Oddělení: Sinice – Cyanobacteria (syn. Cyanophyta ...

Cyanobacteria 

(syn. Cyanophyta, Cyanoprokaryota) 

Imperium: Prokaryota (Prokarya) 

Bacteria 

cyanos = bluegreen 

bluegreen algae 

prokaryotic cell eukaryotic cell

Principal characteristics 

coccoid (free living or colonial) or filamentous 

thylakoids posses photosystem I and II (also respiration 

chain on thylakoids) 

thylakoids separated or in lamelas (Gleobacter without 

thylak. – PS on plasmatic membrane) 

chlorophyll a (but also b, c or d) 

chromatic adaptation, phycobilisomes 

reserve substances – cyanophycean starch; cyanophycin 

granules (N) and polyphosphate granules (P) 

some are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen 

ubiquitous 

static evolution 

asexual reproduction by cell division 

horizontal gene transfer (plasmids)

Cyanobacteria = G - bakteria 

Cell wall structure 

Lipopolysacharidy 

murein

the cell wall composed of peptidoglycan (murein) similarily to 

the other G - bacteria 

CW cleaved by lysozym, penicillin prevent CW synthesis 

2 sugar derivatives

Cyanobacteria = G - bacteria 

Arg; Asp 

N-reserve

Aerotops (gas vesicles) 

Gas vesicles are spindle-shaped structures provides buoancy to these 

cells by decreasing their overall cell density, glycoproteins 

(impermeable to water but permeable to most gases) 

• high light? increased PS → accumulation of polysaccharides → turgor 

increases → collaps of vesicles → the cell sinks out 

• low light? decreased PS → metabolism of polysaccharides → turgor 

decreases → vesicle production → the cell rises up 

Microcystis 

Tolypothrix, Calothrix – gas vesicules only in hormogonia – dispersal??

Reserve substances 

cyanophycean starch – small granules between thylakoids, 

-1,4 linked glucan 

cyanophycin granules (obr. - CY) – polymers of Arg, Asp 

polyphosphate granules (volutin) – highly polymerized 

polyphosphate 

Oscillatoria - polyphosphate granules in 

the hormogonium

Caboxysomes 

(polyhedral bodies) – Rubisco: CO 2 polysaccharides 

Enclosed in a proteinaceus cover, reserves of the enzymes 

RubisCO and carbonic anhydrase (HCO 3 - CO2) 

Proteinaceus cover of the carboxysome increases 

carboxylase activity of the RubisCO. 

Hypothesis: the enzym enclosed in the carboxysome is forced 

to the conformation, that prefers CO 2 to O 2.

Pigments 

phycobiliproteins 

phycobiliproteins fill the „gap“ in the absorbance 

spectrum of chlorophylls and carotenoids 

major pigments - Cha and phycobiliproteins

Light absorption by phycobiliproteins 

Blue, red: Chlorophyll a, (b,d) 

- caroten (much higher proportion than 

in euk. algae), echinenon, myxoxanthophyll 

green (500-600 nm): C-phycoerythrin * 

green - yellow (550-650 nm): C-phycocyanin 

orange - red (600-675 nm): allophycocyanin* 

phycoerythrocyanin (568 nm) 

combining of the pigments – absorption 

in the whole spectrum of visible light 

Absorption of light in 

a water column

Phycobilisome – light harvesting 

antenna 

for photosystem II and nitrogen reserve

Chromatic adaptation : the relative quantities of phycoerythrin and 

phycocyanin determines the color of the cell, dependent 

green light phycoerythrin phycocyanin 

red light phycocyanin phycoerythrin

Different photosynt. apparatus 

Gloeobacter violaceus – primitive cyanobacteria, no thylakoids 

phycobilisomes placed on plasmatic membrane, isolated from 

limestone, Switzerland 

former PROCHLOROPHYTES: 

no phycobiliproteins (neither phycobilisomes) posses additional 

pigments: chl. b, c, d; - caroten, zeaxanthin 

thylakoids organized in lamelae, lack of cyanophycin granules

Prochlorophyta – polyphyletic group 

Acaryochloris marina 

distantly related to other cyanobacteria

Prochlorophyta – polyphyletic group 

Prochloron didemni - Prochlorons are distributed 

within the tissues of didemnid ascidians, mainly 

in the cloacal cavities under the upper tunic, 

Pacific ocean, chlorophyll b 

Prochlorothrix hollandica – filamentous, in a 

brakish Lake Loosdrecht in Holand, masive mats 

Prochlorococcus marinus – marine picoplankton, 

omportant primary producer, chlorophyll a and b 

Acaryochloris marina – chlorophyll d 

Prochloron Prochlorococcus

400 BP of 16 S RNA sequences NJ 

Münchhoff et al.,2006 

stromatolites

Prochloron – phylogeny of 30 strains 

Münchhoff et al.,2006 

• all strains closely related, forming a single taxon 

• shown that there is no evident correlation between 

Prochloron sp. and its host or geographic origin. 

• Prochlorons isolated from stromatolites (probably 

nonsymbiotic origin) only 4 strains formed coherent 

group on a phylogenetic tree. 

• Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the 

prochlorophytes are a polyphyletic group within the 

cyanobacterial radiation, supporting the view that the 

ability to synthesize chlorophyll b evolved several 

times separately with consequent loss of the ability to 

synthesize phycobilins

• Furthermore, due to the low genetic diversity among 

Prochloron strains, this genus could be a relatively 

recent lineage thus contradicting the view that these 

prochlorophytes are descendants of the ancient 

organisms that gave rise to chloroplasts 

• In contrast, studies of the chlorophyll b synthesis genes 

from P. didemni, Prochlorothrix hollandica and several 

green chloroplasts indicated a common origin for these 

genes in prochlorophytes and chloroplasts 

• It seems likely that horizontal gene transfer may 

account for the similarity among the chlorophyll b 

synthesis genes in these organisms

Facultative phototrophic anaerobes 

both photoaerobic and photoanaerobic habitats 

electron donors? 

aerobic conditions e - donor water (O 2 production) 

2 H 2O+ CO 2 [CH 2O] + O 2 + H 2O 

anaerobic conditions e - donor hydrogen sulfide (no O 2 production) 

only PS I involved 

progenitors - purple bacteria - 

bacteriochlorophyll 

2 H 2S+ CO 2 [CH 2O] + 2S + H 2O

fill an important ecological niche, fluctuation between aerobic 

and anaerobic conditions 

Oscillatoria limnetica 

Solar Lake – small hyper 

saline lake (eastern coast 

of the Sinai peninsula 

(Israel) 

thermal stratification; 

winter – high 

concentrations of H 2S 

near the bottom 

Some species obligate autotrophs (=energy obtained by 

PS) or heterotrophs (= energy obtained from organic C)

they develope from 

vegetative cells 

thick-walled, full of 

reserve material 

may survive up to 86 

years in the sediment 

Akinetes – resting stages 

only in heterecyst forming cyanobacteria 

Anabaena 

Anabaena - klíčení 

Aphanizomenon 

sink, overwinter akinete differentiation stimulation

N 2 fixation 

fixation = N 2 (N≡N) from atmosphere is fixed into 

ammonium (NH 4 + ) 

N 2 + 8 H + + 16 ATP 2 NH 3 + H 2+ 16 ADP + 16 P 

renewable energy source 

N – limiting element in the sea water, amino-acid's synthesis 

only cyanobacteria and bacteria are able to fix nitrogen; 

cyanobacteria also produce O 2 → nitrogenase is inactivated 

by O 2 

spatial or temporal separation of both activities (except for 

Trichodesmium) 

The most metabolically expensive process in biology!!

Spatial separation - heterocysts 

Nostocales, Stigonematales 

• thick wall, bigger than 

vegetative cells 

• differentiation from vegetative 

cells 

• in heterocysts PSII is 

lacking nitrogenase 

protection from O2 

• they do not fix C, C is 

transported in a form of 

disaccharides from veg. cells 

through the pore channel 

heterocysts in 

distinctive patterns differentiation of heterocysts, apoptosis

Temporal separatoin 

Fix N at night, fotosynthesis during the day 

In the evening phycobiliprotein's degradation PSII switch off O2 

production stopped fast nitrogenase synthesis N2 fixation over night 

nitrogenase synthesis stopped, the enzyme is disintegrated by oxygen, 

that penetrates to cells resynthesis of phycobiliproteins functional 

PSII in the morning the photosynthesis may begin again. 

Lyngbya aestuarii

Trichodesmium - diazocytes 

Trichodesmium – sea water filamentous species, N2 fixation 

in the light under aerobic conditions – specialized cells – 

diazocytes (contain nitrogenase, adjacent to one another) 

anti-nifH – přítomnost 

nitrogenázy ve fluorescenci 

Katagnymene

Morfology of cyanobacteria 

• row of cells = trichom 

• trichom in the slime sheath = filament 

• the filament may be composed by more 

trichomes 

Microcoleus 

Phormidium 

• mucilage sheath - movement, UV protection, colony 

addition, capacity to capture micronutrients

• gliding 

Movement 

Oscillatoria 

• buoancy change – gas vesicles 

Merismopedia Waden See – 

migrate within the substrate 

Cyanothece aeruginosa

Gliding motion 

oscillin 

junctional pores 

junctional pores 

orientation 

of oscillin 

proteins 

reversal of 

gliding 

active movement on a solid substrate (up to 600 m/sec.)

Morphology and cell division 

centripetal (Synechoccocus, Cyanothece) 

nanocytes (Aphanothece)


endospores-baeocytes 

(Cyanocystis) 

exocytes, exospores (Chamaesiphon)

division in 2 or 3 directions plate-like colonies (Merismopedia) 

or irregular colonies (Microcystis) embedded in a mucilage 

M. flos-aque 


Merismopedia Microcystis 

M. aeruginosa


division of truly filamentous cyanobacteria (trichomes) 

–hormogonia = short pieces of trichomes, move away 

by gliding (trichomes fragmentation or necridia 

formation) 

Lyngbya 

change in environmental parameters, gliding stage 

36-48hrs, secretion of mucilage

Trichomes and branching 

false branching = trichome breaks within the mucilage sheath 

(Scytonema,Tolypothrix) 

Scytonema

Trichomes and branching 

true branching = change of the plain of the cell division 

(Stigonema, Hapalosiphon)

DNA transfer 

horizontal gene transfer: ca 10-16% genes obtained 

by horizontal transfer by means of plasmids or 

viruses (cyanophages) 

conjugation not known 

cyanophages may serve as a „reservoir“ of genes 

for the host – enable the host to adapt to the 

changing environmental conditions

analyzed 11 genomes of cyanobacteria, 1128 genes; left half – congruent 

topology (only one the most parsimony tree exists), right half -685 genes - 

61% - conflict with majority signal

Example of intraphylum transfer: 

a hemolysin-like protein. 

(A) Anabaena sp.; (Tr) Trichodesmium 

erythraeum; (S) Synechocystis sp.; (1P) 

Prochlorococcus marinus; (2P) Prochlorococcus 

marinus; (3P) Prochlorococcus marinus; (mS) 

marine Synechococcus ; (Th) 

Thermosynechococcus elongatus; (G) 

Gloeobacter violaceus; (N) Nostoc 

punctiforme; (C) Crocosphaera watsonii

Castenholz (1992) 

Static evolution 

Why the precambric cyanobacteria look like present-day 

ones? 

• long generation time and larger genome size compared to bacteria 

• often polyploidy – mutation in a single allele will not be expressed (x 

haploid eukaryotes) 

• reparation mechanisms are probably involved (shown in a chloroplast) 

• low rate of spontaneous mutations (also under mutagenesis)

věk sinic 2,5-0,6 

Van den Hoek, s. 36

Stromatolites 

stromatolites – trapping and binding of the sdiments as well as carbonate 

precipitation in cyanobacterial sheaths (from 2.7 mld) or „grain trapping“ – 

Precambrium - 3,5 mld years old 

Québec - Kanada

heliotropic – 

grow toward 

sunlight 

Eoentophysalis 

Stromatolites 

Paleolyngbia 

Oscollatoriopsis 

fosil cyanobacteria from the stromatolite, 1.4 mld years old 

Counting of the 

number of laminae 

solar year varied considerably 

1billion y ago – 435 days

Stromatolites 

live stromatolites – Western Australia, Shark‘s Bay 

hypersaline 

2 billion y ago – no grazers

Stromatolites 

live stromatolites – southern Florida, Bahamas 

Schizothrix 

high tidal current

Heterocystous cyanobacteria phylogeny 

recentní fosil akinetes 

1,5 mld 

1,65 mld 

2,1 mld 

Tomitani et al. 2006

Heterocystous cyanobacteria phylogeny 

Tomitani et al. 2006

The systematics of Cyanobacteria 

Castenholz (1992): only genera, so called static evolution 

Van den Hoek et al. (1995): 2000 species in 150 genera 

Komárek & Anagnostidis (1999): thousands of species

The systematics of Cyanobacteria 

Taxonomic scheme according to Bergey's Manual of 

Systematic Bacteriology 2nd Edition 

D.R. BOONE, R.W. CASTENHOLZ, G.M. GARRITY (eds), 2001. 

not congruent with a molecular phylogeny 

I. Chroococcales – single celled, free living or colonial, binary fission 

II. Pleurocapsales – multiple fission, baeocytes 

III. Oscillatoriales – simple filamentous cyanobacteria without 

heterocysts and akinetes 

IV. Nostocales - filamentous cyanobacteria with heterocysts and akinetes, 

some of them with false branching 

V. Stigonematales - filamentous cyanobacteria with heterocysts and true 

branching

Microbial Genome Sequencing 

Project, 2007

Tomitani et al.2006

Gloeobacter violaceus 

Chroococcales 

Synechoccocus –picoplanktonic, freshwater/marine, eutrophic, 

Synechocystis – marine/mineral waters 

Synechocystis

Chroococcales 

Chroococcus – marine/freshwater, soil, damp rocks 

Cyanothece – peat bogs 

C. turgidus 

C. limneticus

Chroococcales 

Aphanothece – mucilage colonies, subaerical 

(A. castagnei, lime stone), benthos (A. stagnina, eutrophic ponds) 

(A. microscopica, acidic waters) 

Gloeocapsa – concentrically layered slime, damp rocks (granite) 

Aphanothece 

A. microscopica 

A. castagnei 

A. stagnina

Chroococcales 

Merismopedia – plate-like colonies embeded in mucilage 

Chamaesiphon – freshwater, pear-shaped cells, stones in fastflowing 

streams 

Chroococcidiopsis – extreme biotopes, NASA 

M. angularis 

C. rostafinski 

C. amathystinus

Chroococcales 

Microcystis – irregular colonies in mucilage, aerotopes, 

only planktonic, cyanotoxines, water blooms

M. ichtyoblabe 

M. ichtyoblabe 

Chroococcales

Chroococcales

Otsuda et al. 2001 (IJSEM) 

proposed to unify these five species into M. aeruginosa under the 

Rules of the Bacteriological Code

M. viridis 

M. wesenbergii 

Chroococcales 

M. viridis 

M. wesenbergii

Chroococcales 

Woronichinia – b. v kolonii spoj. sliz. trubičkami, toxická, vod. květ 

Gomphosphaeria – slizovité kolonie, b. na obvodě, plankton 

rybníků, údolní nádrže 

Woronichinia naegeliana 

Gomphosphaeria 

G. 

G. semen-vitis

Pleurocapsa 

II. Pleurocapsales 

freahwater/marine, in alkalic waters calcification – 

stromatolite-like structures, containes scytonemin 

(UV filter) 

Stanieria

III. Oscillatoriales – trichomy v pochvě 

Lyngbya – metafyton, sladk., hodně moř., povlaky, toxické, 

široká pochva (nad 1 μm), trichomy nad 8 μm

Oscillatoriales – trichomy v pochvě 

Microcoleus – svazky vláken s tenkými pochvami, málo pohyblivý, 

bez hormogonií, kalyptra, typický pro slané vody, v půdě M. 

vaginatus


Phormidium – tenké slizovité pochvy (nad 3 μm), ale ne u všech 

vláken, bentický, nárosty, půdní, mnoho druhů 

P. foveolarum 

P. tenue 

P. vulgare


Leptolyngbya – tenké slizovité pochvy, drobná (do 3 μm), 

nepohyblivá, ubikvitní (mnoho typů), bentická, nárosty, půdní 

L. fovearum 

L. africana 

L. fovearum 

L. fragilis 

L. tenuis 

L. tenuis

Oscillatoriales – neperzistující pochvy, 

b. delší než širší 

Limnothrix – jednotlivá vlákna v planktonu, nezaškrcovaná 

vlákna, nepatrný sliz, aerotopy na přepážkách 

Pseudanabaena, Dolichospermum – zaškrcovaná vlákna, plankton 

Limnothrix Pseudanabaena


b. kratší než širší 

Oscillatoria – pohyblivá vlákna, pochvy za stresu, metafyton, 

nárosty, vod. květy 

O. limosa 

O. limosa



Planktothrix – vlákna mírně pohyblivá, aerotopy, eutr. vody, 

plankton, vodní květ 

P. aghardii 

P. aghardii 

P. rubescens



Trichodesmium – vlákna tvoří kulovité či svazečkovité kolonie 

dominantní pigment fykoerythrin, moř., tropické, subtropické obl., 

vodní květ – největší „vazač“ N v otevřeném oceánu 

fluorescence 

pobřeží záp. Austrálie

Nostocales – interkalární heterocyty, 

Anabaena – druhově bohatý rod, bentické a planktonní (aerotopy), 

vodní květ, některé toxické, citlivost na nadměrné hnojení, nádrže 

A. planktonica 

A. spiroides 

A. flos-aqaue 

A. compacta 

A. affinis

Nostocales – interkalární heterocyty, 

Aphanizomenon – vlákna na koncích rovnoměrně zúžená, vodní 

květ „jehličí na hladině“ – A. flos-aque 

A. flos-aque 

A. gracile

Nostocales – interkalární heterocyty 

Nostoc – stočená nevětvená vlákna uložená ve slizu, akinety ze 

všech vegetativních buněk, sladkovodní, půdní, symbiont

Nostocales – interkalární heterocyty 

Nodularia – b. kratší než širší, akinety v řadě za sebou, bentické 

i planktonní, povlaky, sladk., moř., vodní květ, tox. 

N. spumigena 

Soos 

N. harveyana

Nostocales – terminální heterocyty 

Cylindrospermopsis – heterocyty kuželovité, asymetrické dělení 

konc. b., eutr. vody, mírné pásmo - tropy, vod. květ, toxický

Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii 

Invasion to temperate localities 

France 1994 

Bloom in the Northern Argentina

Nostocales – terminální heterocyty 

Cylindrospermum – tenká slizová pochva, heterocyty kulovité 

až oválné, litorál vod, vlhká půda 

klíčení akinet - hormogonia

Nostocales – bazální heterocyty 

Calothrix – vlákna jednotlivá nebo tvoří chomáče, slizové pochvy, 

ponořené substráty, půdní 

Dichothrix – svazky (trsy) vláken ve slizu, často žlutohnědé barvy 

Dichothrix 

C. parietina 

Calothrix

Nostocales – bazální heterocyty 

Gloeotrichia – kulovité kolonie, makroskopické, ponořené 

substráty, i v planktonu

Nostocales – basal heterocysts 

Rivularia – tuhé kulovité kolonie, makroskopické, ponořené 

substráty, kalcifikace krusty, travertiny 

Baltic sea-Hiddensee

Nostocales – false branching 

Tolypothrix – boční vlákna vyrůstají po jednom, podélně vrstevnatá 

pochva či bez pochvy, epifyt, kameny potoků, ponořené rostliny 

Hasallia – vzácná, aerofytická, chladící věže 

Tolypothrix Hasallia

Scytonema – slizová pochva, boční větévky po dvou, ojediněle 

po jednom, převážně sladkovodní, inkrustace CaCO 3 travertin 

Petalonema – šikmo vrstevnatá pochva, apikálně hormogonie 

Petalonema 

Nostocales – false branching 

S. crispata

Stigonematales – true branching 

Stigonema – výrazný sliz, vlákna uni či polyseriátní, větvení na 

všechny strany, subaericky, půda, nárosty, hl. tropy 

S. ocellatum S. ocellatum 

S. ocellatum

Hapalosiphon – uniseriátní, větvení jen na jednu stranu v pravém 

úhlu, metafyton, rašeliniště 

Fischerella - hlavní vlákno víceřadé, boční jednořadé, větvení 

jednostrannné, půda 

Hapalosiphon 


Hapalosiphon 

Fischerella 

F. 

Fischerella


Mastigocladus – vlákna uniseriátní, nepravidelně stočená, M. 

laminosus obligátní thermofil (teplota od 45 do 60°C, pH > 7,5, 

nízká salinita), 1862 Karlovy Vary

Ekology of Cyanobacteria 

ubiquists, predominantly freshwaters, but also marine – 

pikoplanktonic, extreme biotopes (glaciers, desert soil 

crusts, hot springs) 

colonization success they may survive in low light 

intensities in epilimnium, phenoplastic, produce toxins 

Why there are predominantly small species in the 

sea?

Eutrophication 

nutrient excess 

freshwater – P- limiting nutrient 

marine env. – N – limiting nutr. 

nutrient runoff from human 

activities: 

N – surface runoff, erosion 

P – industry, household

Eutrophication 

Czech republic 1985 - 2002

Water blooms

Cyanotoxins 

• alkaloid neurotoxins (block transmission 

of the signal from neuron to neurom 

(muscle) 

anatoxin, saxitoxin, aphanotoxin 

cylindrospermopsin 

microcystin, nodularin 

• alkaloid hepatotoxins 

• peptidic hepatotoxins 

• lipopolysaccharides 

component of cell walls in all cyanobacteria, alergenic

Cyanotoxins – over 50 species produced them 

Genus Produced toxins 

Anabaena anatoxins, microcystins, saxitoxins, LPS 

Aphanizomenon saxitoxins, cylindrospermopsins, LPS 

Cylindrospermopsis cylindrospermopsins, saxitoxins, LPS 

Hapalosiphon microcystins, LPS 

Lyngbya aplysiatoxins, Lyngbyatoxin-a, LPS 

Microcystis microcystins, LPS 

Nodularia nodularins, LPS 

Nostoc microcystins, LPS 

Phormidium (Oscillatoria) anatoxins, LPS 

Planktothrix (Oscillatoria) 

anatoxins, aplysiatoxins, microcystins, 

saxitoxins, LPS

• anti-herbivore chemicals 

• allelopatic interactions (affection of growth of other 

organisms)

Cyanotoxins 

Microcystis a Anabaena 

Microcystin 

peptidic hepatotoxin

Cyanotoxins 

peptidic hepatotoxin

Cyanotoxins 

Trichodesmium – Cook 200 years ago, extensive water bloos (10 – 

100 km wide), saxitoxin, fish death 

alkaloid neurotoxin 

Pohled z družice

Epilitic cyanobacteria 

dark colour, UV protection 

Calothrix 

High scytonemin content 

(UV A protection) correlated with the 

magnitude


granite 

Quartz 

Chroococcidiopsis – underside of translucent stones


Chroococcidiopsis –able to survive extreme environments; NASA 

project – Mars colonization, E.I.Friedmann, astrobiologist 

lives in deserts under the 

translucent stones 

(humidity collectors, UV 

protection) 

Microbial ecology of absolute 

extreme environments 

Grilli-Caiola, M., D. Billi and E. I. Friedmann. 1996. Effect of desiccation on envelopes of the 

cyanobacterium Chroococcidiopsis sp. (Chroococcales). Eur. J. Phycol. 31:97-105.

Cyanobacteria in microbial crusts 

• bind particles – soil stabilisation prevent erosion 

• retain humidity, warming of the soil surface 

• nitrogen enrichment of the soil (10-25 kg/ha/year) nutrient 

imput

Soil crusts 

cyanobacteria, algae, mosses, lichens, fungi 

cyanobacteria and lichens dominant in hot deserts 

cyanobacteria to algae ratio changes with pH ( pH – green 

algae dominate) 

typical genera: Scytonema, Lyngbya, Oscillatoria, Microcoleus, 

Nostoc, Calothrix, Aphanocapsa, Chroococcidiopsis 

Microcoleus vaginatus

Termophilic cyanobacteria – hot springs 

extreme 70-73°C 

enzymes stable at higher temp. 

Synechococcus , Phormidium 

Octopus Spring, Yellowstone National 

Phormidium

M. laminosus is found in thermal areas 

throughout the world 

populations are typically genetically 

differentiated on local geographic scales 

suggests the existence of dispersal barriers 

conclusion corroborated by evidence for 

genetic isolation by distance 

a common ancestor associated with the 

western North American hot spot currently 

located below Yellowstone National Park 

Mastigocladus 

laminosus 

Miller et al. 2007, APPLIED 

AND ENVIRONMENTAL 

MICROBIOLOGY

Spirulina - Arthrospira 

tropical lakes, large-scale cultivations, dietary sypplements

history 

Spirulina - Arthospira 

Aztecs collected Spirulina 

already in the 16. century 

(Mexico) 

collection and drying of Spirulina 

near Chad Lake (Africa) - Dihé

Texcoco Lake, Mexico 

Spirulina - Arthrospira 

Earthrise Company, Hawaii USA 

• contains essential amino-acids 

• high protein and chlorophyll 

content 

• digestible cell wall 

• vitamins (B 12), carotenoids, Fe

origin of plastids 

Symbiotic interactions 

with algae – diatoms, dinophytes, Glaucophyta (cyanels) 

with fungi – lichens, Geosiphon 

with Bryophytes – Blasia, hornworts 

with ferns – Azolla 

with cycas 

Gunnera 

different degree of assimilation, it may be isolated into the 

culture

with algae – Glaucophyta (cyanels), diatoms 

Cyanophora 

paradoxa 

Richelia intracellularis 


Glaucocystis 

nostochinearum

with fungi – lichens 


Lobaria – cephalodium, Nostoc 

(sorál) 

Collema - Nostoc 

Peltula - Chroococcidiopsis


with fungi– Geosiphon – Glomeromycota


with Bryophytes – Blasia, hornworts Anthoceros 

Blasia Anthoceros 

liverworts and hornworts


with ferns – Azolla has Nostoc in meristems 

biofertilizer in rice paddies, fixation 20 x higher within Azolla, 

Anabaena in Azolla has different surface antigens

with cycases (Nostoc) 

Cycas - roots 


cortex of aboveground roots 

Salvinia


Gunnera chilensis (mucillage-filled glands in the stems)- Nostoc 

heterocyty 

BS - Gunnera 

Stem

Prochloron and ascidians: 

Algae and symbioses str. 218

Prochloron and ascidians

Prochloron + Didemnum (Chordata, Tunicata)


with fungi – Geosiphon – Glomeromycota

Why are cyanobacteria important? 

• the only one prokaryotes, that produce O 2 by water splitting 

in the light reaction of photosynthesis 

• first terrestrial organisms 

• ability of cyanobacteria to perform oxygenic photosynthesis 

is thought to have converted the early reducing atmosphere 

into an oxidizing one 

• cyanobacerial ancestor – actor of endosymbioses 

chloroplast of other algal groups (including vascullar plants) 

• the simplest organisms with circadian rythmus 

• favourite symbioses partners

Oddělení: Sinice – Cyanobacteria (syn. Cyanophyta ...

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