromycetes of the Deep South 

and Gulf Coast Regions 

MSA MEETING NOTES 

Gerald Benny wants to make all attending this year's MSA Annual Meeting in Gainesville 

aware of the following points. 

It may be possible to arrange for (a) .pick up at the airport or bus station if using these 

modes of transportation and (b) some pre- or post-meeting field excursions to nearby collecting 

areas. Write or call Gerald Benny in advance for arrangements. 

For those arriving for field trips, appetites can be serviced at the Snack Bar on the 

second floor of the Reitz Union or off campus on University Avenue (just north of the campus). 

Several places, which can be reached by car, are a1 so located on Archer Road (south of the 

campus ) . 

Bartram Room B-22, which wi 11 be used for specimen study, identification, display, etc., 

will be open Saturday and Sunday evenings and Sunday during the day by arrangement. Jim 

Kimbrough's room (Bartram 218, West Wing) houses the Mycology Library and will serve as a 

resource room. 

ABSTRACTS 

Abstracts of the papers scheduled for presentation at the 1985 MSA Annual Meeting are 

included a1 phabetical ly by author on the following pages. 

Truffle Hunting 

The truffle's an elusive chap, 

he doesn't have a sti pe or cap! 

He doesn't have a gill or pore, 

or veil or ring or volva or.. . 

skeletal trama, what a miser! 

Yet still he makes good mycorrhiza! 

And if you open him then ee-bah 

gum! He's got a 1 ovely gleba! 

With every tree he will not grow, 

when Autumn comes, no flashy show. 

A modest fungus, that's for sure, 

all curled up in the forest floor. 

4 we1 1 -trained dog or truffle pig 

(they say) will scent him out and dig 

him up, though with his habits mild 

I s till prefer the truffle child! 

Black, white, or brown our truffles be, 

too small and soily for your tea. 

So gastronomes must go abroad, 

to eat the truffle perigord. 

But to the beech woods take your rake 

and clear the leaves and start to 

scrape: 

they're fun to fine in their own way, 

so come on, join our next foray! 

---Jane Ingham

Adarns, G. M. W., see Rlackwell, M. 

G.R. ALlAGA and J. POMMERVILLE. The Department of 

B~ology, Texas A&M IJnt versity, College Station, TX 

77843. Characterizat~on of the ktnetosomal region in the 

zoospores of Allomyces macrogynus. 

The aquatic fungus, Allomyces macrogynus, possesses 

unlflagllate zoospores with a slngle functional kinetosome 

(basal body) closely associated with the nucleus, the 

flagellar rootlet, and the basal mitochondr~on. This study 

was undertaken in an effort to determine more precisely 

the structure, orientation, and cornposition of the rootlet. 

Electron micrographs show that the rootlet is located next 

to that portion of the klnetosome which contains the 

characteristlc cartwheel structure. In longitudinally and 

transversely sectioned zoospores, the rootlet is composed 

of three electron dense bands, each separated by loosely 

packed fibrillar material. The outer band of the rootlet is 

adjacent to the basal mttochondrion whlch partially 

surrounds the rootlet while the inner band is linked to the 

kinetosome by short repeating extensions. The posterior 

portion of the nucleus is closely associated with the 

klnetosome forming an extension Into the most proximal 

region. Zoospores were osmotically lysed or mechanically 

disrupted in order to isolate the kinetosome fraction by 

density gradient centrif ugatlon. L~ght and electron 

microscopy of thls fraction showed that the kinetosome 

was separated w~th the nucleus, nuclear cap, 

cap-associated mitochondria, basal m~tochondrion, and 

flagellar rootlet, indicating that these organelles are 

associated with the kinetosome. Two-dtmensional 

polyacrylamide gel electrophores~s was performed on the 

kinetosomal fractions in order to characterize the proteins 

present. Further puriftcatlon of the kinetosome and the 

associated rootlet IS needed in order to determine the 

molecular composition of the structures. 

Arnerson, H. V., see Gray, 0. J. 

Arnrnirati , J. F., see Muel ler, G. M., et. a1 . 

Anderson, J. R., see Hintz, W. E., et. al. 

Anderson, J. R., see Meyer, R. J., et. al. 

J.B. ANDERSON. Mushroom Research Group, Erindale 

College, University of Toronto, Mississauga, 

Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6. Breeding behavior of 

Agaricus species. 

Cultivated strains of Agaricus bisporus are, for the 

most part, genetically uniform. One goal of our research 

is to use wild populations of Agaricus as a 

source of genetic variability which can be transferred 

into the background of A. bisporus by forced somatic 

hybridization. From the increased range of inherited 

variability in hybrid cells or their derivatives, 

strains improved with respect to yield, shelf 

life, temperature optima for growth and fruiting, or 

any other parameter could be selected. Information 

on the mating systems of wild Agaricus spp. is a prerequisite 

to any breeding program. We have found, 

that, consistent with earlier reports, A. bitorquis 

is unifactorially heterothallic, with multiple 

alleles at the mating-type locus. Although nuclear 

migration was previously unknown in Agaricus, we 

found a strain of A. bitorquis whose nuclei apparently 

migrate within the opposing mycelium of some compatible 

mates. A. vaporarius, which is very closely 

related to A. bisporus, was also unifactorially 

hrterothallic. Further, A. bisporus, -and A. 

bitorquis, and A. vaporariuswere intersterile wiTh 

one another. The mating systems of several other 

species, A. silvicola, A. campestris. A. placomyces, 

and A. arvensis -yere not clear. I w~li describe the 

use of auxotrophic and drug-resistance aucations as 

markers for selec~ion of interspecies h~!terokoryons 

in pairings of intact, living mycelia ~nd in fusions 

of protoplasts and I will discuss the DKOSDeCtS 

. . 

of 

- - 

overcoming intersterility barriers in Agaricus for 

breeding purposes. 

Anderson, R. C., see Liberta, A. E. 

Antonopoulos, A. A., see Wene, E. G. 

A.A. ANTONOPOULOS and E.G. WENE, Argonne National Laboratory, 

Energy and Environmental Systems, 9700 South 

Cass Ave., Argonne, IL 60439. Mutagenesis studies on 

Fusariwn oxyspom isolates. 

Selected Ftlsariwn strains have been studied to determine 

their potential for ethanol production from the 

decomposition and fermentation of biomass. In addition 

to screening strains isolated from natural habitats, 

new strains have been developed through W- 

irradiation of microconidia. In several cases W- 

mutants were more effective glucose and xylose fermenters 

and cellulase enzyme producers than the parental 

strains. Methodology and the results of mutagenesis 

efforts will be discussed. 

Arnott, H. J., see Whitney, K. D. 

Austin, W. L., see Wilfred, A., et. a1 . 

C. W. BACON and D. M. EINTON. Toxicology and 

Biological Constituents Research Unit, Russell 

Research Center, USDAIARS, Athens, GA 30613. 

Efficacy of Iodonitrotetrazolium violet for 

determining endophyte infected tall fescue seeds. 

A rapid and simple spectrophotometric method of 

measuring the infection and viability of the fungal 

endophyte, Acremonium sp., in seed of tall fescue is 

presented and partially characterized. The assay is 

based on the reduction of a tetrazolium salt, 

2-(p-iodopheny1)-3-(p-nitropheny1)-5-phenyl 

tetrazolium chloride (INTI, by whole seed in the 

presence of nitrogen and Triton X-100. The method 

depends upon dehydrogenase enzyme activity to reduce 

the colorless INT into a violet-red compound 

(formazan) which is made water soluble by the Triton 

X-100. The procedure can be completed in a 24 to 48 

h period; the INT-formazan product is measured at 

490 nm, and the infection status of the seed lot 

assessed. The simplicity and rapidity of this 

method have many advantages over previously used 

methods (Eliza, seed growth, and microscopy) that 

are either complex, long andlor cannot distinguish 

living from dead fungi in seed. Several inhibitors 

and substrates of the electron transport system were 

used to determine the site of INT reduction in 

noninfected seed and contrasted with the apparent 

absence under anaerobic conditions in infected seed. 

E. R. BADHAM. Carolina Fungi, Inc. 2736 

Lakeview Dr., Raleigh, NC 27609. The influence of 

humidity upon transpiration and growth in the mushroom 

Psilocybe cubensis. 

The influence of humidity upon individual 

basidiocarps of Psilocybe cubensis was studied using 

an environmentally controlled wind tunnel and a computer 

program which helped to model growth and

development. Regression models were developed which 

were able to explain 77% of the variation in the 

transpiration rate and 68% of the variation in growth 

rate. Transpiration and growth of this mushroom were 

significantly correlated with the humidity of the air. 

The fastest growth and the lowest transpiration 

occurred at the highest humidities. No inhibition of 

growth was detected at 0 pascals VDD (100% RH). 

Misting accelerated growth and transpiration while 

light had no effect. Although humidity was a very 

important factor influencing transpiration and growth, 

the size and shape of the mushroom were also important 

in water relations. The final water content of 

basidiocarps with thin stipes or those with large 

surface area/volume ratios was significantly lower 

than that of thick stiped mushrooms or those with 

small surface area/volume ratios even though humidity 

was equal. Growth rates under conditions which 

promoted the highest levels of hydration of the 

basidiocarp were rapid (up to estimated 4% increase 

in dry weight per hour). 

Barro, S. C., see Dunn, P. H., et. al. 

Barstow, W. E., see Freshour, G. D., et. al. 

- W.E. - BARSTOW, W.L. LINGLE and G.D. FRESHOUR. 

Botany Department, The Uni versi ty of 

Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. The association 

of tubular and rough ER with gamma particle 

proteins in Blastocladiella emersonii , 

Blastocladiella bri tannica, m a r i a 

anguillulae. 

The presporulation coenocytic thallus of B. 

emersonii, E.britannica and 

characterized by the 

~~~ 

bundles' of tubular elements which ramify 

through the cytoplasm. The individual 

tubules are composed of a single unit 

membrane averaging 8.7 nm in thickness. At 

this time each individual tubule is 

surrounded by an 80 to 100 nm ribosome-free 

zone. When the tubules occur in bundles 

there is a regular 100 to 150 nm center to 

center spacing which results in numerous 

hexagonal arrays as observed in cross 

section. During the early stages of 

zoosporangium formation the bundles of 

tubules lose their ordered re1 ationship to 

each other and the previously clearly 

defined ri bosome-f ree area around each 

tubule becomes less distinct. At this time 

there is a rapid increase in rough ER and 

frequent connections are found between the 

tubules and cisternae of rough EH. The 

cisternae of rough ER contain the protein 

precursors of gamma particles. By the time 

of papilla formation the tubules had 

disappeared. We assume that the tubule 

membranes had been converted to rough EK. 

L. R. BATRA. U. S. Dept. Agriculture, Beltsville 

Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland 

20705. Deceit and corruption: Ericaceae blights 

caused by Monilinia spp. mimic host flowers and 

exploit pollinators as vectors. 

A group of Monilinia spp. invades diverse Ericaceae 

(1). One species,, M. vaccinii-corymbosi (Reade) 

Honey is polytrophic on Vaccinium corymbosum L. and 

its several related species. In contrast, most other 

Monilinia spp. on the Ericaceae are rather species 

specific. They cause' a blight of nascent spring 

17 

shoots and mummification of fruit, e.g. the "mummy 

berry" stage in blueberries, cranberries (Vaccinium) 

and huckelberries (Gaylussacia). Recently we reported 

a new and unusual mechanism for dispersal of these 

pathogens where infected shoots, including leaves 

mimic flowers (2). The pathogen elicits behavior of 

particular insect pollinators so that they are 

attracted to infected parts where they lick the 

mantle of conidia, and become contaminated with 

spores. When these insects subsequently visit host 

flowers, the conidia are deposited on their stigmas, 

resulting in infected ovaries; and other floral 

parts, to be further dispersed. Here I discuss 

significance of comingling of inocula of several 

sympatric Monilinia spp.: M. azaleae Honey, M. 

baccarum (SchrBt.) Whet. , g. megalospora (Wor.) 

Whet., fi. oxycocci (Wor.) Honey, M. polycodii 

(Reade) Honey, 1. vaccinii-corymbosi and others. 

At least one pair of Monilinia spp. hybridizes. 

1. Batra, L. R. 1983. Mycologia 75: 131-152. 

2. Batra, L. R. and S. W. T. Batra. 1985. 

Science 226 (May issue). 

Beattie, S. W., see Hammill, T. M., et. al., a. 

Beattie, S. W., see Hammill, T. Y., et. al., b. 

- G. - L. BENNY J. L. .GIBSON, and J. W. KIMBROUGH. 

-9 

Department of Botany, University of Florida, 

Gainesville, FL 32611. 

Cytochemical observations on the merosporangia, 

merosporangiospores, and pseudophial ides of 

Linderina pennispora. 

Young Linderina pennispora merosporangiospores 

have several discernible layers and spines 

embedded in their walls. Fewer layers are 

produced in the walls of the subtending 

pseudophialides, but the septum and an associated 

lobate structure (the abscission vacuole or 

labyrinthiform organelle) are chemically different 

than the other walls. Cytochemical studies 

revealed the presence of a glucose- or 

mannose-containing cell coat on the merosporangia. 

The wall of the merosporangium and 

merosporangiospore, and the neck of the 

pseudophialide are chemically different from the 

remainder of the wall of the pseudophialide or the 

labyrinthiform organelle. Polysaccharides appear 

to be present in the wall of the merosporangium, 

the spore spines, and the lenticular cavity. 

D. A. BETTERLEY. Spawn Mate, Inc., 555 North 

First St., San Jose, CA 95112. 

Biological control of pathogens of 

cultivated mushrooms (Agaricus spp.). 

This paper serves as a brief review of biological 

control attempts in mushroom cultivation 

and discussion of recent progress in 

the isolation and introduction of microbial 

antagonists to reduce disease incidence. In 

most cases, the antagonist must colonize the 

compost and/or casing materials in the 

presence of pesticides or conditions used to 

control other pathogens. 

Sciarid flies (Lycoriella spp.:Diptera) 

have been effectively controlled in small 

scale trials using several systems, among 

them isolates of Erynia montana (Entomophthorales), 

nematodes parasitic to sciarid 

larvae, and Bacillus thuringiensis.

Nematodes, both parasitic and saprophytic, 

can cause yield reductions. Arthrobotrys 

species can be effective, although proper 

sanitation is a simpler remedy. Work is 

beginning on the control of Verticillium 

disease and bacterial mummy disease with the 

use of bacterial antagonists. The greatest 

success to date has been the control of 

bacterial blotch disease with antagonistic 

strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens selected 

by Dr. Peter Fahy in Australia. Cooperative 

trials are underway in the U.S. for disease 

control in mushroom houses and also for 

increased postharvest quality of mushrooms. 

6. E. & H. V. T. COTiER. Department of Biology, 

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 

Blacksburg, VA 24061, U. S. A. 

Can sporocarp pattern measure the spatial pattern of 

the vegetative mycelium? - A test using the bolete, 

Boletinellus merulioida. 

Ecological studies of higher fungi have depended on 

sporocarps as a measure of fungal presence, 

productivity, or dominance. A major criticism of these 

studies has been that the relationship of the 

sporocarps to the vegetative mycelium is unknown. The 

accuracy of a sporocarp-determined distribution pattern 

was tested by using sclerotia as a marker of the 

vegetative mycelium of Boletinellus rerulioidea. The 

spatial pattern of the vegetative mycelium was 

determined in 64 2 x 2 q contiguous quadrats and was 

compared to the spatial pattern of sporocarps produced 

in the quadrats over a 4-year period. Year-to-year 

sporocarp frequency in the quadrats varied greatly, and 

and sporocarp frequency for a single year was an 

unreliable indication of the pattern of the vegetative 

mycelium. However, cumulative sporocarp frequency over 

the 4-year period provided a good estimate of the 

spatial pattern of the mycelium. Sporocarp and 

sclerotial densities were centered around and declined 

outward from Fraxinus americam trees. In a nearby, 

second set of contiguous quadrats, no sporocarps were 

observed over the four years; neither were sclerotia 

present in the plot despite the presence of E. 

emeric-. The relationship between B. peruliow and 

E. meric- is also discussed. 

MEREDITH BLACKWELL, ANTHONY J. KINNEY, PAUL T. 

RADFORD, and CATHERINE M. DUGAS. Department of 

Botany, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 

Louisiana 70803, and R. L. GILBERTSON. Department 

of Plant Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, 

Arizona 85721. The chemical basis of Melzer's 

reaction. 

For the last hundred years mycologists have used 

Melzer's reaction as a taxonomic character. Two 

previous studies attribute the blue staining 

(amyloid) reaction to the presence of amylose in 

five species of Basidiomycetes. We have verified 

the presence of amylose and a correlated amyloid 

reaction in additional species of Basidiomycetes 

and in an ascomycete. Amylose and amylopectin were 

not detected in species which showed a red 

(dextrinoid) reaction. Species with a dextrinoid 

reaction did appear to have high concentrations of 

certain quarternary ammonium compounds (QACs), 

which are known to form a red periodide complex 

with KI The QACs were measured quantitatively, 

after &A extraction of the fungus, by a 

spectrophotometric technique. They were tentatively 

identified as choline and glycine betaine by a 

combination of ion-exchange chromatography and 

2-dimensional thin layer chromatography. Con- 

firmation of this identification is at present 

being sought utilizing mass spectrometry. It is 

interesting to note that QAC accumulation, 

especially accumulation of glycine betaine, has 

been associated with salt and water stresses in 

angiosperms. QACs could be of ecological 

significance in fungi. 

MEREDITH BLACKWELL and G. MIKE W. ADAMS. 

Department of Botany, Louisiana State University, 

Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803. The exudate of 

Inonotus dryadeus. 

Inonotus dryadeus is a common root parasite of 

hardwoods in the Gulf Coast region. Basidiocarp 

development is characterized by the transport of a 

watery exudate to the maturing basidiocarp surface. 

As much as 5 ml of exudate can be transported in 12 

hrs. While the mechanism of transport is 

uncertain, it is known that the exudate moves in 

thick-walled hyphae which lack cytoplasm and 

contain few septa; these hyphae end 1-2 mm from the 

basidiocarp surface. Cytoplasm is restricted to 

thin-walled hyphae which extend to the margin of 

the basidiocarp. Similar transport hyphae are also 

present in Laetiporus sulphureus, d. persicinus, 

and other polypores which produce exudates. 

Exudate of i. dtiadeus from both living and dead 

trees of different species in characterized by low 

pH, high organic salt content, several free amino 

acids in low concentrations, and a variety of 

unidentified proteins. The unconcentrated exudate 

has antibiotic activity at room temperature against 

all gram positive bacteria tested as well as 

Pseudomonas aeru~inosa. Activity is confined to a 

heat stable, low (

JEAN R. BOISE. The New York Botanical Garden, 

Bronx, NY 10458. A traditional fungal taxonomist 

tries cladistics. 

Resting aporea were eeparate, not organized into a 

cyetoeorue: they were ruet brown in color, amooth 

walled, and were 4-4.6 pa in diameter. 

19 

Cladistic methodology is employed to avail a fresh 

perspective on the taxonomy of the melanommataceous 

species named in Trematosphaeria. Congruence 

testing supports disposition of the taxa in a manner 

similar to that arrived at by traditional analysis. 

Outgroup comparison, using the Lophiostomataceae, 

provides evidence to reject the proposal that 

Trematosphaeria is a synonym of Melanomma, but more 

detailed statements about species placement are 

severely limited by the lack of studies on intrafamilial 

relationships in the outgroup and by the 

high degree of parallelism that is accepted in the 

taxonomy of the two families. 

Boucias, 0. G., see Pendland, J. C. 

S.M. BOYETCHKO and J.P. Tewari. Department of Plant 

Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, 

Canada T6G 2P5. A new Glomus with dimorphic 

chlamydospores. 

A previously unknown species of Glomus mycorrhizal 

with barley in Alberta was isolated.The proposed 

new species, Glomus dimorphicum sp. nov. is 

dimorphic, poTETTng both single (130 - 300 pm in 

diameter) and grouped chlamydospores (50 - 130 pm in 

diameter). The young single spores possess three 

wall layers: an outer hyaline wall layer which 

eventually sloughs off, a middle laminated layer and 

a thin inner wall layer. Older spores of the single 

type lack the outer hyaline wall layer. The spores 

of the grouped type form discrete radiate 

clusters. The wall layers in these grouped spores 

are similar to those of the older single spore in 

having two wall layers. The spores often have soil 

particles agglutinated to their wall surfaces which 

makes study of the spore surface difficult. X-ray 

energy dispersive analyses facilitated the 

identification of the relatively clean areas of the 

outer hyaline wall layer. Examination of the roots 

of barley has revealed extensive hyphal 

colonization, very few vesicles and no arbuscul es. 

J. P. BRASELTON. Department of Botany, Ohio 

Univereity, Athene, OH 45701. 

Ultraatructure of Plaemodio~hora di~lantherae, A 

Plaamodiophoromycete Parasite on the Shoal Graaa. 

- --- 

Halodule wriahtii 

Plaemodio~hora di~lantherae (Ferdinandaen et 

Winge) Cook infected shoal graee, Halodule 

wriahtii Aecheraon, collected from the Indian 

River in Florida. In actively growing ehoota, color. 

of galla were white to light creaa near the shoot apex 

but light to dark brown beginning three to five nodea 

from the apex. The paraeite wae contained within the 

inner cortex, infected celle of which were enlarged to 

ee much aa 250 pm in maximum diameter. All etagee of 

development appeared to be of the cyetogenoua phaae: 

no eporangie were obaerved. Ultraatructurally P. 

di~lantherae had eeveral feature8 coneietent with 

cystogenoue plasmodia of other Plaemodiophoromycetee: 

Plaemodia occurred within cytoplaaa of hoet celle, 

centrioles were paired end-to-end, and aynaptonemal 

coaplexee (SCe) occurred in nuclei of transitional 

plasmodia. The haploid chromosome number a8 

determined by counting the SCa wae nine, the loweet 

haploid number reported for Plaaaodiophoromycetee. 

Brewer, C., see Iturriaga, T. 

S.A. BRUNT and J.C. SILVER. Department of 

Microbiology. University of Toronto, West Hill, 

Ontario, Canada, MlClA4. The effect of the steroid 

hormone antheridiol on secreted proteins in the fungus 

Achlya ambisexualis. 

The steroid hormone antheridiol induced changes in 

proteins in the secreted fraction of the fungus 

Achlya 'ambisexualis. When the 35~-labeled proteins 

from control and hormone-treated cells were analyzed 

using SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 

fluorography both qualitative and quantitative changes 

were observed. The most prominent proteins observed 

in the secreted protein fraction from control cells 

had molecular weights of 57,000 (57K), 54,000 (54K) 

and 50,000 (50K) respectively. Con A affinity 

chromotography and treatment with the enzyme Endoglycosidase 

H strongly suggested that the latter two 

proteins were glycoproteins. After hormone treatment 

the 54K and 50K proteins were barely detectable but 

there was nearly a two-fold increase in the 

accumulation of a doublet of prominently labeled 

proteins with relative molecular weights of 44,400 

(44.4K) and 43,000 (43K) respectively. Neither of 

these two proteins bound to a Con A column or were 

sensitive to enzymatic cleavage with Endoglycosidase 

H. Cleavage of the 54K and 50K proteins from control 

cells with Endoglycosidase H produced a 45K protein 

which migrated close to the 44.4K and 43K protein 

doublet from hormone-treated cells. These 

observations suggest that the steroid hormone 

antheridiol may induce changes in glycoprotein 

processing of secreted proteins in Achlya. 

(Supported by NSERC, Canada) 

Bunderson, C. V., see Weber, D. J., et. al. 

Sunderson, E. O., see Weber, D. J., et. al. 

L. M. CARRIS, D. A. GLAWE, and L. I?. GRAY. Dept. of 

Plant Pathology, and USDA-ARS, Univ. of Illinois, 

Urbana, IL 61801. Isdlation of fungal pathogens of 

soybeans from cysts of Heterodera glycines in 

Illinois. 

Cysts of Heterodera glycines, the soybean cyst nematode, 

were collected 1983-1984 from soybean fields in 

Illinois. Of over 50 species of fungi isolated from 

cysts, three were identified as known soybean pathogens. 

Identification of Corynespora cassiicola and 

Phialophora gregata, causal agents of Target Spot and 

Brown Stem Rot diseases, respectively, was confirmed 

by demonstrating their pathogenicity on 'Century' 

soybeans. Neocosmospora vasinfecta, causal agent of 

Neocosmospora Stem Rot, was identified on the basis 

of morphological and cultural characters. This is 

the first report of C. cassiicola and N. vasinfecta 

from soybean fields in Illinois. 

MICHAEL A. CASTELLANO and R. MOLINA Forestry 

Sciences Laboatory, Pacific Northwest Forest and 

Range Experiment Station, Corvallis, OR 97331. 

Distribution, ecology and mycorrhizal potential of 

some Pacific Northwest fungi. 

Mycorrhizae have been synthesized in pure culture

20 

for the first time with hypogeous Basidiomycota in 

the genera Alpova, Cautieria, Leucogaster, 

Leucophleps, Mycolevis, Radiigera and Ascomycotina 

in the genus Ceopora. These combinations gave 

positive results: Alpova trappei Fogel with 

Douglas-f ir, lodgepole pine, and Sitka spruce ; 

Gautieria monticola Harkn. and g. crispa Stewart L 

Trappe with lodgepole pine and Douglas-fir or Sitka 

spruce, respectively; Cautieria otthii Trog. with 

lodgepole pine and Sitka spruce; Geopora cooperi 

Harkn. and Leucogaster rubescens Zeller h Dodge 

only with Douglas-fir; Leucophleps spinispora Fogel 

and Mycolevis Sicci~leba Smith with Douglas-fir, 

~p ~- 

lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine, and western 

hemlock; Radiigera fuscoaleba Zeller only with 

western hemlock. In addition, Boletus mirabilis 

Murr., a lignicolous agaric, and Lycoperdon 

pyriforme Pers., a often lignicolous true puffball, 

formed mycorrhizae with western hemlock. The 

relationship of these results to the ecology of 

these taxa is discussed. 

Cavender, J. C., see Hammer C. A. 

T.E. CHASE and R.C. ULLRICH. Botany Dept., University 

-- of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405. Genetics of intersterility 

in Heterobasidion annosum. 

Our mating studies using a world-wide collection of 

strains of this root-rotting basidiomycete provide 

data on the genetic system determining intersterile 

groups (i.e., biological, species). We have identified 

five intersterility (IS) genes. The IS genes and alleles 

are designated: VI+/Vl-, Vz+/VZ-, V3+/V3-, St/ 

S-, and P+/P-. To be interfertile, two homokaryons 

must each carry a + allele for the same IS gene (e.g., 

in the case of V1+ VZ- V3- S+ P- x Vl- V2- L13+ S+ P- 

the two are interfertile by virtue of St. Homozygosity 

for the positive alleles of any IS gene suffices 

and negative alleles do not affect the positive interaction. 

These IS genes function to determine intersterility 

and interfertility independently of incompatibility 

(i.e., mating type) alleles. Therefore, 

within interfertile groups, compatible homokaryons 

must be heterozygous for incompatibility alleles 

(e.g., A1 x A?). Many of the first isolates studied 

from nature carry - alleles for all V genes and are 

either S+/P- or S-/P+. Consequently, the IS' and 'PI 

intersterile groups were recognized first. The V 

genes were implicated subsequently when samples were 

increased. Our conclusions are based on analyses of 

crosses involving progeny from naturally-occurring 

isolates and interfertile crosses. These data provide 

the first model for the genetic basis of intersterility 

and speciation in higher fungi. 

Choi, H. T., see Ross, I. K., et. al. 

Chung, W. C., see Setliff, E. C. 

W. G. CIBULA and C. L. OVREBO. Earth Resources Laboratory, 

NASA, NSTL Station, MS 39529 and Matthaei 

Botanical Gardens, The University of Michigan, Ann 

Arbor, MI 48105. Diversity and distribution of 

mycorrhizal basidiomycetes in two Pinus taeda plots 

in Mississippi. 

Mycorrhizal basidiomycetes were inventoried in 2 

plots of Pinus taeda on a weekly basis in 1974-1975, 

1975-76 and 1983-84. The 120 x 120 foot plots have 

25 year old trees at 10 foot spacings, resulting in 

144 subplots. The two plots differ with seedlings 

of one having received a single dose of N-P-K 

fertilizer at the age of one year. The total wood 

volume today in the fertilized plot is twice that 

of the unfertilized plot. A greater diversity of 

fungi and a greater number of sporophores occurred in 

the fertilized plot during each sampling period. 

Collection data from each subplot have been entered 

into a computer in such a manner that the spatial 

distribution of sporophore production for each 

species on each collectiondate, along with seasonal 

or yearly sums, has been preserved. These sum files 

were subjected to various statistical tests, such as 

the Pearson r correlation coefficient, for further 

analysis. Species showing good spatial correlations 

between seasons include Cortinarius semisanguineus, 

Suillus decipiens and Tricholoma flavovirens. 

Also,.an algorithm has been developed to calculate 

the relationship between the species in a specific 

subplot with all other species within the subplot. 

Differences in aircraft radiometric remote sensor 

values between 0.4 & 2.5 pm correlate well with the 

differences in mycorrhizal involvement demonstrated 

by the observed field data. 

W. G. CIBULA, D. P. LEWIS and N. S. WEBER. 

m~r/~RL,at'l. Space Tech. Lab., NSTL, MS 

39529; Temple-Eastex, Evadale TX 77615; 

Herbarium, Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, MI 

48109. Observations on the boletes of the 

Gulf Coast region. 

The diversity of boletes in southeastern 

North America is perhaps the greatest on the 

continent. These mycorrhizal fungi include a 

number of species which are seldom 

encountered in other regions of North 

America. Some elements of the bolete flora 

such as Boletellus ananus occur elsewhere in 

tropical regions, particularly the Asian 

tropics. Other species such as Boletus 

catervatus, described from the Asian tropics, 

have been found on the Gulf Coast. Species 

diversity in Suillus and Leccinum appears to 

be lower in the Coastal Plain than elswhere 

in North America while that of Tylopilus, 

Strobilomyces, and Boletus seems to be 

greater. 

Clark, J., see Hu, F.-S, et. al. - 

Clark, J., see Hu, F.-S. 

- K.W. OOCHRAN. Departments of Epidemiology and of 

~rmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, M I 

48109, and NAMA Committee. Cases reported to the 

NAMA Mushroan Poisoning Case Registry in 1984. 

In 1984 the Registry received 61 reports involving 

87 cases, sane involving earlier events. Most cases 

(87%) involved mushrcuns ingested for fccd; 8% for 

non-nutritional recreation; 5% accidently by 

children Eight cases involved unknown s~ecies: 6 

cases, mixed species - all Amanita. ~hlo~o~hyllun 

mol Mites was the most frequently reported species 

&followed 

by Annillaria mellea, 6; mnita 

pantherina and Collybia acervata, 4; Amanita 

muscaria and Leucoagaricus naucinus, 3. TWO fatal 

cases involved Amanita bisporigera and Psi locybe 

cubensis, the latter anaphylactically. With the 

newly reported cases, 2 or more incidents have now 

been reported to the Registry for the following 

species (syrnptams for all were gastrointestinal and 

as noted): Amanita muscaria, 5 -2 with very viscous 

mucus, 1 each ha1 lucination and unconscious; A. 

virosa 4; millaria mellea, 6; Collybia acervatya 

-I

4-a 11 severe GI; Cratere llus cornucopioides, 2; 

Galerina autumnalis, 2 - severe GI; Lactarius 

chelidonius, 2; Leumagarias naucinus, 4; Lepiota 

- 

rubrotincta, 2; Phaeolepiota aurea, 2f Pleurotus 

ostreatus, 2; Psilocybe plbensis. 2 muscle tremors 

and CNS; Russula & 3ental is, 2; Scleroderma 

citrinum, 2. More extensive reporting of cases, 

where professiona 1 or amateur mycologists are 

involved, is needed. 

S. D. COHEN and J. J. MOTTA. Department of Botany, 

University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742. 

Associated protein changes with rhizomorph differentiation 

in Armillaria mellea. 

Molecular events associated with the differentiation 

of rhizomorphs on undifferentiated mycelium of 

Armillaria mellea have not been studied previously. 

Undifferentiated mycelium is induced to differentiate 

rhizomorphs in a minimal medium containing minute 

amounts of alcohol. This transformation is accomplished 

in four distinct stages; induction, initiat 

ion, differentiation and rhizomorph elongat ion. 

Inhibitor studies with cycloheximide and actinomycin 

D indicate that rhizomorph differentiation is regulated 

at the transcriptional level. Quantitative 

differences exist between induced and non-induced 

mycelia with respect to the total amount of protein. 

Protein extracts from induced and non-induced mycelia 

were analyzed by one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel 

electrophoresis. The number of peptides differed 

when induced and non-induced mycelia were coinpared. 

Cole. R. J., see Yates, I. E., et. al. 

J. C. Cooke Biology Group, University of Connecticut 

at Avery Point, Groton, CT 06340. VA mycorrhizal 

fungi associated with Amnophila breviligulata in a 

Connecticut sand dune. 

Recent studies on VA fungi associated with Ammophila 

breviligulata from marine sand dunes have shown a 

positive correlation between the percent cover of 

the dune by Ammophila and VA fungal spores from 

rhizosphere samples. Spore density and spore species 

have been shown to increase with the age and stability 

of the dunes. Samples from a dune-beach area of 

Bluff Point State Preserve in southeastern Connecticut 

have produced findings that support the results 

reported in other studies. The dune is a tombolo of 

medium fine sand and is known as Bluff Point Beach 

and Bushy Point Beach. Samples were taken from the 

rhizosphere of Ammophila plants on three parallel 

transects at regular intervals. The transects were 

2 meters apart and crossed the dune from the south 

facing side on Fisher's Island Sound to the north 

facing side on the Poquonock River. A modified wetseiving 

procedure that emphasized counts of VA spores 

of Gigaspora larger than 0.27 mm was used. The 

results of the findings will be presented. 

Cooper, M. O., see Ellzey, J. T., et. al. 

Cotter, D. 4., see Harris, S. D. 

Cotter, H. V. T., see Bills, G. F. 

J.M. CURLIN, Department of Botany, University of 

California, Davis, California 95616. Ultrastructural 

features of Microstroma juglandis: 

A taxonomic anomaly. 

Microstroma juglandis (Heterobasidiomycetes- 

Cryptobasidial El-a eaf parasite of several 

Juglans species. The life cycle includes a 

yeast phase but repetitive germination is 

unknown. The basidium, which is aseptate, bears 

8 or more symnetrical ly attached basidiospores 

on short, peg-like structures. In the process 

of conducting growth studies under various 

environmental conditions, it was observed that 

some isolates form hyphal strands in culture. 

Three fixation techniques have been compared in 

the preparation of this organism for electron 

microscopy, including the technique of freeze 

substitution. A study of the ul trastructrual 

features of this fragile organism offers new 

data concerning the taxonomic position of this 

obscure pathogen. 

KURT R. DAHLRERG. Campbell Institute for 

Research and Technology. P.O. Box 311. 

Napoleon, OH 13545. 

AGARICUS SOMATIC CELL HYBRIDIZATION. 

The commercial mushroom fungus Agaricus 

bisporus (A. brunnescens) is generally 

considered to have limited genetic 

diversity. Extensive inbreeding of 

commercial strains as well as the inherent 

difficulties associated with secondary 

homothallism have led researchers to 

believe that the upper l i m i t of strain 

improvement is being approached. 

One alternative to a traditional mushroom 

breeding program which may hold promise to 

increase genetic diversity and result in 

improved mushroom strains is interspecies 

hybridization. Recent efforts have 

attempted to create interspecies hybrids 

through protoplast fusion. Although this 

technique has proven to be quite 

successful among other fungal groups, 

methods to create, fuse, and regenerate 

Agaricus protoplasts are inefficient, and 

much additional research is needed. 

Research efforts by several groups to 

achieve successful fusion of Agaricus 

protoplasts and the advantages of using 

protoplast methodologies w i l l be reviewed 

and compared to previous attempts to 

create improved mushroom strains. 

Oashek, W. V., see Taylor, R., et. al. 

-- 6. DEML, Lehrstuhl Spezielle Botanik, Universitat 

Tubingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-7400 Tubingen, 

Fed. Rep. of Germany. 

Recent trends in the taxonomy of the phragmobasidial 

Ustilaginales. 

For a long time the smuts have been considered as a 

more or less uniform group of parasitic fungi. But 

in truth the term "smut fungi" describes rather a 

type of infection than a natural group of fungi. 

Quite recently the phragmobasidial Ustilaginales have 

been analized by modern techniques, such as enzymatic 

patterns, siderophore formation under low iron conditions, 

and sequences of 5s ribosomal RNA. As a 

result of these studies carried out on cultures it

- 

can be assumed that even the Ustilaginales s. str. 

seem not to represent a homogeneous taxon. 

On that basis a number of species of the genera 

Anthracoidea, Far sia, ~icrobotr~um, S hacelotheca 

soorisorium. ~- ~ 

a&laao 

~ 

were restu#kTGTiE; 

mbrphologicai characteristics and the germinat ion of 

teliospores. 

In consideration of the host plants, the site and 

morphology of the sori, tel iospore formation and 

germination, as well as the criteria cited above, the 

phragmobasidial Ustilaginales can be divided into at 

least three clusters. 

1) Genera which parasitize monocotyledonous hosts, 

2) genera which parasiteze dicotyledonous hosts - 

these groups show an obvious affinity to the 

heterobasidiomycetous yeast genera Leucosporidium 

and Rhodos oridium -, and 

3) Far ria, aPgenus which is unique because of the 

&on of the tel iospores. 

Dorner, J. W., see Yates, I. E., et. al. 

Dugas, C. M., see Blackwell, M., et. al. 

Dunn, P. H., see Durall, 0. M. 

P. H. DUNN, S. C. BARRO, AND M. A. POTH. USDA Forest 

Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment 

Station, Forest Fire Laboratory, 4955 Canyon Crest Dr., 

Riverside, CA 92507. Comparison of physiological 

methods to measure soil microbial biomass. 

Fungi generally account for three-fourths of the 

microbial biomass in soil. Two of the preferred 

physiological methods of measuring the total microbial 

biomass are the fumigation and incubation technique 

of Jenkinson and Powlson and the glucose addition 

technique of Anderson and Domsch. The glucose 

addition method gives potential biomass for a site 

while the fumigation technique gives a measure of 

current biomass. The soil microbial biomass in a 

chaparral chronosequence (six separate sites) was 

evaluated with both methods using soil from beneath 

several Adenostoma fasciculatum (~f) and Ceanothus 

greggii (Cg) shrubs at each site. The two methods 

indicated similar trends in biomass fluctuation with 

stand age. Regression analysis showed that the two 

methods were directly related for both shrub species 

(Af: r= 0.85, Cg: r= 0.62, combined: r= 0.73). 

D. M. and P. H. WNN. Pacific Southwest 

Forest and mge Experiment Station, Forest Service, 

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Fire Laboratory, 

4955 Canyon Crest Drive, Riverside, CA 92507. 

The use of an ultrasonic probe for renwing fungal 

spores from California bay ( m a r i a cal ifornica 

(H. & A.) Nutt.) leaves. 

Root, leaf, and soil washing techniques were developed 

to facilitate the isolation of fmgi present in the 

vegetative state rather than those in a transient 

spore state. These techniques have used shaking 

and txlbbling mechanics to remwe transient spores, 

leaving behind resident fmgi. The resident fmgi 

can then be isolated by plating leaf, root, and 

soil particles onto growing media. The washing 

efficiency of these methods has been low. In some 

studies, as many as 60 one-minute washings per sanple 

were required. In bacteriological research, an 

ultrasonic probe has been used to dislodge bacteria 

from soil. Ramval efficiency is higher than that 

achieved by shaking mechanics. Results of washing 

cal if ornia bay leaves and subsequent f ungal isolation 

confirm previous studies m bacteria. Ultrasonicaticm 

was fmd to be more efficient than shaking in the 

renwal of transient spores from leaves. Results 

from sampling waste water for viable transient spores 

indicated that the duration of washing and the 

anperage used with the probe must be adjusted to 

aquire maximm remwal efficiency, but at the saw 

time avoid injury to the transient spores and 

vegetative mycel im. 

M.J.DYKSTRA and E.J.NOGA. School of Veterinary 

Medicine, North Carol ina State University, Raleigh, 

NC 27606. A Newly Described Oomycete Disease of 

Fish, Menhaden Ulcerative Mycosi s (MUM). 

In the spring, summer, and fall of 1984, deep skin 

ulcers were noted in a large proportion of menhaden 

collected from the estuaries of North Carolina. Wet 

mounts of lesion material showed broad, aseptate 

hyphae in 54 out of 56 lesions. Histopathology 

revealed broad, aseptate hyphae in 90% of the lesions 

to which the fish had mounted an immune response leading 

to large granulomas surrounding the hyphae. Lesion 

material from 39 fish was placed on nutrient media for 

14 hours at room temperature at which time emerging 

hyphal tips were removed to fresh media. Twelve of 

the lesions contained Achls or Sa role nia sp., 13 

contained imperfect fuF, and 9$kXdk fungi. 

In some cases, hyphae were teased from the lesion. 

After 14 hours, the growing tips were transferred and 

Achly; sp. was subsequently identified. The intense 

granu omatous response to the fungus coupled with the 

absence of any other predominant parasites in the 

lesions suggests the deep involvement of the fungus 

with the disease. The ubiquity of the fungal genera 

involved further suggests that other environmental 

factors are the primary cause of the disease with the 

fungi being heavily involved in the lethal end-stage 

of the disease. It is particularly unusual to find 

Oomycetes in the high salinities (up to 1.3 ppt) from 

which the fish were collected. 

J. J. ELLIS. Northern Regional Research Center, ARS, 

USDA, Peoria, IL 61604. Species and varieties in the 

Rhizopus microsporus group as indicated by their DNA 

complementarity. 

Deoxyribonucleic acid renaturation studies between 

authenticated strains of Rhizopus species that f om 

short sporangiophores support conclusions that most 

of those published species should be considered 

varieties of R. microsporus. 

Strains of R. chinensis 

var . liquefaciens , ;: . pseudochinensis, R . oligosporus, 

R. cohnii, R. rhizopodiformis, and R. pygmaeus 

gave high nuclear DNA relatedness with strains of R. 

microsporus and R. chinensis. In contrast, strains 

of R. tritici and R. niveus showed low relatedness 

with R. microsporus and R . chinensis, but much higher 

relatedness with strains of R . arrhizus . Theref ore, 

nuclear DNA complementarity studies are consistent, 

for the most part, with conclusions recently based on 

morphological observations concerning varieties and 

species of Rhizopus . 

J. T. ELLZEY, M. 0. COOPER and T. H. HAMMONS. 

Biological Sciences, University of Texas at 

El Paso, El Paso, TX. 79968-0519. Ultrastructure 

of membrane-bounded structures 

within hypovirulent strains of Endothia 

(Cryphonectria) parasitica. 

Transmission electron microscopy of freezesubstituted 

hyphae of virulent and hypovirulent 

strains of Endothia (Cryph0nectria)para-

sitica has revealed the presence of aggregates 

of membrane-bounded structures (30-80nm 

in diam) within the hypovirulent and convert 

strains (113; 802 and 713). Such particles 

were not observed within the virulent strains 

(67 and 155). Utilizing a polyethylene glycol 

extraction procedure followed by negative 

staining with 0.5% uranyl acetate, two subpopulations 

of spherical particles (21-42 nm 

in diam) and (52-92 nm in diam) were obtained 

from the hypovirulent and convert strains. 

No such particles were isolated from the virulent 

strains. Diphenylamine, orcinol and e- 

thidium bromide tests are being conducted to 

determine if there is an association between 

nucleic acids and the membrane-bounded structures 

which were obtained from polyethylene 

glycol extractions of hyphae. 

-- 

G.W. Erdos Dept. Micro. & Cell Sci. & C.M. West 

Dept. Anatomy, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL 

32611. Use of monoclonal antibodies for the 

localization of carbohydrate in Dictyostelium. 

Glycoproteins (GP) that bind wheat germ agglutinin 

(WGA) are secreted into the medium during 

development in liquid. To determine which of 

these became associated with the insoluble 

extracel lular matrix during normal development on 

a solid substratum, monoclonal antibodies were 

raised against cellular WGA binding glycoproteins. 

Three clones were chosen which produced anti bodies 

against distinct families of developmentally 

regulated GPs. The epitopes are carbohydrates 

since they are pronase resistant and periodate 

sensitive. Thin sections of 20 hr. culminants 

were labelled indirectly using an ammonium sulfate 

fraction of hybridoma culture supernatant followed 

by goat antimouse IgG bound to colloidal gold. 

Antibody 81.8 labelled the plasma membrane (PM) & 

internal vesicles of prespore & prestalk cells & 

the PM 81 central vacuole of stalk cells. Secreted 

epitopes of this anti body were incorporated into 

the slime sheath. Antibody 83.5 was prespore 

specific being localized on the PM & internally. 

Secreted GPs of this family were incorporated in 

the slime sheath & the stalk tube. Antibody 40 

labelled both prestalk cells & to a lesser extent 

prespore cells. This epitope was localized in the 

slime sheath only in the prespore area. Thoughts 

on methodologies for the preservation of 

carbohydrate epitopes are also considered. 

R. C. EVANS and H. STEMPEN. Biology Department,Rutgers 

University, Camden, NJ 08102. Localization of protein 

in the hyphal sheath of Bipolaris maydis race T. 

Previous studies have demonstrated that thesheath-like 

extension of the cell wall found on germ tubes and hyphal 

tips of Bipolaris maydis race T contains antigenic 

material. Experiments utilizing rabbit IgG antiserum 

showed the ferritin label concentrated in discrete 

patches within the fibrillar matrix of the 

sheath and more evenly distributed on the outer surface 

of the hyphal wall proper. When germinated conidia 

were treated with papain there was a considerable 

reduction in the localization of the ferritin label in 

the sheath, indicating that the antigenic material is 

proteinaceous in nature. When germinated conidia were 

reacted with ~ odavue~ protein visualization reagents, 

darkly-staining patches could also be observed in the 

sheath using light microscopy. Prior treatment with 

papain reduced or eliminated this staining, lending 

support to the hypothesis that protein is localized in 

these regions. Previous studies have also shown that 

the sheath reacts with diaminobenzidine and hydrogen 

peroxide (DAB/H202) to form a dark product, and experiments 

were performed to determine if the protein component 

of the sheath has peroxidase activity. However, 

the DAB/H202 reaction product accumulates primarily in 

the fibrillar portion of the sheath, and the intensity 

of the reaction is not diminished by prior treatment 

with anti-Bipolaris antiserum nor heat. Thus, the 

proteinaceous patches in the sheath are not directly 

involved in the DAB/H202 reaction. 

D. F. FARR. Mycology Laboratory, Plant Protection 

Institute,U.S. Department of Agriculture,Beltsville 

Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland 

20705. Ccmputerization of the National Fungus 

Collections. 

Over the last five years the Mycology Laboratory has 

successfiill~ implenazted a ~rojecto computerize 

the specimen label data in the National Fungus 

Collections. Currently about 220,000 specimens of 

rusts, smuts, and polypores have been catalogued. 

OLn ex~eriences during the project's developent as 

well as our current procedures will be discussed. We 

have found that to a large extent the overall management 

of the project is wre brtant than the types 

of cquter hardware or software. Factors that we 

have found critical to the success of the project, 

such as the addition of unique nunbers to each specimen, 

will be briefly discussed. Same general characteristics 

of the kinds and distributions of the 

specimens in the NFC will be ~resented. In addition 

to providing research scientists with listings of 

various groups of f q i for their own studies, the 

data base is also being utilized in other ways such 

as the revision of the Index of Plant Diseases in 

the United States (USDA, Agriculture Handbook No. 

165) . 

'and 0. K. Miller Jr. Department of Biology, 

VPI & SU, Blacksburg, Va. 24061. A biosystematic study 

of the AGROCYBE PRAECOX species complex. 

Certain members of the genus AGROCYBE (Bolbitiaceae, 

Basidiomycetes) are highly polymorphic and form species 

complexes. As a result, considerable taxonomic 

confusion is associated with these groups of species. 

The A. PRAECOX species complex is the subject of this 

study. Biosystematic techniques have been employed to 

help define the range and limits of variation among 

taxa in this complex. This study focuses on mating 

compatibility and correlated morphological 

characteristics. Mating relationships of populations 

obtained from three disjunct geographic. regions 

(western North America, eastern North America, and 

western Europe) have been examined. Regional mating 

relationships were analysed by confronting two 

compatible single spore isolates per collection in 

every unique combination. Out of nine populations 

representing w. North America, two intersterile mating 

compatibility groups were identified. However, only one 

mating compatibility group was identified from nine 

populations representing e. North America. Two 

intersterility groups were identified from four 

collections representing w. Europe. Mating 

relationships among populations from the three 

geographic regions and their correlated morphological 

characteristics are compared and discussed.

24 

L. FREDERICK, IVAN L. ROTlI, and lXETER P E N D ~ ~ . 

Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, University of 

Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, and U. S. Forest Service, 

Mge Tinter and Wildlife Division, Atlanta, GA 30309 

The "peridial platelets" of Clast&m 

cation. 

- a clarifi- 

Fuller, N. S., see Freshour, G. 0.. et. al. 

J.1:. GEMMA and R.E. KOSKE. Department of Botany, 

university of Rhode Island, Kingston, R. I. 02881. 

Seasonal Spore Dormancy in Gigaspor5 gigantea. 

Structures that have been described as "peridial 

platelets" =present the key diagnostic feature typifying 

the myxcmycete genus Clastodenra. Tnese discrete 

flattened structures that persist in sporangia 

of I17embers of the genus have been reported to be of 

peridial origin. \Ve have investigated the nature of 

these "peridial" platelets with scanning electron 

microscopy and have found them to be ontogenetically 

related to the capillitial system instead of being 

derived from the peridium. Platelets develop from 

the dichotcmised ends of capillitial branches that 

broaden into oval or elongate, flattened, anastarosed 

segrrents. They nray have a m t h to slightly pitted 

outer surface and smat veined undersurface. me 

platelets are relatively thick and the expanded portion 

has a clear uninterrupted continuity with the 

narm cvlindric ends of the ca~illitial branches. 

During the early stages of sporkgial develomnt the 

capillitial system and sporoplasm are enveloped by a 

thin &rano& peridium. When the sporangib 

matures the peridium disintegrates exposing the 

underlying cmillitial platelets and the spore mass. 

The only portion of the-peridium that persists in a 

nature sporangium is a collar-like mant at the top 

of the stalk. 

Frederick, L., see Howell-Major, Y., et. al. 

Frederick, L., see Wilfred, A., et. al. 

- G.D.FRESHOUR, - 

W.E.8ARSTUW and M.S.FULLER. 

Botany Department, The University of 

Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. The 

ultrastructure of mitosis in Rhizidiomyces 

apophysatus. 

Serial sections of the early stages of 

germination and of sporogenesi s in R. 

a o h satus revealed the following features 

(I) the angle between the 

centrioles of prophase nuclei is ca. 135' 

(2) the nuclear envelope persists and is 

fenestrated at the poles (3) the nucleolus 

disperses into a pocket to the sides of the 

metaphase chromosomes and is not seen at 

later stages (4) Golgi membranes and 

vesicles are abundant adjacent to the 

centrioles and polar fenestrae at prophase 

and metaphase (5) during metaphase vesicles 

move into the spindle apparatus and are 

found on either side of the metaphase 

chromosomes. At anaphase these i n t ranucl ear 

vesicles move ahead of the advancing 

chromosomes (6) perinuclear ER and 

microbodies surround the nuclei during 

anaphase and telophase (7) during telophase 

the daughter nuclei are formed by the 

addition of new envelope to existing 

membranes (8) the mid-region of the original 

nucleus is excluded at telophase. The 

morphological events of mitosis in K. 

apophysatus supports the taxonomic 

separation of the Hyphochytriomycota from 

the Oomycota and Chytridiomycota. 

Freshour, G. D., see Rarstow, W. E., et. al. 

Monthly field collections of Gigaspora gigantea 

demonstrated seasonal variation in spore number and 

percent spore germination. An increase in spore 

number in September was correlated with a reduction 

in percent germination that continued over a 2 month, 

period. Germination of spores on sand plates increased 

from 4.2% in September to 945 in December. This 

agrees with previously reported evidence for a spore 

dormancy period that was found for other vesicular 

arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) species grown in pot 

culture. 

R. V. GESSNER, R. I\'. SCIIUL:, :lnd bl. :A. RObLXYO. 

Department of Bio1ogic:ll Sciences, licstcrn I1 1 ino is 

University, blacomb, IL blJS5. Popul:~t ion gcnct ic 

analysis of blorchel la spp. 

Starch gel electrophoresis was utilized to investigate 

inheritance patterns and the population 

structure of blorcllella spp. from west centrill 

I1 1 inois. Twelve enzymes encoded by 16 presumpr ive 

loci were analyzed from tissue homogenotes of broth 

grown mycelium and field collected ascocarps. Data 

were analyzed to determine the extent of intrn- and 

inter-specific variation within and among populations. 

In order to determine the potential for gene flow 

between individuals, single iiscospore cultures from 

individual ascocnrps of 

- 

M. 

-- 

del iciosa were studied 

and preliminary data silggcst that the a1 1 eles 

segregate in a Hendel inn manner. Elect romorph 

differences were greater between M. ~leliciosa and 

-!I. 

csculenta than among individual isolates of 

either species. These data support the division of 

these taxa into separate species. 

- J. L. GIBSON. Department of Botany, University of 

FloZdGainesvil le, FL 32611. 

Light and Electron Microscopy of Endogone 

pisiformis. 

Sporocarpic tissues, including zygosporangia and 

zygospores, of Endogone pisiformis were examined 

with both light and electron microscopy. The 

sporocarps are covered by a peridium of 

thick-walled, branched, tapering hyphae that stain 

reddish-brown in Melzer's reagent. The 

zygosporangia develop from the fusion of paired, 

apposed gametangia. A primary zygosporangium is 

disrupted by an expanding secondary 

zygosporangium, within which the zygospore 

develops. Zygosporangial and zygospore walls 

contrast in staining properties with both light 

and electron microscopy. Gametangial septa are 

mult iperforate and glebal hyphae possess 

infrequent septa with single, central 

perforations. The primary constituents of the 

zygospore cytoplasm are two types of lipid globule 

that differ in their staining properties. 

-- J. L. GIBSON and J. W. Kimbrough. Department of 

Botany, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 

32611. 

Ultrastructure and development of Glaziella 

aurantiaca. 

Glaziella aurantiaca is a fungus that has been

collected infrequently in lowland tropics and has 

been traditional ly placed in the Endogonaceae. The 

data here from both light and electron microscopy 

indicate that this fungus is an ascomycete. The 

septa of sporocarpic hyphae have central pores 

with plugs of electron opaque material and 

associated Woronin bodies, a septa1 configuration 

typical of ascomycetes. The asci form in locules 

of pseudoparenchyma within the thin walls of the 

hollow sporocarps. A single, large spore forms 

within each ascus. By maturity the ascus wall has 

disintegrated and the large ascospore lies within 

the remnants of the pseudoparenchynatous locule. 

Previous researchers have mistaken this unispored 

ascus for a terminal chlamydospore and thus 

erroneously placed this fungus in the 

Endogonaceae. 

Gibson, J. L., see Benny, G. L., et. al. 

R. L. GILBERTSON. Department of Plant Pathology, 

University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, and 

MEREDITH BLACKWELL. Department of Botany, 

Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. 

Host and geographical distribution of Gulf Coast 

wood-rotting fungi. 

The Gulf Coast is characterized within the United 

States by high average summer and winter 

temperatures, long frost free periods, high 

rainfall and humidity, and a diverse flora of both 

hardwood and conifers which act as substrates for 

wood-rotting fungi. Temperate, tropical, and 

presumed endemic species are characteristic of the 

fungal flora. We have been particularly interested 

in fungi which are associated with living trees. 

Some polypore and agaric species associated with 

Quercus virginiana (live oak) show a distinct 

seasonality of fruiting while others are perennial. 

Two species are restricted to live oak and several 

are more commonly associated with this species than 

others in the western gulf region. Species 

composition of fungi associated with live oak 

changes significantly in the western part of the 2. 

virginiana range. Twenty-five species of 

polypores, agarics, and corticoid fungi are known 

to be associated with Juniperus virginiana (eastern 

red cedar) in the gulf coast region. Fungal 

species composition and frequency are reduced on 

this host in central Texas. Only one species 

associated with J. virginiana is known to occur on 

species of western juniper. 

Ginns, J. H., see Redhead, S. A. 

Glawe, 0. A., see Carris, L. M., et. al. 

D. A. GLAWE, and J. D. ROGERS. Dept. of Plant Pathology, 

Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, and Dept. 

of Plant Pathology, Washington State Univ., Pullman, 

WA 99164. Conidial states of some species of 

Diatrypaceae and Xylariaceae. 

Anamorphs of Eutypa spinosa (Pers.: Fr.) Tul. and 

Hypoxylon microplacum (Berk. & Curt.) J. H. Yiller 

were studied in culture on uotato dextrose anar - (PDA) . 

and in moist chambers. Diatrype vicinula (Nyl.) Berl. 

Eutypella angulosa (Nits.) Sacc., and Graphostroma 

latystoma (Schw.) Pirozynski were cultured on Bonar's 

Prodification of Leonian's medium, or on PDA amended 

with yeast extract. Eutypa spinosa produced a 

Selenosporella-like state with sympodially proliferating 

conidiogenou~ cells and cylindrical conidia; 11. 

microplacum produced a hyphomycetous state with sympodially 

and percurrently proliferating conidiogenous 

cells and cylindrical conidia; 2. vicinula produced 

soft-walled pycnidia, percurrently proliferating conidiogenous 

cells, and filiform conidia; g. angulosa 

produced irregular, pycnidium-like conidiomata, percurrently 

proliferating conidiogenous cells, and cylindrical 

conidia; G. platystoma produced a 

Nodulisporium state with sympodially proliferating conidiogenous 

cells and obovoid to ellipsoid conidia. 

Similarities in conidial ontogeny and morphology, as 

well as certain resemblances of teleomorphs, suggest 

that the Diatrypaceae and Xylariaceae are relatively 

closely related. 

Gochenaur, S. E., see last page of abstracts. 

ROGER D. GOOS, University of Rhode Island, Botany 

Department, Kingston, RI 02881. A preliminary 

survey of aero-aquatic fungi in Rhode Island. 

The aero-aquatic fungi are a unique ecological 

group, adapted to life in aquatic habitats, where 

they develop on submerged vegetation and sporulate 

when the substrate becomes exposed to air. Largely 

through the work of Webster and his associates, 

knowledge about the group has expanded markedly in 

recent years. Relatively little work has been done 

on the group in North America. Results of surveys 

in Rhode Island indicate that the aeroaquatic fungi 

are well represented in our area, and have revealed 

some new records for North America. 

Gordon, W. R., see Howell-Major, M.. et. al. 

Grassucci, R. A., see Hammill, T. M., et. a1 

D. J. GRAY and H. V. AMERSON. University of 

Florida, ItAS AREC, P.O. Box 388, Leesburg, FL 

32749-0388 and Botany Department, North Carolina 

State University, Raleigh, NC 27650. Potential of 

- in vitro screening for fusiform rust resistance in 

l o b m pine embryos. 

Fusiform rust (Cronartium uercuum (Berk.) Miyabe 

ex Shirai f. sp. fusiformebion of loblolly 

pine (Pinus taeda -red 

in vitro in the same 

manner as inivivo. A numberof tential host 

responses to infection were identified fi vitro as 

early as 36 hours after basidiospore inomion 

including rapid necrosis, cell wall appositions, 

periderm and hypertrophy with hyperplasia. The 

development of rapid necrosis was satistically 

correlated with a seed line exhibiting long term 

field resistance. This suggested that in vitro 

resistance screening could dramatically reTuce the 

evaluation time needed to select resistant trees 

and seed lines. In addition, incorporation of fi 

vitro screening with tissue culture propagation may 

b e e d to produce elite genotypes not obtainable 

with conventional breeding practices. 

Gray, L. E., see Carris, L. M., et. al. 

C.A. HAMMER AND J.C. CAVENDER. Botany Department. Ohio 

University, Athens, Ohio 15701. Dictyostelids in S.E. 

Ohio agricultural soils. 

A survey of dictyostelids in agricultural and forest 

soils of some S.E. Ohio farms and a seasonal study in 

soils of four agricultural fields indicate that the 

ecolopy of sone species is directly affected by agricultural 

treatment. In both survey (1 25 soil samples)

26 

and seasonal study (450 soil samples), Dictvostelium 

sohaerocephalum showed a positive response to pasturing 

when adjacent woods or old field are used for comparis011. 

A similar but less pronounced response was 

noted for 2. mucoroides. Polysphondilium violaceum had 

an opposite response. Polysphondilium pallidurn was 

found more frequently in the survey from pastures and 

old fields than from tilled fields, hay fields or 

woods. Both Dictvostelium discoideun and 2. polyceph- 

- alum were restricted to the undisturbed forest sites, 

while D. aureo-stipes and D. puroureum showed little 

or no response to agricultural treatment. Forest soil 

had the greatest diversity of dictyostelid species, 

followed by old fields, pastures, tilled fields and 

hay fields. The seasonal study indicated that fluctuations 

in total dictyostelid density closely follow 

fluctuations in the soil moisture through time and 

were most pronounced in soils of the woods and old 

field. The results demonstrate a possible role for the 

cellular slime molds as indicators of soil conditions 

which may be relevant for enhancing soil biological 

input into agricultural systems. 

T. M. HAMMILL, S. W. BEATTIE, and R. A. GRASSUCCI. 

SUNY-Oswego Laboratory for Ultrastructural Studies, 

SUNY College of Arts and Science, Oswego, NY 13126. 

Scanning electron microscopy of zyqosporogenesis in 

Mucor mucedo . 

-- 

Mated cultures of Mucor mucedo L. :Fr., NRRL 3634 (-) 

X NRRL 3635 (+), w - r m 10 C with a photoperiod 

of 12 h light alternatinq with 12 h darkness. 

Primary fixation for SEF! was done for 3 h in an unbuffered 

mixture of 2% ql utaraldehyde and 2% formal dehyde. 

Postfixation was in unbuffered 1% 0s04. Dehydration 

in ethanol was followed by transition to 

acetone and critical point drying in a Sorvall CPD 

System. 

The position of gametangial septa, formed after fusion 

of progametangial tips, was determined easily in 

SEM images. Suspensors, delimited as a result of 

gametangial septation, contained unequal amounts of 

protoplasmic contents, sugqesting that gametangia 

contribute disproportionately to zygospores. Branched 

micronyphae were observed commonly over the surface 

of developing zygospores. The outer wall of gametangia 

became ruptured and torn as the warty projections, 

characteristic of mature zygospores, developed from 

the underside, initially at the position of the fusion 

septum. Enlargement of zygospore initials was 

radial in the plane of the fusion septum. Then, 

zygospores enlarged toward gametangial septa. As a 

result , developing zygospores changed shape from 

oblong-ell iptical to spherical. Warty projections on 

zyqospores were conical with lonqi tudinal ridges. 

They commonly had remnants of ruptured wall material 

on their tips. 

T. M. HAMMILL, S. W. BEATTIE, R. A. GRASSUCCI, D. A. 

USSMAN, and C. T. WARE. SUNY-Oswego Laboratory for 

Ultrastructural Studies. SUNY Colleae of Arts and Science, 

Oswego, NY 13126. - ~ransmission electron microscopy 

of zygosporogenesis in Mucor mucedo. I. Early 

stages. 

Mated cultures of M. mucedo were grown as described 

above. Fixation fTr m s according to procedures 

published elsewhere by the senior author. Gametangia1 

septa, which divided programetangia into gametangia 

and suspensors, contained numerous plasmodesmata connecting 

suspensors and gametangia. Gametangial septa 

developed an electron-opaque layer on the suspensor 

side. They also showed a variety of swellings. At 

the margins of gametangial septa, conspicuously thick- 

ened areas were formed, suggestive of a support function. 

The conical "warts," which ornament mature zygospores, 

were electron-opaque. They initiated as e- 

lectron-opaque thickenings in the developing zygospore 

wall,. "Mart" initials appeared on fusion septa, and 

it appears that fusion septa may only partially dissolve 

and then evaginate rather than dissolve completely. 

More work should clarify this. Zygospore 

wal! layers are deposited beneath qametangial wall 

layers which rupture as a zygospore inflates. "Wart" 

initials become confluent at their bases. Protoplasmic 

projections into regions between developing 

"warts" contained numerous vesicles, consistent with 

developmental models for wall deposition. Karyogamy 

appears to occur shortly after plasmogamy. Nuclei in 

prozygospores often were seen to have variable shapes 

and to contain microtubules. Zygospores developed 

numerous lipid qlobules. There is no evidence to date 

which supports a zygospore/zygosporangium dichotomy. 

Hammons, T. H., see Ellzey, (1. T., et. al. 

Harding, K., ,ee Pommerville, J., et. al. 

S. D. HARRIS and D. A. COTTER, Department of Biology, 

University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada 

N9B 3P4. Characterization of Saccharmyces 

cerevisiae mutants unable to grow in trehalose 

containing media. 

Haploid vegetative cells of the yeast Saccharomyces 

cerevisiae contain two trehalase activities. The 

activity located in the cytoplasm has a neutral pH 

optimum and is responsible for the breakdown of 

endogenously synthesized trehalose. The activity 

located in the vacuole is active at an acidic pH 

value and has not been assigned a cellular function. 

We have found that growth of vegetative cells on 

exogenous trehalose induces the trehalase activity 

which functions at the acidic pH value. Cells grown 

on maltose, as well as stationary phase glucose 

grown cells also express this activity. We have 

isolated a mutant that does not grow on trehalose 

or maltose, and fails to express this enzyme activity. 

The mutant grows well on glucose and sucrose, 

but enters the stationary phase earlier than wildtype 

cells. Preliminary evidence indicates that the 

mutant is not impaired in trehalose transport. 

Arrested mutant cells appear to accumulate carbohydrate 

material in the vacuole. These results 

suggest that this vacuolar trehalase activity has a 

degradative function in glucose depleted cells, 

while being specifically induced by growth on 

trehalose or maltose. 

Harrison, J. A,, see Jaworski, A. J. 

Haskins, E. F., see McGuinness, M. D. 

E. F. HASKINS and M. D. McGUINNESS. Department o f 

Botany, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195. 

Light and electron microscopical studies on Semimorula 

liquescens. 

Semimorula 1 iquescens is a protoplasmodial slime mold 

which produces sessile fruiting bodies. We have 

recently discovered the occurrence of synaptonemal 

complexes during sporulation in this species. The 

possible taxonomic affinity of this organism with the 

Myxomycetes and Protostelia will be discussed. 

Heath, M. C., see Meyer, S. L. F.

W. M. HESS. Department of Botany and Range 

Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 

84602. 

Invaginations in plasmalemmas of grass smut 

teliospores (Ustilaqo bullata) viewed by 

stereo projection. 

Invaginations in plasmalemmas of U, bullata 

teliospores were studied by freeze-fracture 

procedures. More variation was evident in PF 

and EF surfaces when spores were wet for 13 

hr than when spores were only wet for 6 min 

before freezing for f reeze-f racture. Plasma 

membranes of germinated spores which were not 

fixed prior to freezing had fewer disruptions 

than plasma membranes of spores which were 

germinated and fixed. If spores were 

germinated then desiccated before freezing 

for freeze-fracture, membrane disruptions 

were less severe than when spores were 

germinated then fixed before freezefracturing. 

The only treatment which made it 

possible to get consistent images of both PF 

and EF plasma membrane surfaces was 

desiccation followed by wetting spores only 6 

min before freezing for freeze-fracturing. 

Hinton, D. M., see Racon, C. W. 

WILLIAM E. HINTZ, JAMES B. ANDERSON, PAUL A. HORGEN 

Dept. Botany, Univ. Toronto, Erindale Campus, 

Mississauga, Ont. L5L 1C6. Mitochondria1 

inheritance in Agaricus bitorquis. 

We have used polymorphisms in mitochondrial (mt) DNA 

restriction patterns as phy:ical markers to examine 

organelle inheritance in crosses between sexually 

compatible strains of Agaricus bitorquis. When two 

sexually compatible monkaryotic strains are paired, 

a fluffy zone of mycelium appears at the confluence 

of the two cultures. The cells in the fluffy zone 

are predominately dikaryotic. Usually the zone of 

dikaryotic hyphae remains at the line where the 

cultures meet; nuclear migration generally does not 

occur in Agaricus. However, a variant strain (Ag 

8-11 donates nuclei that migrate in the mycelium of 

some compatible mates following hyphal anastomosis. 

In a series of crosses between Ag 8-1 and compatible 

mates the mitochondrial types of the compatible 

mates predominated in the dikaryon formed after 

nuclear migration from Ag 8-1 had occurred. A 

dikaryon (Ag 471, resulting from crossing the 

variant Ag 8-1 with a recipient strain Ag 34-2, 

carries the same mtDNA and mitochondrial plasmids as 

strain Ag 34-2 as determined by mtDNA restriction 

analysis, however the copy number of the three Ag 

34-2 mitochondrial plasmids is greatly increased in 

the dikaryon (Ag 47). This suggests that in strains 

isogenic for mtDNAs plasmid copy number is 

influenced either by the nuclear genotype or by the 

nuclear status (monokaryotic vs dikaryotic) of the 

strain. 

H. H. HO. Department of Biology, State University 

of New York, NY 12561. The validity of Phytophthora 

melonis and P. sinensis. -- 

Phytophthora melonis was erected by Katsura (1968) 

as the causal agent of foot rot of cucumber in 

Japan. It was characterized by semi-papillate, 

non-proliferating sporangia and chlamydospores. 

Since then, a similar disease known as dieback, 

root rot, crown rot or blight was reported on 

various cucurbits in Egypt, Iran, Taiwan and the 

2 7 

mainland of China, but the pathogen was identified 

as p. drechsleri, p. melonis or p. sinensis sp. nov. 

9 comparative study of these isolates with the type 

or authentic cultures of p. drechsleri, g. melonis 

and p. sinensis was conducted and they were found 

to be similar in cultural, morphological and pathological 

characteristics. The original description 

of p. melonis was inaccurate and misleading, because 

upon re-examination, the type culture produced 

distinctly non-papillate and internally proliferating 

sporangia in water and chlamydospores could not 

be found. Since P. sinensis was erected solely 

based on comparison with Katsura's erroneous description, 

the new epithet is not warranted. When 

studied under similar cultural conditions, neither 

-- P. melonis nor p. sinensis was specifically distinct 

from p. ,drechsleri. Thus, to avoid further nomenclatural 

confusion, both p. melonis and p. sinensis 

should be treated as synonyms of p. drechsleri which 

has priority. 

Hocking, A. D., see Pitt, J. I., et. al. 

Horgen, P. A., see Hintz, W. E., et. al. 

Horgen, P. A., see Horton, J. S. 

Horgen, P. A., see rleyer, R. J., et. al. 

P.A. HORGEN. Mushroom Research Group, Univ. of 

Toronto, Erindale Campus, Mississauga, Ont. L5L 1C6 

Biotechnological Approaches to Mushroom Strain 

Improvement, Are They Possible? 

Three unique plasmid-like DNA components were isolated 

from a strain of Agaricus bitorquis. The DNA 

moieties were linear, possessing regions of terminal 

inverted repeated sequences. Plasmid-like DNAs have 

been observed in a number of wild Agaricus isolates; 

no plasmid-like DNAs have been found in cultivated 

strains of A. bisporus. No homology was detected between 

the plasmids and the nuclear or mitochondrial 

genomes of either wild or cultivated Agaricus. The 

three plasmids are distinctly different and appear to 

independently replicate. Restriction fragments of 

the mushroom plasmids have been cloned. Inorgennello 

transcription and translation of Agaricus mitochondria 

will determine if the plasmid DNA sequences 

carry any expressed genetic information. Transformation 

strategies using antibiotic resistance genes and 

mushroom plasmid origins of replication will be discussed. 

Heterologous hybridization approaches have 

been used to isolate specific gene sequences for both 

nuclear and mitochondr ial genes for Agaricus. These 

sequences will provide a preliminary gene bank for 

Agaricus. Mitochondria1 DNA studies indicate that 

considerable restriction pattern heterogeneity exists 

in the wild Agaricus while none exists in the cultivated 

Agaricus. The genome size of A. bitorquis is 

twice that of A. bisporus. Preliminary evidence suggests 

that mitochondrial genome type and mushroom 

plasmid copy number may be under nuclear control. 

The feasibility of using recombinant DNA approaches 

to genetically alter the commercial mushroom will be 

discussed. 

J.S. HORTON and P.A. HORGEN. Department of Botany, 

Erindale Campus, Univ. of Toronto, Mississauga, Ont. 

L5L 1C6. The steroidal regulation of gene products 

in Achlya. 

The addition of antheridiol to undifferentiated cultures 

of Achlya elicits several changes in macromolecular 

syntheses during the ontogeny of antheridiol 

branch initials. There is an enhancement of

28 

RNA and protein synthesis suggesting both gene 

activation and gene product accumulation. Both 

ribosomal and poly (A+) mRNA are stimulated by 

antheridiol. The pheromone affects the acetylation 

of histones prior to mRNA synthesis and branch 

initiation. In vitro measurements indicate that 

antheridiol and a cytosol component (receptor). 

dramatically stimulate transcription. We have also 

measured the levels of RNA polymerase I1 during male 

development utilizing immunological techniques. 

Changes of protein populations during female 

development have been examined. Most recently, an 

antheridiol-induced basic polypeptide of 64,000 

daltons (ABP) has been identified. The qualitative 

synthesis of ABP commenced 30-60 minutes after 

antheridiol addition and continued for 6 hours. ABP 

synthesis in male E87 was detected throughout sexual 

morphogenesis in matings with the female 734. Two 

other species of Achlya also synthesized ABP in 

response to antheridiol. Synthesis of the inducible 

polypeptide was not associated with a general 

branching response. Studies using actinomycin D 

suggested a transcriptional control of ABP. We are 

presently constructing a cDNA library and will be 

screening this library for ABP sequences using 

differential colony hybridization. 

2. R. HOSFORD. Dept. of Biolopical Sciences, Central 

Llashington University, El lensburn, \.!A SG926. 

Mutinus xylogenus: a rare phalloid found in the 

Amazon Basin. 

A rare phalloid collected in the Amazon Basin, is 

identified as Mutinus xylogenus. This, the third 

known report of the species since 1855, extends the 

range to Brazil and confirms a very narrow equatorial 

distribution. The species is distinquished by its 

1) minute size (up to 5 mn tall), 2) epixylous habit, 

and 3) glebal mass covering the apex of the receptacle. 

A1 though some workers have placed the species 

in the monotypic genus Xylophallus, the author 

retains it in the genus Mutinus. 

R. J. HOWARD. E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co., Inc. 

Agricultural Chemicals Department, Experimental 

Station, Wilmington, DE 19898. 

Freeze-substitution. 

Freeze-substitution is a fixation and dehydration 

technique for the preparation of specimens for microscopy. 

Fixation is initially accomplished by 

rapid freezing. Frozen samples are dehydrated, 

chemically fixed with OsO at low temperatures, 

embedded and thi n-secti odd. The technique offers 

the enormous advantages of cryofixation in samples 

that are examined in section: better preservation of 

cellular structure (cf. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 66:224, 

J. Cell Sci. 48:89, Protoplasma 103:281, Exp. Mycol. 

5: 167) and new opportunities for imnunocytochemistry. 

Freeze-substitution is ideally suited for the preparation 

of cells grown in monolayers or suspension 

but also can be used for the study of some tissues. 

Each step in the freeze-substitution process will be 

considered so that the interested investigator is 

prepared for the afternoon demonstration. 

YP:IGAXT i-IQ-PNOR, W. a. CX)RDON, and L. FEDERICK. 

Howard University, Washington, DC 20059 Protein and 

esterase patterns of isolates of a natural mutant of 

. Pleuro~ra 

--- -- . dodqei -----, a wi ld t w strain, and FJ. te~~i-- 

c9&- 

Protein 3nd esterasn p.tterns of mycelial extdacts of 

four isolates of a spontaneous mutant of Neurospora 

. dcdaei s homthallic species, have been compared 

L-. 

with those of isolates of t!e wild type and of M. 

-- terricola. Morpholcqically, the mutant is distinwished 

from the wild type and from 3. terricola by 

its round or peanut px?-sha@ ascos-mres t!at m~y 

vary in n3unber from 8 to 16 psr ascus. Profiles were 

separated on vertical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 

Clear differences have heen found between 

protein profiles of the wild type, the mutant isolates, 

and N. terricola. Twenty-tm protein bands 

appear to distinguish the wild type of the species. 

Isolates of the mutant have yielded patterns with 

up to 30 separate banes. Sixteen bands have been 

comn to all isolates studied. In the protein 

profiles of the different isolates bands were 

present that were unique to each strain. Distinct 

differences hav? also ken noted in esterase 

patterns of the strains studied. 

F.-S. HU and J. CLARK School of Biological Sciences, 

University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506. 

Mitochondria of senescing Physarum polycephalum 

plasmodia. 

Plasmodia of the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum 

undergo senescence after a period of growth as macroplasmodia 

on agar medium, but appear to be immortal 

when grown as microplasmodia in shake culture. These 

and other culture studies were the basis for a 

hypothesis that senescence is due to the infectious 

degeneration of an organelle (mitochondrion) similar 

to that reported in Podospora anserina mycelia. 

Therefore, the mitochondria of young, senesci ng and 

immortal plasmodia have been examined for differences 

in morphological structure and DNA content. For 

senescing plasmodia there appears to be an increase 

in the number and size of spherical osmophilic bodies 

that are present in the mitochondria, but to date no 

indication of mi tochondri a1 DNA changes have been 

found. 

F.-S. HU, S. STEINER and J. CLARK School of Biological 

Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 

Kentucky 40506. 

Phospholipids of Physarum polycephalum and Didymium 

iridis. 

Axenic semi-defined shake cultures of Phjsarum polycephalum 

plasmodia and heat-killed bacteria supplemented 

corn-meal agar cultures of Didymium iridis 

plasmodia and myxamoeba were labeled with radioactive 

phosphate and the phospholipids extracted with a 

chloroform-methanol system. The individual phospholipids 

were then isolated by 2-dimensional chromatography 

on partially EDTA-impregnated silicic acid 

paper, located by autoradiography and quantitated by 

scintillation spectroscopy. The phospholipid composi 

tion of Didymium i ridi s plasmodia is 38% phosphatidylethanolamine, 

35% phosphatidylchol ine, 12% 

phosphatidyli nosi to1 , 5$ phosphatidylserine, 4% 

~hos~hatidvlalvcerol 

- -- . 2.5% cardioli~id. 0.5% ~hosohatidic 

acid and 4% unidentified lipids. -~he phospholipids 

of Didymium iridis myxamoeba and ~hysarum 

polycephalum plasmodia are,similar. A fraction of the 

unidentified lipids are a1 kaline-stable s~hinaoli~ids. 

some of which were sugar-contai ni ng and had t6e chro-- 

matographi c properties of sphi ngoglycol i pi ds. The 

a1 kal ine-stable lipid composition of the P. polycep- 

&plasmodium and Q. iridis myxamoeba were similar 

in that they each contained four chromatographically 

similar sphingolipids, while the D. iridis plasmodium, 

on the other hand, displayed only a single major 

alkaline-stable lipid.

Hubbes, Y., see Spielman, L. J. 

R. A. HUMBER. USDA Insect Pathology Research Unit, 

Boyce Thompson Institute, Tower Rd., Ithaca, NY 14853. 

PhpZogenetic position of the EntomophthoraZes within 

the Zggomycetes. 

Several diverse lines of evidence indicate that the 

Entomophthorales occupy a primitive position anmg 

all zygomycete orders. Asexual propagules in the 

EntomophthoraLes arise as conidia and cannot be 

regarded as sporangioles; further,,these conidia 

develop so rapidly after discharge that they often 

behave more like thallic propagules than differentiated 

spores. It appears that the common mucoroid 

sporangium did not evolve until after the Entomophthorales 

had diverged from the ancestral zygomycete 

line. Zygosporogenesis in the Entomophthorales is 

strictly homothallic.and morphologically simple. The 

heterothallic mating systems of mucoroid fungi and 

hormonally mediated development, unusual behavioral 

patterns of approaching gametangia in many genera, 

and decorations of the zygophores in genera such as 

Phycomyces indicate that these mucoroid fungi are 

more evolutionarily advanced than entomophthoralean 

fungi. Nuclei of mucoroid fungi and the Ancylistaceae 

(the most primitive of the three entomophthoralean 

families) are similar in size and appearance. 

However, the spindle polar structures of mucoroid 

fungi have been found to be intranuclear while those 

of the Entomophthorales and all other fungi investigated 

so far are extranuclear. 

T. ITURRIAGA and C. BREWER. Jardin Botanico de 

Caracas, Apartado. 2156, Caracas, Venezuela and 

Apartado 1998, Caracas 1010A, Venezuela. 

Cerro Neblina Expeditions. 

Cerro Neblina is a National Park, with an area of 

1,360,000 hectares, located in the southernmost part 

of Venezuela along its border with Brazil. It is 

located at 0'40" north of the equator, and its altitude 

is 3.014 meters above sea level. It is the 

highest elevation in the Guayana of Venezuela. 

Its interest relies in the fact that it is an unexplored 

region, and it is one of the most isolated and 

least known of the mountains of the Guayana Highland. 

The Highland area belongs to the Guayana shield, one 

of the oldest parts of South America. Flora and Fauna 

are very poorly known. In Cerro Neblina altitudes 

extend from 100 meters in the lowland rainforest to 

3040 meters on the peaks, in a linear distance of 6 

km. It is considered as one of the most diverse 

tepuy-systems in the Guayana because of its biological 

diversity. Expeditions have continued for one year, 

and up to now 120 scientists have participated. 

Zoological and botanical collections amounting to 

20,000 specimens from 12 camps. Many new species, 

some new genera, one new family, and numerous 

endemic species to that region have been found. 

A. J. JAWORSKI and J. A. HARRISON, Botany Department 

University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 

Two regulatory classes of messenger RNA in 

Blastocladiella emersonii zoospores. 

Previous work had shown that B. emersonii zoospores 

contained messenger RNA that was synthesized 

during the growth phase (GPrnRNA) and late sporulation 

(LSmRNA). GPmRNA in the zoospore is bound to 80s 

monoribosomes while the LSmRNA is bound to polyribo- 

29 

somes. Studies using the wheat germ in vitro protein 

synthesizing system and aurintricarboxylic acid (an 

inhibitor of protein synthesis initiation) confirmed 

that both GPmRNA and LSmRNA have completed the 

initiation steps of protein synthesis and are blocked 

from translstion at some stage of elongation. 

During the first sixty minutes of sporulation, 

polyribosomes disaggregate into 80s monoribosomes. 

During later stages of sporulation these ribosomes 

re-assemble into polyribosomes. At Tt8 (60 minutes 

into sporulation) GPmRNA is found on S ribosomes. 

A portion of the GPmRNA re-assembles into polyribosomes 

by T180, but from T until zoospore release, 

polyribosomes containing E@%NA disassemble. During 

this transition. LSmRNA is synthesized and is found 

exclusively on zoospore polyribosomes. 

Analysis of in vitro activity of zoospore 

monoribosomes and polyribosomes in the wheat germ 

S150 system revealed that only zoospore pol.yribosomes 

were active. Likewise, only RNA extracted from zoospore 

polyribosomes was active in the wheat germ S30 

system. The factor(s) responsible for the translation 

inhibition of 80s monoribosomes has not been 

identified. Supported by NSF Grant PCM 83.09775. 

D.T.JENKINS. Biolog! Dept., University of Alabama at 

Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294. The Genus Amanita 

in the Southeastern United States. 

In the southeastern U.S. members of the genus Amanita 

compose one of the rest conspicuous and beautiful segments 

of the mycoflora. The very ornate fruit bodies 

of Amanita cokeri, the large size of Amanita daucipes 

or Amanita polypyrmis, the very bright colors of 

Amanita caesarea or Amanita parcivolvata, the small, 

delicate appearance of Amanita farinosa, these and 

many other examples can be used to illustrate the 

uniqueness of this F.enus among the southern mushrooms. 

Due to the combination of environmental and geographic 

factors and the variety of forest types, the southeastern 

U.S. is recc.gnized as one of the best localities 

in the world for collecting and studying members 

of this genus. Coll.ecting seasons are usually long 

and rainfall more than adequate for their growth. 

Since it is suspected that most Amanitas are mycorrhizal, 

the great variety of forest types allows for the 

growth of many different taxa. From the mixed deciduous 

and pine forests of the Appalachian mountains to 

the longleaf pine-turkey oak forests of the gulf 

ccastal regions. meribers of this genus are an intricate 

part of the forests systems. The purpose of this 

presentation is to provide a panorama of the genus 

Amanita in the sout!leastern U.S. Representative slides 

from some of the nearly 100 taxa recognized from this 

region will be shown. Unique morphological features 

will be highlighted taxonomic relationships will be 

clarified, and mycolrrhizal possibilities discussed. 

Johnson, J. L., see V il galys, R., et. a1 . 

Jones, J. P., see Tuttle, G. A. 

HAROLD W. KELLER and JEAN D. SCHOKNECHT. Department of 

Biology, The University of Texas at Arlington, 

Arlington, TX 76019 and Department of Life Sciences, 

Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN 47809. 

A new species of Didymium (Myxomycetes) isolated from 

bovine dung. 

Moist chamber cultures of bovine dung collected from 

the Pawnee National Grassland in Colorado have yielded 

abundant sporangia of a new species of Didymium. 

Spore to spore cultivation was completed on sterilized

ovine dung and on agar under controlled laboratory 

conditions. The phaneroplasmodium is milky white. 

This taxon typically forms white, subglobose sporangia 

0.2 to 0.4 mrn in diameter. occasionally producing 

straight or branched plasmodiocarps up to 1.5 mm in 

length. It belongs to the group of Didymia with 

crystalline, white, eggshell-like peridia. Some of 

the larger fructifications contain crystalline bodies 

attached to capillitial threads. A columella is 

absent, and the fruiting bodies contain abundant, 

typical didymiaceous capillitium. The spores are 

echinulate, 9-10 pm in diameter, and subglobose, 

encircled by an equatorial ridge that serves as the 

site for spore wall dehiscence at germination. The 

spores are reminiscent to those of Didymium saturnus 

Keller. The sporangia of this new taxon resemble 

Didymium nullifilum (Kow.) Farr, but differ in the 

abundant capillitium and spores with an equatorial 

ridge. 

R. W. Kerrigan. Department of Biological 

Sciences, University of California, Santa 

Barbara, CA 93106. Systematics and 

potential utilization of the genus Agaricus. 

Phenotypic plasticity, apparent polymorphism, 

and a lack of distinctive microfea tures complicate 

the systematics of Agaricus at the 

species level. It is less difficult, however, 

to recognize infrageneric species 

groupings. Biochemical features have become 

increasingly important in delimiting sections 

of Agaricus. The occurrence and properties 

of mushroom phenoloxidases are particularly 

useful in this regard. One section, Horten- 

ses, comprises the widely cultivated species 

- A. bisporus and its allies. The relationships 

in this group appear to be quite close; 

analysis on the basis of morphology alone is 

difficult. Complementary biochemical and/or 

molecular approaches would seem well suited 

to the resolution of such problems. 

The phylogeny of A. bisporus, and the 

relationship of wild to cultivated strains, 

is at present unclear. There are indications 

that wild strains may have greater disease 

resistance than do cultivated strains. There 

may exist in nature a large and untapped pool 

of genetic variation useful in crop improvement. 

Study of the tetrasporic ancestral 

complex may indicate how traits such as spore 

number are controlled, perhaps leading to 

cultivated heterothallic strains. Species 

with different initiation requirements could 

help to reveal how initiation proceeds. 

R. W. Kerrigan and I. K. Ross. Department of 

Biological Sciences, University of California, 

Santa Barbara, CA 93106. Further 

investigations of spore number in Agaricus. 

Recent experiments and observations lend 

further support to the concept of basidiospore 

number as a dynamic phenomenon. 

Earlier hypotheses regarding the influence of 

sporocarp age and harves t-related stress on 

spore number may have been incorrect. Low 

temperature, on the other hand, has repeatedly 

been found to cause a pronounced reduction 

in average spore number. There are indications 

of additional factors possibly influencing 

the extent to which three- and twospored 

basidia may occur in the hymenium of 

predominately tetrasporic species. 

Current knowledge regarding the nuclear 

and/or genetic composition of spores borne 

upon three- and two-spored basidia w i l l be 

presented. 

J.L.Kerwin,Christopher A.Simmons and R.K.Washino. 

Dept. of Entomology, University of California, Davis, 

CA 95616. Regulation of oosporogenesis by Lagenidium 

giganteum. 

Induction and maturation of Lagenidium giganteum oospores 

are complex developmental processes influenced 

by exogenous lipid media supplements and a variety of 

calcium-dependent events. Sterols, which are necessary 

for induction of oosporogenesis, enhance uptake of 

fatty acids from growth media. Unsaturated 16- and 

18-carbon fatty acids increase oospore induction and 

maturation. Enrichment of the fatty acyl compounds of 

the fungus with unsaturated moieties appears to affect 

cyclic nucleotide metabolism and promotes cellular and 

vesicular fusion events by regulating membrane fluidity. 

Using a variety of inhibitory compounds, the 

calcium-binding protein calmodulin and calcium-specific 

channels have been implicated in L. giganteum oosporogenesis. 

Hypotheses concerning the role of calcium 

in regulating cellular and vesicular fusion are 

presented. 

ST. W. KIMBROUGH. Department of Botany, university 

of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. The twilight 

years of W. A. Murrill in Florida. 

After resigning as Director-in-Chief of the New 

York Botanical Garden in August, 1924, W. A. Murrill, 

after a few years of wandering, settled in Florida 

where he spent approximately 30 years around the 

University of Florida in Gainesville. As noted by 

Prof. George F. We3er (Mycologia 53: 543-557), Dr. 

Murrill left the Garden as a very troubled man. 

Health problems continued to plague him and were 

perhaps responsible for his remaining in Gainesville. 

Through the concern and attention of Professors 

George Weber and Erdman West, Curator of the Herbarium, 

Dr. Murrill was able to regain his strength 

and composure. In was during his first summer months 

in Gainesville that Dr. Murrill became enthused by 

the large number of mushrooms that weremew to him. 

His previous trips to Florida had evidently been 

for short visits during the winter months. 

During my first years in Gainesville, Prof. WeLer 

and I were fortunate to have opportunities to visit 

with Dr. Fred Seaver in Winter Park, Florida. It 

was during these visits that I learned many interesting 

things about Murrill and his activities. It is 

these and other undocumented events that I would 

like to present to you today. 

Kimbrough, J. W., see Benny, G. L., et. al. 

Kimbrough, J. W., see Gibson, J. L. 

Kinney, A. J., see Rlackwell, Y., et. al. 

--- 

M. A. KLICH. U. S. D. A. Southern Regional 

Research Center, P.O. Box 19687, New Orleans, 

LA 70179. Prediction of the susceptibility of 

cotton plants to invasion by Aspergillus 

f lavus. 

Cotton grown in the low desert areas of the USA 

is susceptible to invasion by Aspergillus flavus 

-.

Link. The 'fungus produces ailatoxin, a potent 

carcinogen, in the cotton seed. In order to assess 

the feasibility of certain control measures, 

field studies on the ecology of the fungus were 

undertaken. Results have shown that the fungus 

may enter the plant through a variety of natural 

openings and move up into the seeds of developing 

bolls. Receptivity of the plant to invasion via 

these natural openings does not remain constant 

through the growing season. A. flavus inoculated 

onto the involucral nectaries of flowers caused 

significant increases in contamination levels 

in seeds from early season flowers, but not from late 

season flowers. We found that bolls from early 

season flowers remained susceptible to mold invasion 

through the involucral nectaries for 25-30 days 

after anthesis. Susceptibility of early season 

flowers is strongly influenced by drought stress. 

Plants with noon water potential readings between 

1.6 and 1.9 MPa were most susceptible to invasion 

by A. flavus. A preliminary predictive model for 

fungal invasion of cotton plants, based on tine of 

flowering and water potential, has been developed. 

L.M. KOHN. Dept. of Botany, University of Toronto, 

Erindale College, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, 

Canada. Microconidial anamorphs: A new source of 

characters in the Helotiales? 

Microconidia produced from phialides are 

characteristic of the Sclerotiniaceae and are 

produced by at least one species of the 

Dermateaceae. Both in the field and under standard 

laboratory conditions, microconidia fail to germinate 

vegetatively; in a few cases, they have been 

demonstrated to function as spermatia. Under the 

assumption that they show little morphological or 

ontogenetic diversity, previous workers have left a 

legacy of poor descriptions and illustrations and 

have failed to exploit these morphs as a source of 

characters. On the basis of preliminary review, some 

microconidial anamorphs, eg., those associates with 

the genus Botryotinia Whetzel, show little variation, 

while others, eg., that associated with Ciborinia 

camelliae Kohn, are distinctive for a single 

teleomorphic species. The possibility that 

microconidial characters have been highly conserved 

in some teleomorphic genera yet have diversified in 

others may offer insight into inter- and 

infra-generic relationships in the Sclerotiniaceae, 

as well as into familial relationships in the 

Helotiales. Microconidial anamorphs may be analysed 

on the following criteria: location of anamorph 

within the host, presentation of phialides, phialidic 

and microconidial morphology, microconidiogenesis, 

and presence and color of mucilage. Existing 

accommodation of some microconidial anamorphs in 

form-genera such as Myrioconium Sydow should be 

further refined to codify descriptions. 

Koons, K., see Wach, M. P., et. al. 

Koske, R. E., see Gemma, J. N. 

R. E. KOSKE. Department of Botany, Univ. of Rhode 

Island, Kingston, RI 02881. The VA mycorrhizal 

fungal community of Seashore State Park, Virginia. 

Seventeen species of VAM fungi were isolated from the 

sand dunes at Seashore State Park, Virginia Beach, 

Virginia. Average species richness (no. VAMF species1 

root zone) was 5.0 for plants of Ammo hila brevil i u 

lata (range 2-8) and 8.5 for Unio +!-(-a aniculata range 

m). The average species richnessPfor this site 

(all host species) was 6.11, extending the observation 

31 

of increasing average species richness along the 

Atlantic Coast dunes with decreasing latitude. Importance 

values (IV) were calculated for VAMF species by 

sumning their relative frequency, relative density, 

and relative dominance. The latter parameter is 

derived from the product of spore density and spore 

volume. The maximum possible value for IV is 300. 

On the basis of their IV. the dominant species of VAM 

fungi at the site were ~lomus tortuosum (1~=90.0), 

Acaulospora scrobiculata. 

~ani'er, J. L., see Yates, I. E., et. al. 

Lewis, 0. P., see Cibula, W. G., et. al. 

A.E. LIBERTA and R.C. ANDERSON. Department of Biological 

Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 

61761. Comparison of VM1 species composition, spore 

abundance, and inoculwn potential in an Illinois 

prairie and selected agricultural sites. 

Three VAbf parameters were compared for five sites at 

Weston Cemetery Prairie (Nos. 1-S), for adjacent inorganically 

fertilized corn and oat fields (site Nos. 

6 & 7), and for an organically fertilized corn field 

(site No. 8) located in a nearby Illinois county. 

Sites 1-6 were sampled in July, 1982 & 1984, while 

sites 7 & 8 were sampled in July, 1984. Spore analysis 

showed Gtomub ~ a d to be c the ~ most abun- ~ 

dant taxon at all sample sites in both 1982 & 1984, 

and G. geodpohwn to be present at all sample sites except 

No. 8. Other species represented at two or more 

of the five prairie sites were G. culedoniwn, G. moddeae, 

Gigig~poha ~ o d p o and ~ , G. m#cgcvr&. Sites 

6 & 7 also contained spores of G. mahgahita. Oneway 

ANOVA of total spores per site showed no significant 

differences between sites in 1984, but significant 

differences between sites 1,2,4, & 6 in 1982. However, 

for the 1984 data, oneway ANOVA'S of spore 

counts for each species by site revealed significant 

(P < 0.05) differences between sites for G. ~u.~c~cu- 

.k&m and G. mahgahita. Sites 6,7, & 8 had significantly 

lower spore counts for G. 6~cicd.eatum than 

the prairie sites, and sites 6 & 7 had significantly 

higher counts for G. mc~gatLita than the other sites. 

Spores of G. mchocahyxun and Sc~c~ocyd.tid ninuoda 

were only isolated from site No. 8. Oneway ANOVA 

showed that VAbf colonization was significantly lower 

for bioassay plants grown in soil from sites 7 & 8 

than for those grown in soil from other sites. 

Lingle, W. L., see Barstow, W. E., et. al. 

W.L. LINGLE* D.J. O'KANE~, D. PORTER*, and 

J.E. WAMPLER~. "Department of Botany and 

t~e~artment of Biochemistry, University of 

Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. Localization of 

light emitting tissue in the bioluminescent 

mushroom, PaneZZus stipticus. 

Fruiting bodies of PaneZZus stipticus (Bull. 

: Fr.)Kar. emit light steadily for extended 

periods with peak emission at 535 nm. The 

bioluminescence capacity develops with the. 

fruiting body. Very young caps (plus stipe) 

have negligible bioluminescence (5x10' h~/s), 

while fresh, mature caps emit 2-3x10~ ~v/s.

32 

Long photographic exposures (2-4h) suggested 

that the major portion of light was emitted 

from the gill edges and in some cases from 

the hymenopodium. This was confirmed by low 

light-level video microscopy. The portion 

of the luminescent hyphae coincides with the 

location of the cheilocystidia. In senescing 

fruiting bodies 30-60% of the tbtal light 

emission could be detected from the pileus 

after the removal of the gills, in agreement 

with the observations of Buller (1924). In 

fresh, mature basidiocarps, however, light 

emission from the pileus, after removal of 

the gills was less than 10% of that of the 

gills. The cheilocystidia. which are cytologically 

distinct from the basidia, contain 

numerous lipid-like granules and. more mitochondria 

than are found in other hymenial 

cells. Supported by NSF grants PCM82-08534, 

BRS82-14960 and NIH grant GM-20829. 

D. J. LODGE. Center for Energy and Environment 

Research, G.P.O. Box 3682 San Juan, PR 00936. 

Colonization of eastern cottonwood roots by endo- and 

ectomycorrhizal fungi on a dredge spoil island. 

Colonization of Populus deltoides roots by VAendo- 

and ectomycorrhizal fungi was studied on Eagle 

Island in Wilmington, North Carolina. Viable 

mycorrhizal inoculum was initially absent from the 

dredge spoils. The frequency of non-mycorrhizal trees 

was significantly lower than it would have been if P, 

deltoides had only been able to form one type of 

mycorrhizal association. The increased probability 

of infection associated with the ability to form both 

endo- and ectomycorrhizae could have favored the 

evolution of endo-/ectomycorrhrzal species among 

plants which are primary colonizers, assuming that 

both groups of fungi facilitate plant establishment. 

The percentage of root length infected by ectomycorrhizal 

fungi decreased with distance from the old 

forest on one end of the island (the nearest source 

of inoculum), and increased with tree diameter class. 

These two variables accounted for 62% of the variation 

in ectomycorrhizal root length. Endomycorrhlzae 

were absent from cottonwoods which were not associated 

with other potential hosts of endomycorrhzzal 

fungi, which suggests that root-to-root contacts may 

be important in local spread. The percentage of fine 

root length infected by endomycorrhizal fungi was 

negatively correlated with distance from the nearest 

road, which suggests that traffic might have 

dispersed soil containing endomycorrhlzal inoculum 

along roads. The patterns observed for infection by 

endo- and ectomycorrhizal fungi were consistent with 

soil-borne and air-borne dispersal, respectively. 

A03 *LIi

ferent dikaryons are maintained as individuals are as 

follows: 

1. I find that dikaryons differing in one or both parent 

monokaryons exhibit antagonisms with each other. 

I obtained these results using 4 parent monokaryons to 

construct all combinations of dikaryons. 

2. The cytoplasmic (mitochondrial) backround of the dikaryons 

may mediate these interactions; in fact, a 

difference in mitochondrial types alone may be enough 

to cause incompatibility. 

3. Once formed, dikaryons produced by dikaryoojmonokaryon 

matings exhibit antagonism toward the parent 

dikaryon. 

From these studies, I conclude that continuity of mating 

colonies, in either sexual process is short-lived. 

,in investigation of the cytological bases of these interactions 

is currently underway. 

Mayfield, J. E., see Taylor, R., et. al. 

McGuinness, M. D., see Haskins, E. F. 

M.D. MCGUINNESS and E.F. HASKINS. Department of 

Botany, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195. 

Fultiple alleles at the mating type locus in 

Echinostelium coelocephalum. 

Four isolates of Echinostelium coeloce halum have 

been aeneticall v anal vzed for t F--- e presence of heterothall 

ism. cros;ing experiments involving the parental 

generation of each isolate have demonstrated they are 

all heterothallic. The nature of the mating system 

in each isolate is a one locus bi-allelic system 

similar to that of the other myxomycetes thus far 

genetically analyzed. When tester clones of different 

mating types from each isolate were crossed in all 

possible pairwise combinations, protoplasmodia were 

produced by every cross. These data establish that 

each isolate possesses a unique pair of mating alleles. 

The presence of multiple mating alleles in these 

isolates of E. coelocephelum represents the first 

multiple allelic mating system in the myxomycetes 

outside the Physarales. 

McLaughlin, D. J., see O'Donnell, K. L. 

D. J. MCLAUGHLIN and K. L. OIDONNELL. Dept. of 

Botany, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108. 

Nuclear division in the Heterobasidiomycetes: problems 

and pros'wcts. 

Nuclear division has been inv'kstigated ultrastructurally in 

relatively few Heterobasidiomycetes. Many orders remain 

unstudied, and a representative sampling of the genera in 

those orders which have been studied is still lacking. In 

the organisms examined a variety of spindle pole body 

forms and nuclear division features have been revealed 

which may clarify the systematics and provide guidance 

in interpreting evolution. The following topics will be 

discussed: 1, technical problems and advances in 

methodology; 2, utility of the data, i.e., its limitations 

and its predictive value; and , 3, groups or species where 

studies are needed or may be especially informative. While 

nuclear division studies by themselves may not solve the 

problem of evolution of the Heterobasidiomycetes, they 

hold promise as a part of the solution. 

.C. McMorris, Chemistry of Oogoniols, Department of 

Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, 

La Jolla, California 92093. 

Achlya contains many steroids including 

fucosterol, 24-methylene cholesterol and cholesterol. 

The major steroid fucosterol is the precursor of 

33 

antheridiol and deoxyantheridiol in female strains 

of Achlya and of oogoniols in male strains as well, 

of course, as hermaphroditic strains. At least 

eight oogoniols have been identified in culture 

liquids of Achlya heterosexualis. The steroids 

designated oogoniol -1, -2 and -3 are isobutyrate, 

propionate and acetate esters of the C3 hydroxyl 

of oogoniol. Each compound was originally thought 

to be pure but was later found to be a mixture with 

the dehydro analogue. 

Thus dehydrooogoniol is the 7-0x0-lla, 158, 29- 

trihydroxy derivative of fucosterol and retains the 

carbon skeleton of fucosterol. Biosynthetic evidence 

indicates that it is the precursor of oogoniol which 

is the C24(28) dihydro derivative. The former 

compound is about 100 times more active, biologically, 

than oogoniol and it may be the true femaleactivating 

hormone or pheromone in Achlya. The 

significance of esterification of the C3 hydroxyl 

leading to less polar steroids oogoniol-1 etc., 

is unclear since biological activity is not affected. 

R.J. MEYER, M. MOHAN, J.B. ANDERSON, and P.A. HORGEN 

Dept. Botany, Univ. Toronto, Erindale Campus, 

Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6. Analysis of plasmids 

in Agaricus. 

Two plasmid-like DNA components are observed when 

total DNA from a strain of Agaricus bitorquis is 

subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis. One is 4 

kb in size; the other is 7.5 kb. The 7.5 kb component 

consists of two distinct plasmids; complete restrictions 

generate fragments that add up to 15 kb 

(Mohan et al. 1984. Current Genetics 8:615). Our 

goal is to clone each of the Agaricus plasmids in a 

bacterial plasmid vector for use in further 

studies. To date we have cloned several EcoRl restriction 

fragments of pEMl into pUC18 and used the 

recombinant plasmids as probes against mitochondrial 

and plasmid DNA preparations from various strains of 

- A. bitorquis and A. brunnescens.The data collected 

supports the earlier interpretation of Mohan et al. 

. ~estriction maps of pEMl and pEM2 have 

been constructed by analysis of partial restrictions. 

In spite of their different restriction 

sites, pEMl and pEM2 have some homology, at least 

under the stringency used thus far. No homology has 

been observed between one of the cloned fragments 

and mitochondrial DNA, which suggests that the plasmids 

are not simply fragments of the mitochondrial 

genome. No homology has been detected between one 

of the cloned fragments and other plasmids in different 

strainsof fi. bitorquis. Studies with other 

cloned fragments of pEkl and pEM2 will also be 

reported. 

---- 

S. L. F. MEYER and M. C. HEATH. Botany Dept., 

Univ. of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1Al. 

Comparison of chemically-induced and fungal-induced 

cell death in epidermal cells of cowpea. 

The objectives of this study were 1) to determine 

if stages occur during plant cell death that can be 

identified by light microscopy, 2) to see whether 

fungal-induced cell death includes stages similar 

to those that occur when cell death is caused by a 

nonliving agent, and 3) to correlate stages 

observed by light microscopy with ultrastructural 

features of the dying cells. The abiotic factor 

used to kill cells was copper chloride. The stages 

in the death process that it initiated in cowpea 

epidernal cells included slowing and cessation of 

cytoplasmic streaming, morphological changes in the 

cytoplasm such as the appearance of "bubbles", and 

shrinkage of protoplasts. The morphological

34 

features seen by light microscopy were reflected in 

the distinctive ultrastructural appearance of the 

cytoplasm. Studies are underway to compare this 

chemically-induced cell death with death induced in 

the same cell type by Cochliobolus heterostrophus 

Race 0, a non~athonen of cowDeas that ~enetrates 

and kills epiderrnai cells. A 

Miller, Jr.. 0. K., see Flynn, T. M. 

Miller, 0. K., Jr., see Vilgalys, R. 

Miller, 0. K., Jr., see Vilgalys, R., et. al. 

STEVEN L. m. Department of Biology, Virginia 

Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, 

VA 24061. Early basidiosporogenesis and spore release 

mechanisms in the gasteroid and agaricoid Russulales. 

Ballistosporic discharge appears to be a conservative 

phenomenon in most basidiomycetes, resulting from a 

prescribed sequence of biochemical and developmental 

processes. Ultrastructural characterization of 

sterigma formation, spore orientation and development, 

and spore release mechanisms may provide valuable 

systematic information to aid the understanding of 

evolution in the basidiomycetes. Morphologically and 

ecologically the Russulales are a homogeneous group. 

However, this order contains both ballistosporic and 

statismosporic, agaricoid and gasteroid taxa. Spore 

symmetry and ability to forcibly discharge spores are 

therefore fundamental systematic characteristics, yet 

ballistosporic and statismosporic basidiosporogenesis 

has not been critically examined. Early 

basidiosporogenesis, spore-wall tegumentation, and 

differentiation of the hilar appendix were 

ultrastructurally compared in eight genera of agaricoid 

and gasteroid Russulales. Six layers were present in 

all developing spores, two of which were associated 

with an evanescent pellicle and four were derived from 

the sterigma and young spore. Ontogeny of spore-wall 

ornamentation was similar in all genera, however 

diversity in the degree of ornamentation resulted from 

differentiation of the four enduring wall layers. 

Developmental anatomy associated with spore release 

mechanisms was also examined. Systematic implications 

of basidiosporogenesis in the evolution of the 

Russulales and other secotioid and gasteroid 

basidiomycetes will be discussed. 

STEVEN L. MILLER. Department of Biology, Virginia 

Polytechnic Institute and State University, 

Blacksburg, VA 24061. Ectomycorrhizae in the 

Russulales-a systematic interpretation. 

The morphology and anatomy of ectomycorrhizae reflect 

many characteristics present in the fruiting 

structures and vegetative mycelium of a particular 

fungal symbiont. In addition, ectomycorrhizae may 

possess characteristics which are not present in the 

fungus alone or are ignored in the taxonomy and 

systematics of the fungus. Ectomycorrhizal 

morphology has not been used to evaluate the 

systematic position of a particular taxon or group of 

ectomycorrhizal fungi. 

Ectomycorrhi zae of several genera of gasteroid and 

agaricoid Russulales were synthesized in the 

laboratory using the growth-pouch technique. 

Mycel ial plugs were used as the source of inoculum. 

Mantle morphology and anatomy were compared using 

one micrometer thick cross and longitudinal plastic 

sections. Sulfo-aldehyde staining of the ectomycorrhizal 

root1 ets indicated the presence of sesquiterpenoid 

lactones. Lateral rootlets showed a tendency 

to grow toward the inoculum plugs, contact the plugs 

and become ectomycorrhizal. The implications of 

ectomycorrhizal formation, ectomycorrhizal morphology 

and anatomy, and host lateral root behavior in the 

evolution of the Russulales will be discussed. 

C.W. MIMS ano N.L. NICKERSON. Department of Biology, 

Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, 

TX 75962, and Research Station, Agriculture Canada, 

Kentville, Nova Scotia, B4N 155. Ultrastructure of 

the host-pathogen relationship in red leaf disease 

of lowbush blueberry. 

Red leaf disease of blueberry is caused by the basidiomycetous 

fungus Exobasidium vaccinii Wor. This 

fungus produces a p e m e l i u m that invades the 

rhizomes of Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. Symptoms 

are seen on infected shoots soon after buds break in 

the spring and the reddish leaves for which the 

disease is named soon become apparent. In this 

study TEM was used to examine the host-pathogen 

relationship in infected leaves. 

Exobasidium vaccinii produced a system of slender, 

branched, septate hyphae within infected leaves. 

Although hyphae were routinely observed within cells 

of the lower epidermis, elsewhere hyphae grew almost 

exclusively in an intercellular fashion. Hyphae typically 

filled the intercel lular spaces near the 

lower epidermis but were rather sparse elsewhere 

in the leaf. The haustorial apparatus consisted of 

short, finger-like or lobed structures that arose 

from intercellular hyphae in close association with 

host cells. Each haustorium contained distinctive 

membranous inclusions and had one or more electronopaque 

haustorial caps. Haustoria usually appeared 

to be ensheathed by host cell wall material although 

some haustorial caps appeared to penetrate the host 

wall. 

Mohan, M., see Meyer, R. J., et. al. 

Molina, R., see Castellano, M. 4. 

GARETH MORGAN-JONES. Department of Botany, 

P l a n t P m g y Microbiology, Auburn 

University, ~iabama 36849. ~oncerni ng 

Dia orthe phaseolorum f.sp. caulivora, and 

-!+- 

sov ean stem canker in the southeastern 

~n?ted States. 

Incidence of soybean stem canker has greatly 

increased in the southeastern U.S. during 

the last five years and losses 

* 

from the disease 

are estimated at over 40 million dollars. 

Southeastern biotypes of g. haseol orum f. sp. 

caulivoia, which have the abi ity to kill the 

soybean plant well before harvest, differ 

from northern isolates in cultural characteristics 

in vitro, including colony appearance 

and color, growth rate at different temperatures, 

stroma size and perithecial and ascospore 

morphology. Some differences in morphology 

of the anamorphic Phomo sis state, 

particularly conidiophore 77- ranching, are also 

evident between southeastern and northern 

isolates. These facts, together with data 

from host inoculation experiments, using 

several soybean cul tivars, indicate that a 

separate, easily distinguishable, forma 

speciales exists in the s0utheast.r 

symptoms induced by this organism are demonstrated 

and an account given of its morphology

Motta, J. J., see Cohen, S. D. 

G. M. MUELLER', J. F. AMMIRATI, and L. SHIH, Dept. 

3 Etany, Field Museum of Natural Hist., Chicago, 

IL 60605-2496 and Dept. of Botany, U. of Washington, 

Seattle, WA 98195. Intra- and Intercontinental 

pairing studies in Laccaria (Agaricales). 

The study of incompatibility groups within species 

of Laccaria from Sweden by Nils Fries and Greg 

~ueller revealed a close correlation between 

taxonomic species and biological species. It was 

unclear, however, if similar results could be 

obtained when using isolates from a larger and more 

diverse geographical area. Studies pairing Laccaria 

isolates from Sweden with those from east= 

western U.S.A. have established that, at least in 

some cases, taxonomic species from both sides of the 

Atlantic are compatible on the basis of clamp 

connection formation when grown in the laboratory. 

Also, preliminary pairing studies using North 

American isolates of L. laccata have not uncovered 

additional incompati6ilityoups beyond the two 

reported by these workers. This suggests that, 

unlike certain other morphologically variable 

taxonomic species (e.g., Armillaria mellea) in which 

numerous incompatibility groups h a v e detected, 

- L. laccata probably consists of relatively few 

incompati6il ity groups. These studies support using 

such a study regime in Laccaria. While such a 

comprehensive pairing study is impractical in genera 

with large numbers of species, pairing studies may 

prove useful within species complexes. 

lprevious address: Dept. of Botany, U. 

Seattle. WA 98195 

of Washington 

J. T. MULLINS. Department of Botany, University of 

Florida. Gainesville, FL 32611. Carbohydrate 

hydrolases and morphogenesis in Achlya. 

Endocellulase (1,4-beta-D-Glucan-4-glucanohydrolase, 

EC 3.2.1.4) has been implicated in the regulation of 

growth and development of Achlya ambisexualis Raper, 

via modifications in the structural integrity of the 

cellulose component of the hyphal wall. The induction 

and secretion of endocellulase into the culture medium 

is required for hyphal tip growth (Canad. J. Bot. 

57:2145, 1979) and for hormonally induced branching 

(Physiol. Plant. 22:347, 1969; Tissue & Cell 11:585, 

1979). Fungi capable of growing on cellulose exhibit 

three associated enzyme activities: (1) the endocellulase; 

(2) 1,4-Beta-D-glucan cellobiohydrolase (EC 

3.2.1.91); and (3) Beta-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21). The 

cooperative action of these three enzymes is required 

for the complete hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose. In 

Achlya, where cellulase functions in morphogenesis, 

only one of these activities (the endocellulase) is 

expressed. Thus it is distinctively different from the 

enzymes found in those fungi which grow on cellulose. 

The beta-glucosidase when functoning in a cel lulase 

complex, hydrolyzes cellobiose to glucose and is thus a 

cellobiase. In Achlya the beta-glucosidase will not 

cleave cellobiose, but instead hydrolyzes a storage 

cytoplasmic glucan. It is also active against 

laminaribiose . 

Nickerson, N. L., see Mims, C. W. 

Noga, E. J., see Dykstra, M. J. 

F. OBERWINKLER, Lehrstuhl Spezielle Botanik, 

Universitat Tubingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1 

D-7400 Tubingen, West Germany. 

Mycoparasitic Heterobasidiomycetes. 

The majority of mycoparasitic Basidiomycetes 

are represented by the Heterobasidiomycetes. 

They occur in the auriculariaceous genera 

Cystobasidium, Platygloea, and Mycogloea, 

the tremellaceous genera Tremella, Tetragoniomyces, 

Trimorphomyces, and Xenolachne, 

and in the holobasidiate genera Carcinomyces, 

Christiansenia, and Syzygospora. The 

taxonomy of these taxa is discussed. Several 

mycoparasitic species develop conspicuous 

basidiocarps, but most species have tiny 

fructifications. Some parasites occur intrahymenially, 

i.e. they develop basidia 

and/or conidia within the hymenia of the 

host fungi. There are examples for which it 

is doubtful whether they represent parasites 

or saprobes. 

The ultrastructural differentiations of cell 

interactions between parasites and hosts 

vary considerably, as is demonstrated in 

Platygloa peniophorae and Tremella mycophais- 

Mycoparasitism of Heterobasidiomycetes is 

compared with that of Homobasidiomycetes and 

with parasitism of basidiomycetes on plants. 

K. L. O'DONNELL and D. J. MCLAUGHLIN. Department 

of Botanv. University of Minnesota. St. Paul, MN 55108. 

Nuclear bivision in the ~stila~inackae and ~illetiaceae. 

Taxonomic treatments of the Ustilaginaceae (smuts) and 

Tilletiaceae (bunts) are undoubtedly influenced by the 

strong probability of convergence (i.e., encysted probasidia 

or teliospores and passive basidiospore liberation) as well 

as their importance as plant pathogens (Wells 1982). This 

study was initiated to evaluate the phylogenetic 

relationship of these taxa within the Basidiomycota. 

Details of nuclear division appear to be evolutionarily 

conservative; therefore, spindle pole body form and cycle, 

and nuclear envelope and nucleolar behavior (Taylor 1983) 

together with other mitotic characters (Heath 1980) offer 

the potential for evaluating the connection between the 

Tilletiales s. str. and Ustilaginales s. str. (Oberwinkler 

1982) and other basidiomycetous taxa. Nuclear events in 

selected species were examined during basidial and 

basidiospore ontogeny and secondary spore andlor yeastlike 

cell formation by light microscopy and electron 

microscopy. Electron microscopic analysis employed the 

freeze-substitution technique (Howard and Aist 19791, 

where possible, to minimize fixation artifacts (Thielke 

1982) together with selection of individual cells from flat 

embedments for subsequent serial section analysis. 

Preliminary results provide support for some phylogenetic 

hypothesis. 

O'Donnell, K. L., see McLaughlin, D. J. 

O'Kane, D. J., see Lingle, W. L., et. al. 

Ovrebo, C. L., see Cibula, W. G. 

D. PEKKALL and J.C. SILVER. Department of 

Microbiology, University of Toronto, West Hill, 

Ontario, Canada. M1C 1A4. Changes in ribosomal 

protein phosphorylation during heat shock of the 

filamentous fungus Achlya ambisexualis. 

Heat shock in the fungus Achlya ambisexualis 

resulted in a rapid reduction in the rate of total

36 

protein synthesis followed by a slight increase 

(to 30% of control levels) at the time that heat 

shock proteins were detected. When proteins from 

500 mM KC1-dissociated ribosomes from 32~-labeled 

control (28'C) and heat-shocked (37.C) cells were 

analysed by SDS gel electrophoresis and autoradiography, 

several major changes in the phosphorylation 

of ribosome-associated proteins were seen. 

A basic 30 Kd small ribosomal subunit protein highly 

phosphorylated in controls exhibited markedly 

decreased 32~-labelling after heat shock. This 

protein may be analogous to mammalian ribosomal 

protein S6. In those ribosomes which were stable 

in 500 mM KC1, however, decreased labelling of the 

30 Kd protein during heat shock was not detected. 

This observation suggests that changes in ribosomal 

protein phosphorylation may be different in 

ribosomes active in protein synthesis and in those 

which are inactive. Heat shock also induced a 

marked increase in the 32~-labelling of a 32 Kd 

protein and a marked decrease in the 32p-labslling 

of a 50 Kd protein. These proteins may be 

initiation or elongation factors and their 

modification may be involved in the rapid changes 

observed in the rate of protein synthesis during 

heat shock. 

(Supported by NSERC, Canada) 

Pekkala, D., see Silver, J. C. 

Pendergrass, L, see Frederick, L., et. al. 

J. C. PENDLAND and D. G. BOUCIAS. Department 

of Entomology and Nematolo@y, University of Florida, 

Gainesville, FL 32611. 

Lectin-binding characteristics of several 

entomogenous hyphomycetes. 

The hyphomycetous insect pathogens, Nomuraea 

rileyi, Paecilowces farinosus - ATCC 2b319, 

Meta~hizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana were 

tested with FITC labeled lectins. Concanavalin A, 

specific for glucose and mannose residues, bound to 

cell walls (hyphal body and/or mycelium) of all 

fungi examined. Soybean and wheat germ agglutinins 

(affinities for 8-acetylgalactosamine and 

N-acetylglucosamine, respectively) bound 

inconsistently to some cell wall areas. 

Peanut 

agglutinin, specific for galactose residues, bound 

to walls of only 2. farinosus and B. bassiana. 

Knowledge of the composition of fungal surface 

residues may be important with respect to insect 

defense mechanisms against the invading cells. 

Lectins produced by insects (e-g. Anticarsia 

gemmatalis) are known to be specifically inhibited 

by galactose (or higher concentrations of glucose). 

Fungal cells (P. farinosus, E. bssiana)a which 

bear exposed galactose residues as detected by 

FITC peanut agglutinin appear to be especially 

efficient in removing hemagglutination activity 

from Anticarsia hernolymph indicating absorption of 

this insect lectin to fungal surfaces. 

J. L PITT, K. A. WHEELER and A. D. HOCKING. CSIRO 

Divn of Food Research, P.O. Box 52, North Ryde N.S.W. 

2113, Australia Fungi from Indonesian dried fish 

Involvement in a project on fish drying in the tropics provided 

the opportunity to survey the occurrence of spoilage 

and other fungi in salted and dried fish in Indonesia 

About 50 samples of a variety of fish types have been examined. 

As was to be expected, Eurotium and Aspergillus 

species were frequently encountered. Other results were 

surprising, for example the total absence of the I1dunt1 

mould Wallemia sebi, traditionally regarded as the principal 

cause of spoilage of salt fish Equally unexpected was 

that the dominant spoilage fungus was an undescribed species, 

which we have named Polypaecilum w. Other significant 

spoilage fungi included Eurotium spp, Aspergillus 

penicilloides and Basipetospora halophila (= Scopulariopsis 

halophilica). The number and variety of Penicillia encountered 

from a tropical environment was also surprising, and 

these included several new species. Known mycotoxigenic 

fungi were isolated only in low numbers. Preliminary 

studies on factors influencing growth of these fungi, especially 

water activity, temperature and NaCl concentration, 

will also be discussed. 

J. POMMERVILLE, K. HARDING, and B. STRICKLAND. 

The Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Texas A&M 

Univers~ty, College Station, TX 77843. Slrenin analogs for 

the study of receptor recognition during male gamete 

chemotaxis in Allomyces. 

Sirenin, the sexual pheromone of the aquatic fungus, 

Allomyces macrogynus (Burma 3-35), is produced by female 

gametes and acts as an attractant for the male gametes. 

In order to better understand the nature of thls 

communication system, we have synthesized and examined 

by chemotactic assay the structure of several sirenin 

analogs several of which exhibit strong male attraction. 

The synthesis of a dl01 compound containing the blcyclic 

structure of sirenin but lacking a hydroxymethyl group on 

the SIX-membered ring, exhibited activity comparable to 

natural slrenln. This led us to test structures lacking the 

b~cyclic structure but possessing the diol relationship of 

the above compound. Such diols were found to be qulte 

active, demonstrating that the bicyclic structure is not 

necessary for chemotact~c activity. From the results of 

other compounds tested, ~t is evident that the structural 

requirements of the receptor site can be met by molecules 

with structures varying considerably from the structure of 

natural sirenin. The evidence suggests that the synthetic 

diols are active because the two hydroxyl groups can bind 

to the receptor site in the same manner as the two 

hydroxyl groups in sirenin. Such preliminary studles will 

make it possible to determine in detail the spec~ficity of 

the receptor sites, examine the mechanisms of pheromone 

inactivation by the male gametes, and investigate the 

location, number, and nature of the receptor sltes. 

Pommerville, J., see Aliaga, 6. R. 

Pommerville, J., see Sewall, T. 

Porter, D., see Lingle, W. L., et. al. 

Poth, M. A., see Dunn, P. H., et. al. 

Radford, P. T., see Blackwell, M., et. al. 

S.A. REDHEAD and J.H. GINNS. Biosystematics fiesearch 

Institute, Agricult~ire Canada, Ottawa, Ont., Canada, 

KIA OC6. 

Agaric geners causing brown rots. 

Relatively Few species of agarics are capable of 

causing a brown rot of wood. Species in the genera 

Coprinus, Hygrophoropsis, Hypsizygus, Lentinus, 

and Paxillus have been considered brown rotters. 

The aSility to cause a brown rot is a generic 

feature in tile aphyllophorales in refined 

taxonomic schemes correlating this physiological

character with morphological or anatomical 

characters. A reevaluation of the list of brownrot 

agaric qenera resu1.ted in the removal of 

Coprinus as suspect, and the exclusion of Lentinus 

sensu stricto and Paxillus sensu stricto. Two 

new genera, Neolentinus and Heliocybe, are proposed 

for :,rown-rot species formerly treated in Lentinus, 

and a third new genus, Ussicaulis, for one 

previously considered to be a Pleurotus. The 

brown-rot genus Tapinella is resurrected as a 

link between the hrown-rot family Coni~phoraceae 

and the mycorrhizal genus Paxillus, both in 

the order Roletales. Recognition of the white-rot 

genus Lentinula for the Shiitake and allies is 

sl~pported I))( decay studies. Six genera of 

agaricoid hyrnenomycetes in at least two orders 

now arc consider~d to be brown-rot taxa. Among 

agaric genera the formation of a brown-rot is a 

qerler I c rea t :re. 

DON R. REYNOLDS. Natural History Museum, 

n o Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, 

California 90007. 

A phylogenetic view of the Capnodiaceae 

sensu lato. 

The Capnodiaceae sensu lato is analyzed 

with cladistic technique. The hypothesis 

being tested is that the sexual states 

and the asexual states of monophyletic 

pleoholomorphs will have similar trees. 

ROBERT H. RIEHL* AND DAVID 0. TOFT. Department of 

Cell Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55950. The 

Antheridiol Receptor of Achlya ambisexualis E87. 

We have detected a high affinity bindinz protein 

in the cytosol of A. ambisexualis male cells ;hat is 

specific for antheridiol and a tritium-labeled 

analog. Studies have revealed that, in the presence 

of sodium molybdate, this macromolecule has a 

sedimentat ion coefficient of 8.3s in sucrose 

gradieqts of low ionic strength, a Stokes radius of 

56.6 A (Sephacryl 5-300 columns), a molecular 

weight of approximately 192,000, a frictional ratio 

of 1.5, and an axial ratio of 8.9. The binding 

protein can be eluted with 0.24 M KC1 as a single 

peak from DEAE-Sephadex A-25 columns. When sucrose 

gradients are prepared containing 1 M KC1 without 

molybdate, a shift in sedimentation c.oefficient from 

8.3s to 3.6s occurs. Recently, we have produced a 

monoclonal antibody to one component of ,the 

antheridiol receptor that cross-reacts with a similar 

component of the steroid receptors of birds and 

mammals. These results indicate that this steroid 

binding protein from Achlya has in vitro biochemical 

properties that are similar to those of the steroid 

receptors in other organisms and that these 

properties may have been evolutionarily conserved. 

ROBERT W. ROBERSON, E. S. LUTTRELL, Department of 

Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 

30602, and NORMA L. CASHION, formerly CIMMYT. Londres 

40, Apdo. Postal 6-641, 06600 Mexico. D.F. Formation 

of exogenous terminal teliospores in Neovossia indica 

(Tilletiaceae). 

Teliospores of the karnal bunt fungus, Neovossia 

indica, develop in extensive shallow cavities 

resulting from dissolution of the middle layers of 

the pericarp of the wheat grain. The cavity is 

bounded on the outside by the epidermal and hypodermal 

layers of the pericarp and on the inside by 

the layer of cross cells and tube cells. The intercellular 

hyphae of the fungus line the cavity with a 

hymenium-like stroma of compacted cells. Short hyphal 

37 

branches arising from generative cells ir~ the stromal 

layer project into the cavity. The tips of these 

sporogenous branches swell into pyriform teliospore 

initials. The primary wall of the spore is continuous 

with the wall of the sporogenous hypha. As the protoplasm 

of the sporogenous hyphae moves toward its tip 

a series of empty cells is cut off by septa, and a 

final septum delimits the binucleate spore initial. 

The two nuclei Fuse and the initial expands enormously 

into the globose spiny teliospore. This type 

of development contrasts with the endogenous formation 

of teliospores in intercalary hyphal cells with 

swollen gelatinous walls reported in Ustilaginaceae.. 

R.G. ROBERTS. Field and Horticultural Crops Research 

Unit, USDA:ARS, R. B. Russell Agricultural Research 

Center, P. 0. Box 5677, Athens, GA 30613. 

The anamorph of Microascus intermedius Emmons & Dodge 

During mycofloral studies of sunflower seeds, an 

ascomycete morphologically indistinguishable from 

Microascus intermedius was frequently isolated from 

low quality seeds. Von Arx erected the genus 

Pithoascus for g. nidicola, g. intermedius and other 

species lacking anamorphs, with no ascospore germ 

pores and with papillate ascomata. The sunflower 

isolates of M. intermedius were consistently associated 

with an undescribed Scopulariopsis anamorph, 

especially when grown on sunflower seeds. Conidia 

were globose to subglobose, hyaline and measured 

4-6(8) X 4-5.5(7.5) micrometers. Annelides measured 

4-13 X 2-2.5 micrometers. Fungus-free sunflower 

seeds inoculated with ascospores of g. intermedius 

consistently produced both the anamorphic and teleomorphic 

states. Conidial isolates consistently produced 

cultures with fertile ascomata of g. 

intermedius. Both papillate and rostrate ascomata of 

- M. intermedius and g. intermedius were observed in 

culture. The identity of 8. intermedius was confirmed 

by comparison with the type culture of g. 

intermedius, which is derived from Emmons and Dodge's 

original isolate. In light of this study, the 

acceptance of the genus Pithoascus and the family 

Pithoascaceae should be re-examined . 

Rogers, J. D., see Glawe, D. 4. 

Romaine, C. P., see Wach, M. P., et. al. 

Romano, M. A., see Gessner, R. V., et. al. 

Ross, I. K., see Kerrigan, R. W. 

I. K. Ross, H. T. Choi, and R. L. Wilks. Dept. of 

Biological Sciences, University of California, Santa 

Barbara, CA 93106. sclerotia and phenoloxidase production 

in liquid cultures of Coprinus congregatus. 

The lack of uniformity of mycelial balls (pellets) 

growing in liquid shake culture is well known, but 

usually consists of physiological differences among 

populations of relatively similar cells of different 

ages and environmental conditions. Such cultures of 

higher fungi are not normally known to undergo differentiation 

to form structures composed of cells of 

different type and function. On agar cultures, 5. 

congregatus may form either mushrooms or sclerotia. 

The initial development of the early stages of both 

mushrooms and sclerotia are virtually identical aggregations 

of hyphae and are probably governed by the 

same genetic and biochemical pathways. Phenoloxidases 

have been implicated in the first light response of 

- C. congregatus and are now known to be associated with 

the very early stages of primordium formation. This 

oaDer reports the development of well-defined scler-

38 

.otia in liquid shake cultures and the association with 

the format ion of the sclerotia of developmentally 

regulated phenoloxidases. The phenoloxidase associated 

with the hyphal tip light response appears to be 

different from those associated with sclerotial formation. 

Since sclerotia and primordia may share the 

same pathways, and phenoloxidases are associated with 

both kinds of development, the liquid shake culture 

system may be a convenient method for studying the 

regulation of the earliest stages of morphogenesis in 

this fungus. 

A. Y. ROSSMAN. Mycology Laboratory, Plant Protection 

Institute, U.S. Oepartment of Agriculture, Be1 tsville 

Agricultural Research Center, Be1 tsville, Maryland 

20705. Recent developments at the National Fungus 

Collections. 

The National Fungus Collections houses almost one 

mill ion fungal specimens comprising the largest 

mycological herbarium in the world. In the last 

several years the Alexopoulos myxomycetes have been 

acquired, curated by Or. M. L. Farr, and incorporated 

into the general myxomycete collection which now 

consists of about 40,000 specimens. Initially in 

several parts, the Ames herbarium has been organized 

and is available for loan. The herbarium of Walter 

Snell, acquired in 1980, has now been incorporated 

into the general collections. Although housed 

separately up to now, the herbarium of West Virginia 

University will be incorporated shortly. The rare 

books of the John Stevenson Reference Room have been 

cleaned and oiled for preservation, damaged bindings 

have been reparied, and pamphlets reorganized. 

Roth, I. L., see Frederick, L., et. al. 

D. J. ROYSE. Department of Plant Pathology, Mushroom 

Research Center, 211 Buckhout Laboratory, The 

Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 

16802. Use of isozyme variation for cell line 

identification, homokaryon detection and hybrid 

confirmation of cultivated mushrooms. 

Most electrophoretic studies of fungi have focused 

primarily on general protein patterns, using some 

specific enzymes. The electrophoretic phenotypes 

were evaluated on the presence or absence of particular 

bands. Other workers, however, postulated genetic 

bases for the specific enzyme phenotypes observed. 

This latter type of approach provides far more information 

on genetic variability and its inheritance. 

Applications for genetic-based isozyme electrophoresis 

in selective breeding programs for edible mushrooms 

include: cell line authentication, homokaryon detection, 

and hybrid confirmation. Cell line authentication 

can be accomplished by assessing specific 

alleles at specific loci. Genotypic classes of isolates 

can be recognized by a series of loci having 

electrophoretic phenotypes with interpretable genetic 

bases. For examole. . , in the common cultivated mushroom, 

Agaricus brunnescens, over 20,000 genotypic 

classes may be recognized on the basis of possible 

genotypes from the allelic variability exp;essed at 

six polymorphic loci. Incorporation of breeding stock 

genomes into a single hypha can be confirmed by 

dimeric enzymes. Mycelial mixtures of parental breeding 

stocks are easily differentiated from crosses. 

The heterodimer can only be produced when both alleles 

are present in their separate nuclei in the same 

mycelium. 

NITIN SAKSENA and H.H.S. Tripathi. Department of 

Botany, Univeristy of Saugar, Sagar (M.P.) 470 003, 

India. 

Fungistatic activity of Trichoderma volatiles against 

plant pathogens. 

The effect of volatitles from six cultures of Tricho- 

derma (L aureoviride, L, harzianum, T. lon ibrachi- 

atum, T. konin ii, T. v~ride and T 

TZiTat3-5iiAlTe A i i d ~ s ~ a n ~ was o r seen ~ , on 

four plant pathogens i.e. Curvularia lunata, 

Helminthosporium or zae, Alternaria s o l a n d 

Rhozopus nodosus. -&- e percentage of spore germination 

wasdetermined and it was found that spore 

germination was inhibited when the spores were in 

contact with the volatiles from Trichoderma species. 

NITIN SAKSEIIA and H.H.S. Tripathi. Oepartment of 

Botany, Univeristy of Saugar, Sagar (M.P.) 470 003, 

India. 

Antagonistic effects of volatiles of Saccharornyces 

against some human pathogenic fungi. 

Ten species of Saccharomyces (S, bis orus 

carlsber ensis, ra ilis, T%TFFT: -% 

diastitick t r k s k , S. tvrbidans, S. 

uvarum, S. rouxii, and S. chevalieq were screenea 

forlai?mainst =me five human ~athoaenic 

Saccharom ces and that the gas mixtures produced in 

d i t e d the sporulation of the pathogens to 

a large extent. 

Schlagnhaufer, B., see Wach, M. P., et. al. 

Schoknecht, J. D., see Keller, H. W. 

Schulz, R. W., see Gessner, R. V., et. al. 

M. A. SHERWOOD-PIKE. Geology Department, University 

of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403. 

Taxonomy of dispersed fossil fungus spores from 

Clarkia, northern Idaho. 

A diverse assemblage of fungal spores was recovered 

from Miocene lakebed sediments from Clarkia, Idaho 

using standard palynological techniques. Approximately 

150 distinct taxa are present. Of those which 

have modern analogues, the greatest number are dematiaceous 

hyphomycetes. Ascospores of Xylariaceae 

and loculoascomycetes are also abundant. Although 

small spores resembling basidiospores occur, they 

are not common. While conditions of preservation at 

Clarkia are exceptionally good, thin-walled and 

hyaline spores have undoubtedly been selectively 

destroyed. The absence of Uredinales is a striking 

feature of this and other Tertiary assemblages. 

Among the most spectacular spores found are several 

cheiroid types and conidia essentially identical to 

those of the modern aquatic hyphomycete Helicoon 

giganteum. 

M. A. SHERWOOD-PIKE, Geology Department, University 

of Oreeon. - - Eunene. - . OR 97403. 

Paleoecology of a Miocene Mycoflora. 

Fungal spores and fruitbodies are abundant in many 

Tertiary fossil assemblages. A detailed census of 

isolated spores extracted using palynological techniques 

and fruitbodies occurring on leaves provided

a data set for analysis and comparison with observations 

on the tracheophyte flora of the site. A 

depauperate flora of epiphyllous fungi (e.g. Microthyriaceae, 

Meliola) correlates with a cooling climate 

and predominantly deciduous flora. Species 

composition and relative frequencies of dispersed 

fungal spores underwent significant changes during 

the lacustrine cycle represented by the Clarkia sediments. 

Very large spores are more numerous in the 

upper, oxidized layers of the sediments, possitly 

because of in situ degradation as the lake became 

shallower. Other changes in fungal species composition 

may be related to local changes in the tracheophyte 

flora or to a changing decompositional environment 

due to altered moisture relations. A number of 

highly distinctive spores found at Clarkia have not 

been reported elsewhere in the Tertiary; conversely. 

there are several spore types characteristic of early 

Tertiary assemblages which do not occur at Clarkia. 

This supports the view that there are fungal spores 

whose biogeographic and/or stratigraphic distribution 

is limited enough to render them useful tools in 

biostratigraphy. 

-- T. SEWALL and J. POMMERVILLE. The Department of 

B~ology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843. 

Experimental stud~es of gamete cleavage in Allomyces 

macrogynus. 

The process by which gametes of the Chytridlomycete, 

Allomyces macrogynus, are formed is not clearly 

understood and the problem of the orlgin and assembly of 

gamete plasma membrane has not been adequately 

addressed in previous studies. Because the Golgl complex 

has not been structurally demonstrated and endomembrane 

functions have not been elucidated in .4Ilomyces, we used 

gametangia grown in droplets of culture med~um to follow 

development, cleavage, and release of uninucleate 

planogametes. Transmission electron microscopic 

observations of cytoplasmic cleavage were conducted using 

fixations for enhancement of membrane contrast. 

Gametangia induced to sporulate with dllute salts (DS) 

containing the ionophore, monensin, took much longer to 

release gametes than those induced with DS only. 

Induction with DS containrng 50 fl monensin resulted in 

attenuation of cleavage membrane assembly and 

subsequent release of abnormal gametes with multiple 

flagella and nuclei. Monensin is known to affect the ion 

gradlent of the trans (mature) clsternae of the Golgi 

complex causing them to dilate and be released as swollen 

vacuoles. Although the structural equivalent of the Golgi 

complex has not been shown in Allomyces, cytochemistry 

has indicated its functional equivalent does exrst as 

scattered cr sternal or vesicular elements. It appears that 

Golgl complex-l~ke functions play a major role in gamete 

cleavage in 4. macrogynus. 

E.C. SETLIFF and W.C. CHUNG. Forintek Canada 

Corp., Western Laboratory, 6620 N.W. Marine Drive, 

Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1x2. 

The decay of Ganoderma applanatum hyphae. 

When basidiocarp tissue of the white-rot fungus 

Ganoderma applanatum (Pers : S.F. Gray) Pat. was 

examined from field collections, some samples were 

found to have turned from their original dark brown 

color to white. Microscopic observations showed 

that the bleaching phenomenon was associated with 

hyphal discoloration, disintegration, and 

disappearance. It was hypothesized that this 

bleaching and disintegration of fungal tissue may 

have been due to the same decay processes that 

occur in wood with advanced white-rot. 

This led to the question as to whether or not 

39 

wood-destroying fungi could decay fungal cell 

walls. In a soil block test, the wood-destroying 

fungi Coriolus versicolor (L. : Fr.) QuGl., Poria 

subvermispora PilZt and d placenta (Fr. Cke. 

were grown on Pomitopsis pinicola (Pr.) Karst. and 

- G. gplanatum fungal substrates and on Alnus rubra 

Bong. wood. Based on this preliminary test, it 

appears that these fungi are capable of causing 

substantial decay in fungal cell walls. 

Shih, L., see Muel ler, G. M., et. a1 . 

- N. SHISHKOFF, Dept. Plant Pathology, Cornell University, 

Ithaca, N.Y., 14853. Pattern of suberization of 

the,hypodermis of onion roots and its relation to pattern 

of infection by root invading fungi. 

The hypodermis of roots is a differentiate3 layer of 

cells beneath the epidermis. In some plant families, 

such as the Compositae, Liliaceae, Primulaceae, and 

Scrophulariaceae, among others, members have a hypodermis 

made up of two kinds of cells -- long rectangular 

ones, and short, sometimes isodiametric ones -- 

which are arranged in a regular pattern. Endomycorrhizal 

fungi and certain plant pathogenic fungi usual- 

ly penetrate the short cells. Of 124 hypodermal penetrations 

on differentiated onion (~llium cepa L.) 

root by. Glomus albidus Walker & Rhodes, 99% occurred 

through short cells. Of 438 hypodermal penetrations 

by Pyrenochaeta terrestris Gorenz, Walker & Carson, 

99% were through the short cells. Toluidine blue, 

Sudan black B, Sudan IV, and phloroglucinol with HC1 

were used to identify suberin in the hypodermis - - of 

onion, Hoya carnosa L., and Maianthemum canadense 

Desf. The Casparian strip develops first, in the radial 

walls of all hypodermal cells. Then the long 

rectangular cells become completely suberized. Late 

in development, the short cells may become completely 

suberized. Until then, the inner and outer tangential 

walls are permeable to a number of stains, including 

aniline blue, calcofluor white, neutral red, 

and alizarin red sulfate. 

Shortle, W. C., see Taylor, R., et. al. 

M. E. Silliker. Department of Botany, University of 

California, Berkeley, CA 94720. 

Mitochondrial inheritance in the Myxomycete, 

Didymium iridis. 

Didymium iridis (Ditmar) Fries (Order Physarales) 

is an isogamous organism; presumably both parents 

contribute equally to the mitochondrial population 

in the zygote. A large coenocytic plasmodium is 

established, precluding cell division as a mechanism 

of segregating parental mitochondrial types. What 

is the fate of the two parent's mitochondria in 

the life cycle? Restriction enzyme digest profiles 

of the mitochondrial DNA were used to trace the 

relative survival of each mitochondrial type in 

crosses. The following results were obtained. 

(1) Haploid strains have a distinct and characteristic 

restriction pattern although some bands are 

conserved between strains. (2) Both parental mitochondrial 

types can be detected in plasmodia after 

prolonged growth although one parental type is more 

abundant than the other in each cross. Based on 

these results, I conclude that there is a high 

tolerance for mixed mitochondrial populations in 

the plasmodium although selection and/or drift 

occurs. Mitochondrial inheritance in Didymium will 

be compared to different patterns of organelle 

inheritance in other isogamous organisms. The

40 

relationship of these results to the life cycle and 

the phylogeny of D. iridis will be discussed. 

J.C. SILVER and D. PEKKALA. University of Toronto, 

Scarborough Campus, 1265 Military Trail, West Hill, 

Canada M1C 1A4. Environmentally induced alterations 

in chromatin and protein synthesis in Achlya. 

Cell stress such as heat shock, results in several 

changes at both the cellular and the molecular levels 

in both the oomycete Achlya ambisexualis and in the 

zygmocyte Entomophthora aulicae. In both organisms a 

characteristic set of "stress proteins" is induced 

which can be found associated with specific cytoplasmic 

and/or nuclear fractions. Interestingly, two of 

the characteristic Achlya heat-shock proteins i.e. 

the 74kD and the 86kD proteins appear similar to two 

Achlya developmentally regulated nuclear proteins induced 

by the steroid hormone antheridiol. In Achlya 

heat-shock results in changes in chromatin structure 

and in the sensitivity of Achlya chromatin to the 

enzyme DNase I. The changes in chromatin structure 

appear related to the increased histone phosphorylation 

which accompanies heat-shock. Heat shock also 

appears to alter the deposition of actin in Achlya. 

For example, nuclei in heat-shocked cells contain 

large bundles of parallel-oriented filaments and, 

studies with NBD-phallocidin, an actin specific 

stain, indicate that these intranuclear filaments 

contain actin. With heat-shock, the dephosphorylation 

of a major group of 30kD Achlya phosphoproteins was 

noted. These proteins could be isolated from Achlya 

ribosomes and appear analogous to mammalian ribosomal 

protein S6. Changes in the phosphorylation of these 

and other ribosome-associated proteins may be involved 

in the changes observed in the rate of protein 

synthesis during heat shock. 

(Supported by grants from NSERC Canada to J.C.S.) 

Silver, J. C., see Rrunt, S. A. 

Silver, J. C., see Pekkala, D. 

Simmons, C. A., see Kerwin, J. L., et. al. 

Smol ich, B. D., see Taylor, J. W., et. a1 . 

F. W. SPIEGEL, Department of Botany and Microbiology, 

University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701. The 

obligately amoeboid cells of Eumycetozoa - evidence 

for several unique evolutionary origins. 

Several of the flagellate protostelids and the 

myxomycetes have an obligately amoeboid state in the 

life cycle which will not become flagellate when 

placed in liquid. A well known example of such a 

state is the plasmoddiun of myxomycetes. Among the 

protostelids obligate amoebae may be plasmodia, 

plurinucleate amoebae, or uninucleate amoebae. In 

order to determine the phy1ogeneti.c significance of 

this state of the life cycle, it Is necessary to 

determine whether it is homologous for all members 

of the group or if it has evolved independently 

several times. Evidence for common origin would only 

support data gathered on the flagellar apparatus and 

mitosis of amoebo-flagellate cells; evidence for 

separate origins would help to define some of the 

major clades of Eumycetozoa. Ultrastructure of the 

cytoskeleton and, in some cases, mitosis in the 

obligate amebae of Cavostelium apophysatum, 

Protosporangium articulatum, and Ceratiomyxella 

tahitiensis suggests that the obligately amoeboid 

state has evolved independently in each of these 

species. The characters of these states of the life 

cycle may now be used to identify relationships 

between flagellate and non-flagellate Eumvcetozoa. 

Supported by NSF grant BSR 83-07376 

L. J. SPIELMAN and M. HUBBES. Faculty of Forestry, 

University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada MSS 1Al. 

Variation in virulence and isozyme patterns of 

Septoria musiva, agent of Septoria canker of hybrid 

poplar. 

Septoria musiva Pk. causes a serious canker disease 

in hybrid poplar plantations and nurseries in the 

United States, but is insignificant in Ontario plantations 

and nurseries planted with the same clones. 

The objective of this study was to determine whether 

genetic differences between the fungal populations 

in Ontario and the U.S. could be responsible for the 

low level of disease in Ontario. Isozyme patterns 

and virulence on hybrid poplars were compared among 

isolates of 5. musiva from 4 states in the U.S. and 

5 locations in Ontario. Patterns of acid phosphatase, 

alkaline phosphatase, hexokinase, peroxidase, 

peptidase, and other enzymes, revealed a high level 

of genetic variation but showed little regional 

differentiation among isolates. IVhen inoculated 

into hybrid poplar clones by placement of a mycelial 

plug over a small wound in the stem, some isolates 

varied in virulence depending on the clone, but 

other isolates consistently showed either high or 

low virulence. Isolates with high virulence originated 

from both the U.S. and Ontario, and there was 

no difference in the distribution of high and low 

virulence among isolates from the two countries. 

There was no correlation between isozyme patterns 

and virulence. Based on these results, we conclude 

that 2. musiva exhibits low regional variation in 

genotypes, and that populations in Ontario are genetically 

similar to populations in other poplargrowing 

regions of North America. 

Sriskantha, 4., see Wach, M. P., et. al. 

Steiner, S., see Hu, F.-S, et. al. 

Stempen, H., see Evans, R. C. 

Strickland, R., see Pommerville, J., et. al. 

Suryanarayana, K., see Thomas, D. des S. 

Sussman, D. A., see Hammill, T. M., et. al. 

J. B. SUTHE~ND. BioSource Institute and the Institute 

of Wood Research, Michigan Technological University, 

Houghton, MI 49931. Cellulase and B-glucosidase 

regulation in Ischnoderma resinosum. 

The white-rot fungus Ischnoderma resinosum, a member 

of the Poly-ooraceae, was grown with various carbohydrates 

in stationary liquid media. Extracellular 

filter paper activity, carboxymethyl cellulase, and 

8-glucosidase were determined by the 2,4-dinitrosalicylic 

acid method. Filter paper activity and carboxymethyl 

cellulase were higher in cultures grown on 

carboxymethyl cellulose than on either xylan or D- 

glucose. In succinate-grown cultures, the addition 

of either D-cellobiose or carboxymethyl cellulose resulted 

in the induction of carboxymethyl cellulase. 

Cultures grown with carboxymethyl cellulose plus a 

second carbohydrate were tested for catabolite repression 

of cellulase activity. Both filter paper 

activity and carboxymethyl cellulase were repressed 

by D-xylose, L-arabinose, L-fucose, and D-glucuronic 

acid. Carboxymethyl cellulase was also repressed by

D-glucose, D-galactose, L-rhamnose, D-mannose, D-cellobiose, 

pectin, D-galacturonic acid, and xylan. B- 

Glucosidase activity was induced in succinate-grown 

cultures of I. resinosum by D-cellobiose. Although 

xylan did not induce B-glucosidase in succinate-grown 

cultures, 6-glucosidase activity was higher in carboxymethyl 

cellulose-grown cultures if xylan was included. 

J.W. TAYLOR, B.D. SMOLICH and G. MAY. Department 

of Botany, University of California, Berkeley, CA 

94720. Mitochondria1 DNA evolution in the genus Neurospora 

Our study of the evolution of heterothallic Neurospora spp. 

by restriction endonuclease analysis of mitochondrial 

DNA aims to determine the occurrence of ca. 150 sites 

recognized by 15 endonucleases in 20 isolates of N. crassa, 

6 isolates of N. intermedia, 5 isolates of N. sitophila, and 4 

isolates of N. tetrasperma In N. crassa we find ten mitochondrial 

types, eight of which are very similar (separated 

by three or less length mutations and 1 site change). The 

other two types are distinct (at least 5 length mutations 

and 1 site change). Assuming the absence of mitochondrial 

recombination, the distribution of mutations indicates 

that length mutations can arise independently. 

Comparison of the N. crassa mitochondrial types with 

preliminary analyses of Eco RI restriction fragments of the 

other isolates shows that both N. sitophilaand N. 

tetrasperma form distinct groups but that N. crassa and N. 

intermedia isolates are very similar. These results are consistent 

with mating data that suggest a hybrid origin for N. 

intermedia with N. crassa as the protoperitheciating parent. 

Our results suggest that this approach to the study of fungal 

evolution will be very useful at the population and 

species level. Our information permits selection of 

appropriately variable DNA fragments for studies at 

higher taxonomic levels. 

R. Ta lor, W.V. Dashek, W.C. Shortle and J.E. 

& Biology Department, Atlanta University, 

Atlanta, GA 30314 and Northeastern Forest Experiment 

Station, Durham, NH 03824. Polyphenol oxidase: A 

possible regulator of the bimodal growth response of 

Coriolus versicolor to polyphenols in culture. 

Growth of C. versicolor, a wood-decay fungus, in 

culture is either inhibited or stimulated by catechol 

(CT) dependin9 uDon the ~0lv~hen01 's addition time. -. 

whereas' CT inhibited growthvat early log phase, it 

stimulated growth during either stationary or decline 

phases. Early CT provision (3 day) both altered mitochondrial 

profiles and reduced RER and electron-dense 

coated vesicle quantities but late CT supplementation 

(13 day) yielded hvphae with abundant electron dense 

granules.- To test the hypothesis that these CTinduced 

effects could be due to an extracellular 

polyphenoloxidase (PPO) yielding a growth modulating 

compound, we examined the time-dependent appearance 

of extracellular PPO emanating from C. versicolor 

grown upon a defined medium. ExtracXlular PPO was 

detected 8 days after inoculation provided that the 

enzyme was assayed at 30' with lOOmM CT in 100mM, 

pH 5.0 acetate buffer. This activity was linear 

with increasing enzyme concentration and was affected 

by boiling. Sephadex 6-100 gel filtration of medium 

from cultures grown in CT's absence revealed multiple 

peaks exhibiting PPO activity. Whereas one eluted 

within the void volume, others were retarded. A 

comparison of extracellular PPO elution profiles 

from medium for cultures grown either in CT's presence 

or absence will be detailed. 

Tewari, J. P. see Royetchko, S. M. 

D. des S. THOMAS and K. SURYANARAYANA, Department 

of Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, 

Ont. Canada N9B 3P4. Calmodulin and 

actin during asexual sporulation of Achlya. 

Recently, we reported the isolation and characterization 

of a ca2+-dependent activator 

protein (Calmodulin, CM) from the water mold 

Achlya ambisexualis. This protein, as visualized 

bv Indirect Immunofluorescence is localized 

throughout the cytoplasm as a diffuse 

array of filaments. Fluorescence is particularly 

intense at the hyphal apex. Yhen the 

vegetative tip is induced to differentiate 

into an asexual sporangium, CM becomes concentrated 

in the apical papilla. A band of 

CM persists as a collar around the exit pore 

after spore release. Collars of CM are also 

associated with exit pores of both achlyoid 

and dictyuchoid cysts of Achlya. This suggests 

that CM may be associated with sporangial 

and cyst lysis (secretion-related 

phenomena). We also localized F-actin in 

Achlya using rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin. 

Peripheral actin plaques are aggregated at 

the growing tip. This aggregation disappears 

when the tip is induced to become a sporangium. 

The maturing sporangia contain intranuclear 

actin that remains even in fresh 

cysts. Concentrations of actin plaques are 

also associated with the sites of germ tube 

and branch emergence. We believe that actin 

plaques may be a cytoskeletal link between 

the plasma membrane and the cell wall. 

Toft, D. O., see Riehl, R. M. 

Tripathi, H. H. S., see Saksena, Y., a. 

Tripathi, H. H. S., see Saksena, N., b. 

B. E. TUCKER. Dept. of Plant Pathology, N.Y. State 

Agr. Exp. Sta., Geneva NY 14456. 

The adhesive secondary - mores . (letiferis~ores) of 

Macrobiotophthora vermicola, a nematophagous Entomophthorales 

(Zygomycetes): Factors affecting spore 

formation and adhesion to the host cuticle. 

The formation of the letiferispore, by resporulation 

of a forcibly discharged primary spore (conidium), 

is a central event in the life cycle of M. vermicola. 

The life cycle of this nematode destroying Entomophthorales 

is presented, and the ultrastructure of 

letiferispore formation is described. 

The material responsible for adhesion is mucilagenous, 

histologically positive for protein and 

carbohydrate, and appears fibrillar when fixed conventionally 

for TEM. 

Various physical, chemical, and enzymatic treatments 

of host nematodes failed to prevent adhesion 

of the letiferispores. The presence of a lectinmediated 

host recognitionlattachment system (as 

found in the Deuteromycetes) is contraindicated by 

these results. 

41

B. E. TUCKER. Dept. of Plant Pathology, N.Y. State 

Agr. Exp. Sta.. Geneva NY 14456. 

The Nucleus-Associated Organelle of Macrobiotophthora 

vermicola, a nematophagous Entomophthorales. 

The morphology of the nucleus-associated organelle 

is an important character for current attempts to 

elucidate the phylogenetic relationships within the 

order Entomophthorales (Zygomycetes). To date, only 

five members have been examined, representing three 

families, revealing four different morphologies in 

NAO ultrastructure. This poster reports the ultrastructural 

morphology of the NAO of Macrobiotophthora 

vermicola, which in conventional fixation 

appears as a simple hollow cylinder measuring 170 

x 90 nm with the internal channel measuring 60 nm 

in diamter. The intranuclear component of the NAO 

consists of electron opaque material occluding the 

nuclear pores. Intranuclear spindle microtubules 

emanate directly from the NAO-INC. 

The NAO of 5. vermicola is morphologically most 

similar to those observed in Basidiobolus ranarum, 

and are significantly smaller and lack the fibrillar 

taillhandle that is found in Erynia neoaphidis and 

Strongwellsea magna. 

G.A. Tuttle and J.P. Jones. Dept. Plant Pathology 

and Crop Physiology, Louisiana Agricultural 

Experiment Station. Louisiana State University 

Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge. LA 70803. 

Cultural and cytological studies of the Hysteriales. 

Members of the Hysteriales (Loculoascomycetidae) have 

been collected from the Gulf Coast area of the U.S., 

mainly southern Louisiana, for the past two years. 

Commonly collected orgainsms include Rhytidhysterium 

-- 

rufulum. Glonium stellatum, Gloniopsis praelonga, g. 

curvata, Hysterographium & and Hysterium insidens. 

Cultural studies have been initiated to attem~t to 

produce the anamorphs of these organinsms. S'ingle 

ascospore cultures were established, when possible, 

on potato dextrose agar or corn meal agar amended 

with two percent glycerin. The anamorph of G. 

stellatum (Sphaeronaema byssoideum Lohman ?) could be 

induced to form when cultures were grown in 

continuous light but cultures grown in continuous 

darkness failed to fruit. Cytological studies have 

been conducted with Glonium stellatum and Gloniopsis 

sp. Ascus development in these organisms is similar 

to that reported for other ascomycetes. Crozier 

formation is followed by karyogamy, meiosis and 

mitosis, resulting in eight uninucleate ascospores. 

In g. stellatum one additional mitotic division 

occurs in the ascospore followed by septun formation, 

resulting in a two-celled ascospore with one nucleus 

per cell. In Gloniopsis sp. repeated mitotic 

divisions with concomitant septum formation in the 

ascospore results in a muriform hyaline spore. 

Ull rich, R. C., see Chase, T. E. 

B. VILGALYS, J. L- JOHNSON, and 0. K. MILLER, JR. 

Departments of Biology and Anaerobic Microbiology, 


Blacksburg, VA 24061. Preliminary characterization of 

DNA' s from Col lvbia species. 

Nucleic acid studies involving DNA homology can provide 

valuable information for fungal systematics. We have 

characterized several fungal DNA' s isolated from 

species of ollvbia. Collvbia drvoohil* and c. 

bubsul~hurea are two closely related, yet intersterile, 

species common in North America. Both species possess 

DNA with a base composition of 45% G+C, a relatively low 

value for Basidiomycetes. Methods for isolation of 

whole-cell DNA will be presented. The significance of 

DNA homology to systematics of Collvbia will be 

discussed. 

p. VILGALYS and 0. K. MILLER, JR. Dept. of Biology, 


Blacksburg, VA 24061. Evolutionary systematics of 

Collvbia ~rvoohila 

. 

The Collvbia glrvo~hila complex consfsts of at least six 

intersterile groups worldwide. Mating compatibility 

within each group is regulated by bifactorial 

incompatibility with multiple alleles. In addition, 

crosses within one group show heterogenic 

incompatibility between geographically separated 

populations. Nuclear migration is reduced or absent in 

all groups examined. Europe and North America each 

contain four intersterile groups. Within either 

continent, different groups can be distinguished by one 

to several reliable morphological features. Groups 

existing sympatrically thus behave as good biological 

and taxonomic species. Three of the European groups 

are each intercompatible with one of three groups from 

North America, suggesting conspecificity. Basidiocarps 

from intercompatible allopatric populations, however, 

are morphologically dissimillar. Electrophoretic 

evidence indicates that these allopatric populations 

are genetically divergent at a number of isozyme loci. 

Studies of i sozyme inheritance in laboratory 

synthesized dikaryons also suggest that divergent 

populations of the same group show differential 

expression of isozyme loci. Mating compatibility 

between allopatric populations may therefore not be a 

good criterion of conspecificity. A geographic 

component to genetic variation in the drvoohile 

group is consfstent with allopatric models of 

evolution. The significance of the results to fungal 

systematics and evolution wi 11 be discussed. 

H.S. VISHNIAC. Dept. Botany and Microbiology, Oklahoma 

State University, Stillwater OK 74078. Ribosomal RNA 

homologies in the definition of basidiobl astomycete 

taxa. 

The dogma of molecular phylogeny states that base 

changes in rRNA occur, on average, at constant rates, 

so that differences numerous enough to represent an 

average rate are proportional to evolutionary distance 

The 5s rRNA sequence comparisons of Walker and Doolittle 

and of Huysmans and co-workers indicate an 

early divergence of Teliomycetes from other fungal 

groups, separating those heterobasidiomycetous yeasts 

which are doliporous (Filobasidium and a1 1 ies) from 

adoliporous yeasts such as Sporidi'obolus and Rhodosporidium. 

The larger information content ofZ5SrRNA 

permits superior systematic resolution (to the 1 eve1 

of genus). Although it also inhibits sequencing, 

rRNA-DNA hybridization yields average base sequence 

homologies as precisely as required for determining 

relatedness. Were the dogma valid, the phylogeny of 

basidiomycetous yeasts should be the same by either 

method. 255 rRNA homoloav within the aenera Filobasidiell 

a, Fi 1obasidium;- ~eucos~oridi;m, andTEdosporidium 

and within the form-genera Cryptococw 

Rhodotorul a. and Vanriia is conaruent with suaaested 

morphological definition of the;e genera, butdieither 

with the weight given to dolipores in this group nor 

with assimilation characters. Since these yeasts are 

more homologous with each other than with Sporidiobolus 

or Ustilago, the 5s rRNA phylogeny is in blatant 

EFEFadiction to 255 rRNA phylogeny. Ribosomal RNA 

homology is not an evolutionary yardstick, but a complex 

and conservative character useful in conjunction 

with other, preferably morphological, characters.

M.P. WACH, A. SRISKANTHA, K. KOONS, B. SCHLAGNHAUFER, 

and C.P. ROMAINE, Department of Plant Pathology, The 

Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 

16802. An analysis of the viruses associated with 

LaFrance disease of Agaricus bisporus. 

The name LaFrance disease is used to describe a serious 

malady of the cultivated mushroom, Agaricus 

bisporus (Lange) Imbach which is associated with several 

types of virus-like particles (VLPs). Sporophore 

isolates were analyzed for double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) 

by gel electrophoresis and for VLPs and a bacilliform 

virus by two seroassays and/or electron microscopy to 

further clarify the etiology of the disease. DsRNA 

was detected in 19 of 65 isolates and was correlated 

with reduced yields and, in some cases, deformed sporophores. 

From 2 to 12 dsRNA species xith molecular 

weights ranging from 4.3 to 0.21 x 10 were associated 

with the disease. Solid support hybridization experiments 

suggested that most dsRNAs represent unique 

nucleotide sequences. Diseased sporophore isolates 

also contained predominantly 19 nm and 25 nm spherical 

particles. The dsRNAs most frequently isolated from 

intact sporophores copurified with these two particles 

Additionally, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity 

was detected in spherical particle-enriched preparations. 

Also, a single-stranded RNA bacilliform virus 

was encountered in ca. 70% of diseased sporophore 

isolates. A 280 bp copy DNA of the genomic RNA was 

cloned to establish a spot test for the detection of 

the bacilliform virus and in an effort to construct a 

gene vector for A. bisporus. 

'present address : Monterey Mushrooms, Research 

Laboratory, P.O. Box 189, Watsonville, CA.95077. 

C.A. WAGNER.. Department of Botany, Ohio 

University, Athens, Ohio 4570i. Fine 

structure of the zoospores of Woronina 

pythii (~lasmodiophoromycetes). 

Free-swimming primary and secondary zoospores 

of ~oronina - thii , an endoparasite 

of Pythium (Oomycetpbere examined with 

electron microsco~v. The two tv~es of zoospores 

are ~ltrasiructurall~ inhistinqishable. 

Nuclei are electron-opaque with 

electron-translucent re~ions. Kinetosomes 

are 5OOnm long and occur in pairs that describe 

an angle ranping from 70-105 devees 

with respect to each other. Kinetosome 

cores contain clusters of dense-staining 

material. The kinetosomes are demarcated by 

a terminal plate at the distal end, proximal 

to the transition zone. A second plate, 

comparable to the axosomal plate described 

in many protozoans, defines the proximal end 

of the flagellum. Each kinetosome is associated 

with two simple microtubular rootlets. 

One consists of a pair of microtubules which 

appear to end at the plasmalemma a short 

distance from where the flagellum emerges. 

The second consists of three parallel microtubules 

which curve and follow the plasmalemma 

two-thirds of the way around the zoospore. 

The fine structure of g. pythii ZOOspores 

is compared with existing accounts of 

zoospore ultrastructure in other taxa of the 

Plasmodiophoromycetes. 

43 

W.F. WALKER. Department of Biochemistry, 

Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 

S3H 4H7. 5s ribosomal RNA sequences and 

ascomycete phylogenetics. 

A phylogenetic tree for ascomycete 5s rRHA 

sequences is constructed. The endomycetales 

yeast sequences form a diverse main branch. 

All sequences from mycelial ascomycetes form 

another main branch of about equal diversity. 

Sequences from Pl ectomycetes, Pyrenomycetes 

and Discomycetes appear to be about equidistant 

from each other. Sequences from 

Schizosaccharomyces pombi and Protomyces 

inundatus clearly form the most isolated 

sequence lineages. The P. inundatus 

sequence is nearly equidistant from 

ascomycete and ba~idiom~cete sequences. 

Prel imi nary results from 5.8s sequence 

data more clearly indicate a closer 

clustering of the P. inundatus sequence 

with basidiomycete sequences. Thus, 

present RNA sequence data are consistent 

with an origin of the basidiomycetes 

from an ascomycete somewhat resembl i ng 

Protomycetales or presumably Taphri nales. 

Wampler, J. E., see Lingle, W. L., et. al. 

Ware, C. T., see Hammill, T. M., et. al., a. 

Washino, R. K., see Kerwin, J. L., et. al. 

D. J. WEBER, E. D. BUNDERSON, and C. V. BUNDERSON 

Department of Botany and Range Science, Brigham Young 

University, Provo, UT 84602. 

Interactive videodisc as a tool in teaching 

mycological laboratories. 

Preparing quality teaching laboratories in mycology 

can present unique challenges. Actively growing 

and/or sporulatinq fungi are rarely accessible in the 

field. Living laboratory specimer.~ are difficult to 

maintain, and preserved collections are of limited 

value. 

An intelligent interactive videodisc, with still and 

motion pictures, audio commentary and interactive 

capacity for student control has been prepared to teach 

the identification and classification of fleshy fungi. 

Over 1500 species have been included on the disc with 

illustrations, graphics and descriptive material. 

Principles of morphology, taxonomy, physiology and 

ecology are presented in an instructionally designed 

format. The videodisc can be used as a complete 

laboratory experience for students, as review and 

practice to complement laboratories, as supplementary 

lnaterial for teaching mycological principles, or as a 

"field guide" for anyone interested in identifying 

fleshy fungi. The videodisc requires a videodisc 

player, a TV mo~itor and a n~icrocomputer. Software 

should be available for several microcmputers including 

the IBM-PC and the Apple Placintosh. 

Weber, N. S., see Cibula, W . G., et. al. 

A. L. WELDEN. Department of Biology and Mesoamerican 

Ecology Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, 

LA 70118. Some distributional Patterns of the 

Higher Fungi of the Gulf Coast. 

The higher fungi of the Gulf Coast of the United 

States compose an unusual population of tropical, 

subtropical, and temperate zone species. Probably

the main reason for this mixture is the lack of any 

great geographical barriers separating the different 

zones. Six distributional patterns are exposed in 

this study. Three might be considered as variations 

on a single pattern of northward migration of 

tropical species. A fourth pattern is the incursion 

of temperate species into the subtropics, the fifth 

is the cosmopolitan pattern; and, finally, the 

irrational pattern. This last pattern is undoubtedly 

a collection artifact, e.g., Dichopleuropus 

spathulatus Corner was discovered in Malaysia and 

is now known from its type locality and Lake George, 

Florida only. 

Imposed over these patterns are the least three 

factors: (1) substrate requirements, (2) critical 

temperature requirements for growth, and (3) 

altitudinal variation. For the fungi these factors 

are ill-understood. 

Approximately 25-30 Basidiomycetes, and a few 

Ascomycetes are shown as examples of these distribution 

patterns. The Basidiomycete examples are drawn 

mainly from thelephoroid and stereoid species, with 

a few polyporaceous and tremellaceous fungi added to 

demonstrate the wide applicability of the patterns. 

K. WELLS. Department of Botany, University of 

California, Davis, CA 95616. Inter- and intracollection 

matings of several species of Exidiopsis 

(Tremellaceae). 

Intracollection crosses of single-spore isolates of 

Exidiopsis plumbescens (Burt) Wells, E. diversa nom. 

prov., E. paniculata E. prov., E. punicea x. 

prov., E. calcea (Pers.) Wells, E. effusa (Bref. ex 

Sacc.) A. Mbller, E. grisea (Pers.) Bourd. et L. 

Maire, and an undesczbed species of Exodiopsis demonstrated 

that all species are bifactorial. In approximately 

50% of the mating~, hyphae with simple septa 

and uninucleate hyphal segments developed from the 

plugs taken from the contact zones (A=B= or A=Bf). In 

approximately 25% of the matings, hyphae with false 

clamps at most septa grew from the plugs. Such hyphae 

usually had binucleate terminal segments and uninucleate 

subterminal segments (A#=). In the remaining 25% 

of the crosses, hyphae with true clamps and binucleate 

hyphal segments grew from the plugs taken from the 

contact zones ( AfBf) . Intercollect ion matings within 

a species gave rise to hyphae with true clamps and 

binucleate hyphal segments except in those cases 

involving duplicate A or B factors. Plugs from the 

contact zones of crosses between isolates from collections 

of 2. plumbescens from Vancouver, B.C. south to 

northern California and isolates from collections east 

of Vancouver, B.C. and from northern Idaho usually 

grew out into the two monokaryons and a narrow zone 

between the monokaryons in which true clamp connections 

were formed. Clamp connections were absent in 

the contact zones of all interspecific crosses. The 

morphology of the contact zones of the interspecific 

crosses varied considerably. 

E.G. WENE and A.A. ANTBNOPO1TLOS, Argonne National Laboratory, 

Energy and Environmental Systems, 9700 South 

Cass Ave., Argonne, IL 60439. Ethanol production by 

Fusariwn oxyspom on D-xylose under aerobic condit 

ions. 

Xylose is a major component of monosaccharides in hydrolyzates 

of lignocellulose. The efficient conversion 

of xylose to ethanol is a major factor in determining 

the economic feasibility of utilizing lignocelluloses 

for ethanol production. Selected strains 

of Fusariwn oqsporwn efficiently ferment D-xylose to 

ethanol, with yields up to 85% of theoretical. Controlling 

the dissolved oxygen concentration in liquid 

cultures is necessary to maximize ethanol production 

rates and efficiency. The effect of different aeration 

rates and D-xylose concentrations on ethanol 

productivity will be discussed, 

Wene, E. G., see Antonopoulos, A. A. 

Wheeler, K. A., see Pitt, J. I., et. al. 

K. 0. WHITNEY and H. J. ARNOTT. Department of 

Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, 

TX 76019. Calcium oxal ate crystal devel oprnent in 

hyphae of Agaricus bi sporus. 

Aerial hyphae of Agaricus bis orus grown in agar 

culture produce abundant ca ?- cium oxalate crystals. 

These deposits, when first formed, consist of 

elongate, acicular, "raphide-1 ike" crystals that 

ensheath the hypha, giving the elements of the aerial 

mycelium a bottle-brush appearance. SEM examination 

of the crystal-bearing hyphae reveals that the 

crystals are arranged tangenti a1 1 y on the hyphal 

surface. The crystals appear to originate within the 

wall of the hyphae and increase in length as 

additional calcium oxalate is added to the crystal 

within the hyphal wall. Scanning electron micrographs 

and energy-di spersive x-ray elemental analysis of 

these crystal s will be presented. 

ANlTMA WILFRED, L. FREDERICK, and W. LENA AUSTIN. 

Hmd University, Washington, DC 20059 Nuclear 

behavior during ascospomgenesis in a natural mutaht 

of Neuxvspra dodgei, a hmthallic species. 

A mutant strain of NeuroSpora dodgei that appem in 

two corn ma1 amr culture plates is characterized by 

the formtion of round, oval, or peanut pod-shw 

ascospores that vary in nmber from 8 to 16 per ascus. 

Asci in which spores of the mtant form are greatly 

enlarged and are, in sm instances, branched. The 

nuclear events that occur during the formation of 

asci of the mtant have been studied with light 

microscopy and canpared with those that occur in cultures 

of the wild type. Single ascospow isolates 

of the rmtant were used in the study. Nuclear events 

follow the sam pattern in isolates of the mutant and 

of the wild type through the first mitotic division. 

In the ascus of the wild type, after the first mitot- 

ic division, ascospores are delimited. In isolates 

of the mtant a second mitotic division usually takes 

place in the ascus prior to the delimitation of ascospores 

and results in a 16-nucleated ascal stage. 

Subsequently ascospore delimit at ion occurs and results 

in the developrrent of 8 binucleate peanut podshaped 

ascuspom, 16 round uninucleate ascospores , 

or a mixture of from 9 to 15 round, oval, or peanut 

pod-shaped uninucleate or binucleate ascospo~s. 

Following delimitation round or oval ascuspores be- 

cane binucleate. 

not noted to be- 

Peanut pod-shaped ascospores were 

quadrinucleate after delimitation. 

Wilks, R. L., see Ross, I. K., et. al. 

GEORGE J. WONG. Department of Botany, 3190 Maile 

Way, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822. 

Interfertility between Auricularia polytricha and 

Auricularia t enuis. 

Three collections of Auricularia were collected

from Hawaii. Based on the morphology of the 

basidiocarps in transverse section, it was 

determined that two of the collections were 

referable to Auricularia polytricha and the third 

to A. tenuis. Single spores were isolated from 

each collection and self-crossed. Both species 

were found to be bifactorial, producing true clamps 

in AZB# crosses and false clamps in A#B= crosses. 

However, the bifactorial system in the two 

Auricularia species differs from the one observed 

in agarics such as Schizophyllum commune and 

Coprinus lagopus in that nuclear migration, 

apparently, does not occur and AZB= crosses are 

stable. Crosses performed between A. polytricha 

and A. tenuis produced dikaryons and fruiting of 

selected hybrid dikaryons produced basidiocarps 

that are morphologically referable to 

A. polytricha. These preliminary results indicate 

- 

that A. polytricha and A. tenuis may be synonymous. 

I. E. YATES~, R. J. COLE^, J. L. UNIER~ AND J. W. 

DORNER~. l~oxicol. & Biol. Constit. Res. Unit, 

Russell Research Cen., USDAIARS, Athens, GA 30613, 

*National Peanut Res. Lab., USDA/ARS, Dawson, GA 

31742. Bacterial luminescent bioassays of aflatoxin 

B1 and cyclopiazonic acid toxicities. 

Aflatoxin B1 (AFBl), a mycotoxin whose toxicity, hepatocarcinogenicity 

and mutagenicity are well characterized, 

is produced by only a few strains of Aspergillus 

flavus and A. parasiticus. A. flavus can also 

produce cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), a mycotoxin whose 

acute toxicity in laboratory animals though not as 

severe as AFBl does cause deleterious effects. Since 

both toxins can be produced by A. flavus, CPA and AFBl 

could occur simultaneously in the food supply and 

interact to alter the toxic expression of one another. 

The effect of AFBl and other mutagens known to attack 

the guanine sites in DNA of a dark mutant of Photobac- 

45 

terium ~hos~horeum was to cause a reversion to the 

bioluminescent condition after 10 h treatment. CPA 

did not generate such a response but at higher doses 

inhibited the low level bioluminescence observed in 

the control by 20 h incubation. The mutant was 

treated with stimulatory doses of AFBl and simultaneously 

with CPA at low concentrations which had no 

effect on bioluminescence or at high concentrations 

which inhibited bioluminescence. Low doses of CPA had 

no effect on the stimulation of biolumineecence by 

AFBl but high doses decreased the stimulation. These 

results imply that in this bioassay system, high 

levels of CPA depress the effect of AFB1. The combined 

activity of the two mycotoxins were examined in 

a bacterial bioluminescent system designed to measure 

cytotoxicity. 

S. E. Gochenaur, Biology Department, Adelphi University, 

Garden City, Long Island, New York 11530. 

Comparative carbon nutrition of members of the 

EupeniciZ Zim javanica, E. Zapidosa, and E. pine tom 

Sections in relation to their taxonomy and ecology. 

A EupeniciZZiwn species isolated from an oak-birch 

forest is believed to be a member of the E. Zapidosa 

Section. It has several distinctive features that 

include osmophilic growth, a genetically unstable 

holomorph, an inability to utilize di- and polysaccharides, 

and an extremely slow development with 

colony diameters of less than 7 mm after 14 da 

incubation at room temperature. In spite of these 

features, this organism is the most abundant 

cleistothecial ascomycete and one of only five broad 

amplitude species in the A horizon. A comparison of 

its carbon nutrition on 35 compounds to the nutrition 

of 18 other Eupenicillia will be presented along with 

some thoughts on the relationship of nutrition to the 

taxonomy and ecology of these species. 

THE UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA MICROFUNGUS COLLECTION AND HERBARIUM 

Established in 1960, the University of Alberta Yicrofungus Collection and Herbarium (UAMH) 

is now the second largest collection of filamentous fungi in Canada, and has become nationally 

and internationally recognized as an important reference and research facility. Recognizing the 

significance of UAMH to scientists in Canada and elsewhere, the University of Alberta, on 

January 1, 1985, made a major commitment to the future of the collection by transferring it to 

the University's Devonian Botanic Garden, a facility with which it shares a common role in the 

preservation of living organisms. The Devonian Botanic Garden, one of six interdisciplinary 

units within the Office of the Vice-President (Research), is directed by P. N. D. Seymour. This 

amalgamation consolidates mycological expertise and facilities currently available at each of 

the two centres and will improve the collection's eligibility for obtaining funding from 

non-medical granting agencies. 

The UAMH preserves a large and unique collection of medically important fungi as well as 

fungi of importance to agriculture, forestry and industry. With an increasing emphasis in 

Canada on development of industrial and applied research (9iotechnology), there will be an 

increasing requirement for accurately identified and properly maintained fungal genotypes. The 

objectives of the UAMH are to meet this requirement, to maintain the liason with the biological 

and medical communities, and to provide improved services to agriculture, forestry and 

industrial research. 

Fungi in the collection include all groups, but particular emphasis has been placed on mold 

fungi (Hyphomycetes). Current acces'sions number over 5000, the majority being represented by 

living cultures and herbarium specimens. Many cultures are derived from type collections, and 

are useful for verification of identifications. 

Completion in 1985 of an on-line data base containing UAMH strain records, will facilitate 

data distr.ibution and retrieval. This data retrieval system, when fully implemented and made 

public, will be accessible for on-line searches by any researcher in North America, and will 

facilitate selection of strains appropriate to particular research applications. Publication of 

a new edition of the UAMH catalogue is planned for 1985. 

Enquiries regarding UAMH services and cultures should be directed to the Curator, Lynne 

Sigler, University of Alberta Microfungus Collection and Herbarium, Devonian Botanic Garden, 

1-31 Med. Sci. Bldg., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7.

4 6 

COMPUTER SOFTWARE AVAILABLE--FOR GIVE-AWAY, 

SALE, OR EXCHANGE 

Gary W. Moorman has an illustrated key to diseases of dogwood (Cornus florida) for 

Macintosh computer users who have Telos "Filevision" software. 

Fred Rhoades offers PC-TAXONIASKATAXA. It generates synoptic keys and provides rapid 

microcomputer access and editing, including hard-copy key printing. Define keys to 128 taxa, 

using 400 character-states. Requirements: IBM PCIXTIAT with 192k memory (128k for ASKATAXA 

which does not have editing routines), DOS 2.0 or higher, monitor capable of displaying 80 

column text. Specify version for IBM color adapter (card) or other adapter (non-colorcompatible 

cards and monochrome). $50 for full version. $5 for shortened demo version. 

Walter J. Sundberg has available a MYCOLOGICAL DICTIONARY DISK for use with Sensible 

Speller (Apple, IIe DOS 3.3), includes most terms in Snell and Dick's "A Glossary of Mycology" 

and more. $20.00/copy, disk included (available as of July 1). 

Edmund E. Tylutki would 1 ike to correspond with anyone interested in developing an expert 

system for Agaricales, including the application of the interactive video disk technology in 

the system. 

Rod Tul loss has two programs avai 1 able: 1) TAXON wi 11 , given specific or subspeci f i c 

epithet or a syllable from such an epithet, find all occurrences of that epithet (masculine, 

feminine, or neuter endings; capitalized or not) in a dataset. This has been implemented to 

search for previous applications of epithets. The program wi 11 a1 so provide i nformation on 

type locality (where known to the constructor of the data files). The program is implemented 

in UNIX (Trademark of Bell Laboratories) shell on an IBM PC XT running PCIIX. I will charge a 

nominal amount per floppy disk copy depending upon whether or not the inquirer supplies hislher 

own floppies, and 2) AMANITA.EXPERT is implemented in Univ. of New South Wales PROLOG under 

UNIX and makes use of the UNIX shell in part. If you're interesting in a listing, a copy on 

tape, or more detail about the implementation, make inquiry. The project was developed by me 

whi le teaching mysel f PROLOG in my job at AT&T Technologies, Engineering Research Center, 

Princeton, NJ. A formal release from AT&T may be necessary before the material can be shared 

in full. 

MSA PLACEMENT SERVICE 

The Society's placement service has been established and is 

operating well to the extent that it has been used. Only ten 

people have placed material on file for seven positions that have 

been listed with the service. Prospective employers have been 

provided with the records of appropriate candidates. In some 

cases we have not been able to recommend suitable candidates for 

the position listed. Persons seeking placement have been sent job 

descriptions that fit their qualifications. 

For Dur placement service to be effective, we need many more 

records on file. There must be more than ten people who are 

looking for jobs at the present time! All members of the MSA need 

to assist in getting potential employers to list positions with 

our service. With more positions and candidates listed, the 

service should be valuable to all concerned.

EMPLOYER DATA FORM 

MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF mRICA PLACEMENT SERVICE 

Please type or print all entries clearly. 

1. Record Number: (leave blank) 

2. Organization Name: 

3. Position Title: 

4. Interests. Circle letters from the following: 

A. Morphology B. Taxonomy C. Physiology 

D. Cytology E. Biochemistry F. Cell Biology 

G. Genetics H. Ecology I. Molecular Biology 

J. Pathology K. Mycorrhizae L. Medical 

M. Development 

N,O = other 

5. Fungal Group. Circle one or more letters from list: 

A. Mycetozoa B. Zoosporic Fungi C. Zygomycetes 

D. Ascomycetes E. Basidiomycetes F. Deuteromycetes 

G. Trichomycetes H. Pathogenic Fungi I. General 

J,K,L,M,N,O = other 

6. Degree or Training Desired: 

7. Skills Desired. Circle one or more from list: 

A. Teaching B. Research C. Administration 

D. Public Service E. Curatorial 

E-K = other. Please specify. 

Terms 

9. Closing Date: 

10. Contact Person: 

Appointment: 

11. Dept. or Organization: 

12. University or Company : 

13. Street: 

14. City: State Province : 

16. Zip or Postal: 17. Country: 

17. Telephone Contact: 

Return to: Dr. M. S. Fuller. MSA Placement. Dept. of Botany. 

University of Georgia. Athens, GA 30602.

EMPLOYEE DATA FORM 

MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA PLACEMENT SERVICE 

Please type or print all entries clearly. 

, 1. Record Number : (leave blank) 

2. Name: last 

first 

initial 

3. Department or Organization: - - 

4. University or Street: ----- 

5. City: 

6. State or Province (abbrev.) : - 

7. Zip or Postal Code: - 

8. Country (abbrev. if >10 characters): - 

9. Phone Number: 

10. .Degree 1 (M.S. or B.s./B.A.) , Year, Professor, Institution: 

11. Degree 2 (Ph.D.), Year, Professor, Institution: 

12. Postdoctoral experience. Year, Professor, Institution: 

13. Interests. Circle letters from the following: 

A. Morphology B. Taxonomy C. Physiology 

D. Cytology E. Biochemistry F. Cell Biology 

G. Genetics H. Ecology I. Molecular Biology 

J. Pathology K. Mycorrhizae L. Medical 

M. Development 

N,O = other 

14. Organisms of interest. Circle one or more letters from list: 

. . 

A. Mycetozoa B. Zoospor ic Fungi C. ~ygomycetes 

D. Ascomycetes E. Basidiomycetes F. Deuteromycetes 

G. Trichomycetes H. Pathogenic Fungi I. General

15. Job preference. Circle one or more letters from list: 

A. Industry B. Univ. teaching C. Univ. research 

D. Both B and C E. Governnent F. Curatorial 

G. Other than above 

Order of preference in above by letter: ---- - 

16-22. Narrative about job applicant. Use this space to write 

anything you would like to have submitted with our report to 

a potential employer. Write in the third person. This is 

the only place where you can enter special experience. You 

have seven lines, each with 65 characters including spaces 

and punctuation. You nay hyphenate at the end of a line if 

it saves you space. Count the number of characters per line 

or print on graph paper in a rectangle 7 squares by 65 

squares. The print out will read as text if you follow 

these directions. Program will not underline. 

Send completed form to: 

Dr. Melvin S. Fuller 

MSA Placement Service 

Department of Botany 

University of Georgia 

Athens, GA, 30602 USA

5 0 

TRAVELS AND VISITS 

JEAN R. BOISE joined the 8ri ti sh Yycological Society in their annual Upland Foray, this year at 

Bettyhill, Sutherland on the northern shore of Scotland. Then, back at Kew she visited 

the Royal Botanic Gardens and Commonwealth rlycol ogical Institute. 

Teresita I. Iturriaga lists the following visitors to her lab in 1984: 

February, ROY HALLING in February, and GARY SAMUELS in April. 

AMY ROSSMAN in 

ALVIN L. ROGERS is on sabbatical leave (3120-8120185) working in the laboratory of G. T. Cole 

on immunology of the cell wall of Candida albicans (with G. T. Cole) and on 

gastrointestinal and systemic candidosis in the infant mouse (with G. T. Cole and Pope). 

DAN ROYCE and LEE SCHISLER from Penn State were guests of Orson K. Miller, Rytas Vilgalys, and 

Tim Flynn and addressed the conference on cultivating Shiitake held on May 4th at the 

Donaldson Brown Conference Center at Vi rginia Polytechnic Institute & State University. 

A. L. J. COLE, Department of Botany, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand, 

visited with Gareth Morgan-Jones at Auburn University, April 4-9 and presented a seminar 

entitled "Mycology and plant pathology in the Antipodes." 

FLORENCE H. NISHIDA participated in Fall 1984 Project Flora Amazonica. She collected fungi in 

Acu, Brasil , and will be returning to Brazil in August-September 1985 to visit herbaria, 

collect fungi in the Alantic forest and Northeast. 

TOMIAR TOKITA, Aseptic Cultivation Research Center of Japan, stopped by for two days to acquire 

a list of live cultures to take back to Japan. 

JAMES M. TRAPPE and SHANNON BERCH visited Y. G. Mukerji of Delhi University, India, March 29. 

Trappe visited David Pegler, Derek Reid, and Bryan Spooner, Royal Botanic Gardens, Yew, on 

March 23; and Tom Alexander, University of Marburg, Germany, March 30-April 1. 

ALFRED0 YUNOZ has extended his postdoctoral study at the University of Vermont. 

MIKE IVORY from University of Oxford visited Mike Wingfield during November to survey pine 

diseases, particularly needle diseases. 

DAVE JENKENS presented a seminar on the genus Amanita to the Botany Faculty of Virginia 

Polytechnic Institute and State University, Spring Quarter, 1985. 

Visitors to INIREB in 1984 were A. L. WELDEN in July; and H. C. EVANS from the Commonwealth 

Mycologic Institute at Kew in November. Biologist DANIEL MARTINEZ from IVIREB visited the 

lab of S.-T. Chang in Hong Kong in August 1984. 

SCOTT REDHEAD attended the second International Symposi urn on Arctic and A1 pine Mycology at 

Ftan, Switzerland and the Symposium on the Tricholomataceae held in Borgotaro, Italy last 

fa1 1 . Papers were presented on arctic-a1 pine basidiol ichens and on Crinipell is in Canada. 

Visitors to the Mycology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, National Fungus Coll ections, Be1 tsvil le, MD, 

during the 1 ast six months included: Rot4 PETERSEN, University of Tennessee; CHARLES 

HODGES, USDA-FS, temporarily in Washington, DC; MARIA MARGANTA LEON, Bogota, Colombia; 

UDORU IJNAHAWUTHI, Bangkok, Thailand; and BEATRICE ANYANGO, Nairobi, Kenya. 

To learn current freeze substitution and associated techniques for electron microscopy, JANELLE 

CURLIN and WALTER J. SUNDBERG worked with Kerry O'Donnell and David McLaughlin at the 

University of Minnesota for two weeks in March. 

ROYALL T. 

MOORE spent an Autumn term (1984) in Gerlind Eger-Hummel's Laboratory in Marburg.

MELVIN S. FULLER spent May and June working with Dr. Kenneth Sederhall at the Institute of 

Physiological Botany in Uppsal a, Sweden. 

Visitors to the Farlow Reference Library were: ZUEI-CHIVG CHEN, National University, Taipei; 

CHRISTINE YANVILLE, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; YICHAEL VINCENT, Miami 

IJni versi ty, Ohio; and SHIMON TZAHAS, London. 

GERARD C. ADAMS travel led to Ki bale Rainforest Preserve near Fort Portal, Uganda, to diagnose 

the cause of high tree mortality. 

YICHAEL F. DOYLE visited the following areas and institutions in Hawaii during late Maylearly 

June, 1985: Hawaii Volcano National Park, The Sishop Yuseum (Honolulu), George Wong's 

laboratory at the University of Hawai i at ~anoa, and the Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden 

(Kawai ). 

ASSISTANTSHIPS AND FELLOWSHIPS AVAILABLE 

University of Texas: Research Assistantships in mycology. Contact Dr. G. T. Cole, Department 

of Botany, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712. 

Kansas State University: Assistantship for Y.S. or Ph.D. students to work on population 

genetics of Fusarium monil iforme from corn and sorghum in Kansas. Contact Dr. John F. 

Leslie, Dept. of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Throckmorton Hall, Manhattan, 

YS 66506. Phone: (913) 532-6176. 

Uni versi ty of Vermont: Teaching and/or Research Fell owshi ps, stipend ca. $6,000112 mo., 

tuition remission. Contact Dr. Robert C. Ullrich, Dept. of Botany, Life Science Building, 

Univ. of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405. Phone: (802) 656-2930. 

Brigham Young University: Teaching Assistantships. Contact Darrell Weber, Department of 

Botany, Rri gham Young University, Provo, IJT 84602. Phone: (801) 378-2237. 

National University of Singapore: Research Schol arshi ps for outstanding university graduates 

for research leading to a master's or doctoral degree in various disciplines at the 

University. Scholarships are tenable for one year in the first year and, subject to 

sati sfactory progress, renewable annual ly for another two years. The Schol arshi ps carry 

monthly emoluments ranging from S$800 to $1,100 (US$1.00 = S82.13 approximately); actual 

emolument is determined on the candidate's qualifications and experience. Applications 

are invited twice a year, in August and February and dead1 ines are October 31 and April 30 

respecti vely. Appl ication forms may be obtained from: The Registrar, National Yni versi ty 

of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 0511, Republic of Singapore, and they should be sent 

to Dr. G. Lim, Botany Department, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 

0511, Republ ic of Singapore. 

Southern Ill inoi s University: Doctoral Fellowship, for 1986-1987, with $8,500 stipend plus 

tuition waiver for each of 3 years (Universi ty-wide competi tion, 5 available). A1 so 

Teaching 4ssi stantship (avail able on Departmental competitive basis) for Y.A. or Ph.0. 

aspirant in SYSTEMATIC MYCOLOGY. Duties of Gen. Biology, Gen. Botany andlor Forest 

Pathology. Write W. J. Sundberg, Dept. of Botany, SIU, Carbondale, IL 62901. 

University of A1 aska: Assistantships avail able in FUNGAL PHSIOLOGY, DISEASE ASSESSMENT, etc. 

Contact Dr. Jenifer Huang YcBeath, Agricultural & Forestry Experiment Station, University 

of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99701.

VACANCIES FOR MYCOLOGISTS 

The Northern Regional Research Center (USDA) seeks the following: 

1. An individual with a Ph.D. degree and research experience in insect-microbe 

interactions for a RESEARCH SCIENTIST (Insect-Microbial Ecologist) position (GS-11/12 [$25,489 

to $39,7111). The individual wi 11 be responsible for conducting research involving the 

interactions of insects and toxigenic fungi in cereal agrocosystems. The research will examine 

the role of seed-infesting fungi and their secondary metabolites as these influence insect 

behavior and population dynamics. Specific emphasis will be given to mechanisms of insect 

resistance to fungal toxins. Knowedge of and experience in insect chemical ecology, insect 

digestive physiol ogylgut microbiology, or natural products chemistry will be factors in 

selecting the successful candidate. Send resume to: D. T. Wicklow, Insect/Microbi a1 Ecologist 

Search Committee, Northern Regional Research Center, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, IL 

61604. 

2. An individual with a Ph.D. degree and research experience in correlative ~nicroscopic 

and hi stochemi cal studies of the fungal infection process, for a POSTDOCTORAL SCIENTIST (Plant 

Pathologist) position not to exceed 4 years, in the Vycotoxins in Agricultural Systems Research 

group, Fermentation Laboratory (GS 11/12 [$25,489 to $39,7111). The individual will be 

responsible for conducting research involving the process of fungal infection and role of 

extracell ular fungal enzymes and pathotoxins in the hi stopathol ogy of common ear and kernel 

rotting molds. Knowledge of and experience in transmission electron microscopy, cytochemistry, 

and the biochemical basis of host-parasi te interactions wi 11 be factors selecting the 

successful candidate. Send resume to: 0. T. Wick1 ow, Northern Regional Research Center, 1815 

N. University Street, Peoria, IL 61604. 

3. SIOLOGICAL TECHNICIAN (Fungal Ecol ogy/Pl ant Path01 ogy) for a position in the 

Mycotoxins in Agricultural Systems Research Group (GS 517 [$14,390 to $17,8243). Send brief 

resume to D. T. Wicklow, Northern Regional Research Center, 1815 North University Street, 

Peoria, IL 61604, and submit both a Personal Qualification Statement (U.S. Govt. Form SF-171) 

and a copy of college transcripts to Office of Personnel Yanagement, Chicago Area Office, Rm. 

1402, 55 E. Jackson, Chicago, IL 60604. 

Monterey Mushrooms, Inc. is seeking to fill an ENTRY-LEVEL PH.D. POSITION with the 

incumbent expected to work as part of an interdisciplinary research team on new and innovative 

projects related to yield and qual ity. They are looking for individuals who are strongly 

motivated, innovative and have leadership capabi 1 i ty coupled with the ability to work with 

others. 

Monterey Yushrooms, Inc. (an Amfac Company) is a national firm based in Santa Cruz, 

California, special izing in production and sale of high qual ity, edible mushrooms (Agaricus 

- bi sporus). A new 5,500 square foot research faci 1 ity was completed near Watsonvill e, 

California in March of 1985. 

The successful candidate must demonstrate the ability to investigate aspects of 

physiological , genetic, or path01 ogical problems in fungal systems, with an organismal 

orientation. This scientist will be responsible for research in the areas of mushroom growth, 

reproduction, and qual i ty. Know1 edge of nutritional supplements and composti ng science is 

he1 pul . 

The company offers growth potential, competitive salaries and a full benefit package 

including re1 ocati on expense reimbursement. Send your resume or curricul um vitae with three 

references to: Dr. Perry Yulleavy, Monterey Mushrooms, Inc., Mushroom Research Laboratory, 

P.O. Box 189, Watsonville, CA 95077. 

SOYBEAN PLANT PATHOLOGIST (Yycol ogist)--i n connection with the Zambia Agricultural 

Research and Extension (ZAMARE) project. Non-tenure track position at the Assistant Professor 

rank with the University of Illinois, dealing with fungal diseases of soybean and other field 

crops near Lusaka, capital of Zambia. For information, contact J. B. Sinclair, Dept. of Plant 

Pathology, University of Illinois, 1102 South Goodwin, Urbana, IL 61801.

POSITIONS WANTED 

PETER R. SECKJORU i s seeking employment in forestrylmycorrhi zal research (see Changes of 

Address). 

JEYSON DANIEL is interested in a position in a Vycology or Plant Pathology lab. Ph.D. Mycology 

(Agaricales) , Y.Sc. (Ag.) in Plant Pathology. Experienced in Plant Pathology and Mycology 

lab methods (see Changes of Address). 

R. K. S. YUSHWAHA is searching for a post-doctoral research fellowshi? for 10-12 months. Y.S. 

and Ph.0. with S. C. Agrawal ; taxo-ecology of keratinophil ic and copropilous fungi. 

FRED RHOADES i s seeki ng a position in Yycol ogylGenera1 Biol ogylSotany undergraduate teachi ng. 

4vailable Fall, 1985. Ph.D., 1978, llniversity of Oregon, under George Carroll. 

Considerable teaching experience for the 1 ast eight years. Research interests: population 

biology of 1 ichens and 1 i tter-decomposing basidiornycetes. 

BRY3EN JONES seeks a position in Forest Insect Pathology. He will receive his M.Sc. in January 

1986 under W. S. Kendrick and his research interests are fungi and biocontrol. His 

address is the nepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Water1 00, Ontario, Canada, 

N2L 3G1. 

GEORGE P. CHAMURIS seeks a research andlor academic post in Mycology. Ph.D. 1985. With a 

speci a1 t y in Wood-decay Basidiornycetes; he has broad biological training and faculty 

training. 

SHOW THE GROWTH OF 

MUSHROOMS 

IN YOUR CLASSROOM 

Our Mushroom MiniFarms arrive mature and ready to produce their first of several crops of edible mushrooms. 

Reliable and guaranteed, each MiniFarm comes complete with simple instructions. 

These "kits" provide a fascinating demonstration of reproduction in the higher basidiomycetes. By using several 

MiniFarms simultaneously, it is also possible to illustrate phototropism, geotropism, atmospheric control of 

basidiocarp morphology, mass sporulation, and many other phenomena (including the culinary abilities of the 

instructor! J 

The following varieties are presently available: Shiitake (Lentinus edodes), Tree-Oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus ). 

Price: 516.95 each, ppd.; substantial discount for full cases. 

Please order well in advance. Specify desired week of arrival and date of class demonstration. Thank you! 

FAR WEST FUNGI 

PO Box 1333 ( M Goleta, CA 931 16 

Your support of this business aids and abets a graduate student in mycology.

5 4 

CHANGES OF AFFILIATION OR ST9TUS 

SHANNON M. BERCH will continue work on mycorrhi zae when she takes up her position as assistant 

professor, Department of Soil Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada 

on September 1, 1985. 

JEAN R. BOISE, having completed her Yuseum Internship at New York, will move to Farlow 

Herbarium to work with Don Pfister on the Early Mycological Literature Project. 

THOYAS E. CHASE will be joining Jim Van Etten's laboratory in the Dept. of Plant Pathology at 

the University of Nebraska, in Lincoln, NE, at the end of August to work on viruses that 

infect Chlorell a--1 i ke Algae. 

LINDA Y. YOHN will assume an assistant professorship in the Botany Department, University of 

Toronto, Erindale College as a NSERC University Research Fellow on July 1, 1985. 

SANDRA NEEDHAM, was recently appointed Curator of the Canadian Culture Collection of Fungi and 

Non-medical Bacteria, housed at the Biosystematics Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, 

Ottawa. This is a new position in the Yycology Section. Previously, the position of 

Curator was a part-time responsibility for one of the B.R.I. mycologists. 

GREGORY M. MUELLER has accepted a position as Assistant Curator of Botany (Mycology) at the 

Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago beginning August 1, 1985. 

ZAMIR K. PUNJA, formerly visiting assistant professor, Dept. of Plant Pathology, North Carol ina 

State University, Raleigh, is now a Research Scientist with the Campbell Soup Company, 

Davis, CA. 

WAYNE LANIER is now Research Director at Siosis, a biological pest control company. Qiosis 

research projects are aimed at developing new biorational pest-control agents; emphasis is 

on the use of organisms already present in the soil, rather than "engineering" novel 

strains. See Funqi Wanted for more. 

LINDA J. SPIELMAN is now a Research Associate, Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, 

SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York. 

J. PRESTON ALEXANDER is now at the University of Oregon Health Sciences Center in Portland; he 

also maintains a workspace at Portland State University. 

HAROLD J. LARSEN moved to western Colorado as of 4pri.l 1, 1985, to become the orchard tree and 

fruit path01 ogist for Colorado State University and the Department of Horticulture. 

GERARD C. 4DAYS joined Michigan State University as an Assistant Professor in the Department 

Botany and Plant Path01 ogy in September 1984. 

MICHAEL F. DOYLE will begin study for Ph.D. degree at Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden in 

September, 1985. 

WANG YUN will be returning to China at the end of July 1985 where he will begin work on 

hypogeous fungi in China. 

HELP THE EDITOR (PLEASE). IN ORDER TO INCREASE OUR EFFECTIVENESS IN PREPARING THE NEWSLETTER, 

I ENCOURAGE OUR READERS TO CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING POINTS WHEN PREPARING MATERIAL FOR SUBMISSION 

TO THE EDITOR ON THE NEWSLETTER QUESTIONNIARE: (A) WRITE NEATLY AND CLEARLY (PLEASE), (B) USE 

PREVIOUS ISSUES ASA GUIDE TO FORMAT, CONTENT, AND DEPTH, AND (C) MAIL THE QUESTIONNAIRE WITH 

SUFFICIENT TIME TO REACH THE EDITOR BY THE DEADINE (MANYARE CURRENTLY ARRIVING 5-/2 DAYS AFTER 

THE DEADLINE) .

PAPERS, SEMINARS, 

SYMPOSIA, AND WORKSHOPS 

55 

KARL LEO BRAUN JR. made a film and slide presentation on the Myxomycetes, on Varch 21, to the 

Glen Helen Association, Yellow Springs, Ohio. 

The mycological group at INIREB and in related institutions (Univ. of Yorelos, Ilniv. of 

Guadalajara, Univ. of Baja--CA, and Univ. of Metropol i tana) has 16 young mycologists 

working on the mycoflora of Mexico. In two years they have pub1 ished 25 papers. 

CLETUS P. KURTZMAN gave a seminar on "Molecular Taxonomy of the Fungi" and visited at the Plant 

Pathology Dept., University of Illinois at Urbana, in February 1985. 

ORSON Y. YILLER JR. presented a lecture on "The Fungi of Western Australia" to the New York 

Mycol ogical Society in March. 

ROYALL T. MOORE presented a paper entitled "Neohaplont analysis of the basidiomycete anamorph 

~ntrom~co~si s broussonetiae" to the annual veeti ng of the Irish ~otanists,-queens llniv., 

Belfast, Ireland on April 3, 1985. 

Sir EDWARD ABRAHAM presented a lecture on "Historical Aspects of Penicillins and 

Cephalosporins", at the University of Wisconsin on May 8. 

FREDERICK W. SPIEGEL presented seminars at Ohio IJni versi ty, University of Southwestern 

Louisiana, and Louisiana State University this past year. 

STEVEN L. STEPHENSOI4 gave a seminar "Myxomycete Ecology" to the Department of Plant Pathology, 

West Virginia University on March 20, 1985. 

JAMES !4. TRAPPE presented "Ectomycorrhizae of Leucaena and Cajanus" workshop on biological 

nitrogen fixation, Indo-U.S. Science & Techno1 ogy Initiative Program, New Del hi, on March 

27; and "Ecological interactions of fungi, mammals and trees" at the University of 

Yarburg, Germany, April 1. 

RORERT C. ULLRICH presented a paper "Transforming Sasidiomycetes" at the April 13-19 UCLA 

Symposium on Molecul ar Biology of Filamentous Fungi. 

LUNG-CHI NU, presented an invited seminar on the biology of cultivated mushrooms at the 

University of Toledo, Department of Biology, February 22. He also led a round table 

discussion on current research on developmental biology of higher fungi prior to the 

seminar. 

C. W. HESSELTINE presented a symposium paper entitled "Fermented Foods" at the American Oil 

Chemists' Society meeting May 6 in Philadelphia, PA. This was one of four papers devoted 

to vegetable proteins. He will a1 so present the keynote address "Global Significance of 

Yycotoxins" at the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry meeting July 23 in 

Pretoria, South Africa. 

GERALDINE C. KAYE presented a paper "J. B. Ell is, Pioneer ~lycologist" at the Northeastern 

Mycologists' spring meeting at the New York State Museum, Albany, NY on April 20. 

DONALD H. PFISTEK presented "Mycology Universities and 19th Century Science" to the New England 

Mycol ogi sts. 

A. L. J. COLE presented a seminar entitled "Mycology and Plant Pathology in the Antipodes" to 

the Deparatment of Botany at Auburn University. 

A MUSHRUMMAGE SALE - A KERBARIUM CLEAN OUT

HONORS, AWARDS, 

AND PROMOTIONS 

LINDA M. YOHN was awarded one of fifty University Research Fellowships by the Natural Sciences 

and Engineering Research Council of Canada. 

P. K. DUBLISH was elected Fellow of the Indian Phytopathological Society. 

TIM BEGAN was given the Voigt Natural History of Plants Award from Southern Illinois University 

in Carbondal e. 

EVERETT S. BENEKE received the President's Certificate of Appreciation presented by the Medical 

Mycological Society of the Americas in recognition .of outstanding support and commitment 

to the organization at the annual YMSA banquet on March 2, 1985. 

JAMES F. WHITE, JR. received a Sigma Xi research award, and has been advanced to candidacy for 

the Ph.D. degree in mycology under Dr. G. T. Cole's supervision. 

ANDREW S. 

METHVEN and MICHAEL DOYLE have been nominated for the Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi. 

STEPHEN A. REHNER received grants from Sigma Xi, University of Washington Graduate School , and 

NSF (Dissertation Improvement Grant) in support of dissertation research. He was also the 

recipient of The 1985 Student Award from the Puget Sound Mycological Society. 

IRA F. SALKIN was recently promoted from Research Scientist I V (G-27) to Research Scientist V 

(6-31). He was a1 so selected to serve as representative of the Medical Yycological 

Society of the Americas to the Mycological Society of America. 

CARROLL W. DODGE was awarded a medal for "Meritorious Contributions to bledical Mycology" by the 

Medical Mycological Society of the Americas on March 2, 1985. 

ING. BENJAMIN AGUILAR of the Inst. Politecnico Nacional at Mexico City is the President of the 

Mexican Society of Mycology (1985-1986). G. GUZMAN continues as the President of the 

Editorial Board. 

BRYCE KENDRICK has been appointed Associate Dean of Graduate Studies at the University of 

Waterloo, and has also been appointed Honorary Secretary of The Academy of Science of The 

Royal Society of Canada. He informs us that he accepted these two appointments only 

because he now has a full-time secretary!! 

CHRISTOPHER BEST was given the Best Student Paper Award by the Rotany Section at the Illinois 

State Academy of Science annual meeting in April for his presentation on mycorrhizal root 

frequency in acid and non-acid revegetated strip mine spoils. 

KENNETH B. 

1984. 

RAPER was elected Honorary Member of the British Mycological Society in Autumn of 

JOHN S. KARLING, former Head of the Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University and 

John Wright Distinguished Research Professor of Bi 01 ogy, Emeritus, has been elected a 

Fellow of The Royal Society of Arts, London. A special Yarling Distinguished Lectureship 

in biology has been established in his honor at Purdue University. 

TERRENCE M. 

1985. 

HAMMILL received the SUNY Chancellor's Award for Excellence in Teaching in May 

MOSELIO SCHAECHTER, president of FRIENDS of the FARLOW and Bulletin Editor for the Boston 

~ycological Club, has added to his collection of titles that of President of the American 

Society of Microbiology for 1985. We expect him to raise the mycological consciousness of 

the 34,000 members of ASM!

MICHAEL F. DOYLE was awarded the first American Society of Plant Taxonomists Graduate Student 

Herbarium Travel Grant to enhance his work on a preliminary agaric flora of the Hawaiian 

Is1 ands. 

57 

PERSONAL NEWS 

EUGENE W. SMITH, who was a first time grandfather as of February 1985, will be retiring from 

teaching in June 1985. 

DAVE MINTER announces the birth of William John Ynox 'Yinter on November 19, 1984. 

SCOTT and JUDY REDHEAD are happy to announce the adoption of their third child, Ramona, age 2, 

maki ng 1 ife busy indeed. 

Sarah Emily Spiegel was born to CHRISTIE and FRED SPIEGEL on April 18, 1985. 

ROBERT and ANGELA BELT of Albany, C4, announce the birth of their second son, David Andrew, on 

May 2, 1985. 

We regret to report the following death: 

NORYA L. CASHION was involved in a fatal auto accident in Mexico City on December 15, 1984. A 

native of South Carol ina, she received her undergraduate degree from Furman University and 

her graduate degrees from the University of Georgia. In 1983, Dr. Cashion received her 

Ph.D. from the Department of Plant Pathology under the direction of E. S. Luttrell. After 

graduation she joined the wheat improvement program at CIMMYT, and had recently been 

transferred to the corn improvement program. 

ASSOCIATIONS AND CLUBS 

These enthusiastic groups form grassroots types of mycological organizations which provide 

education, enjoyment, edification, and edibles for many. A number of these groups are 

affiliated with the MSA (see page 61); this involves joining the Society on the same terms as a 

Personal Member, i.e., dues of $25.00, and receipt of MYCOLOGIA and the semi-annual MSA 

NEWSLETTER. 

THE ROSTON MYCOLOGICAL CLUB has just printed a Frequency of Occurence Study for 250 species 

of fungi. This work, which covers the New England area and represents data obtained during the 

17-week annual collecting season over a period of 20 years, consists of 24 pages of text and 250 

graphs. Each graph illustrates the frequency of a single species on a week by week basis. 

Price: $4.00, postaged included. Write to: Ron Trial, 98 Pembroke Street, Boston, MA 02118. 

Several clubs, including the SAN FRANCISCO MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY, are currently enhancing the 

dialogue, both pro and con, on the subject of hunting wild mushrooms for commercial preparation 

and/or sale. , Ecological impact, potenti a1 health and/or safety regulation by governmental 

agencies, and licensing (for commercial purposes) of wild mushroom pickers are some of the 

issues currently bei ng addressed by individuals, clubs, and government. 

A MUSHRHOMB - AN EQUILATERAL MUSHROOM

5 8 

NOTES AND COMMENTS 

ON ANNOTATING SPECIMENS 

Amy Y. Rossman offers the following comments and suggestions on the proper annotation of 

herbarium specimens. 

Whenever a borrowed specimen is examined microscopically, it should be annotated. This is 

particularly true of the type specimens which are partially destroyed in the process of 

microscopic examination; each worker has thi s obl igation to future mycol ogists. (The micros1 ide 

of type material must be returned with the specimen!) 

1. Write your evaluation of the materi a1 on special annotation slips or small pieces of paper, 

preferably paper with a high rag content. This slip will be permanently included with the 

specimen. 

2. WRITE LEGIBLY! If your annotation is not legible or is so cryptically abbreviated that no 

one can crack the code, your words are worthless. 

3. Use a pen with permanent ink or pencil . 

4. Write the specimen number or note something about the specimen on the annotation slip so 

that if separated, the specimen and slip can be reunited. 

5. Place the annotation slip inside the packet or attach it to the packet with a paper clip. 

Do not glue the slip to the packet or sheet. 

A FOREIGN VISITOR AWARD 

P. K. Dub1 ish informs us that every year, one MSA member outside the IJSA will be selected 

to visit various laboratories in America at the expense of the Indian Phytopathological 

Society. Duration of the visits are yet to be decided, and funding source(s) are currently 

bei ng devel oped. 

SUMMARY--YID-ATLANTIC 

STATES MYCOLOGY CONFERENCE 

The Mid-At1 antic States Yycol ogy Conference was held at George Mason University in 

Fairfax, Virginia May 4-5. Thirty mycologists from the region met for a day of contributed 

papers followed by a foray. The featured speaker was Amy Rossman from the Mycology Laboratory 

of the Agricultural Research Service at Beltsville, MD. She spoke on her recent Smithsonian 

Institution-sponsored trip to study microfungi in tropical southern Venezuela. The 1986 

conference is scheduled for Yay. See Calendar for more. 

SPECIMENS TEMPORARILY UNAVAILABLE 

During the installation of compactors, 15 April 1985 to about 31 March 1986, the 

Mycological and Vascular Plant Herbaria of the Biosystematics Research Institute, Agriculture 

Canada (DAO, DAOM) specimens will be moved into storage and will not be available for 

consul tation. For further information contact: J. A. Parmelee, Curator, Yycol ogical Herbarium, 

or W. J. Cody, Curator, Vascular Plant Herbarium. 

HELP, PLEASE 

Don Prusso, has specimens collected by Gilman Waldee, J. H. Standen, and G. R. Swank from 

1936-1938 in "North Woods". He would appreciate hearing from someone who has knowledge of the 

location of "North Woods". 

To grace the walls of his lab, Terry W. Hill is interested in obtaining a picture of Anton 

de Bary or, if no originals can be found, any information on where such a picture may be 

available (perhaps as a frontispiece?) for making a photographic copy. See Changes of Address.

J. Preston Alexander would like to know of attempts and results of efforts to culture the 

following: Ramaria botrytis, Calvatia gigantea, Sparassis radicata, and Herecium abietes. He 

would also like any information on the toxicity of Ygaricus subrufescens. 

From Oavid Minter: "I'm fascinated by an intriguing social phenomenon: in the U. Y. many 

gardens ha= plastic gnomes in them, sitting on 1 ittle plastic toadstools. Stan Hughes (pers. 

comm. i .e., over coffee one day at CMI!) tell s me that in North America there are 1 ittle 

plastic jockeys in gardens, not gnomes!! What I want to know is this: do North American 

plastic garden jockeys sit on toadstools too? Come on, American readers, rally round, and find 

me the answer!" 

HOW TO MAKE DRIED CllLTURES 

Several articles have been pub1 ished on how to make dried cultures. 411 require specially 

manufactured boxes or slide containers. Amy Y. Rossman suggests this handy way to make dried 

cultures from materials always present in the laboratory. 

Cut one or two strips of agar with the fungus from a Petri plate to a size that will fit 

in the slide compartment of a single or a double slide mailer. Glue the strips into the mailer 

using water-soluble glue such as herbarium or Elmer's glue and let it dry. If the agar is 

thick, you may need to prop the lid of the mailer open until the agar dries down. Recause agar 

is mostly water it always dries very thin thus allowing you to close the cover of the slide 

mailer and protect any delicate structures that protrude above the surface of the agar. 

I routinely make dried cultures of isolates derived from single ascospores or those that 

are currently sporulating but may change with time and transferring. Dried cultures should be 

made as vouchers for future identification. Dried specimens are required for types of species; 

thus, even if a fungus is known primarily as a living culture, a dried culture must be 

deposited as a type specimen. 

A SINGLE SPORE ISOLATION TECHNIgUE 

For those struggling with single-spore isolations, Amy Y. Rossman offers the following 

advice. 

Rehydrate the specimen with sterile water (usually only a minute or two is necessary). 

Pick off pereithecia or other fungal material and place in a drop of sterile water in a hanging 

drop slide that has been sterilized. I keep hanging drop slides in a jar of alcohol and flame 

them as needed. Smush (love that description--ed.) the fungal material thoroughly in the drop 

of water with a not-so-fine needle so that the spores are outside the asci, separated from each 

other, and floating freely around in the water. Knock the drop of water from the slide onto a 

plate of agar (I use CMD + antibiotics). Smear the drop around with the flamed rounded end of 

a testube. Don't bother to smear them to the edges of the Petri plate; picking spores from 

that area is difficult. 

The next day look for germinated spores with the 50x lens of the dissecting microscope 

using transmitted light. Pick off single and/or mass germinated spores with an insect pin 

inserted into a needle holder and transfer them to agar plates with routinely-used media. I 

always make a slide with 4-6 germinated spores in order to make sure that the germinated spores 

are those I want. 

FRIENDS OF THE FARLOW WANT YOU! 

The Library and Herbarium of the Farlow, at Harvard University, house one of the world's 

most complete coll ections of materials related to systematic mycology (and 1 ichenology, 

bryology, and phycology as we1 1 ). FRIENDS of the FARLOW is an international group of amateur 

and professional botanists concerned with supporting the programs and resources of the Farlow. 

Members receive a discount on Farlow publications, participate in book sales and other events, 

have speci a1 rates for photocopies of 1 i brary materi a1 s, and receive a semiannual News1 etter. 

Yembership categories are: Associate member, $5-815; Full member, $25; Sponsor, $50-1000;

60 

Benefactor, over $1000. Contributions are tax-deductible. For more information please contact 

Farlow Reference Library & Herbaruim of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University, 20 Divinity 

Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138. Phone: (617) 495-2368. 

CHANGES OF ADDRESS FOR RESPONDENCE 

The following individuals have moved or changed address since the printing of the 1984 YSA 

Directory and are requesting response to an announcement with this issue of the MSA Newsletter. 

Please make these changes in your Directory as they will not appear in future Newsletter 

issues. 

Gerard C. Adams, Dept. of Botany & Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 

48824. 

J. Preston Alexander, Rt. 1, Box 158, Forest Grove, OR 97116. 

Feter R. Reckjord, Dept. of Horticulture, University of Maryland, College Park, YD 20742. 

David Bermudes, Boston University, Dept. of Biology, 2 Cumrnington St., Boston, MA 02215. 

Richard L. Slanton, Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX 78713. 

Jean R. Boise, Farlow Herbarium, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA 02138. 

Michael Caste1 1 ano, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Corval 1 is, OR 97331. 

Benjamin H. Davis, Rldg. 25, Apt. 6, Quails Run Blvd., Englewood, FL 33533. 

- Kent Diebol t, 48-D Plant Science Rldg., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853. 

- Michael F. Doyle (after September 1, 1985), Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, 1500 North College 

Avenue, Cl aremont , CA 91771. 

Terry W. Hill, Dept. of Biology, Rhodes College, 2000 North Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112. 

Teresi ta Iturri aga, Apartado 62018, Caracas-Venezuel a. 

Richard W. Yerrigan, Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 

93106. 

Linda M. Kohn, Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Toronto, Erindale College, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 

1C6. Canada. 

Hananya J. Kronenberg, 1418 NW 179th St., Ridgefield, WA 98642. 

Harold J. Larsen, Orchard Mesa Research Center, 3168 0-112 Road, Grand Junction, CO 81501. 

- 

John F. Lesl ie, Dept . of Pl ant Path01 ogy, Kansas State Uni versi ty, Throckmorton Hal 1 , 

Manhattan, KS 66506. 

John M. YcPartland, 4800 S. Lake Park #1701A, Chicago, IL 60615. 

Gregory Mueller (after August 1, 1985), Dept. of Rotany, Field Museum of Natural History, 

Chicago, IL 60605-2496. 

Machiel E. Woordeloos, Ri jksherbarium, Schelpenkade 6, P. 0. Box 9514, NL 2300 RA, Leiden, 

Nether1 ands. 

- Stephen L. Peele, Curator, Florida Vycology Research Center, P. 0. Box 8104, Pensacola, FL 

32505. 

Jacques Pfi ster, Uni versi te de Lausanrie, Insti tut de botanique systematique, Ratiment de 

Biol ogie, CH - 1015, Lausanne, Swi tzerl and. 

Zamir K. Punja, Campbell Institute for Research and Technology, Sox 1314, Route 1, Davis, CA 

95616. 

- Elmer L. Schmidt, Dept. of Forest Products, University of P!innesota, 2004 Folwell , St. Paul , MN 

55108. 

Richard E. Scott, Division or Biochemistry, Dept. of Chemistry, Univ. of Calgary, Calgary, 

Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4. After September 1985: Section of Clinical Chemistry, Department 

of Laboratory Medicine, Yayo Cl inic, Rochester, MN 55905. 

Mark Spear, Sylvan Spawn Laboratory Inc., West Hi1 1 s Industrial Park, Kittanning, PA 16201. 

Linda J. Spielman, Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York 

Coll ege of Envi ronmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210. Phone: (315) 

470-6786. 

Wang Yun, Institute of Forestry & Soil Science, Academia Sinica, Shenyang, China (P.R.C.) . 

Wenying Zhuang, Dept. of Plant Pathology, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853.

AFFILIATED SOCIETIES 

The Boston Mycological Club, c/o E. H. Halliwell, 855 Commonwealth Avenue, 

Newton, MA 02159 

Colorado Mycological Society, Joan L. 

Parkway, Denver, CO 80220 

Setz, Secretary, 501 Clermont 

The Mycological Society of San Francisco, Steve Cochrane, President, P. 0. 

Box 11321, San Francisco, CA 94101 

The North American Yycological Association,. Gary Lincoff, President, New 

York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458 

The Ohio Mushroom Society, 288 E. North Avenue, East Palestine, OH 44413 

Societe Mycologique de France, 36 Rue Geoffroy-Ste. Hilaire, Paris V, 

France 

THE MYCOLOGICAL SOCETY OF AMERICA 

AppWcalion for Membersh4p 

NAME: 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: 

ZIP CODE: 

TELEPHONE (include area code): 

AREA OF INTEREST (check one) 

Taxonomy-Morphology 

- Ecology-Pathology 

- Physiology-Biochemistry 

- Cytology-Genetics 

Date on which you wish your membership to begin: January 1,19 

Signature of member endorsing your application: 

DUES INFORMATION (check one) 

- Associate Member .... S 5.00 

(Newsletter only) 

- Regular Member ...... $25.00 

(Includes MYCOLOGIA and Newsletter) 

- Student Member ...... $12.00 

- Emeritus Member with 

MYCOLOGIA ........ $12.00 

(Maximum eligibility - Syears) - Affiliated Society ..... $25.00 

Completed form and dues are to be sent to Dr, Amv Rossman. Treasurer. National Fungus 

Collections, %om 313. Bldg. 01 1A. 8ARC-West. Beltsville. MD 20705. PHONE: (301) 344.3366. 

In the U.K. send payment to Dr. David Minter. CMI. Ferry Lane. Kew. Richmond. Surrev. TW9 3AF.

WALTER J. SUNDBERG, EDITOR 

MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA NEWSLETTER 

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY 

SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY 

CARBONDALE, ILLINOIS 62901 

USA 

# 

4 

NONPROFIT ORG. 

U.S. POSTAGE 

PAID 

PERMIT NO. 15 

CARBONDALE, IL 

ROGER GOOS 

: DEPTo OF BOTANY 

' UNIV* OF RHOOE IS, 

KJNGSTON, RoI. 02881

1985 - Mycological Society of America

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