1972 - The Vasculum

THE VASCULUM 

APRIL 1972 

Vol. LVII No. 1 Price £1.00 per annum, post free. 

Edited by 

T. C. DUNN, B.Sc. 

THE POPLARS, CHESTER-LE-STREET 

BY THE WAY 

Secretaries of Societies and other contributions to "The Vasculum" are invited 

to send their notes to the Editor before 15th June, 1972. 

THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETIES 

In these days of modernisation and keeping up to date, what has been 

happening to our constituent Natural History Societies? Have they been standing still 

and waiting for something to happen or are they moving forward by tackling new 

projects? 

In recent years, the Naturalists' Trusts have arrived, with a special 

purpose, conservation. We have seen evolution taking place here too, for the joint 

trust of Northumberland and Durham has now split into two separate County Trusts. 

How has all this affected the Natural History Societies? In spite of the space set aside 

in this journal for news from the societies, not much of it is taken up. Hence our 

question is very relevant. 

We would suggest that some serious work in recording the plants and 

animals in the Societies' own areas would be of great value. As the work of the 

Naturalists' Trusts becomes more extensive and more areas for conservation come 

under scrutiny they could be helped tremendously by the records of the Natural 

History Societies. Too often a site of some natural history interest is lost to industry 

or some other form of development because nothing is known about its wild life. The 

trusts cannot object to development if they have no reason for doing so and very little 

time to find any. If, however, the information has already been gathered by the local 

Natural History Society, it is a simple matter to pass it on to the trust at such a time. 

The need for knowledge of the animal life, and particularly the insects, is most acute. 

Time and time again we are asked if there are any special insects in such and such a 

habitat and have to admit total ignorance of the site. The local natural history society 

could do 

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no better service to natural history than to get out into the surrounding countryside 

with notebook and pencil and list everything. The botanists have done well in 

recording the plants from all over Britain but the picture is still not complete. It is not 

so easy with animals, of course, because they do not stay still to allow themselves to 

be inspected. Much reasearch on distribution is required here and what a worth while 

service would be accomplished if this kind of project were undertaken more 

frequently and more thoroughly. 

It is time for the committees of the Natural History Societies and Field 

Clubs to take a look at themselves and see what they are doing and whether they are 

fulfilling their objectives. We would pose the question, "Is your aim merely to 

entertain or be entertained, or have you some more serious, more important 

objective?" 

We would be pleased to hear what you are doing in your society. We are always 

ready to publish your news and provide you with a little publicity in so doing. 

PUBLICATION NEWS 

This edition sees the raising of the subscriptions for both membership of 

the N.N.U. and the Vasculum to £1.00 per annum. You have been warned already in 

these pages, but subscriptions for 1972 are already arriving at the old rates. Once 

again, please note the increase. Our bill for the October edition proved to be as 

astronomical as we feared. There is, therefore, very little in the funds at the moment 

for another such effort. At the same time we are under pressure to make it an annual 

event and we would certainly like that to be so. It will be impossible without some 

more money. If our membership were to be doubled or even trebled, the problem 

would be solved. If you want the publication of such an edition to continue the matter 

is in your hands. All you have to do is to persuade some of your friends to become 

members of the N.N.U. We would very much like to see a lot of the associate 

members becoming full members. Could we appeal to all secretaries to mention this 

in their society meetings? 

In the meantime, prompt payment of subscriptions would be greatly appreciated 

FLORA OF DURHAM 

The meeting arranged by Mr Sayers in the Science Laboratories at 

Durham, took place as announced in the last edition of the Vasculum. It was a great 

success and enthusiastic botanists were present to to volunteer for survey work 

afterwards. 

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One of the problems that came out at the meeting was the diffidence of 

some people as to the competance of their powers of plant identification. To help 

overcome this. Dr. M. E. Bradshaw is planning a course of eight field-meetings in 

S.E. Durham in May, June and July on identification of the less familiar groups of 

plants including grasses, sedges, etc. She would be pleased to hear from anyone 

interested at 32, Old Elvet, Durham. To the same end, Mr. Dunn is running a 

residential weekend course at Beamish Hall from 19th to 21st May, 1972. 

Experienced botanists who wish to help should write to Rev. G. G. Graham. The 

Vicarage, Hunwick, Crook, Co. Durham as soon as possible. 

THE SOCIETIES 

NORTHERN NATURALISTS' UNION 

The 48th Annual Meeting of the Union was held in the Hancock Museum 

on March 25th, by kind permission of the Natural History Society of 

Northumberland, Durham and Newcastle upon Tyne and the Museum Management 

Committee. 

Dr. W. A. Clark, the President was in the Chair. After reading the minutes 

of the last Annual General Meeting, the treasurer presented his report coupled with 

that of the editor. He pointed out that the specially enlarged edition of the Vasculum 

having cost over £200, the reserves of the Union had been completely used up. It was 

therefore necessary, not only to raise subscriptions for membership and the 

Vasculum, but also to explore the possibility of obtaining grants from various 

sources, before another similar volume could be printed. Another effective and more 

permanent method would be to increase membership. All members were therefore 

urged to do some membership recruitment, and to bring the enlarged edition to the 

notice of their friends. The Editor would be most pleased to sell copies to any 

member of the general public. 

Mr. E. Hinton-Clifton, President Elect, was then invited to become 

President, whereupon Dr. Clark vacated the Chair in bis favour. During the election 

of officers, Mr. Dennis Hall, of 14, Fairburn Avenue, Houghton-le-Spring, Co. 

Durham, accepted the post of General Secretary, to the great joy of Mr. Dunn who 

had done the Secretary's work in a temporary capacity during the past year. There 

followed a few moments silence in memory of Mr. Wilkinson and Mr. Hutchinson 

both of whom had passed away only a few weeks before the meeting. 

Dr. T. G. Walker of the Department of Botany, University of Newcastle 

upon Tyne, then gave a talk entitled "The Natural 

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History of Lndonesia." This dealt mainly with two areas, one on the island of Java 

and the other on Celebes. His photographs showed beautifully some of the 

specialities of the islands. Some of the oddities such as Rafflesia, Nepenthes, the 

Lianes and other epiphytes were quite spectacular. No less interesting were some of 

the animals. 

After a vote of thanks from Dr. Todd, we then moved to a small laboratory nearby to 

take tea, served by Miss Vincent and the girls of Chester-le-Street Deanery 

Secondary School. The exhibits were on display in this room. As always at the 

A.G.M., Mr. Cooke's show of spring flowers were again a source of wonder and 

pleasure to all members. In addition there was a beautiful collection of old books on 

natural history, brought by Mr. R. Johnson, pressed plants by Mr. Hird and a 

collection of foreign postage stamps showing plants and animals by Mrs. Gibby. 

ANNFIELD PLAIN AND STANLEY NATURALISTS' FIELD CLUB 

In spite of continued difficulties with his eyesight, Mr. Fred Wade still 

sends in details of the activities of the club as reported in the local press. 

A series of very interesting lectures continued during the winter session 

except for a period during the coal strike when they had to be cancelled because of 

difficulties with the central heating. The Annual General Meeting and dinner was 

held in the Stanley Civic Hall on January 29th, 1972. During: the business meeting 

officials were elected for 1972, then the summer outings were announced. These 

showed considerable variation including a bus tour of the Lake District, a conducted 

tour round the City of Newcastle and a series of walks chosen from areas between the 

Scottish border in Kielder Forest and Wensleydale. There was also a photographic 

competition for the best 50 transparencies taken by members on summer outings. The 

non-photographers thoroughly enjoyed the show. 

After dinner, entertainment was provided by the Song and Folk Dance 

Group of the Benfieldside Secondary School under the leadership of Mrs. Muir. 

At a special ceremony in the Catchgate Library organised by Councillor Oyston and 

the Annfield Plain Reading Room Committee, a portrait photograph of Fred Wade 

was hung in the library. This was a tribute to Fred's outstanding leadership in helping 

to run the library and the Naturalists' Field Club for so many years. He recalled how 

money was obtained from the Carnegie Trust and by local collections to build the 

library in 1908. April 1st, 1972 saw the end of the library in its old form, since it has 

now been taken over fully by Durham County Council. 

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BIRTLEY AND CHESTER-LE-STREET NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY 

The fortnightly lectures have continued as in the session before Christmas 

with some very interesting talks and discussions. The Annual Dinner took place in 

January in the Lambton Arms Hotel when a very pleasant evening was spent talking 

over old times. The Annual General Meeting on March 14th was followed by 

selections of members' slides. Some very interesting discussion about these was 

forthcoming. This proved to be another very enjoyable evening. 

The outings on the first Sunday of the month have continued throughout the winter 

with excursions to the coast at Seaham Harbour, Hawthorn Dene to see the 

snowdrops, etc. 

CLEVELAND AND TEESSIDE NATURALISTS' FIELD CLUB 

The summer programme is now fully prepared and contains a number of 

varied activities. The emphasis, of course, is on outdoor meetings, some of which are 

very local on Wednesday evenings, but many are for half a day or a whole day at 

greater distances away from home. Most will rely on members' cars for transport, but 

that to the Fame Islands on 11th June is by coach. The number of places is limited so 

early booking from the secretary is necessary. Anyone interested sho'uld write to Mr. 

B. Tinkler, 19, Newham Crescent, Marten, Middlesbrough. 

DARLINGTON AND TEESDALE NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB 

The 1971 report describes a memorable year for the Field Club. A special 

dinner was held in April to celebrate the 80th year of foundation. It is hoped too that 

the club has at last found a permanent home in the Arthur Pease Projection Theatre, 

part of the Darlington College of Education. For several years now the society has 

been on the move from one place to another. Perhaps at long last a settled period is 

about to start. Unfortunately the club's museum collection and equipment had to be 

somewhat broken up. All the pieces are in the College of Education but in different 

rooms. 

The year has seen a very full programme of lectures, films and discussions 

indoors, with outings both in winter and in summer. 

The various sections have carried out many special projects on their own. 

Thorough and carefully checked records have been kept. Of particular significance 

are those of the ornithologists, the botanists and the mammalogists. 

T he membership has remained absolutely constant and the funds show a 

healthy surplus. Altogether there is a good foundation for another successful year in 

1972. 

5

NOTES AND RECORDS 

NOTES 

Bird Notes. The following ornithological observations may be of interest to readers:— 

Black Tern: Autumn passage. From August 27th to September 4th, an immature bird was at 

Washington ponds. 

Arctic/Common Tern: Autumn passage. During August and up to September 16th, present daily at 

Washington ponds, with a maximum of at least 110 terns on September 4th. These ponds are 51/2 miles inland 

from the sea. 

Ruff: Autumn passage. Up to 28 birds present at the Washington Ponds, throughout August and 

September. 

Common Sandpiper: On the evening of August 23rd, during the hours of darkness, an individual 

was heard calling as it flew overhead towards the south on autumn passage, at Shield Row. Previously, on August 

15th, two birds were observed by the side of a stream at Tanfield, less than half a mile from Shield Row. 

Little Ringed Plover: An individual at the Washington ponds on August 27th. Breeding was 

suspected in the area in 1970, as a family party was seen for several weeks in late summer of that year. 

Spotted Redshank: Autumn passage. On August 27th, three birds at Washington ponds. 

Greenshank: Autumn passage. Present at Washington ponds, throughout August and September, 

with a maximum of 8 birds on September 4th. 

Dunlin: Washington ponds. A single bird on September 27th. 

Golden Plover: On October 3rd, an individual was noted at East Tanfield. 

Heron: Frequently seen during September at the Washington ponds, with a maximum of three 

birds. 

Eider Duck: On August 23rd at Seahouses. A drake Eider which was on the sea, was observed on 

several occasions diving for fish. On each occasion that it came to the surface a nearby hovering Herring Gull 

would swoop down and snatch a fish from the duck's bill. 

Common Pochard: A party of 5 birds was at the Washington ponds on September 11th. 

Collared Doves: A pair present in the grounds of Newcastle University, during December. 

Swift: Late date. On September 13th, an individual was observed flying south over Shield Row. 

Whinchat: During a period of "drift" migration on the east coast. An individual bird was noted on 

September 13th in Marsden quarry, South Shelds. 

Grey Wagtail: Outside the breeding season. A pair were noted by a stream at Tanfield during 

October. 

R. Marston Palmer. 

Dotterel on the Northern Pennines. Regarding the query in the Vasculum, Vol. LV, No. 3, page 

22, about the last record of the Dotterel on Cross Fell. In the book "The Birds of iWestmorland and the Northern 

Pennines," (1933) by J. Oliver Wilson, there is a record of two pairs of Doterells spending the summer of 1923 on 

a fell in the vicinity of Cross Fell. One of these pairs nested and reared a brood of two. The following year dotterel 

again appeared and stayed until July, but breeding was not proved. From 1925 to 1933, J. Oliver Wilson saw no 

more birds around Cross Fell, but in August of 1927 he noted a party of nine in another part of the Northern 

Pennines. 

In the Transactions of the Carlisle Natural History Society, Vol. VIII (1954), there is a record of a 

nesting bird in the Lake District on June 7th, 1925, and in the Ornithological Report for 1946 for Northumberland 

and Durham, there is a note of a pair of Dotterel during Mav on a fell at 

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the head of Allendale. The late Mr. G. W. Temperley searched this fell and Cross Fell on three occasions, but 

failed to find any birds. During the summer of 1971, two local ornithologists, P. Yeoman and R. Adams searched 

the vicinity of Cross Fell to see if the breeding dotterel of the previous year were again present, but none were 

seen. 


Butterflies in the Redworth Area, 1971. The return of the butterflies this year has been a great 

joy. Not that they are back in full force but some species have appeared for the first time for many years in this 

area. Polyommatus icarus Rott., Maniola jurtina L., and Anthocharis cardamines L. were out in good numbers in 

places where they had been strangers since 1965. On the Buddleias and Sedums in the garden the most welcome 

visitor was one Peacock (Nymphalis io L.) on September 2nd. Small Tortoiseshells (Aglais urticae L.) were in 

small numbers, but only one Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta L.) appeared on October 2nd. The Large White 

(Pieris brasscae L.) was very late in appearing at any strength this year but was the last butterfly to go off the 

wing. 

T. W. Jefferson. 

Kingfishers. These birds seemi to be getting commoner. I had not seen any for some years, and 

then I saw one by the river at Escombe at the end of July, two by Old Durham Beck on the outskirts of Durham 

City on August 11th (a situation which might well provide a good nesting site), and one on Tursdale Pond, near 

Coxhoe, about a fortnight later. 

J. L. Crosby. 

RECORDS 

AVES — BIRDS 

Cygnus cygnus L. (Whooper Swan) 67 

A flock of 88 including 23 juveniles on Holywell Pond on November 27th, 1971. 

Branta bernicla L. (Brent Goose). 67 

A single bird on Holywell Pond on November 27th. 

Carduetis carduelis L. (Goldfinch). 66 

A flock of approximately 60 on waste ground in South Dock area, Sunderland, on November 9th. 

C. J. Gent. 

FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS 

Polygonum viviparum \ 67 

W. bank of Tyne opposite Priest's Crag. 

Polygonum bistorta L. (Snake-root.) 67 

Railway embankment, Jesmond, Newcastle; Lynn Bum near Apperley Bank. 

Parietaria diffusa Mert. and Koch. (Pellitory-of-the-Wall). 68 

Warkworth Hermitage. 

Salix triandra L. (Almond Willow). 68 

Tweed bank near St. Cuthbert's. 

Andromeda polifolia L. (Marsh Andromeda). 67 

Hot Moss (Blenkinsop Common); Towny Moss (Coanwood Common). 

Pyrola minor L. (Common Wintergreen). 67 

Wood Hall Wood (nr. Harbottle); S. bank of Coquet between Holystone and Dueshill Wood. 

Lysimachia vulgaris L. (Yellow Loosestrife). 67 

S. bank of Coquet below Wtwd Hall Wood. 

Vinca minor L. (Lesser Periwinkle). 68 

Near Twizell House (Warenford). 

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Vinca major L. (Greater Periwinkle). 68 

Old railway near Cornhill. 

Gentianella campestris (L.) Borner. 67, 68 

Around old quarries and lime workings near the head of Bateinghope Burn at 1,700 (67). Very 

abundant on Ross Links (68). 

Polemonium caeruleum L. (Jacob's Ladder). 68 

Coquet gravels between Sharpeton and High Farnham. 

Pentaglottis sempervirens (L.) Tausch. (Alkanet). 67 

Near Duke's House. 

Echium vulgare L. (Viper's Bugloss). 68 

On the rocks by the Tweed below Comhill; Wark Castle. 

Lycium chinense Mill. 68 

Railway bridge at St. Cuthberts (Tillmouth). 

Scrophularia umbrosa Dumont. 80 

Near Trow Crags. 

Veronica scutellata L. var. villosa. 67 

Swinhope Burn (E. Allendale). 

Lathraea squamaria L. (Toothwort). 68 

Wooded bank of Tweed below Coldstream Bridge. 

Acinos arvensis (Lam.) Dandy. (Basil-Thyme). 68 

Old railway near Cornhill. 

Lamium hybridum Vill. (Cut-leaved Dead-nettle). 68 

Field near St Cuthbert's (Tillmouth). 

Galium boreale L. (Northern Bedstraw). 80 

Trow Crags. 

Senecio squalidus L. (Oxford Ragwort). 67,68 

Waste ground near Sandyford Road, Newcastle (67). Old railway near Cornhill (68). 

Sambucus racemosa L. 66, 67 

On both sides of the Beldon Burn near Hunstanworth. 

Petasites hybridus (L.) Gaertn., Mey and Scherb. (female) 67 

E. bank of Devil's Water above Dilston. 

Filago minima (Sm.) Pers. (Slender Cudweed). 67, 68 

Coquet gravels between Holystone and Dueshill Wood (67), and between Sharpeton and High 

Farnham (68). 

Lactuca virosa L. 68 

N. bank of Till between Twizell Bridge and Twizell Mill; on rocks 

by the Tweed belOw Cornhill. 

Crepis mollis (Jacq.) Ascher. (Soft Hawk's-beard). 66, 67 

Roadsides between Hunstanworth and Baybridge (66), and between 

Baybridge and Blanchland (67). 

Potamogeton x salicifolius Wolfg, (dot. J. E. Dandy). 68 

Tweed near St. Cuthbert's and also opposite Lennel Howtown. 

Potamogeton obtusifolius Mert. and Koch. (Grassy Pondweed). 68 

Barlees Pond. 

Potamogeton berchtoldii Fieb. (Small Pondweed). 67, 68 

Pond near Sidewood (Tarset Burn) (67). Barlees Pond; Coquet at Angryhaugh (68). 

Zannichellia palustris L. (Horned Pondweed). 68 

Fenham Burn near Fenham Lowmoor. 

Convallaria majalis L. (Lily-of-the-Valley). 67 

A large patch on the site of a cut down wood on the Lynn Burn 

Gagea lutea (L.) Ker-Gawl. (Yellow Star-of-Bethlehem). 67 

By the River Blyth, about 10 ml. from Newcastle. 

Paris quadrifolia L. (Herb Paris). 67 

N. bank of Hart Burn, S.E. of Hartburn. 

Listera cordata (L.) R.Br. (Lesser Twayblade). 67, 68 

The Dodd at the head of W. Allendale; Great Blacklaw Hill and also by Bog Sike (Thinhope Bum); 

wooded S. bank of Coquet below Wood Hall Wood (67); by Barlees Pond (68). 

G. A, and M. Swan. 

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THE VASCULUM 

JULY 1972 

Vol. LVII No. 2 Price £1.00 per annum, post free. 

Edited by 



BY THE WAY 

Secretaries of Societies and other contributors to "The Vasculum" are invited to 

send their notes to the Editor before 15th November, 1972. 

PUBLICATIONS 

We have published, as a supplement to the Vasculum, "Sources of 

Information on the Natural History of County Durham," by W. B. Woodward, Keeper 

of Science Books at the University of Durham. This list is alphabetically arranged, by 

authors, and contains 500 references to books, journals, dissertations, etc. It will be 

invaluable to every naturalist in the north who wishes to pursue his specialist interest 

further than can be obtained by first hand knowledge in the field, important though 

this may be. 

The booklet has the same format as the extended edition of the Vasculum, October 

1971. It will NOT be sent out to members as a free issue but, every copy must be sold 

in order to pay for the proposed enlarged edition of October 1972. Its price is 50p. If 

you wish to see the Vasculum prosper in its new efforts to distribute information 

about the natural history of our counties, then buy a copy quickly. We expect to see 

the stacks of booklets melt away within a few weeks. Only a limited number of 

copies has been printed so order yours from the Editor now, before they all disappear. 

9

GUIDE TO THE SOURCE DOCUMENTS OF "THE WILDLIFE OF THE LOWER 

DERWENT VALLEY" 1969 

A report on the wildlife of the Lower Derwent Valley was written in 1969 

by Derek Ungley, who was at that time working in Newcastle upon Tyne for the 

Nature Conservancy. The purpose behind the report was that the Durham County 

Council Planning Department should have a statement from naturalists on the value 

placed on various parts of the valley and that this would help the planners to reach 

proper conclusions as demands for changing land use inevitably appear. The report 

was compiled from many documents of very varied descriptions which were 

submitted by many people in a grand piece of teamwork that included members of 

local natural history societies, the Northumberland and Durham Naturalists' Trust as 

it then was, the Nature Conservancy and of course a number of individual 

contributors. 

In order that the information in the source documents should not be lost, 

three sets, complete with maps, have been prepared. One set is to be held by the 

County Planning Department for their professional use, one set is to be held by the 

Nature Conservancy and one set is to be held by the Science Section of Durham 

University Library. It is this last set which people are most readily able to consult 

though this must be done during normal working hours in the library. Copies, 

including maps, can be made for a charge and under the usual conditions. 

While it is hoped that the Guide and the documents will prove useful as 

they are, the intention is that new information shall be fed into the dossier on the 

valley, in other words to the Keeper of Science Books, University Library, Science 

Section, South Road, Durham. 

The Guide has been deposited at the National Lending Library for Science 

and Technology. This means that it has been publicised in the NLL Announcement 

Bulletin and that it is available from the NLL in the usual way through your library. 

Retention copies can be supplied (NLL form + 2 coupons). 

Requesters should quote the full title of the document: — Guide to the 

source documents of the wildlife of the Lower Derwent Valley (NLL-D). 

To sum up, if you have an interest in the widlife of the Lower Derwent 

Valley, you can borrow or buy a copy of the Guide from the NLL or you may consult 

a copy held by: — 

Durham University Library, Science Section. 

Consett Public Library. 

Durham County Reference Library. 

The source documents can be consulted at and copies bought from: — 

Durham University Library, Science Section. 

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HOLY ISLAND 

The deterioration of the natural history and general pollution of Holy 

Island in recent years has been brought to our notice by Mr. L. P. Hird, who spends 

his holiday there each year. 

The advent of the new causeway and the tarmac road across the island 

foreshore was the milestone which accelerated the breakdown of the old way of life. 

Suddenly the island was deluged with people from cars and buses. With them came 

paper, broken bottles, beer cans and more recently plastic containers in all sorts of 

shapes and sizes. This is pollution in the real sense of the word. 

Television has increased the island's popularity by making its religious 

history more widely known. The cult of having a holiday cottage in the country has 

resulted in the buying up of houses at exorbitant prices, far too high for the local 

people to afford, with the result that local young people wishing to marry and remain 

on the island just cannot find anywhere to live. 

But it is not only the sightseers, the cottagers or the Sunday picnic parties 

that have brought about the changes. Schools are now sending bus loads of children 

during June and July to learn at first hand about the religious history of this part of 

Northumbria or to increase their knowledge of natural history. In the latter instance 

they come armed with plastic bags to collect specimens of many kinds — plants, 

shells, St. Cuthbert's Beads and live marine animals. We do not wish to complain 

about the study of natural history, but when up to twenty coach loads of children on 

top of the normal complement of visitors by car, are unloaded in such a small area the 

pressure on the plants and animals is just too much. When one remembers that this is 

all part of the Lindisfarne Nature Reserve, then the time has come to call a halt. If the 

marauding humans are not contained in some way, the whole lot will be lost and we 

will be left with an island of polluted vegetation, the rarities gone for ever. 

On top of all this, a more recent nuisance is the practice of sendng university students 

to the island for surveying and mapping exercises. After their day's work, football and 

other recreational activities are interfering with the life of the island. This seems to be 

totally unnecessary as one place is very much the same as another for this sort of 

practice. We would suggest somewhere other than a nature reserve. 

THE SOCIETIES 

NORTHERN NATURALISTS' UNION 

The 131st Field Meeting was held at Hawthorn Dene on Saturday, 3rd 

June, 1972. Some sixty members and friends gathered in the dene to be led by Mr. 

Dunn along the proposed route of the 

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nature trail at present under construction. It should be mentioned that the dene is a 

reserve owned by the Durham County Conservation Trust. We thank the trust for 

their kind permission to visit the reserve on this occasion. 

The woodland flowers were at their best with huge white drifts of 

Ramsons, Allium ursinum L. Elsewhere we saw Wood Anemone, Wood Sanicle, 

Wood Sorrel, Dog's Mercury, Wood Sedge, Early Purple Orchid, Bugle, Grounud 

Ivy, Yellow Pimpernel etc. At one point along the trail a fully active badger's sett was 

examined. The entomologists beat the trees and bushes for larvae without much of a 

return. However, caterpillars of the Winter Moth, Common White Wave and Green 

Brindled Crescent were seen. 

Bird song was at its peak. The Summer visitors were well represented, the 

songs of the Chiffchaff, Willow Warbler, Whitethroat and Blackcap were recorded by 

Dr. Crosby and Mr. Gent. Resident species heard included blackbird, song thrush, 

robin, wren, great tit and chaffinch. Other birds noted were carrion crow, starling, 

greenfinch and redpoll. 

The 132nd Field Meeting was held at Holystone in Coquetdale on 

Saturday, 15th July, 1972. Owing to the remoteness of the venue only six carloads of 

members and friends gathered at the car park in the Holystone Reserve, which is 

managed by the Northumberland Wildlife Trust. Again we have to thank the Trust for 

their kind permission. Dr. Clark led the party across relict woodland to examine the 

many interesting flushes that appeared along one contour of the hillside. We found a 

large number of sedges, some of them quite rare. There were also a good variety of 

rushes, large numbers of the Moorland Spotted Orchid, Dactylorchis maculata (L.) 

Vermeul. ssp. ericetorum (E. F. Linton) Vermeul., Butterwort, Pinguicula vulgaris L. 

and Round-leaved Sundew, Drosera rotundifolia L. 

Insects were plentiful. Flying in the heather were the Small Heath 

Butterfly, Coenonympha pamphilus L. and Small Copper, Lycaena phlaeas L. A few 

moths were also seen, the most notable being the Smoky Wave, Scopula temata 

Schrank. and the Scarce Silver Y, Plusia interrogationis L. The Wood Ant, Formica 

rufa L. was in huge quantity with large mound nests in the forest areas and slightly 

smaller ones in the heathy parts. The Click Beetles were flying freely in the unusual 

high temperatures as was also the Tiger Beetle. 

Of the birds, Mr. Gent noted the Curlew, Blue Tit, Long-tailed Tit, Wren, 

Grasshopper Warbler, Whitethroat, Willow Warbler, Dunnock, Meadow Pipit, 

Redpoll and Chaffinch. 

12

ANNFIELD PLAIN AND STANLEY NATURALISTS' FIELD CLUB 

The early spring outings have been well attended and in spite of the bad 

weather some fine days were chosen for our activities. The trip to the Caldbeck area 

of Cumberland, led by Miss Wade, was greeted at one point by a wintry blizzard but 

this soon cleared to provide some lovely views. In Teesdale the flowers and birds 

were up to their usual standard. A sitting grouse with her clutch of eight eggs 

provided a good subject for the photographers. New ground was investigated on May 

27th when the club visited Barbon Park near Kirby Lonsdale. The geologists were 

very interested in the many limestone caves with their beautiful stalactites and 

stalagmites. Flowers and birds were also seen in numbers but perhaps the most 

exciting discovery was that of a squirrel's drey. 

SUNDERLAND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY 

Although rather late, a quite excellent publication in the form of the 

Society's Annual Report for 1969-70, has been received. 

Membership has continued to increase but there continues to be 

difficulities about filling buses on field outings. One would not think this to be so 

when the records in the report are seen. The bird report alone, covering many pages, 

lists 425 species. The plants, which are being recorded according to their position in 

the system of classification, cover another large section although only an instalment 

can be given at any one time. The records given for the outings are equally 

impressive. Apparently several keen members of the society have put in a lot of hard 

work with notebook and pencil. 


NOTES 

Bird Notes. The following local ornithological observations may be of interest to readers of the 

Vasculum:— 

Snow Bunting: A flock of 37 birds of this winter visitor were present on the Newcastle Town Moor 

during January and February. 

Herring Gull: From January 24th to March 8th, an individual was noted at the Newcastle quayside 

with a yellow ring on its right leg. It turned out that it had been. ringed as a chick in 1967 on the Isle of May in the 

Firth of Forth, by Dr. J. Parsons of Durham University, and had therefore travelled 105 miles due south. There is a 

large colony of over 10,000 pairs on the Isle of May. 

Common Partridge: A covey of 12 birds was frequently seen on the Newcastle Town Moor and in 

the Exhibition Park during January and February. 

Rook: The rookery in the Haymarket in Newcastle contained 11 occupied nests during the spring. 

Bullfinch: A pair were present in Stanley Park on March 30th. 

13

Collared Dove: During January and February, up to three pairs were observed in the area of the 

Leazes and Exhibition Parks, and the University and Hancock Museum grounds in the centre of Newcastle. 

Goldcretst: A pair in the Beamish woods on March 26th. 

Kestrel: On March 11th, three kestrels were observed together in an aerial display over Newcastle 

University. 

Marsh Tit: On April 3rd, a party of three birds were noted in the Causey Woods, whilst during the 

same month two pairs were observed in the Beamish woods. 


The Peppered Moth a reversal of a trend ? In the Times of April 5th, 1972, there is a report from 

Manchester of moths changing colour. Until a few years ago, when a programme against smoke pollution in the 

North-West began to take effect, zoologists had noticed that moths hiding from predaors on the sides of 

Mancheser buildings had black wings. 

During the past decade, in which Manchester's air has become steadily cleaner, its sunshine records 

improved, the zoologists have recorded that the moths' wings are changing colour to the peppered form. This 

matches the cleaned up stonework on the buildings. Hence the trend towards melanism in industrial areas of 

Biston betularia L. is in the process of being reversed. 

We have not noticed any comparable change in our Durham populations but this is understandable 

since we are in the path of pollution being blown from the west. It is more than likely that the effect of smokeless 

zones both here and in the west will eventually have a similar result. It will be a worthwhile project for all 

naturalists to keep a sharp lockout for Peppered Moths in our areas and report any observations to the Editor. 

Mrs. A. N. Gibby. 

Barnacle Geese. On May 17th, 1972, a pair of Barnacle Geese arrived on Joe's Pond, one of the 

Trusts's properties. This was a sufficiently unusual occurrence at this time of the year to make a special note of it. 

Later it was learnt that two birds had been seen at Barmston Ponds during the previous week, probably the same 

pair. 

T. C. D. 

Spoonbill. A Spoonbill was present on the Barmston Ponds near Washington during part of May 

and the greater part of June this year. The hypothesis most favoured by the ornithologists is that it was a young 

bird hatched jfrom a nest in one of the Dutch colonies earlier in the year. During the usual process of dispersal 

from the nesting area after growing up, it had strayed across the North Sea in our direction. 

T. C. D. 

The Glow-worm, Lampyris noctiluca L. On the evening of July 1st, 1972, the flickering lights of 

female Glow-worms were seen quite frequently in Commondale, N. Yorks. It appeared to be more abundant than 

is the case in most colonies. 

Peter Morgan. 

This is a particularly important observation. It is some time since this insect was reported from our area. (Ed.) 

RECORDS. 

MOLLUSCA SNAILS AND SLUGS 

Potamopyrgus jenkinsi. 67 

Big Waters; Prestwick Carr. 

Carychium minimum. 67 

Riverside at Chollerford; Whittle Dene; woodlands at Simonburn; Plankey Mill. 

14

Carychium tridentatum. 67 

Woodlands at Chollerford; roadside at Haughton Castle. 

Lymnaea truncatula. 67 

Whittle Dene. 

Planorbis carinatus. 67 

R. Blyth in Plessey Woods. 

Planorbis planorbis. 67 

R. Pont at Prestwick Carr. 

Planorbis albus. 67 

Big Waters. 

Cochlicelta lubricella. 67 

Woodlands at Sandhoe: Chollerford: Callaly Castle; Whittle Dene. 

Columella edentula. 67 

Whittle Dene. 

Marpessa laminafa. 67 

Simonburn; Chollerford; Plankey Mill. 

Clausillia dubia. 67 

Crow Hall bridge. 

Arianta arbustorum. 67 

Apperley Dene; Plankey Mill; Hareshaw Linn. 

Monachia granulata. 67 

Whittle Dene; Sandhoe; roadside near Apperley Dene. 

Vitrea contracta. 67 

Sandhoe. 

Retinella pura. 67 

Callaly Castle; Simonburn woodlands. 

Limax cinereoneger. 67 

Old woodlands at Hareshaw Linn and Whitley Mill. 

Lehmannia marginata. 67 

Hareshaw Linn; under bark at Linnshiels. 

R. Lowe. 

INSECTS 

COLEOPTERA BEETLES 

Lampyris noctiluca L. Glow-worm. 

Abundant in Commondale. N. Yorks. 

P. Morgan. 


Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Hartm. Bird's-nest Orchid. 66, 68 

Cassop Vale, a single plant (66); D. J. Bellamy. 

Brinkburn Priory Wood (68). 

Wood (68). 

Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm. Frog Orchid. 67 

Stocksfield Burn near Old Ridley; limestone outcrop, S.W. of Broomlee Lough. 

Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R.Br. Fragrant Orchid. 67 

Tarset Burn near Greenhaugh; Haltwhistle Burn above Broomshaw Hill. 

Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) Reichb. Greater Butterfly Orchid. 67 

Haltwhistle Burn above Broomshaw Hill. 

Dactylorchis incarnata (L.) Vermeul. Meadow Orchid. 68 

Between Campfield and Cornhill; English Strother Bog (Learmouth). 

Lemna trisutca L. Ivy Duckweed. 68 

Barlees Pond; ponds near Coldrife and near Chatton; smaller lake in the grounds of Middleton Hall 

(Belford). 

Eriophorum lafifolium Hoppe. Broad-leaved Cotton-grass. 67 

N. shore of Broomlee Lough; near a stream below Drowning Flow;leading to the Tarn Burn. 

15

Schoenus nigricans L. Bog-rush. 68 

Between Campfield and Cornhill. 

Carex laevigata Sm. Smooth Sedge. 67 

Tarset Burn near Greenhaugh; S. bank of Coquet between Holystone and Dueshill Wood. 

Carex lepidocarpa Tausch. 67 

Gair Burn above Irthing Head; Haddon's Meadow (Tarset Burn). 

Carex serotina Merat. 68 

Abundant at Ross Links. 

Carex pendula Huds. Pendulous Sedge. 67 

E. bank of Devil's Water above Dilston. 

Carex pauperoula Michx. 67 

Falstone Moss; by the side of a pool on Black Knowe, N.E. of Irthing Head; Muckle Moss. 

Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. Slender Sedge. 68 

Fruiting at Newham Bog on 6/7/68. 

Carex otrubae Podp. False Fox-sedge. 68 

By a small pond, near the old railway, N. of Cornhill. 

Carex dioica L. Dioecious Sedge. 67, 68 

By a tributary of the Ayle Burn (67). Near the head of the Lumsdon Burn (68). 

Glyceria maxima (Hartm.) Hoimberg. Reed-grass. 68 

On the S. bank of the Till and the E. bank of the Tweed near their junction. 

Hordeum murinum L. Wall Barley. 68 

Roadside near Tillmouth Park. 

Lycopodium selago L. Fir Clubmoss. 67 70 

Yett Burn (67) and Beckhead Crag (70) (N. Tyne). 

Equisetum hyemale L. Dutch Rush. 67 

Plashetts Burn below Wainhope Linn. 

Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. Moonwort. 67 

Railway bank near Kirkhaugh. 

Juniperus communis L. Jumper. 67 

Near the Bog (Knarsdale); upper part of Dry Burn

Printed by Ramsden Williams Publications Ltd. 

Ann Street, Consett, Co. Durham.

THE VASCULUM 

Special Enlarged Edition 

OCTOBER 1972 

VOL. LVII., No. 3. Price: £1-00 per annum. 

Edited by 

T. C. DUNN, B.Sc., The Poplars, Chester-le-Street. 

CONTENTS 

Editorial 

Carex aquatilis Wahlenb:·in Upper Teesdale - H. G. Proctor 

The Lepidoptera of Chester-le-Street, Co. Durham; 2. Microlepidoptera - T. C. Dunn 

Algae of Slapestone Sike, Upper Teesdale - M. K. Hughes and B. A. Whitton 

The Diatoms of Slapestone Sike, Upper Teesdale - J. R. Carter 

The Ecology of Tarn Dubh- J. C. Peters 

Pleurocladin lacustris A. Braun (Phaeophyta) - A new British Record - S. M. Kirkby, 

D. J. Hibberd and B. A. Whitton 

Plants of the River Tyne and Future Water Transfer Scheme - N. T. H. Holmes, E. J. 

H. Llod, M. Potts and B. A. Whitton 

Published by 

THE NORTHERN NATURALISTS' UNION

SUBSCRIPTlONS 

It was a new experience during the first few months of 1972, to receive a 

continuous stream of subscriptions without any special prodding on the part of the 

treasurer. As a result, we are able to announce that fewer subscriptions are 

outstanding than ever before at this time of the year. There are still some, however, 

and we would appeal once more to these subscribers to try to remember to send all 

arrears to the treasurer immediately. 

Several new subscribers have been obtained since last Januarv, but the number is not 

sufficient. In order to pay for increased printer's bills we must expand further. Please 

bring this journal to the notice of any of your friends and acquaintances interested in 

natural history.

VASCULUM VOL. LVII. No. 3. 1972 

EDITORlAL 

17 

The existence of this, the second enlarged edition, is very largely due to very generous grants that 

we have received from the Royal Society, the University of Durham, and the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. 

On behalf of the Northern Naturalists' Union we thank these institutions for their timely generosity. The Royal 

Society has indicated that this is a once for all grant to help· us over the transitional period while we recruit new 

members to supply the extra cash. We trust that all members will note the position and act accordingly, 

The next enlarged edition planned for October 1973, may seem a long way off at present, but authors should begin 

thinking about it now, They know full well the time it takes to prepare a paper. We would like to be earlier in our 

printting timetable, but it has not been possible this year due to several unforeseen delays. We apologise to all 

subscribers. 

CAREX AQUATlLlS WAHLENB. IN UPPER TEESDALE 

H. G. PROCTOR 

The Vicarage, Forest-in-Teesdale, Barnard Castle, Co. Durham, 

Previous British Records. 

Godwin (1956) states, of Carex aquatilis Wahlenberg, that "It belongs to Hulten's northern boreal circumpolar 

group which is absent from central Europe, and it is described by Polunin as a very widespread circurnpolar plant 

reaching the highest latitudes," Britton (1966), writing of Alaska above 70 N., states that a "Carex aquatilis - 

Marsh Type" vegetation is "exceedingly common on the Coastal Plain" near Point Barrow and "is estimated to 

cover about 25% of the Foothills" between the Coastal Plain and the Brooks Range, In the British Isles the species 

is at the southern limit of its range, and its rarity south of Scotland may be greater than the "Atlas of the British 

Flora" (Perring & WaIters, 1962) suggests, Mr. A. C. Jermy allows me to, quote from a letter in which he wrote, 

"The literature records at the turn of the century for Carex aquatilis in the lower reaches of the Tweed I am sure 

referred to C. acuta." It seems that suspicion also attaches to some of the Welsh and Irish records, For England, 

the "Atlas" shows, beside the suspect Northumbrian (i.e. Tweed) records, only a pre-1930 record for Cumberland, 

near Silloth, about the validity of which I have no Information, and a post-1930 record for Westmorland. It would 

seem, therefore, that the C. aquatilis plants - the determination of which was kindly confirmed by Mr. Jerrny - that 

grew in Upper Teesdale before they were destroyed during the construction of the Cow Green Reservoir, provided 

at best only the third and possibly only the second reliable record for England, In Scotland reliable records, as one 

would expect, are more frequent. 

Relic or Refugee. 

A feature of the Upper Teesdale flora which seems to appeal to the public is a possibility that some of its 

constituent species are relics of the Ice Age, and not all of them refugees from the forests which advanced over 

most of the country when the climate became more temperate, Carex aquatilis may have as a good a claim ,as any 

to ,the apparently more glamorous ,status of "relic," but satisfactory evidence of its continuous presence in the 

district since a tundra-type vegetatlon was the prevalent one is not yet to hand, There, is a doubt whether 

macroscopic remains found on Cross Fell should be attributed to C. aquatilis or C. bigelowii but, whichever they 

were, they were placed, though with uncertainty in pollen zone VI (Godwin, 1956, p. 254, referring to Godwin 

& Clapham 1951). 

It is permissible, however, to wonder whether the influence of the large lake postulated by Dwerryhouse (1902) 

for the Maize Beck area at the height of the glaciation has been sufficiently taken into account in trying to assess 

Upper

18 


Teesdale's floristic history? It is an area whose comparative inaccessibility appears to have discouraged much 

quaternary research upon it. The lake presumably persisted long after there had been some amelioration of the 

most severe conditions, though the times remained "Full Glacial." It does not seem unreasonable to suspect that 

the vegetation of its shores was of a tundra-type not very dissimilar from that of AIaska at the present day; writing 

of which Britton (1966) names both C. aquatilis and C. bigelowii as species of a drainage gradient and states that 

the former drops out where the latter comes in (p. 30). In the Upper Teesdale district C. bigelowii is still locally 

frequent where Knock Ridge which separated the Maize Beck lake from the "reservoir of neve," as Dwerryhouse 

calls it, to the north, rises to Knock Fell. The C. aquatilis was found four miles away from that point, but both 

species were present in Upper Teesdale in the 20th century. The Cross Fell remains could have been of either or - 

though it is unlikely - of both. If they indeed date from zone VI, which was near the climatic optimum, we must 

reflect that that was not a period to suggest Arctic species having been recent arrivals. It seems more likely that 

they would have entered the district when its climate most suited them. We can, however, only speculate that C. 

aquatilis was no Post-Glacial refugee but a Late-Glacial, or even earlier, invader. 

The Upper Teesdale Site. 

As has been indicated above, the Teesdale plants were found in the Cow Green reservoir basin; and so are no 

longer there. But if it had not been for the spur to, and assistance given towards research by the reservoir's 

protagonists, they would never have been found at all. They were first noticed in 1968 at 35/801306, and an 

examination of the site, on which the following description is based, was made on 7.8.1968, with the assistance of 

Master Michael McAneney whose memory was at one with mine when, after inundation. we came to examine an 

aerial photograph. A camera may not be able to lie, but at a considerable height may be an unreliable guide to 

detail. There was a suggestion of more water than actually existed. But on that point see the section, infra, of this 

paper headed "Recollections of Mr. X," 

The Carex aquatilis was growing in a small pond 35 metres from the edge of the river on the Co. 

Durham (VC 66) side, in the midst of a piece of level ground for which the term "swamp" seems most suitable, 

since the-water level, even in summer, was slightly above the soil surface. We found, however, that at almost all 

points away from the pond the ground was firm enough to walk on without misgivings. The soil at the surface was 

peat, but that was not thick enough to have levelled out depressions which suggested that the swamp lay on top of 

what was once an alluvial island with anastomosing flood-channels, similar to an island which existed in the river 

beside it. 

The swamp, about 3 hectares in extent, formed the eastern end of Dubbysike Loarns and lay at the 

foot of a bank, about 3 metres high, which sheltered it on the north and east sides (fig. 1). The steepness and 

length of the: bank suggested its having been cut by the river, when that was following one of its old courses. 

About the middle of the then extant, pre-reservoir, neighbouring island an anastomosis of flood channels had 

made a depression conspicuously deeper than any of the channels themselves, which suggested that the pond had 

originated In a similar way.


19

20 


Down the protecting bank came three streams, too small to be shown on any but large-scale maps. On reaching the 

level ground their courses were hard to trace, having become mere soakways, and were hardly more noticeable at 

times of year when the weather was wetter. The most easterly went more or less directly to the Tees which it 

joined at the head of the Boat Pool. The other two flowed over exposures of two thin limestones on their way 

down the bank. The soakway from one turned to join that of the eastern stream. That from the other, the most 

westerly, arrived circuitously at the pond and seeped inconspicuously into its south end. 

There was an equally inconspicuous outflow from the north-west part of the pond, into a channel which soon 

became slightly more conspicuous and was, for a short distance, too deep to be walked through in Wellingtons. It 

shallowed again and was almost lost to sight amongst Carex rostrata. It did not, however, peter out but became to 

the eye - and boot - another soak way along which the water eventually reached Dubby Sike; but Mr. X's 

recollections make it clear that the sike backed up it in spates, giving it a depth in which fish could swim. 

Carex rostrata Stokes was the dominant species throughout the swamp, but, amongst the taller sedge, Carex curta 

Good. was frequent. 

The Pond and Its Vegetation. 

The depth of the pond was taken with a plummet, a camouflaged fishing- line (i.e. one that is a different colour 

every few inches) and a fishing-rod . It was 70 cm. in the middle and 25 cm. near the narrower, south end. The 

open water was measured along its long axis, which was 4.75 m., and across its breadth on lines 1.60 m. from the 

north end and 1.50 m. from its south. Those measurements of breadth were 3.50 m. and 1.70 m. respectively, but 

the term "open water" was allowed to include a strip of Potamogeton polygonifolius leaves which, though at the 

surface, were transitional between the submerged and normal floating leaves. The strip was round the west edge of 

the pond's wider part. The completely open water concealed P. polygonifolius with, submerged type of leaves 

only. 

Round the open water was a fairly clearly defined fringe of what appeared to be floating mat, since it wobbled 

when stepped upon, becoming progressively more unsafe towards the water. Also it offered little resistance to 

probing with a garden cane, and no resistance once the top few cm. were pierced. Once through the mat, the 

probings found depths of non-resistance greater than the depth of water at the pond's centre: viz. at N end of pond, 

95 cm: ENE, 70 cm: SSE. 85 cm; S, 77 cm: W, 74 cm; and NW, 78 cm. A greater depth under the mat than in the 

open water was not surprising, as two other small ponds in the reservoir basin were also deeper round the edges 

than in the middle. 

The width of the floating mat was measured at each of the principal points of the compass. Its shape and that of 

the open water is shown in fig. 2. There was a fairly consistent zoning of the floating-mat vegetation all round the 

pond, with Carex aquatilis at the water's edge, Carex rostrata and Glycerla fluitans behind it, and Juncus effusus 

at the landward edge of the fringe. The last named had also penetrated the Carex - Glyceria belt to the water's 

edge at two points, on opposite sides of the pond and about half-way between inflow and outflow. Floating type 

leaves of Potamogeton polygonifolius were plentiful among the rush, sedge and grass stems. Other species 

sparsely present on or in the, floating mat were (nomenclature according to Dandy, 1958):- 

Callitriche sp, (? Stagnalis), Cardamine pratensis, Epilobium palustre, Equisetum fIuviatile, Galiutn palustre, ? 

Glyceria declinata, Juncus articulatus, Myosotis secunda, Ranunculus flammula. 

There were two conspicuous exceptions to the composition of the floating- mat fringe as just described. One was a 

patch of Eleocharis palustris near the inflow to the pond. The other was a patch of Spliagnurn cuspidatum which 

appeared to be invading at the pond's opposite end, near the outflow. Neither of those species was to be found 

elsewhere in or near the floating mat. Where they occurred and the size of the two patches is shown in fig. 2.


21


22 

Recollections of Mr. X. 

.My attention was first drawn to the Dubby-sike Loams pond by a local inhabitant who once fished it with 

unforgettable success. As he fished without proper authorisation, he is best referred to as Mr. X. Learning that I 

was Surveying aquatic macrophytes in the reservoir basin, he made sure that I did not overlook it, which could 

easily have been done; for, lost among the C. rostrata. it could not be seen, unless one was close to it. On a later 

occasion, 19.12.1971 he added to his recollections of it. 

The angling occasion of which he had formerly told me was in 1942, or about then. So far as he 

remembered, the number of trout he extracted from the pond was 37. That made me comment that, surely, the 

pond must have been larger. He was emphatic that it was not and stated, "that pond never changed from one flood 

to another." There was, however, this difference in 1942, that the ground was too wet and soft for the pond to be 

approached from any side but the west. On that side he walked right up to it and his "rod reached pretty well 

across it;" which means that its greatest breadth was much the same as I found it to be 26 years later. 

For bait Mr. X used "small red worms" which he picked up from the pond's margins; i.e, "blood 

worms," as they are usually called by anglers, viz. Chironomid larvae, of which there were still plenty In the pond 

in 1968. According to Clegg (1965), their haemoglobin is of value to them "in conditions where oxygen is scare, 

but in waters adequately oxygenated it is apparently not used." Thus, though Chrironomid larvae can live in 

habitats with a poor supply of oxygen their presence is no indication, of a poor supply. With over three dozen 

trout in so small a body of water, the supply of oxygen in the pond must have been good. 

Comment. 

Britton's observations in Alaska suggest some comments. He noted (P. 48) that "in sufficiently shallow water .... 

Sphagnum finds a suitable subaerial environment and is able to gradually encroach upon and bury the vascular 

plants," and that it "most frequently invades the Carex aquatilis community." In the Cow Green reservoir basin, 

Sphagnum cuspidatum had not only invaded ponds as deep as the one that has been described, but came to fill 

them so completely that they became no longer ponds; e.g. a pond shown by the O.S. 1:25,000 and larger scale 

maps at 35/803302 had become terra firma (so far as Sphagnum is ever firm) before its submergence under the 

reservoir. The Sphagnum at the north end of the pond on Dubbysike Loams could therefore have been the 

beginning of a filling-in of that pond too, despite Mr. X's testimony that it had not changed in his time. 

Britton, however, goes on to say (ibid.) that "Vascular species buried in peat persist for long 

periods of time This is particularly true of Carex aquatilis whose rhizomes may lie beneath 6-8 inches of peat, the 

culms erect in the peat mass, and the leaves barely emerging through the peat surface after a full season of 

growth." That the C. aquatilis on Dubbysike Loarns was found only at the water-side edge of the floating mat 

seems, therefore, to be of interest. The pond was destroyed by an excavator in 1968, but most of the marsh was 

left untouched. A search was made in hope of finding C. aquatilis shoots among the marsh's C. rostrata but 

without success; which suggests that the former species is unable to resist competition from the latter. 

It would seem that, prevented by C. rostrata from resorting to its Arctic method of dealing with Sphagnum, C. 

aquatilis, the Northern Sedge, would not have continued to grow in Upper Teesdale for much longer, even 

without the coming of the reservoir. 

Addendum. 

Due to the non-arrival of those first dispatched, results of analyses of soil samples did not reach me until this 

paper had been written. The samples had been obtained in a fashion which needs to be described. Although I had 

understood that the C. aquatilis plants would be undisturbed until July J969, I found

23 


late in the afternoon of 28.11.1968 that the pond had been destroyed. Nothing remained but a heap of mud, with a 

line of sedges on top of it long enough to represent the whole rim of the pond. Four days later I took soil samples 

as follows- 1) Mud with little vegetation, which could have been from the pond's bottom 2) From what as far as I 

could see, was c. 15 cm. down from where sedge leaves and culms had entered the substrate, at the west end of the 

line of them on top of the mud. 3) From a similar position, viz. c. 15 cm. down but less certainly so at the east end 

of the line. 4) From a similar position on the other side of the sedge line to 3). The four samples were handed to 

Dr. M. Hornung, of the Nature Conservancy's Bangor Research Station, who reports on them as follows:- 

Acknowledgements. 

My thanks are due to Mr. T. G. Buffey for prompting me to look at aquatic macrophytes in the Cow Green 

Reservoir Basin, to The Nature Conservancy for seconding him and giving me continuous encouragement and 

help, and to The Teesdale Trust of I.C.I. for a grant towards expenses. To Messrs. Bernard and Michael 

McAneney also I am grateful for assistance in the field, to Dr. M. Hornung for undertaking the analyses .of the 

rather messy soil samples, and to Mr. C. Jerrny for confirmation of the determination and for permission to quote 

References 

Britton M E "Vegetatlon of the Arctic Tundra”. Oregon State Univ. Press. 1966 

Clegg, J. “The Freshwater. Life of the British ,Isles." Warne. 3rd. ed. 1965. 

Dandy,J. E. “List of British Vascular Plants.” London. 1958.


24 

Dwerryhouse, A. R. "The Glaciation of Teesdale, Weardale, and the Tyne Valley and their Tributary Valleys." 

Quart; Journ, Geol, Soc. 58(1902), 572-608. 

Godwin, H. "The History of the British Flora." Cambridge Univ Press. 1956. 

Godwin, H. & Clapham, A. R. "Peat deposits on Cross Fell, Cumberland." New Phytol., 50: 2, 167. 

Jerrny, A. C. Personal letter dated 22.8.1972. 

Perring, F. H. & Waiters, S. M. "Atlas of the British Flora." Nelson. 1962. 

THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CHESTER-LE-STREET, CO. DURHAM. 

2. MICROLEPIDOPTERA 

T.C. DUNN 

The Poplars, Chester-le-Street, Co. Durham. 

Here is the second and concluding part of this local list. There is not the slightest doubt that this 

will be even less complete than the previous part, as some species of the Microlepidoptera can be present in only a 

few square feet of a habitat and therefore very easily missed. In addition, it will be noticed that there are no entries 

for the Nepticuloidea, a group with leaf-mining larvae. This is because they have not yet been investigated. There 

will be several species in this group to add at some later date. The same is probably true for many other common 

but retiring species. 

The same boundaries have been used as in the first part and, for the sake of uniformity, I. R. P. 

Heslop's list has again been used for the names and classification of the moths, although much revision of 

nomenclature in the Micros has recently taken place. 

First, I make a single addition to the list of Macrolepidoptera published in the October Vasculurn of 1971. 

1. MACROLEPIDOPTERA 

Scoliopteryx libatrix L. (Herald). A single individual was brought to me in November 1971 after being caught in a 

garage on a new housing estate near the Hermitage Woods. 

2. MICROLEPIDOPTERA 

Super-family PYRALOIDEA (Pyralids and Plumes). 

Acentropus niveus Ol. (False-caddis Water-veneer). Infrequent at light in the garden and rarely 

seen along the River Banks. 

Eudorea murana Curt. (Wall Grey). Occasionally at light in the garden. 

Scoparia cembraa Haw. (Large Grey). Occasionally at light. 

Scoparia dubitalis Hubn. (Hoary Grey). Common in waste places wherever ragwort grows. 

Scoparia ambigualis Treits. (Brown Grey). Common at light and in all parts of the town. 

Scoparia ulmella Knaggs (Elm Grey). A few taken on elm in the Hermitage Woods last year. 

Nymphula nympheata L. (Brown China-mark.) Common at light in the garden, which is only 250 

yards from the River Wear where they breed. 

Eurrhypara hortulata L. (urticata L.) (Magpie China-mark). Common all round the town, in 

hedgerows and gardens wherever stinging nettle grows. 

Nomophila noctuella Schiff. (Rush Veneer Pearl). Seen most years, but its abundance varies due to 

the fact that it is an immigrant. 

Udea lutealis Hubn. (Pale Straw Pearl). Very common in hedgerows and waste places almost 

everywhere.

25 


Udea ferrugalis Hubn. (Rusty-dot Pearl). Another immigrant which varies a lot in numbers from one year to 

another. Taken at light In the garden. 

Udea nivealis F (Dusky Brindled Pearl.) Common at light. 

Udea olivalis Schiff. (Olive Brindled Pearl). Common in the Hermitage Woods and Lumley Castle Woods. 

Haritala ruralis Scop, (Mother of pearl), Common wherever nettles grow. 

Perinephila coronata Hufn. (Garden Elder Pearl). Common wherever elder is found. At light in the garden, in 

allotment gardens and along hedgerows. 

Mesographe forficalis L (Garden Pebble). One of the most common moths in the garden the larva feeding on 

Brassicas. 

Laodamia fusca Haw. (Brown Knot-horn). Common at light in some years and rare in others. Always the deep 

black melanic form. 

Dioryctria abietella Schiff. (Pine Knot-horn). Only once at light in 1955. 

Homeosoma saxicola Vaugh. (Narrow Clouded Knot-horn). Common in the garden: 

aCrambus pascuellus L. (Inlaid Grass-veneer). Once only in 1961. 

Crambus pratellus L. (Dark-inlaid Grass-veneer). Very common in grassy places on the River Banks. 

Crambus horteullus Hubn. (Garden Grass-veneer). Very common. 

Agriphila culmellus L. (Straw-coloured Grass-veneer). Abundant everywhere. 

Agriphila inquinatellus Schiff. (Barred Grass-veneer). Fairly common at light, 

Agriphila tristellus Schiff. (Common Grass-veneer). Very common on most grassy land. 

Stenoptilia pterodactyla L. (Brown Wood Plume). Moderately common at light. 

Platiptilia gonodactyla Schiff. (Triangle-marked Plume). Common at light and also in all the pastures. 

Platyptilia isodactyla Zell. (Hoary Plume). Occasionally at light. 

Platyptilia ochrodactyla Schiff. (Ochreous Plume). Although recorded as present at Chester-le-Streef by J. W. H. 

Harrison, I had not seen it there myself until this year when several individuals were seen in August on tansy 

flowers growing on the river banks. 

Platyptilia pallldactyla Haw. (Pale Plume). Commoner than the last species with which it is easily confused. It 

flies earlier in the year in June and July, seldom, If ever, in August. 

Pterophorus pentadactylus L. (Large White Plume). The larva is supposed to be confined to Convolvulus sepium 

but it swarms on Artemisia vulgaris (Mugwort), which grows freely on the Council Tip at the south end of 

Chester-le- Street. .The moths appear frequently at light in the garden. 

Oidaematophorus lithodactylus Treits. (Dusky Plume). Occasionally at light. 

Super-family TORTRICOIDEA (Tortrix moths). 

Pandemis heparana Schiff. (Dark Oblique-barred Twist). Abundant at light. 

Pandemis cerasana Hubn. (Currant Twist). Extremely common at light. Melanic forms appear from time to time 

but are not common. 

Archips oporana L. (Great Brown Twist). Abundant at light. 

Archips xylosteana L. (Forked Red-barred Twist). Fairly common in the garden and on the river banks 

Archips rosana L. (Rose Twist). Common, freely bred from hawthorn. 

Amelia paleana Hubn. (Plain Yellow Twist). Common on the river banks. 

Clepsis consimilana Hubn. (Saffron Twist). Common on the privet hedges in garden and elsewhere. 

Clepsis costana F. Bred from Epilobium hirsutum . The spun leaves are collected In early June from the edge of 

the river. 

Lozotaenia forsterana F. (Forster's Twist). Fairly common at light. 

Batodes angustiorana Haw. (Narrow Red-barred Twist). Common. 

Pseudargyrotoza conwagana Fabr, (Conway's Shade). Very common at light in the garden.


26 

lsotrias trifasciana Don. (Barred Elm Shade). Quite common in the garden. 

Eulia ministrana L. (Yellow-barred Shade). Very common on birch in the woods round the town. 

Cnephasia chrysantheana Dup. (Greater Grey Shade). Very common everywhere in the town. 

Cnephasia interjectana Haw. (Lesser Grey Shade). Very common in gardens. Bred from lettuce, which can be 

ruined by a single larva. 

Cnephasiella incertana Treits. (Allied Shade). Common in the garden and all the surrounding district. Bred from 

stinging nettle and field thistle. 

Aleimma loeflingiana L. (Loeflling's Curl). Quite common. 

Tortrix viridana L. (Pea-green Oak Curl). Very common wherever there are oaks and these abound in all the 

woods on the outskirts of the town. 

Croesia forskaleana L. (Forskal's Button). Common at light in the garden. 

Croesia bergmanniana L. (Bergmann's Button). Common at light in the garden. 

Acleris comariana Zell. (Strawberry Button). Not common. 

Acleris aspersana Hubn. (Subtriple-spot Button). Common at light and bred from Sallguisorba officinalis. 

Acleris variegana Schiff. (Common Rough-winged Button). Abundant everywhere in September and in great 

variety. Bred from Hawthorn, Blackthorn and Rose. 

Acleris sparsana Schiff. (Ashy Buton). Not common. 

Acleris ferrugana Schiff. (Rusty Button). Common where birch grows. 

Acleris rhombana Schiff. (Chequered Pebble Button). Not common. Bred from hawthorn. 

Dicrorampha petiverella L. (Petiver's Drill). Not common. 

Dicrorampha plurnbagana Treits. (Leaden-fringed Drill). Not common. 

Laspeyresia succedana Schiff. (Light Striped-edge Piercer). To be found in abundance round all gorse bushes, 

river banks and other waste places. 

Laspeyresia aurana Fab. (Double Orange-spot Piercer). Frequently taken at the flowers of Rosebay Willow-herb 

on the river banks, but not seen elsewhere. 

Laspeyresia pomonella L. (The Codling Moth). Common in the light trap and bred from infected apples from 

the garden. 

Grapholita jungiella L. (Beautiful Crescent Piercer). Common. 

Pammene regiana Zell. (Traun's Regal Piercer). This beautiful little species is fairly common at light in the 

garden. 

Pammene fasciana L. (July Acorn Piercer). Rare in the town. 

Lathronympha strigana F. (Yellow Striped-edged Piercer). Abundant in spun shoots of Hypericum perforarum, 

collected on the river banks and easily bred. 

Rhyacionia pinivorana Zell. (Spotted Shoot). Common. Bred from infected pine shoots. 

Spilonota ocellana Schiff. (Cream-cloak Apple Shoot). Uncommon. 

Thiodia citrana Hb. (Lemon Bell). Not common. 

Eucosma hohenwartiana Schiff. (Scopoli's Bell). Fairly common. 

Eucosma fulvana St. (Fulvous Sealed Bell). Quite common. 

Eucosma cana Haw. (Hoary Sealed Bell). Abundant. 

Eucosma expallidana Haw. (Pale Drab Bell). Common at light in the garden. 

Eucosma campoliliana Schiff. (Beautiful Marbled Bell). Verv common. 

Epiblema scutulana Schiff. (Larger Blotch-marked Bell). Common. 

Epiblema cirsiana Zell. (Smaller Blotch-marked Bell). Very much commoner than the last and found wherever 

knapweeds grow on the river banks. 

Epiblema farfarae Fletch. (Tawny-blotched Bell). Fairly common in waste places. 

Epiblema turbidana Treits. (Hippo Bell). Along the river and its tributaries where Butterbur grows. 

Pardia cynosbatella L. (Three-dotted Rose Bell). Common everywhere. 

Notocelia suffusana Dup. (Triple-blotched Bell). Common. 

Notocelia rosaecolana Doub!. (Lesser Brown-cloaked Bell). Uncommon.


27 

Notocelia aquana Hubn. (Greater Brown-cloaked Bell). Bred from spun up shoot ends of wild rose. 

Gypsonoma sociana Haw. (White-cloaked Bell). Not common. 

Gypsonoma dealbana Fro!. (Neglected Cloaked Bell). Much more common than the last. Bred from Salix. 

Rhopobota naevana Hubn. (Marbled Single-dot Bell). Very common. 

Epinotia stroemiana F. (Stroern's Bell). Easily bred and beaten from birch. 

Epinotia solandriana L. (Solanders Bel!). Very common on birch. 

Epinotia trimaculana Don. (Mitterbachs Bell). Not common on oak 

Epinotia bilunana Haw. (Hoary Double-crescent Bell). Very common. 

Epinotia tetraquetrana Haw. (Square-barred Bell). Quite common. 

Epinotia paykulliana F. (Grey Double-crescent. Bell). Fairly common. 

Epinotia rubiginosana H.-S. (Scots-fir Bell). Fairly common at light in the garden. 

Ancylis badiana Schiff .. (Lund's Roller). Very common. 

Ancylis myrtillana Treits. (Lyell’s Roller). Fairly common. 

Bactra lanceolana Hubn. (Dusty Marble). Common around patches of Juncus. 

Lobesia littoralis Curt. (Shore Doubtful Marble). Very common at light in the garden. 

Endothenia ericetana Westw. (Heath Marble). Not common. 

Endothenia antiquana Hubn. (Blotched Marble). Common at light in the garden. 

Apotomis turbidana Hubn. (Greater Cloaked Marble). Very common. 

Apotomis betuletana Haw. (Birch Marble). Commonly bred from birch. 

Hedya nubiferana Haw. (variegana Hubn). (Cloudy White Marble). Common at light in the garden. 

Hedya atropunctana Zett. (dimidiana Sodof.) (Dotted Cloaked Marble). Only an occasional specimen in the 

garden. 

Hedya salicella L. (White-backed Marble). Common round Salix on the river banks. According to Meyrick, at its 

northern limit with us. 

Olethreutes lacunana Schiff. (Indefinite Marble). Very common everywhere on all sorts of foodplants. I have 

bred it from larvae collected on a large number of low growing plants and from bramble, sallow etc. 

Acornuta nana Haw. (Barred Dwarf Conch). Frequent. 

Eupoecilia angustana Hubn. (Barred Marbled Conch). Common. 

Lozopera francillana F. (Francillon's Carrot Conch). Uncommon at light. 

Aethes srneathmanniana F. (Smeathman's Conch). One specimen only, at light, July 1961. 

Phalonia cnicana Westw. (Barred Thistle Conch). Fairly common 

Phalonia rubigana Treits. (Chestnut Conch). Common at light. 

Agapeta hamana L. (Hook-marked Conch). Common. 

Agapeta zoegana L. (Zoega's Conch). Common. 

Cochylichroa atricapitana Steph. (Black-headed Conch). Not common. 

Cochylis dubitana Hubn. (Doubtful Dwarf Conch). Common. 

Stenodes straminea Haw. (Straw Short-barred ·Conch). Common at light. 

Super-family TINEOIDEA (Tineid moths). 

Metzneria metzneriella Staint. (Metzner's Tipped Neb). Common. 

Epithectis mouffetella Schiff. (Dotted Grey Groundling). Not common. 

Telphusa notella Hubn. (Sallow-leaf Groundling). Not common. 

Telphusa proximella Hubn. (Black-speckled Grey Groundling). Abundant. 

Telphusa fugitivella Zell. (Suffused Groundling). Very common. 

Telphusa luculella Hubn. (Cream-shouldered Groundling). Rare. 

Bryotropha terrella Schiff. (Cinerous Clay Groundling). Fairly common. 

Teleiopsis diffinis Haw. (Great Brindled-brown Groundling). In small nurnbers. 

Mirificarma mulinella Zell. (Brown-streak Groundling). Bred easily and in large nurnbers from gorse and broom.


28 

Neofaculta betulea Haw. (Heather Groundling). In clouds on heather in May. 

Gelechia rhombella Schiff. (Grey Black-specked Groundling), Only occasionally. 

Chelaria conscriptella Hubn. (Lobster Claw). Occasionallly at light in the garden. 

Blastodacna hellerella Dup. (Hawthorn Cosrnet). Abundant in the garden and on the river banks near hawthorn 

bushes. 

Mompha raschkiella Zell. (Raschke's Cosmet). Once only in 1958. 

Mompha conturbatella Hubn. (Confused Cosmet). Abundant. Bred by collecting spun-up central rosettes of 

rosebay willow-herb in May. 

Batrachedra praeangusta Haw. (Poplar Cosmet). Only occasional, although it probably lives on my own poplars. 

Dasycera sulphurella P. (Sulphur-underwinged Tubic). This beautiful little moth is abundant, breeding 

in·decaying wood. 

Endrosis sarcitrella L. (lactella Schiff.) (White-shouldered Tubic). Abundant. One of the clothes moths. 

Borkhausenia pseudospretella Staint. (Large Common Tubic). The most common and the most destructive of 

clothes moths. 

Diurnea fagella P. (March Day). Very common. Mostly melanic forms. 

Diurnea phryganella H ubn. (November Day). Not so common as the preceding species. 

Exaeretia allisella Staint. (Mugwort Flat-body). Common. 

Depressaria nervosa Haw. (apiella Hubn.) (Coarse Wainscot Flat-body). Common at light in the garden early in 

the year and bred from stems of Oenanthe crocata collected on the river banks in the autumn. 

Depressaria heracleana Deg. (Cow-parsnip Flat-body). Abundant at light in March, April and May each year. 

Depressaria costosa Haw. (Dingy Straw Flat-body). Abundant as larvae on gorse. Bred in August. 

Depressaria umbellana Steph. (Large Streaked Flat-body). Captured flying over gorse early in the year. (February 

- April.) 

Agonopterix assimilella Treits. (Dusted Flat-body). Very abundant on broom everywhere in the area. Larvae 

obtained from spun stems early in the year, imagines emerging in June and July. 

Agonopterix flavella Hubn. (liturella Schiff.) (Straw-coloured Flat-body). Common. Bred from Heracleum leaves 

as well as captured on the wing. 

Agonopterix atomella Schiff. (Powdered Straw Flat-body). Bred from gorse flowers and pods. Not so common as 

the other gorse species. 

Agonopterix arenella Schiff. (Brindled Straw Flat-body). Common. 

Agonopterix angelicella Hubn. (Angelica Flat-body). Common. Easily bred from spun leaves of Heracleum. 

Agonopterix ciliella Staint. (Large Carrot Flat-body). Common at light in March. Also bred from Heracleum 

leaves, emerging in late August and September. 

Agonopterix hypericella Hubn. (Greater Purple Flat-body). Very common on Hypericum as larvae in May and 

June, emerging as imagines in July. 

Agonopterix conterminella Zell. (Sallow-shoot Flat-body.) Common as larvae on Solix early in the year, emerging 

in June. 

Anthophila (Simaethis) fabriciana L. (Fabricius's Nettle-tap), In swarms wherever there are stinging nettles, river 

banks, allotment gardens, etc. Easily collected as larvae in May on spun leaves. 

Glyphiterix cramerella F. (fischeriella Zell.) (Allied Fanner). Often in myriads flying over rough grasses. 

Glyphiterix equitella Scop. (Groundlet Fanner). One only in July 1961. 

Elachista albifrontella Hubn. (Silver-spotted Dwarf). One only in June 1960. 

Elachista atricomella Staint. (Black-headed Dwarf). Abundant at light in the garden. 

Elachista kilrnunelia Staint. (Moor Dwarf). Fairly common at light in the garden.


29 

Elachista perplexella Staint. (Obscure Hair-grass Dwarf). Common at light in the garden. 

Elachista rufocinerea Haw. (Red-brindled Dwarf). Abundant at light. 

Elachista argentella Clerk. (Swan-feather Dwarf). Abundant in June, flying in grassy places, river banks, 

hedgerows, etc. 

Elachista bedellella Sirc. (Down Dwarf). One only in June 1960 at light in the garden. 

Elachista taeniatella Staint. (Banded False-brome Dwarf). One only at light in July 1959. 

Elachista cerusella Hubn. (Triple-spotted Dwarf) Common flying over grasses in May and June. River banks. 

Elachista triatomea Haw. (Treble-atomed Dwarf). One only on the river banks in June 1956. 

Cedestis farinatella Dup. (Floury Scots-fir Argent). Common at light and bred from pine needles collected in the 

town. 

Cedestis gysseleniella Zell. (Sprinkled Scots-fir Argent). One only, at light in the garden, August .1959. 

Blastotere laevigatella H.-S. (Larch-boring Argent). Abundant at light In June and July. 

Argyresthia brocheella Hubn, (Golden Riband Argent). Abundant at light. 

Argyresthia goedartella L. (Greek-lettered Argent). Commonly bred from alder collected on the river banks. 

Argyresthia pygmaeella Hubn. (Gold-barred Argent). Abundant. Bred from Salix collected on the river banks. 

Argyresthia cornella Fab. (Brindled Argent). One only, at light in July 1956. 

Argyresthia retinella Zell. (Netted Argent). Bred from birch. Abundant. 

Argyresthia semifusca Haw. (Bronze White-back Argent). Not very common at light. 

Argyresthia ephippella F. (Blotched Argent). Fairly common at light. 

Argyresthia nitidella Fb. (Cream-coloured Argent). Fairly common at light. 

Pseudoswammerdamia combinella Hubn. (Peacock-feather Ermel). One only at light in June 1960. 

Swammerdamia heroldella Hubn. (Birch Ermel). Occasional at light. 

Poraswammerdamia lutarea Haw. (Muddy Ermel). One only at light on 1st August 1955. 

Poraswammerdamia pyrella ViII. (Purple-edged Ermel). One only at light, 7-7-56. 

Prays curtisellus L. (Curtis's Ash-bud Ermel). Quite common at light and bred from ash. 

Yponomeuta padella L. (Common Hawthorn Ermel). Sometimes swarming at light and easily collected from 

hawthorn in "good" years. The abundance of this moth is puzzling. Numbers vary tremendously from one year to 

the next, sometimes being completely absent and then in quite large numbers the following season. 

Yponomeuta cognatella Hubn. (Allied Ermel). Uncommon. 

Yponomeuta evonymella L. (Full-spotted Errnel). Very common every year on Bird Cherry. 

Coleophora fuscedinella Zell. (Raven-feather Case). Cases on birch, Target Woods, Hermitage Woods, etc. 

Abundant. 

Coleophora lutarea Haw. (Pale-shining Clay Case). One only at light 26-5-59. 

Coleophora albicosta Haw. (White-edged Furze Case). Common at light. 

Coleophora flavaginella Zell. (Annulated Case). In great abundance. 

Coleophora alticolella Zell. (Field Rush Case). Common. 

Lithocolletis faginella Zell. (Common Beech Midget). Very common and easily collected on beech trunks in May, 

Lumley Woods. 

Parornix scotinella Staint. (Rowan Slender). One only 10-7-58. 

Caloptilia syringella F. (Confluent-barred Slender). Common at light and easily bred from lilac leaves. 

Caloptilia alchimiella Scop. (Sweder's Slender). Common.


30 

Ypsolophus xylostellus L. (Tooth-streaked Hooked Smudge). Common in the garden. 

Ypsolophus parenthesellus L. (White-shouldered Smudge). Occasional. 

Ypsolophus radiatellus Don. (Broad-streaked Smudge). Occasional. 

Ypsolophus vitellus L. (Black-backed Smudge). Common at light. 

Anadetia porrectella L. (Grey-streaked Smudge). Common. 

Plutella maculipennis Curt. (Diamond-backed Moth). Common in gardens most years. Immigration sometimes 

results in this moth swarming on Brassicas in the town. 

Leucoptern laburnella Staint. (Common Gold-dot Bentwing). Common on laburnums in gardens. 

Tischeria marginea Haw. (Bordered Carl). One only at light 15-6-59. Larvae seen more often in blotch mines on 

bramble but not easily bred. 

Monopis rusticella Hubn. (Dark-brindled Clothes). Common at light. 

Monopis imella Hubn. (Felt Clothes). Abundant in the garden. 

Tineola bisselliella Hum. (Destroyer Clothes Moth). Too common. Many bred from an old wasp's net in 1952. 

Nemapogon cloacella Haw. (Dark-mottled Clothes). Common in the garden. 

Tinea pallescentella Staint. (Large Pale Clothes). One only at light 23-6-56. 

Tinea trinotella Thunb. (Triple-spotted Clothes). Abundant in the garden. 

Lampronia rubiella Bjerk. (Raspberry Bright). Common on the raspberries in my allotment garden. 

Adela viridella Scop. (Green Long-horn). Common round birches in May and June. 

Nernophora swammerdammella L. (Swammerdamm's Long-horn). Common in Hermitage Woods and Lumley 

Woods. 

Nemophora panzeriella F. (Panzer's Long-horn). Commoner than the last in similar places. 

Eriocrania semipurpurella Steph, (Gold-sprinkled Purple). Sometimes swarming round birches in April. 

This concludes the list for the time being but there is little doubt that it will be added to from time 

to time. I have listed 233 Macrolepidoptera from a total for the British Isles of 969, according to Heslop's "Revised 

Indexed Check-list of the British Lepidoptera" and 210 Microlepidoptera out of Heslop's 1,435. Since the list was 

printed, about another forty to fifty moths, mostly Micros, have been discovered in this country. None of these 

have as yet appeared in Chester-le- Street. 

REFERENCE 

Heslop T. R. P. (1964). "Revised indexed check-list of the British Lepidoptera." 

ALGAE OF SLAPESTONE SIKE,UPPER TEESDALE 

M. K. HUGHES* and B. A. WHlTTON 

Department of Botany, University of Durham, Durham City 

* Present address: Department of Biology, Liverpool Polytechnic, Byrorn Street, Liverpool. 

The flowering plants of Upper Teesdale have long been famous (see Pigott, 1956; Bradshaw & Clark, 1965), but 

the few casual glances given to the algae in the past were not detailed enough for any comments to be made on the 

rarity or general interest of these organisms. However a tour of Teesdale and Weardale in summer 1969 indicated 

that the algal vegetation of streams in areas of Upper Teesdale with many flowering plant rarities might also 

present many differences from the algal vegetation of other streams in the N.E. region. Since then a research

31 


project has been undertaken on the algae of streams in Upper Teesdale. The results of this project will be 

published in more detail elsewhere, but we felt that a brief account here might be of some interest to local 

naturalists. We felt too that it may prove an useful introduction to the following paper by Mr. J.R. Carter on 

diatoms. Our note deals only with one stream on Widdybank Fell, Slapestone Sike, but many of the features 

described for this stream are common to the majority of streams associated with the metamorphosed limestone 

(see Johnson et al. 1971) in Upper Teesdale. 

Slapestone Sike was one of the largest streams draining the metamorphosed limestone area, 

running through one of the areas richest in interesting species of flowering plants. Although the lower reaches of 

the stream are now drowned in the Cow Green Reservoir, about half the length of stream of special interest still 

remains. In the upper reaches the stream flows over small boulders, but in the steeper reaches of the stream below 

the present road (Birkdale Track) the water flows directly over the limestone. The part of the stream drowned by 

the reservoir consisted of the lower part of the steep limestone slope, including several vertical waterfalls, a short 

reach with boulders not unlike the present uppermost reach, and finally a long narrow meandering reach running 

through the peat and with a substrate of black peaty silt. 

Slapestone Sike showed very marked variations in flow during the period under study, with large 

areas of the stream left dry under low flow conditions. However it seems improbable that the stream ever dries out 

completely in winter. 

A number of small tributaries entered Slapestone Sike, and five of these now remain above 

reservoir high water mark. These varied markedly in their general characteristics, and only three (B, C, D in Table 

I) are mentioned here. These three originate from springs which show signs of having been opened out during the 

period when mining for lead and barytes was in progress. B is a ditch which drains into the left-hand side of the 

stream above the road; C is a narrow channel entering on the right-hand side just below the road; D is a spring on 

the left-hand side just above the present reservoir high-water mark. Band D always maintained a vigorous flow 

even after long periods of low rainfall, but C nearly dried out on several occasions. 

WATER CHEMISTRY 

Some details of the chemistry of Slapestone Sike water (analysed by methods given in Holrnes et al., 1972) are 

summarised in Table I. Although the values for only a single day are shown, they are nevertheless typical of those 

obtained during periods of low flow. As compared with other (about 40) upland streams and rivers under study in 

North-East England, the most striking features of Slapestone Sike and the other streams associated with the 

metamorphosed limestone are the very low levels of Mg and K. For both elements the values for Slapestone Sike 

are lower than for any other stream away from Upper Teesdale under similar conditions of low flow. There are 

also some indications that the levels of combined inorganic N in Slapestone Sike are relatively low (unpublished 

data).


Table I. Some features of the water chemistry of Slapestone Sike (A) and three of its tributaries 

(B, C, D; see text) Cow Green reservoir (E) is included for cornparison. Samples were collected on 10th 

September, 1972 under condition of moderately low stream flow. All concentrations are in rng/l. 

32 

At least some of the tributaries show obvious chemical differences from the main stream. B, C, D have all at times 

shown moderately .high, (> 0.2 mg/l) levels of Zn, although this is not apparent for C in Table I. Values for the 

main stream have always been well below this level. Tributary B has always shown higher levels of Mn and Fe 

than the main stream or other tributaries, and surfaces in it always have a brownish deposit which certainly 

includes iron oxide. The levels of Pb in tributaries C and D, and also some other sites around' Widdybank Fell, are 

higher than those found in any of the streams from other areas. These levels of Pb are nevertheless probably well 

below those which may be expected to be toxic to algae or mosses (see Whitton, 1970). On the other hand the 

possibility can not be ruled out that the flora of the tributaries, but probably not the main stream, may be 

somewhat limited by the levels of Zn flowing at times. 

ALGAE 

During the period under observation (summer 1969 to summer 1972), the greater part of the algal 

vegetation of the main stream belonged to one of three groups: blue-green algae, filarnentous Conjugales, 

diatoms. 

The most conspicuous, though probably never the most abundant, alga was the blue-green alga 

Rivularia, which formed hemi-spherical brownish colonies occasionally reaching 30 mm in diameter. Small dark 

brown colonies of this alga were sometimes very abundant during periods of moderately low flow over lime- 

stone sheets which had been quite dry several weeks earlier, but the largest colonies were nearly always associated 

with those parts of the stream never subject to desiccation. This alga occurred in all reaches of the main stream, 

and on either limestone or igneous rocks. Very rarely, small colonies also developed on old submerged stems of 

mosses. 

The features of the Rivularia. in this stream (and elsewhere in Upper Teesdale) lie somewhere 

between those given in Geitler's (1932) flora to R. biasolettiana Menegh. and to those given to R. haematites (D. 

C.) Ag, Unlike typical R. haemotites the colonies are usually only moderately calcified, and even large ones 

show only a weak tendency to form alternating bands of heavily and lightly calcified material. On the other hand 

many of the colonies exceed the maximum dimensions given for R. biasolettiana. 

Other blue-green algae which were often conspicuous were a narrow filamentous form perhaps best 

referred to Schizothrix lardacea (Ces.) Gom. and Gloeocapsa sanguinea (Ag.) Kutz. The Schizothrix lardacea 

often covered the bulk of the limestone surface away from the main current, and was especially abundant after 

long periods of moderately low flow. Due to the brown colouration of the

33 


sheath material surrounding the trichomes of this alga, Slapestone Sike as a whole appeared a reddish brown 

colour. 

In late summer the nearly pure stand of this alga in some drier parts of the stream occasionally 

appeared almost scarlet in mass rather than brown. It seems probable that the abundance of this alga in Red Sike, 

one of the neighbouring streams to Slapestone Sike is largely responsible for the name of this stream, with the 

brown Rivularia colonies and possibly, also some other features playing a minor role. 

Dark blackish areas frequent on the drier parts of the limestone were due either to Gloeocapsa 

sangea or to a lichen Verrucaria sp. Although it was not always apparent the following change in the vegetation 

often occurred on passing from parts of the stream dominated by Schizothrix lardacea to much drier ones only 

occasionally moistened by flowing water; first Gloeocapsa sanguinea and Schizothrix Iardacea mixed together; 

then Gloeocapsa sanguinea overlying Verrucaria sp., and finally only Verrucaria sp. In summer 1972 when the 

reservoir water level was low, the Gloeocapsa was especially abundant on bare limestone below reservoir high 

water mark, but away from the zone of active erosion. 

Many other species of blue-green algae were recorded from Slapestone Sike, these often being forms equally well 

represented in cornmunities adjacent to the stream, such as among the hummocks of the .moss Gymnostomum 

recurvirostrum Hedw. Rather strangely, one species associated with the main stream, Tolypothrix penicillata 

Thur., was frequent In summer 1969, but apparently quite absent from 1970-1972, in spite of at times being locally 

frequent during the same period in the two adjacent streams, Nameless Sike and Red Sike 

The Conjugales consisted of representatives of the filamentous genera Mougeotia, Zygnema and 

Spirogyra, together with occasional desmids (but never Oocardium stratum Nag.). As none of the filamentous 

forms was ever seen to produce spores either in the field or after return to the laboratory, it was difficult to 

allocate specific names to them. However there were apparently three common species of Mougeotia (c. 6 µm 

wide, c. 10 µm wide, c. 22-26 µm wide), one of Zygnema, and one of Spirogyra. These filamentous forms often 

grew together, and it was not easy to associate anyone species especially with a particular microhabitat. Often they 

formed their most abundant growths along the surface of the cracks in the metamorphosed limestone, and such 

growths appeared to act as inocula for subsequent spread across the limestone faces during the longer periods of 

continuous moderately low flow. 

As indicated in Carter's paper (following this), Cymbella was especially well represented in the stream, and 

macroscopically visible diatom growths were nearly always due to species belonging to this genus. It was 

noteworthy during spring and summer 1971 that colonisation of a limestone surface freshly exposed during the 

previous winter was almost entirely by Cymbella spp., and not by the blue-green algae. 

Two other species of algae in the main stream will be mentioned briefly. Hormidium subtile (Kutz.) 

Heering was the only other filamentous green alga at all abundant. Chara vulgaris L. was locally abundant in the 

silted lower reach of the stream, now drowned, while a very few plants occurred over silt in the upper reaches of 

the stream during, each of the three summers under study.


34 

Table II. Some characteristic organisms of Slapestone Sike (A) and three of its tributaries (B, C, D; see text). 

Values indicated are a subjective estimate of their relative abundance averaged over the three years: va, very 

abundant; a, abundant; f, frequent; o occasional; r, rare; -, absent. 

A B C D 

Batrachospermum sp, r a - - 

red algal chantransia o o f f 

Gloeocapsa sanguinea r a r 

Gongrosira debaryana r o f a 

Hormidium subtile f f r a 

Meridian circulare o o o a 

Mougeotia sp. c. 10 µm f f o o 

Mougeotia sp, c. 10 µm f o o o 

Mougeotia sp. c. 22-26 µm a o o f 

Rivularia biasolettiana a r r r 

Schizothrix lardacea va r r f 

Verrucaria sp. (? spp.) f o a a 

All three tributaries mentioned earlier had a vegetation obviously differing both from the main 

stream and from each other. Details of these are summarised very briefly in Table II. 

It is also worth noting that some algae which are widespread in other streams in North-East 

England were either quite absent or relatively very uncommon in Slapestone Sike. For instance, Ulothrix zonata 

(Weber & Mohr) Kϋtz . which is common in nearly all the other fast-flowing streams in the region, was never 

once recorded for Slapestone Sike or any of the other streams associated with the metamorphosed limestone. 

Nevertheless this species grew well on matured rocks of this limestone when incubated in an artificial stream near 

Durham. Only a few cells of the diatom Ceratoneis arcus Kϋtz, were ever found from this stream, although it was 

generally frequent in most other upland streams studied, including those which were moderately calcareous. 

DISCUSSION 

Of the algae listed in Table II, surveys at other British sites have indicated that none are restricted 

to the Upper Teesdale metamorphosed limestone. However, an account of the diatoms from Slapestone Sike by J. 

R. Carter (see next paper) does raise the possibility that several of these may prove to be characteristic of this 

limestone. 

Where, or not any algal species are eventually shown to be restricted to this region, it does appear 

that the algal vegetation associated with the metamorphosed limestone is unusual and represented elsewhere in 

Britain at relatively few sites. All of these are highly calcareous, and most but not all of them are upland. The 

predominance of Rivularia and other blue-green algae, filamentous Conjugales and Cymbella spp. are 

characteristic features of these sites. Of the species listed in Table II, three would appear to be restricted to them: 

Gongrosira debaryana, Rivularia biasolettiana and Schizothrix lardacea. Gongrosira debaryana grows partly 

endolithically, and is restricted entirely to limestone surfaces, but the other two species appear relatively 

indifferent to their actual substrate The calcareous springs of Orton Moor near Sunbiggin Tarn, some 25 

kilometres S.W. of Widdybank Fell, and whose flowering plant vegetation was described by Holdgate (1955), 

provide a local but restricted example of another site with a rather similar algal vegetation. 

There are various indications (to be reported elsewhere) that this particular algal vegetation, with 

its prominent growths of Rivularia and other features, is probably limited not only to highly calcareous sites, but 

also to ones almost entirely free of any nutrient enrichment from fertilizers or organic waste. It seems probable 

that it may once have been rather more widespread, and at least possible that it may in fact have been much more 

widespread, It might for instance

35 


have been represented in the occasional unshaded reaches of the chalk streams of south-east England, where now 

it is almost certainly absent. Whether or not this was so its present distribution in Britain is decidedly restricted, 

and the streams in Upper Teesdale still form one of the best examples of its development. Although the algae 

cannot claim the glamour or quite the rarity of flowering plants like Gentiana verna. It is nevertheless hoped that 

the remaining streams will be preserved for all time in something like their present form. While the aIgal 

vegetation is unlikely to suffer much from collecting, trampling or any small climatic changes associated with the 

reservoir, it might well suffer greatly from any change in land usage, such as any addition of fertilizers. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

The authors are most. grateful to. the following for helpful discussion: Dr. S. Golubic, Dr. E. Kann, Miss S. M. 

Kirkby, Mr. T. Buffey. M.K.H. was supported by a grant allocated by the Teesdale Trust and financed by Imperial 

Chemical Industries Ltd. 

REFERENCES 

Bradshaw, M. E. B., and Clark, W. A. (1965): 1 Flora and vegetation. In: Valentine, D. H. (Ed.) The Natural 

History of Upper Teesdale, Pp, 23-42. Northumberland & Durham Naturalists' Trust Limited. 70pp. 

Geitler, L. (1932): Cyanophyceae. L. Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen Flora XIV. Leipzig. 

Holdgate, M. W. (1955): The vegetation of some springs and wet flushes on Tarn Moor, near Orton, 

Westmorland. J. Ecol. 43; 80-89. 

Holmes, T. N. H., Lloyd, E. J. H. Potts, M., and Whitton, B. A. (1972): Plants of the River Tyne. The Vasculum 

Vol. LVlI: 56-78. 

Johnson, G. A. L., Robinson, D., and Hornung, M. (1971): Unique bedrock and soils associated with the Teesdale 

flora. Nature, Lond. 232: 453-456. 

Pigott, C. D. (1956): The vegetation of Upper Teesdale in the North Pennines. J. Ecol. 44; 545-586. 

Whitton, B. A. (1970): Toxicity of heavy metals of freshwater algae: A review. Phykos 9: 116-125. 

THE DIATOMS OF SLAPESTONE SIKE, UPPER TEESDALE. 

J. R. CARTER 

Elm Bank, Denholm, Hawick 

The diatoms examined in this contribution were all collected by Mr. A. Peabody and Dr. B. A. 

Whitton, one collection being made on 19th April, 1970 and the other on 6th August, 1970. A complete analysis 

has shown little if any significant distinction between the two gatherings, the species present being identical in the 

main stream and any rather unusual forms being confined to small tributaries and flushes 

The samples contain 108 identified species, and two or three which are either quite new or perhaps 

inadequately described in the literature. These latter forms have, of necessity been omitted from discussion here 

and will receive attention later. Taken from between forty and fifty stations from the headwaters of the Cow Green 

reservoir, all kinds of habitats have been sampled and the results show some containing as many as 50 different 

forms whilst one, a peaty drain, was completely devoid of diatoms. As one would expect the richest hauls came 

from amongst mosses, Rivularia colonies, algal beds and from some of the adjacent vegetation like liverworts. All 

these dwellers in the stream tend to act as filters to catch the diatoms and one cannot be sure that to find a form in 

such

36 


a location has much ecological importance, for it may be merely a fortuitous catch washed down from its true 

home. 

Many samples were mixtures and in these cases it seems nearly impossible to assign dominant 

species to each sample, but perhaps Table I will be of interest and some use. I have indicated, where I know it, 

the optimum pH value associated with the form (many of these from Cholnoky), but it must be emphasised that 

there is not sufficient evidence that the conditions governing pH necessarily govern diatom growth, rmany other 

factors are relevant. 

Comment must be made on the preponderance of the Cymbella species. These are stalked and 

epiphytic for the most part and often exist in great masses attached to stones in fast flowing clean streams as well 

as to aquatic vegetation. However, it must surely be something unusual to find seventeen or eighteen species in 

one small stream. One of these diatoms, Cymbella lapponica Grunow is apparently a new record for Britain. It 

was found originally in North Iceland and subsequently in Scandinavia and may have some significance in this 

area. Another diatom which seems to be a first British record is Nilzschia bryophila Hustedt, a single specimen of 

this form being from a Rivularia colony. This diatom has been noted from the Faroes and, more recently, from the 

Swiss Alps. The presence of Navicula stromii Hustedt is perhaps worth noting, for this diatom makes its first 

appearance here and is a member of the arctic and alpine flora. 

A general survey of this collection points to an association of forms more or less normal for a 

slightly alkaline habitat. It must be assumed that the rather infrequent presence of diatoms usually attributed to a 

more acid environment is due to the flushing into the stream of species from the nearby peat where the pH values 

can sometimes reach 6.0. This could account for the presence of plants in the genus Eunotia where optimum 

growth is in the region of pH 5.5 to 6.0 and the same observation is valid for the members of the genus Neidium 

with the reservation that the optimum conditions of growth for N. alpinum Hustedt are not clearly defined. 

Table I 

The following species have been identified; a note is added of what is known of the pH 

characteristics of the species from other sites. 

Achnanthes 

affinis Grunow. pH 6.0. 

flexella (Kützing) Brun. pH 6.0. 

flexella var. alpestris Brun. pH 6.0. 

kryophila Petersen. One specimen only from a stone scraping now covered by the reservoir. pH 

7.0. 

lapponica Rustedt. 

linearis (Wm. Smith) Grunow. Never plentiful and always the form named by some as the variety 

Pusilla Grunow, pH 6.5. 

microcephela (Kützing) Grunow. pH 6.6. 

minutissima Kützing, pH 7.5. 

pseudoswazi Carter. 

sublaevis Hustedt. Found only in one place growing with Hormidium, Originally found in the 

Faroes and subsequently by me in eight locations in Scotland where it was not rare in Loch Tay 

some years ago. The details of its ecology are imperfectly known. 

Amphora 

normanii Rabenhorst. pH 8.5. Not common in moss squeezings and amongst aquatic vegetation. 

ovalis Kützing, pH 8 plus. 

Amphipleura pellucida Kützing. pH 7.3. A few cells only trapped in a Ulothrix mat.

37 


Anomoeoneis 

exilis (Kützing) Cleve. pH 6 to 7. 

serians var brachysira (Brébisson) Cleve. 

zellensis (Grunow) Cleve. An alpine form quite common in several samples here. 

Caloneis 

alpestris (Grunow) Cleve. 

bacillaris Gregory. pH 8. 

backmanii A. Cleve, in sensu Cleve 1955. 

silicula (Ehrenberg) Cleve. pH 8. 

Cocconeis placentula Ehrenberg. 

Cymbella 

angustata (Wm. Smith) Cleve. 

cesatii (Rabenhorst) Grunow. pH 6 to 7. 

delicatula Kützing. pH 7. 

helvetlca Kützing. pH 6. 

hybrida Grunow. pH 7. 

laevis Naegeli. pH 6 to 7. 

lapponica Grunow. 

microcephala Grunow. 

naviculiformis Auerswald. pH 8. 

obtuse Grcgory. pH 8. 

parva (Wm. Smith) Cleve. 

perpusilla A. Cleve. It is not easy to separate this form from C. bipartita Mayer. It is probable that 

both forms are present. 

rupicola Grunow. 

similis Krasskc. I record this with some hesitation as it does not seem to be well known. There is 

confusion with C. hybridiformis Hustedt and other closely related species. 

sinuata Grcgory. pH 8. 

tumidula Grunow. pH 7 to 8. 

turgidula Grunow. pH 7.5 to 8. 

Denticula tennis Kützing. 

Diploneis 

minut., Peterscn. An arctic form which has been recorded from Britain usually in association with 

D. peterseni Hustedt. 

oculata (Brébisson) Cleve. 

ovalis (Hilse) Cleve. 

Eunotia 

arcus Ehrenberg. pH 6. 

arcus var. fallax Hustedt. 

exigua (Brébisson) Rabenhorst. pH, 5.2. 

gracilis (Ehrenberg) Rabenhorst. 

lunaris (Ehrenberg) Grunow. pH 5.5-6. 

pectinalis (Kützing) Rabenhorst. pH 6.5. 

tenella (Grunow) Hustedt. pH 5.5-6. 

Fragilaria 

capucina Desrnaziéres. pH 7-8. 

construens (Ehrenberg) Grunow. pH 8. 

intermedia Grunow. pH about 8. 

leptostauron (Ehrenberg) Hustedt. pH about 8. 

pinnata Ehrenberg. pH about 8. 

Frustulia 

vulgaris (Thwaites) de Toni. pH 7.5-8. 

species? This form is apparently undescribed but needs further critical investigation. See fig. 28, 

Plate I 

Gomphonema 

angustata (Kützing) Rabenhorst. pR 7-8.

38 


intricatum Kützing, pH 7-8. 

pumila Grunow. This diatom is quite common in most gatherings. It has often been included as a 

variety of intricatum but appears to me to be sufficiently different to be distinct. 

olivaceoides Hustedt. 

Hantzschia amphioxys (Ehrenberg) Grunow. 

Meridion circulare Agardh. 

Navicula 

bacillum. Ehrenberg. 

bryophila Petersen. pH 6. 

cari Ehr. var. angusta Grunow. 

contenta Grunow. 

caterva Holm and Hellerman. I have some reservations in including this form as I have seen so few 

specimens. 

cryptocephala Kützing. pH 8. 

disjuncta Hustedt. pH 7. Very common and never absolutuely typical. 

gregaria Donkin. pH 8. 

lucidula Grunow. A little known form and this perhaps the first record in Britain. It is unfortunate 

that it is so rare here. 

miniscula Grunow. 

modica Hustedt. 

pelliculosa (Brébisson) Hilse. pH 8. 

pupula Kützing. pH 8. 

radiosa Kützing. pH 7.5. 

stromii Hustedt. 

subatomoides Hustedt. 

subhamulata Grunow. pH 6.5. 

submuralis Hustedt. 

subtilissima Cleve. pH 5.6. 

tenella (Brébisson) Cleve. 

tenelloides Hustedt. 

Neidiurn 

affine (Ehrenberg) Cleve. 

alpinurri Hustedt. 

dubium (Ehrenberg) Cleve. 

bisulcatum (Lagerstedt) Cleve. pH 5-6. 

iridis (Ehrenberg) Cleve. pH 6. 

As in Eunotia these are all acid-loving species and appear but rarely. 

Nitzschia 

angustata (Wm. Smith) Grunow. pH 8.5. 

bryophila Hustedt. 

frustulum (Kützing) Grunow. pH 7. 

hantzschiana Rabenhorst. pH around 7. 

linearis (Agardh) Wm. Smith. pH 7-8. 

microcephala Grunow. pH 7.5-8.5. 

palea (Kützing). Wm. Smith. pH from 4.3 to 8. according to Cholnoky. 

sigmoidea (Ehrenberg) Wm. Smith. pH 8.5. 

Pinnularia 

appendiculata (Agardh) Cleve. pH about 8 is quoted by Cholnoky but this is generally much 

higher than my own observations. 

cleveana Ross. For sufficient reasons Ross has given this name to the form previously known to 

most workers as P. undulata Gregory. 

commutata Grunow. I do not consider this diatom to be a variety of P. viridis from which it differs 

by reason of raphe complexity. gracillima Gregory. 

leptosoma Grunow. 

viridis (Nitzsch) Ehrenberg. 

Rhopalodia 

gibberula (Ehrenberg) O. Muller.


39 

parallela (Grunow) O. Mulier. 

Stauroneis 

phoenicenteron (Nitzch) Ehrenberg 

prominula (Grunow) Hustedt. Occuring in a moss squeezing in one place onIy now submerged. pH 

7-7.3. 

smithii Grunow. pH 8. 

Surirella 

birostrata Hustedt. 

helvetica (Brun.) Meister. Occurs but rarely and seems to me to be sufficiently unique to stand 

alone and not be Included as a variey of S. linearis Wm. Smith. 

linearis var. constricta (Ehrenberg) Grunow. pH 6. 

ovata Kützing. 

Synedra 

amphicephala . Kützing. 

rumpens Kützing. 

ulna (Nitzsch) Ehrenberg. pH 7-8. 

Table II 

Location of "Dominant Species" 

Achnanthes microcephala ABB 

Achnanthes minutissima BC 

Anomoeoneis zellensis EF 

Cymbella cesatii AB 

Cymbella delicatula AAAABDDHHH 

Cymbella tumidula G 

Cymbella parva BBGH 

Fragilaria capucina B 

Meridion circulare BBBBD 

Pinnularia commutata F 

A On or in Rivularia colonies. 

B On other algae. 

C On liverworts. 

D On moss on rock. 

E Dry flush over turf. 

F Wet flush over turf. 

G Cold water spring. 

H Normal stream. 

Plate 1. 

Fig. 1,2, Achnantlies lapponica, 3, 4, A. pseudoswazi, 5, 6, 7,8, A. minutissima. 9, 10, A. microephala, 11, 

Fragllaria intermedia. 12, 13, A. sublaevis. 14, 15, A. microcephala, 16, 17, A. affinis. 18, 19, Amphora normanii, 

20, 21, Anomoeoneis zellensis. 22, Caloneis bacillaris, 23, C. backmanii. 24, 25, Eunotia arcus. 26, E. tenella, 27, 

Denticula tenuis, 28, Frustula sp. ? 29, 30, Diploneis minuta. 31, Anomoeoneis exilis. 32, Gomphonema 

intricatum, 33, G. olivaceoides, 34, G. pumila. 35, G. intricatum, 36, G. angustata. 37, 38, Cymbella cesatii. 39, 

C. angustata? 40, 41, C. delicatula. 42, 43, C. similis? 44, C. microcephala. 45, C. sinuata. 

Plate 2. 

Fig. 1, Cymbella lapponica, 2, C. naviculiformis, 3, C. parva. 4, C. obtusa. 5, 6, C. laevis. 7, C. tumidula. 8, 9, 

C. perpusilla. 10, C. bipartita, 11, Synedra amphicephala: 12, CymbelIa rupicola. 13,14, 15, Cymbella sp.? 16, 

Meridion ,circulare. 17,Navicula pupula var. rectangularis, 18, Fragilaria capucina 19, Navicula submuralis. 20, 

N. subatomoides. 21, N. bryophila. 22, N. stromii 23, N. caterva. 24 N. cryptocephala, var. 25, Nitzschia 

bryophila, 26,. N. angustata 27, 28, Nitzschia sp.? 29, Surirella helvetica. 30, Achnanthes flexella. 31, Pinnularia 

leptosoma. 32, P. commutata. 33, P. cleveana. 34, Stauroneis prominua, 35, S. smithii.


40


41


THE ECOLOGY OF TARN DUB 

J. C. PETERS, 

Water Resources Board, Research Division, Reading, Berkshire 

42 

Introduction 

Tarn Dub is a freshwater pond situated within the Upper Teesdale National Nature Reserve at an altitude of 1,370 

ft. at the foot of the Whin Sill cliff out- cropping on the northern side of Cronkley Fell on the North 

Yorks/Durham border. (Ordnance Survey Reference NY 853287). 

The Tarn owes its existence to the damming of drainage water from the fell by a lateral moraine of 

boulder clay running from north-east to south-west along the base of the cliff - Tarn Rigg. Apparently drainage 

into the Tarn from a temporary stream at the north-eastern end is insufficient to maintain its volume throughout 

the year and large oscillations in water depth occur. The maximum depth in winter nears 6 feet when the Tarn 

reaches a length of approximately 380 yards and a maximum width of approximately 100 yards. In a dry summer 

the only areas not to dry out entirely are two pools of approximately 8 inches in depth and 5 feet in diameter at the 

south-eastern end of the central area, and the extreme south-eastern arm. (See contour map Figure 1). Since the 

time when this study was made the tarn dried out entirely in August 1971. 

Soil 

The soil of the Tarn shore is some 18-20 inches deep and consists of an upper half inch of light 

friable humus underlain by an A1 horizon of 4 inches of humus enriched brown earth. This covers an A2 layer of 

3 inches of earth with a reasonable crumb structure giving way to a twelve inch deep B horizon of gleyed boulder 

clay containing spots of iron. The bedrock appears to be dolerite. Within the body of the Tarn the B 

horizon occurs within 3 inches of the surface, there being a reduced A horizon and the whole is overlain by three 

inches of fine black silt formed from plant detritus. 

Vegetation 

The vegetation of the surrounding moorland is of the "Atlantic" type, the dominant species being Calluna 

vulgaris, Erica tetralix, Eriophorum vaginaturn, Juncus squarrosus, Festuca rubra, Festuca ovina, Agrostis 

tenuis, Nardus stricta, Galium saxatile, Potenitilla erecta, Carex flacca and Carex panicea. This vegetation 

blends into that of the Tarn itself. At the north-western end of the Tarn which is only flooded in Autumn and 

Spring the dominant species are Juncus conglomeratus, Nardus stricta, Agrostis tenuis, Festuca ovina, Carex 

flacca, Carex nigra, Carex panicea, Potentilla erecta. and Galium saxatile. In the deeper pockets in the western 

arm and in the central area these species are joined by Littorella uniflora, Ranunculus flammula and 

Ranunculus repens. On the shore of the central area only Oenanthe fistulosa dominates the community. 

The two perennially water filled pools in the central part of the Tarn contain Fontinalis antipyretica 

and a Nitella sp.. These pools are surrounded by a zone covered in Glyceria fluitans which marks the extent of 

that Dart rarely dried out entirely. 

The south-eastern arm of the Tarn is isolated from the central area by a rock covered spit. The 

bottom of this perennially water-covered part of the tarn is flat and dominated by a mat of Glyceria fiuitans 

containing some Potamogeton polygonifolius and a clump of Eleocharis palustris. This deeper part is edged by a 

zone of Ranunculus aquatilis, Ranunculus flammula, Littorella uniflora and Galium saxatile interspersed with 

clumps of Juncus conglomeratus on the southern shore. Virtually no Sphagnum sp. occurs within the margin of 

the Tarn. The Tarn drains to the south-east at times of high water and Sphagnum palustre, Sphagnum 

subsecundum, Sphagnum papillosum and Sphagnum cuspidatum cover this flushed zone.


43


44 

Water Quality 

During the summer months the shallow nature of the Tarn, the abundance of vegetation and the firm flat substrate 

attracts large numbers of grazing sheep into the water. The nutrient enrichment of the water from their faeces is 

reflected in the water analysis in the summer when sodium, potassium and sulphate/nitrate concentrations rise. 

(See Table 1). 

The calcium concentration oscillates greatly from levels comparable to that of a bog pool, January analyses being 

2.2 mg/litre of calcium to a maximum concentration of 13.3 mg/litre in May after continuous rainfall, when 

drainage water from the saccharoidal limestone on top of Cronkley Fell runs into the Tarn from the intermittent 

inflow stream at the north-western end. 

TABLE I in mg/litre 

Ca Na K Mg NO,,+SO, pH 

January 2.2 0.9 0.3 0.3 4.8 6.7 

April 6.1 2.5 1.7 0.5 4.8 6.72 

May 13.3 2.6 2.3 0.2 6.7 6.65 

June 9.1 3.0 1.6 0.8 9.98 6.81 

July 3.8 2.6 0.9 0.6 5.7 6.7 

August 5.2 2.9 1.0 0.6 9.6 6.65 

Septernber 2.4 1.9 0.2 0.3 7.67 6.75 

October 9.1 2.1 0.7 0.5 6.4 6.95 

November 1.8 0.8 0.4 0.3 5.7 6.78 

TEMPERATURE AND OXYGEN CONCENTRATION 

Summer water temperatures have reached a maximum of 26°C in mid July with diurnal oscillations 

often in the range of 8-12°C. At midday in such a season with a maximum water depth of 9 inches and a water 

temperature of 19°C, the oxygen concentration was 1ppm at the mud surface to 11.5 pprn at the water surface. 

FAUNA 

Vertebrates 

The islands that form in the large central pool of the Tarn between April and June support a small nesting colony 

of black-headed gulls. The number has varied from 3 to 6 nesting pairs. One pair of Redshank and one pair of Teal 

have nested toward the south-eastern end throughout each year of the study. In 1968, and 1969 young Teal were 

successfully bred on the Tarn. 

In Spring and Autumn a heron is a regular visitor to the Tarn. These visits coincide with the spring 

frog spawning and the Autumn appearance of large numbers of young common newts. 

The Tarn contains no fish which is to be expected considering the violent fluctuations in water level. 

INVERTEBRATES 

Sampling Method 

The invertebrate fauna of the tarn was sampled quantitatively at monthly intervals for the three year period 1965- 

1967 by means of timed collections with a standard Freshwater Biological Association pond net of 40 mesh/inch. 

General qualitative sampling in the summer of 1964 had indicated that although certain species 

were present in dense populations others were scare but regularly present. In order to avoid the inaccuracies of 

sampling species aggregations, or of failing to sample them on a numbers per unit area basis and because the tarn 

bottom was covered by such a dense mat of vegetation making core sampling or quadrat sampling difficult, a 

timed sampling technique was chosen similar to that used by Macan and Mann. This timed sampling consisted of 

two ten minute searches with a pond net along each of two parallel 30 yard transects in the south-eastern arm of 

the tarn. In order that the efficiency of the pond net

45 


collection should not decrease as it became filled by the material collected, the samples were emptied into a dish 

after a five minute period before continuing a second five minute sample from the point reached previously on the 

transect. The two ten minute samples were returned to the laboratory for sorting. Genera were seperated and 

preserved and counts made of the species present to give an indication of monthly changes in population density. 

General net searching was continued In other parts of the tarn to ascertain whether any species 

were being missed from the transects. This general qualitative sampling continued throughout 1968 and 1969 after 

quantitative sampling had been discontinued. 

Absent elements of the invertebrate fauna 

Throughout the six year period of study, 3 years of which involve monthly sampling no representatives of the 

following families or genera were collected: 

a. Asellus sp.-the absence is expected on the basis of T. B. Reynoldson's 1961 paper in that the tarn is 

at too high an altitude and with too low a calcium content, falling outside his "Asellus" lake type. 

b. Turbellaria - Reynoldson (1958) places water bodies with a calcium concentration of below 6 ppm 

at this altitude in the category of waters not colonised by flatworms except for Phagocatta vita 

which normally occurs in tarns with Sphagnum sp. in the watershed. Although a very little 

Sphagnum sp, is present in the watershed there is none present within the body of the tarn; this 

coupled with the very variable water depths and water chemistry probably explains the absence of 

this group. 

c. Zygoptera - the absence of this family is hard to explain in view of there being two species of 

Anisoptera present. Davies (1969) demonstrated that some Zygoptera are major predators on 

Turbellaria, whether this absence is linked is speculative but interesting. Macan (1963) in his 

species list for Hudson's Tarn demonstrates the presence of Zygoptera in the absence of Tricladida. 

Species that have occurred on very rare occasions in the tarn are: 

a. Centroptilurn luteolum - one nymph of this species was collected in 1967, otherwise there has 

been no record of any Ephemeropterans in the Tarn. The rarity of this group can possibly be 

explained by the partial drying up of the Tarn, the organic pollution and high summer temperatures 

all of which are known to have a depressive effect on Epherneropteran faunas. Macan (1963). 

b. Lirnnaea stagnalis - one specimen was collected from the Nitella sp . in the small permanent pool in 

the central area. The water chemistry of the Tarn and its impermanent nature makes this occurrence 

of a calciphile mollusc most unusual. 

c. Garmmarus pulex - again only one specimen of this species occurred In the six years of sampling. 

The occurrence of this species and of (a) and (b) above indicates that although species immigrate to 

the tarn at regular intervals they are not establishing themselves. 

Dominant invertebrates and the significance of their presence in the Tarn 

Family Corixidae 

Of the eleven species present in the tarn, five predominate. Callicorixa wollastoni - a strong flying species that is 

normally only present in water bodies above 1,500 ft. - is dominant throughout the year. Its presence in large 

numbers at a lower altitude here may be accounted for by the eastern position of the tarn in the country. Macan 

(1954) suggests that Sigara nigrolineata normally occurs in larger numbers than Callicorixa wollastoni in small 

water bodies but in this instance Sigara nigrolineata is scarce in the tarn. The next most abundant species with 

Callicorixa praeusta which Macan (1954b) associates with slightly larger lakes with some organic pollution. In 

smaller water bodies Corixa punctata is normally associated with such organic enrichment, but here Corixa 

punctata is common

46 


but never reaches the density of Callicorixa praeusta. The most common species following Callicorixa praeusta 

and in larger numbers than Corixa punctata is Hesperocorixa sahlbergi which is usually found in leaf filled pools 

or areas of stagnent fen with high rates of organic decomposition relative to the rate of inorganic deposition. 

Macan (1954a). In the autumn the population of Sigara distincta becomes as dense as Hesperocorixa sahtbergi. 

According to Macan (1967) Sigara distincta tends to replace Sigara dorsalis as organic matter accumulates 

particularly in soft waters. In the case of the tarn Sigara dorsalis is rare, one specimen only having been obtained 

on seven different occasions. Of the other rarely occurring species Hesperocorixa castanea and Sigara scotii are 

representatives of high organic contents in more unproductive acid waters. Additional rare occurrences are 

Arctocorisa germari and Sigara concinna. 

The Corixid occurrences would therefore tend to indicate a highly productive, soft water, at high 

altitude, middle sized, organically polluted lake of unstable condition. 

Throughout the sampling period it was found that Corixid nymphs occurring in the tarn were 

heavily parasitised by the nemotode worm Mermis sp.. 

Plecoptcra 

The only stone fly species present is Nemoura cinerea. Small nymphs appear in October and 

growth continues until the hatch of adults begins in April which lasts until mid-May. Thereafter the species is 

absent except as a resting stage - presumably a summer diapausing egg. Such a winter life cycle adapts this 

species well to impermanent water bodies. 

Odonata 

The two species of Aeshna to occur in the tarn are indicative of two habitats, in the case of Aeshna juncea this 

species occurs in rich fen areas whilst Aeshna grandis being a very strong flyer is often the only species to occur 

in outlying bog pools. 

Coleoptera 

The author made a particular study of those species of the Genus Agabus occuring in the tarn. In order to discover 

whether these closely related species were likely to be competing for food. and space, an analysis was made of 

their life cycles and temperature requirements for growth. 

The dominant species were Agabus bipustulatus, and Agabus labiatus. The former species is a strong flyer and 

common in all types of standing water habitat. It was found to continue egg and larval development at 

temperatures as low as 1°C and to have an overwintering 3rd instar larval diapause with growth restricted by short 

daylengths (photoperiod) which overode temperatures as high as 25°C. Agabus labiatus overwintered as an adult, 

the larvae only appearing in the tarn from May to August. These larvae differed from the other Agabines present 

in having swimming hairs on the legs and they could be seen capturing Cladocera for food. Egg deposition by the 

adults only took place under reduced temperatures and daylengths. This species is of particular interest in having 

only a local but wide distribution in such impermanent water bodies as dune slacks near the sea to pools in upland 

Scotland, and yet observations during the present study and those of Miss D. Jackson (1956) indicate that this 

species is entirely flightless. The rapid larval development that has been observed in spring must therefore be 

advantageous in such impermanent waters. 

Agabus congener larvae occur in the tarn in July and August. This species and Agabus arcticus 

have a northern montane distribution in Britain. Agabus congener adults lay diapausing eggs in the late summer. 

These eggs will only develop after a period at low temperatures. This now confirms F. Balfour Browne's 

suspicions that this species like Agabus chalconatus has a diapausing egg stage. Agabus arcticus adults only 

oviposit in the laboratory after a similar treatment to that successful with Agabus labiatus and although no larvae 

of this species have reached successful pupation it is likely that the life history is controlled by adult

47 


diapause. In addition the rate of larval growth with temperature follows an almost identical relationship to that 

shown by Agabus bipustulatus which suggests an overwintering larva. 

Of the remaining two species of Agabus found in the tarn Agabus chalconatus was only identified 

from nine males, no females having been captured; both this species and Agabus sturmii are locally common 

throughout Britain. The larvae of the latter were captured regularly in the tarn and overwintered at much the same 

time as Agabus bipustulatus. Although adults of this species never laid eggs in the laboratory, suggesting either 

adult diapause or the absence of the correct substrate for oviposition, it appears likely that there would be diapause 

in the third larval instar. This species is smaller than Agabus bipustulatus and the larval size ranges do not not 

overlap which in itself will prevent competition for similar sized prey. 

It is interesting to note how the group of closely related species occurring in the same water body 

regulate their life histories differently by spatial separation of larvae between plankton and substrate, in size 

difference, or in the season when present. 

The remaining species include Rhantus bistriatus, described by Galewski (1963) as being the most 

typical representative of the genus occurring in shallow impermanent sedge or grass choked ponds. 

Trichoptera 

All the Limnophilus spp. of caddis occurring in the tarn have long adult flight periods and according to Crichton 

(1971) these species are all likely to exhibit adult diapause in that no oviposition takes place until late in the 

season. In addition P. Hiley (personal communication) states that these species eventually deposit their eggs on 

dry stones below top water level and the larvae begin to develop in the egg mass, but then remain inactive until 

they are covered by the returning water surface. 

Phrygranea grandis, which occurred regularly in the south-east end of the tarn has a flight period from late April 

to early July and not only do adults require to deposit eggs into water but also larvae are found throughout the 

year, according to Bray R. B. (1969). This species is apparently unsuited to life in all but the perennial parts of the 

tarn and is likely to have been eliminated in the catastrophic drying of 1971. 

Hydracarina 

The five species occurring in sorne numbers in the tarn are Arrenurus buccinator, Arrenurus membranator, 

Limnesia koenike, Piona coccinea, and Pionacercus leukarti, According tol C. L. Hopkins (1962) these are all 

species of thick vegetation in small ponds or reedswarnp. In Tarn Dub the first three species occur in all months of 

the year whilst the last two are present from March to September only. 

Hirundinea 

Of the two species of leech present Erpobdella octoculata dominates. Surveys by K. H. Mann (1955) suggest that 

smaller water bodies with calcium contents below 7mg/litre are usually inhabited by a leech population in which 

Erpobdella octoculata dominates Helobdella stagnalis 

Mollusca 

The Gasteropod fauna of the tarn is typical of the soft water "slum" fauna described by Boycott (1936). Limnaea 

truncatula and Planorbis spirorbis being typical of areas that dry up in summer, whilst Limnaea glabra is a 

calcifuge and Planorbis leavis is an inhabitant of soft water areas. 

Summary 

Elements of the fauna, flora and water chemistry of Tarn Dub, an upland pond subjected to periodic drying out, 

are described. The species list for the area

48 


is of the "insect" type expected in an unstable soft water environment but with certain exceptions. These 

differences suggest that organic pollution combined with occasional drainage of calcium enriched water into the 

Tarn increases the production and produces a partial fen fauna. 

Acknowledgements 

This work conducted in the Upper Teesdale National Nature Reserve formed part of a six year study undertaken 

whilst the author was firstly employed by the Nature Conservancy and later on the staff of the Department of 

Zoology at Newcastle University. My thanks are due to many individuals for their assistance Dr. B. A. Whitton 

and Mrs. M. Bradshaw for the list of diatoms and desmids; Dr. D. J. Bellamy for assistance with the macrophytes; 

Dr. G. Forster, the late Professor F. Balfour-Browne, Mr. P. Hiley and Dr. D. T. Crisp for assistance with 

arthropod identification, and not least my wife for long hours of sorting samples. 

REFERENCES 

1. BaIfour-Browne F. (1940) British Water Beetles Volume 1. London: Ray Soc. 

2. Boycott A. E. (1936) "The habitats of fresh-water Mollusca in Britain." J. Anim. Ecol. 5, 116-186. 

3. Bray R. B. (1969) "The life cycle and growth of some British Phryganaeidae (Trichoptera)" Ent. 

Month. Mag. 105, 75-84. 

4. Crichton M. I. (1971) "A study of caddis flies (Trichoptera) of the family Limnophilidae based on 

the Rotharnsted Insect Survey, 1964-1968." J. Zool. Lond. 163, 533-563. 

5. Davies R. W. and Reynoldson T. B. (1969) "The incidence and intensity of predation on lake 

dwelling triclads in the laboratory." Ecology 50, No. 5. 

6. Galewskii K. (1963) "Immature stages of the Central European species of Rhantus Dejean 

(Coleoptera , Dytiscidae)." Pol. Pisrno. Ent. 33 No. 1. 

7. Hopkins C. L. (1962) "Distribution of Hydracarina in the vicinity of Flatford Mill, East Suffolk." 

Field Studies 1 No. 4, 553-73. 

8. Macan T. T. (1963) "Freshwater Ecology" Longrnans. 

9. Macan T. T. (l954a) “A contribution to the study of the ecology of Corixidae (Hemipt)." J. Anim. 

Ecol 23, 115-141. 

10. Macan T. T. (1954b) "Littoral fauna and lake types." Verh. int, Ver. Limnol, 12, 608-612. 

11. Macan T. T. (1967) "The Corixidae of two Shropshire Meres." Field Studies 2, No. 4, 533-545. 

12. Mann K. H. (1955b) "Some factors influencing the distribution of freshwater leeches in Britain." 

Verh. Int. Ver. Limnol. 12, 582-587. 

13. Reynoldson T. B. (1958c) "Triclads and lake Typology in Northern Britain - qualitative aspects." 

Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 13, 320-330. 

14. Reynoldson T. B. (1961a) "Observations on the occurrence of Asellus (Isopoda, Crustacea) in 

some lakes of Northern Britain." Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 14, 988-994. 

APPENDlX 1 

Species List for Tarn Dub 

Coelenterata Hydra oligactus 

Nematoda Mermls sp. 

Annelida Oligochaeta 

Hirudinea 

Dero sp. 

Lumbriculus variegatus 

Nais sp . 

Erpobdella octoculata (L) . 

Helobdella stagnalis (L).

49 


Mollusca Gastropoda Limnaea glabra (Müll). 

Limnaea stagnalis (Linn). 

Limnaea truncatula (Müll). 

Planorbis laevis (ALDER). 

Planorbis spirorbis (Linn). 

Larnellibranchiata Pisidium sp. 

Sphaerium sp. 

Arthropoda Crustacea Ostracoda sp. 

Amphipoda Gammarus pulex (Linn). 

Cladocera Simocaphulus vettulus (0. F. 

Müller). 

Bosmina sp. 

Insecta 

Ephemeroptera Centroptilum luteolum (Müll). 

Odonata Aeshna grandis (L). 

Aeshna juncea (L). 

Nemoura cinerea (Retz). 

Limnophilus vittatus (For). 

Limnophilus centralis (Curt). 

Plecoptera 

Trichoptera 

Limnophilus luridus; Curt 

Limnophilus luridus (Curt). 

Limnnophilus sparsus Curt 

Phryganea grandis (Linn), 

Oligotricha sp. 

Hemiptera 

Callicorixa wollastoni (D. & S.) 

Callicorixa praeusta (Fieb). 

Corix punctata (Illig). 

Sigaraa distincta (Fieb). 

Sigara nigrolineata (Fieb). 

Sigara dorsalis Leach 

Hesperocorixa sahlbergi (Fieb). 

Hesperocorixa castanea 

(Thorns). 

Sigara scotti (D. & S.) 

Arctocorisa germari (Fieb). 

Sigura concinna (Fieb). 

Anacaena globulus (Payk). 

Coleoptera 

Hydradephaga Agabus congener (Payk). 

Agabus articus (Thorns). 

Agabus bipustulatus (L.) 

Agabus chalconatus (Panz). 

Agabus labiatus (Br). 

Agabus sturmii (Gyll).


Dytiscus marginalis (L). 

Gyrinus natator Limme. 

Hydroporus umbrosus (Gyll). 

Hydroporus gylenhallii 

Hydroporus palustris (L). 

Hydroporus pubescens Gyll. 

Hydroporus obscurus Strm. 

Haliplus ruficollis Deg. 

Haliplus fulvus F. 

Helophorus brevipaipus 

Helophorus aequalis Thorns. 

Helophorus minutus F. 

Helophorus walker 

Helophorus minutus F 

Limnebius truncatellus Thunb. 

Oreodytes rivalis Gyll. 

Rhantus bistriatus Berg. 

Diptera Chironomidae sp, 

Phalocrocera replicata L. 

Chaoborus sp. 

Hymenoptera Polynema sp. 

Arachnida 

Hydracarina Arrenurus buccinator (Mull). 

Arrenurus membranator (Thor). 

Limnesia koenikei Piers 

Limnesia undulata (Mull). 

Lebertia porosa Thor 

Oxus plantaris 

Piona coccinea (Koch). 

Pionopsis lutescens (Herm) 

Pionacercus leukartii (Piers). 

APPENDIX 2 

A list of diatoms and desmids identified by Mrs. M. Bradshaw and Dr. B. Whitton 

Diatoms: Nirzchia palea Synedra ovata 

Navicula avenacea Synedra ulna 

Achnanthes lanceolata Navicula cryptocephala Synedra vaucheriae 

Amphora ovalis Navicula subminiscula Tabellaria flocculosa 

Ceratoneis arcus Pinnularia borealis 

Cocconeis placentula Pinnularia divergentissim Desmids: 

Cymbella ventricosa Pinnularia globiceps 

Diatoma vulgare var. krookei Closterium sp. 

Eunotia diodon Pinnularia viridis Cosmarium sp. 

Gomphonema olivaceum Rhiocosphenia curvata Spondylosium spp. 

Gomphonema parvulum Stauroneis anceps Ophiocytium majus 

Meridion circulare 

50


PLEUROCLADIA LACUSTRIS A. BRAUN (PHAEOPHYTA) _ A NEW BRITISH RECORD. 

S. M. KIRKBY 1 , D. J. HIBBERD 2 and B. A. WHITTON 1 . 

1 Department of Botany, University of Durham, Durham City. 

2 Culture Centre of Algae and Protozoa, 36, Storey's Way, Cambridge, CB3 0DT. 

51 

The great majority of species of brown algae are found either in marine or brackish habitats. 

Nevertheless, there are a few freshwater forms, and In view of their apparent rarity, these have always been of 

considerable interest to algologists. The present note describes what we believe to be the first record of 

Pleurocladia lacustris A. Braun in Britain. 

Bourrelly's (1968) flora lists four genera of brown algae represented in freshwaters: Bodanella, 

Pleurocladia, Heribaudiella, Lithoderma. Among these the forms included by various authors under either 

Heribaudiella or Lithoderma are certainly very similar, if not identical. (see Harnel, 1931-9). Bodanella is 

monospecific (Bourrelly, 1968), while the various forms of Pleurocladia have also sometimes been regarded as a 

single species (Wilce,1966). The known species of freshwater brown algae therefore fall into three distinct groups, 

including very few (possibly only three) species. In Britain, Lithoderma fluviatile Aresch. (= Heribaudiella 

(Aresch.) Svedelius) has been recorded from several rivers in North Devon (Fritsch, 1929), but there are 

apparently no records for either Bodanella or, prior to this, for Pleurocladia, 

HABITAT 

Description of site 

The alga was found (by S. M. K.) in the larger of the two main ponds at Brasside, County Durham 

(National Grid reference NZ 292454, altitude 60m). 

The ponds at Brasside have arisen as the result of extensive excavations into the laminated clays of 

the old submerged valley of the River Wear (Maling, 1955). There has probably been, some open water in the area 

for fifty years, with fish stocking having been carried out for at least half that time. Part of the area near the large 

pond was used in the 1950's by British Rail and the War Department as a dump, while until recently many old 

bottles and tins were evident on the floor of the small pond. The ponds have reached their present general form 

only within the last twenty years, the final major change taking place in 1966 when the Smaller pond became 

connected with the larger one, thus slightly raising the level of the water in the latter. There is a small outlet stream 

from the large pond running into the River Wear. 

Water Chemistry 

Analysis of water collected from the vicinity of the Pleurocladia on 11 September 1972, and 

treated by the methods given in Holmes et al. (1972), gave the following results: 

Na 28.3 mg/l Al


52 

Associated species 

Thalli of Pleurocadia were found to be frequently attached to rotting leaves of Typha latifolia L. at 

one site during September and early October 1972. Other algal epiphytes with conspicuous thalli on such leaves 

were: Chaetophora pisiformis (Roth) C.A. Ag. (abundant), Coleochaete scutata de Bréb. (occasional), 

Gloeotrichia pisum (C. A. Ag.) Thuret (rare). Leaves which were dead, but not yet rotting, did not show any 

obvious Pleurocladia thalli, although colonies of Chaetophora were usually evident. Inspection of rotting leaves 

of Typha from other parts of this and the adjacent pond did not reveal any other sites with Pleurocladia. This 

particular site is also the only one for which Gloeotrichia has so far been recorded from this pond. 

Typha laltifolia grows at this site in shallow water overlying the black mud, together with 

Myriophyllum spicatum L. and Potamogeton pctinatus L. and with Enteromorpha flexuosa (Wulfen ex Rdh.) J. 

Ag. frequent in summer and autumn at the surface of the pond. Colonies of Gloeotrichia pisum. and Chaetophora 

pisiformis have been recorded here in late summer as epiphytes on the fine-leaved flowering plants since 1965. 

However leave, of Typha have not been inspected previously, so it is not known whether Pleurocladia was also 

present. 

Fig. 1. Two thalli of Pleurocladia on a rotting Typha leaf. Magnification x 140. 

DESCRIPTION OF ALGA 

The material from Brasside pond corresponded well with descriptions in the literature such as those given by 

Pascher (1925), Waern (1952) and Wilce (1966). The excellent series of diagrams shown by Wilce would in 

general be equally applicable to the Brasside material. However, unlike the marine populations of

53 


Wilce or the brackish one of Waern but like the majority of previous freshwater records the Brasside material 

showed marked calcification in old thalli. Associated with this calcification, old thalli appeared a pale golden 

brown to the naked eye, in contrast to the rather deeper brown shown by young thalli. 

The alga formed thalli up to 3 mm diameter. on the rotting leaves (Fig. 1) though they were usually 

somewhat smaller. The thickness of old thalli, excluding any hairs, was 200-300 mm. The hairs however. which 

were most evident on thalli of intermediate age, often exceeded twice this length. Although thalli were scattered 

over most of the surfaces of rotting leaves, some tendency to aggregation was usually apparent, suggesting that 

secondary colonization may play a role in its spread on the leaf. 

Fig. 2. Part of a young thallus, including base of a hair. Magnification x 400 

The filaments of Brasside material were mostly 10-16 µm wide, while ripe Sporangia were 18-24 

µm and 28-38 µm long (Fig. 2, 3). The dimensions of both filaments and sporangia thus lie in about the middle of 

the ranges given by other authors and summarized by Wilce (1966). Filaments of old calcified thalli were 

markedly wider than those of young ones (means of 15 and 11 µm, respectively). One slight difference from the 

material described by Wilce is that the Brasside alga never showed such marked indentation at the cross-walls of 

the filaments. The hairs (Fig. 3C) in particular. never showed the articulated appearance illustrated by Wilce,


54


Fig. 3 Pleurocladia lacustris 

55 

A. Part of a very young thallus. 

B. Appearance of the pseudoparenchymatous basal filaments in vertical view. 

C. Part of a relatively young thallus showing the development of vacuoles in the ·cells of the basal 

regions of long hairs (H). 

D. Detached vertical filaments showing the mode of branching, a sporangium (S) and the proximal 

part of a hair (H). 

E. Branched vertical filament bearing a sporangium sheathed by a "husk," the wall of an old 

discharged sporangium. 

F. Part of a very old thallus. The outer limit of calcification (X-X) approximately corresponds with 

distal ends of the second tier of cells; the basal tier is much more heavily calcified than .the second 

one, and the cell outlines are therefore distinguishable only with difficulty. 

The pattern of calcification shown by the Pleurocladia thalli from Brasside was striking. Young thalli quite lacked 

any calcification, while in old ones the parts of the filaments furthest from the leaf surface were also quite free 

(Fig.2). The calcification in the lower parts of the thallus occurred in distinct layers parallel to the surface. Old 

thalli typically showed two such layers, but occasionally three were present. Each layer corresponded 

approximately (but not exactly) with a layer of cells. The innermost layer was much more heavily calcified than 

the outer one(s). 

DISCUSSION 

The known world wide distribution of Pleurocladia lacustris has been summarized by Wilce (1966). There are 

about two dozen sites for which it is known, and about half of these are freshwater. However, as WiIce points out, 

the plants are small and easily overlooked, so it is uncertain just how rare it really is. Of the freshwater forms, it 

would seem likely to prove the most useful for culture and general research purposes, so it is hoped that botanists 

will be on the look- out for this plant at other likely sites. Several features of its occurrence at Brasside resemble 

features described for other sites, so we can start to build up a picture of the type of site where it would seem 

particularly promising to look for this plant. 

Like the Brasside pond, the Baltic sites described by Waern (1962) are associated with shallow eutrophic lakes in 

clay districts. On the other hand, there seems to be no marked tendency for the plant to grow as an epiphyte on 

particular species, as a range of host plants have been quoted. Most, however, are monocotyledons with wide 

leaves, Phragmites being quoted most frequently. Most, if not all, the freshwater records are from calcareous 

waters. There are obvious floristic similarities between the other plants present at the Brasside pond and those 

reported from the other sites. One minor one is the association with Rivulariaceae at Brasside (Gloeotrichia 

pisum) and at least four other sites in the literature. J. B. Petersen in Wesenberg-Lund (1917) described a 

freshwater popu!ation from Lake Furese on stones together with Rivularia. Both Israelsson (1938, In Lake Erken, 

Sweden) and Pankow et al. (1971, in Saaler Bodden, D.D.R.) report Pleurocladia, Rivularia and Gloeotrichia 

pisum. as all occurring on Phragmites, while, Wilce mentioned that in the marine population growing on a 

limestone shore the belt of Pleurocladia sometimes merged with the Calothrix belt. 

REFERENCES 

Bourrelly, P. (1968): Les Algues d'Eau Douce. Tome II: Les Algues jaunes et brunes. Chrysophycées, 

Phéophycées, Xanthophycées et Diatomées 438 pp. . N. Boubée & Cie, Paris. 

Fritsch, F. E. (1929): The encrusting algal communities of certain fast-flowing streams. New Phytol. 28; 165-196,


56 

Hamel, G. (1931-9): Phéophycées de France. 432 pp. Paris. 

Holmes, N. T. H., L1oyd, E.J.H., Potts, M. and Whitton, B. A. (1972): Plants of the River Tyne. The Vasculum 

Vol. 57: 56-78. 

Israelsson, G. (1938): Uber die Süsswasserphaeophyceén Schwedens. Bot. Not.: 113-128. 

Klebahn, H. (1895): Beobachtungen über Pleurocladia lacuslris A. Br. Ber. dt, bot. Ges. 8: 93-106. 

Maling, D. H. (1955): The Geomorphology of the Wear Valley. Ph.D Thesis University of Durham. 

Pankow, H., Festerling, E. and Festerling, H. (1971): Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Algenflora der mecklenburgischen 

Kuste (südliche Ostsee : Lubecker- Bucht- Darss). Int. rev. ges. Hydrobiol. 56: 241 -263. 

Pascher, A. (1925): Phaeophyta (Phaeophyceae). Süsswasseflora Deutschlands, Osterreichs und der Schweiz, 2: 

119-133. Gustav Fischer, Jena. 

Waern, M. (1952): Rocky-shore Algae in the Oregrund Archipelago. Acta Phytageog, Suecica 30: 129- 136. 

Wesenberg-Lund, C. (1917): Furesøstudier. D. Kongel. Dank e Vid. Selsk. Skr. Nat, - Mathem. sect., Ser, 8.3. 

Københaven, Denmark. 

Wilce, R. T. (1966): Pleuorocladia lacustris in Arctic America J. Phycol, 2: 57-66. 


We are most grateful to Mr. G. Whitfield, the owner of the pond, for permission to visit the site, to Dr. J. C. 

Coulson, Mr. M. J. Hudson and Mr. J. Richardson for historical information concerning Brasside ponds, and to 

Mrs. J. A. Moore for confirming that no material of this alga (freshwater or marine) from Britain, has been 

previously deposited at the British Museum (Natural History). 

AVAILABILITY OF MATERIAL 

It is suggested that anyone wishing to visit the large pond at Brasside for research purposes should first contact 

one of the authors at the Department of Botany, Durham University. Material from this site will be deposited in 

the Herbarium of the British Museum (Natural History). 

PLANTS OF THE RIVER TYNE AND FUTURE WATER TRANSFER SCHEME 

N. T. H. HOLMES, E. J. H. LLOYD, M. POTTS and B. A. WHITTON 

Department of Botany, University of Durham, Durham City 

Few rivers in Britain have been studied in sufficient detail for the effects on their vegetation of any future changes 

in management either to be forecast or monitored as they occur. Nevertheless inspection by the authors of various 

rivers in South-East Scotland and North-East England has shown that there are sometimes considerable floristic 

differences when passing from one river to the next. So any future changes in management, such as the mixing of 

different river waters, may well be expected to bring about floristic changes in the rivers cocerned. 

It is at present far from clear to what extent these floristic differences occurr-ing between rivers in 

the region, or on passing down individual ones, are associated with differences in physical, chemical or historical 

factors. The changes in macrophyte flora on passing down the Wear (Whitton & Buckmaster, 1970) are certainly 

in part due to decreased flow rates and associated changes in the substratum. Nevertheless the entry of the 

Skerne into the Tees, which causes a marked chemical, but little physical, change in the latter river, brings about a

57 


dramatic change in the macrophyte vegetation (Butcher et al., 1937; Whitton & Dalpra 1968). The Influence of 

the past history of a river on its vegetation is difficult to determine without accurate surveys at long time intervals. 

However, obvious changes certainly can take place. For instance, since the survey of the Wearr in 1966 (Whitton 

& Buckmaster, 1970), there has been an apparent invasion and certainly a very marked spread, of Ranunculus 

penicillatus var. calcareus in some of the lower non-tidal reaches. 

The stretches of the N. Tyne and Tyne described here have not undergone any obvious major 

change in recent years, such as has occurred in the Wear associated with the reduction of the coal industry. The 

present paper describes some aspects of the present vegetation of the North Tyne and Tyne, and considers the 

possible influence the building of a Kielder Water regulatory reservoir might have on these. Some Implications of 

transporting water from these rivers to the Wear are also discussed. 

MATERIALS AND METHODS 

Water analysis 

Water from the river was immediately filtered through a No. 2 'Sinta' glass funnel into various types of container: 

for cations, Cl and Si into a 'Pyrex' glass bottle; for NH4-N, NO2-N and NO3-N into an untreated polythene bottle; 

for PO4-P into an idoized polythene bottle. The samples were stored prior to analysis at as Iow a temperature as 

possible without actually freezing them. 

Laboratory analytical methods were as follows .: Atomic absorption spectrescopy (Perkin-Elmer 403) was used 

for all cations. Methods recommended by the American Public Health Association (1971) were used for: Si 

(hetero-poly blue); Cl (argentometric titration); NH4-N (distillation and nesslerization); PO4-P (stannous chloride). 

The method of Crosby (1967) was used for N02-N and of Hammond (1959) for NO3-N. 

Survey of plants 

The basic survey was carried out by recording the presence or absence of macrophytic species 

along 0.5 km lengths of river, as described for the Wear by Whitton and Buckrnaster (1970). The range of species 

included here was however greater than was used for the Wear. 

It is now clear to the authors that a reliable and reproducible survey of aquatic plants requires both 

considerable time and much previous field experience. The account for the Wear was certainly an underestimate 

of the species of bryophyte present in the upper stretch. Records of flowering; plants in rivers of N.E. England 

given in the Atlas of the British Flora are also a marked underestimate. The data presented here for at least the 

larger species in the N. Tyne are probably as reliable as can be obtained without some very intensive mapping 

scheme, but those for the Tyne are probably a slight underestimate. Details of the reliability of particular 

observations are included with the results. 

Distances along rivers 

All sites along the rivers are referred to as distances following the main current from fixed reference points. 

Distances in the Tyne are measured downstream from the junction of the N. Tyne and S. Tyne and in the Wear 

from the confluence of Killhope, Burn and Burnhops Burn. Sites along tributaries. of these main fivers are 

referred to as distances upstream from these reference points. Thus downstream sites on the N. Tyne have low 

values. A single value (e.g. km 7.4) in either the main river or a tributary, refers either to a particular site, or to 

anywhere between km 7.4 and 7.5. Km 7.0/7.5 indicates all relevant data from that particular 0.5 km length of 

main river, while 7.5/7.0 is used in the case of a tributary. Full records of the km location of sites are held at 

Durham University; the following are a few examples. 

N. Tyne Barrasford Ferry, km -9.4; Chollerford roundabout, km -5/7. 

Tyne Hexham Bridge, 2.8; Corbridge Bridge, 9.1, Bywell Bridge 17.7; Ovingham Bridge, 21.9; Wylarn Bridge, 

25.8, Ryton Ferry, 29.6


58 

Fig. 1A Map of the River North Tyne and non-tidal reaches of the River Tyne showing main tributaries, distances 

along flow, important (1972) sewage effluents (indicated by arrows), and site of projected Kielder Water 

reservoir. 

Fig. 1B (insert) Schematic map summarizing projected water transfer scheme.


59 

GEOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND 

The following notes are intended only as a brief introduction to the Tyne and its tributaries and to some of the 

more easily available literature about the region. The best starting point for anyone interested In the rivers is the 

1971 Annual report of the Northumbrian River Authority. (N.R.A.). 

The Tyne is formed by the junction of two relatively long and very roughly equal tributaries, the 

N. Tyne and S. Tyne. It then runs about 58 km before entry into the North Sea. It is tidal up to km 28 (from 

junction of tributaries). The present survey was carried downstream as far as km 30, which corresponds roughly 

with the lower limit given by the N.R.A. (1971) to the river as chemical class 1 (clean). Below this the river 

changes rapidly through classes 2 and 3 to 4 (grossly polluted), just above the entry of the Derwent (km 36.3). 

The long term average rainfall of the Tyne and its tributaries is 973.8 mm (N R A 1971), slightly higher than for 

either the Wear or the Tees. In the extreme upland parts of the catchment area it probably approaches twice this 

value (for instance, see Smith, 1970). Like both the Wear and the Tees, the North Tyne, Tyne and S. Tyne are 

subject to very marked changes in volume of flow, and these changes can sometimes be very rapid. At the Tyne 

gauging station (Bywell: km 24.0), the average flow for 1966/70 was. 38.19 cumecs, while flows on individual 

days during 1969/70 alone ranged from 3.31 to 729 cumecs. 

The length of N. Tyne dealt with in Table II is mostly fast-flowing, with variable substrate ranging 

from sheets of rock through boulders to gravel and sand and locally, even mud. The rate of flow in the Tyne is 

mostly considerably slower, as indicated by the fall in height of the river in successive 10 km lengths (Fig. 2). A 

simple guide to the geology of the whole region is given by Hickling and Robertson (1949), while useful 

references are included In Johnson (1970). 

Among effluents influencing the chemistry of the N. Tyne are discharges from the Forestry 

Commission above Bellingharn, effluents mostly derived from treatment of domestic sewage at Bellingham and 

Wark and several minor effluents in the lowest most 10 km summarized in the account of Leptodictyum riparium 

(see below). Large sewage works effluents entering the Tyne include Hexham (km 4.1), Broomhaugh (from 

Corbridge and Riding Mill: km 14.6) and Prudhoe (km 22.6). 

The projected scheme for the Kielder Water reservoir on the N. Tyne includes both regulation of 

flows in the N. Tyne and Tyne and abstraction of water from the Tyne at about km 13.9. This water would be 

transferred southwards part entering the Wear under low-flow conditions at about km 17.6, and part entering the 

Tees (FIg. 1B). Even if this water transfer scheme does take place it is still uncertain whether it will also include 

the Yorkshire Ouse. 

RESULTS: WATER CHEMISTRY 

The data available on the water chemistry of the N. Tyne, S. Tyne, Tyne and Wear are now considerable, but too 

fragmentary for rigorous review or prediction of the effects of mixing. The account below consists of a summary 

of the types of data available, followed by simple comments on obvious features of the present chemistry, 

including comparison of the Tyne and Wear at the probable sites of abstraction and inflow (Fig. 1 B). 

Data available on non-tidal stretches of the N. Tyne, S. Tyne and Tyne 

1.Analyses carried out on N. Tyne (km -18.0) and Tyne (km 9.0) on four occasions during 1972 with low flow: 

Saturday 15 April, Sunday 14 May, Sunday 25 June, Monday 4 September. For: optical density at 420 nrn, 

conductivity, pH, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, AI, Pb, Cl, Si. 

2.Analyses carried out on N. Tyne (km -12.6, km -0.2), S. Tyne (km -0.3) and Tyne (km 0.2, 2.5, 9.0, 

18.7,24.3,25.9,29.0) on Monday 4 September and Sunday 17 September. For: optical density at 420 nm, 

conductivity, pH, Na. K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, AI, Pb, Co, Ni, Cl, Si, PO4-P, NH,-N, N02-N, NO3-N.


60 

3.Analyses reported in Northumbrian River Authority annual reports On N. Tyne (Chollerford Bridge =km -5.7), 

S. Tyne (Warden Bridge == km 0,7), Tyne . (Hexham =2.8, Wylam = km 25.8) at monthly intervals and for pH, total 

Solids, hardness, Cl, NH4-N, N02-N, N03-N, B.O.D. 

4. Various unpublished data held at Durham University. 

Data available on non-tidal stretches of Wear and tributaries 

Analyses carried out on similar dates and for same elements as in (1) above for many tributaries of Wear. 

Data reported by Snow and Whitton (1971). 

Analyses reported in Northumbrian River Authority annual reports on Wear (West Mills Dam=km 41.9, 

Willington = km 51.0, Sunderland Bridge = km 58.3, Shincliffe == km 65.5, Cocken Bridge == km 80.7, Lamb 

Bridge = km 92.1) and 8 tributary sites at monthly intervals, for pH, total solids, hardness, Cl, PO4,-P, NH4-N, 

N02-N, N03-N, B.O.D. 

Unpublished data held at Durham University and by Sunderland and South Shields Water Co., mostly concerning 

km 58.3 to km 90.0. 

Summary and interpretation of data 

The results of the main survey (17 September 1972) are given in full in Table I, together with three representatives 

results from that of 4 September 1972, and the mean values from the four surveys under low flow conditions (see 

above). 

From the various results available, it is suggested that the main survey gives a fairly representative picture of the 

chemistry of the rivers under low flow conditions, with the exceptions that the levels of K were rather high and 

those of inorganic combined nitrogen very low. Both the values found on the 4 September survey and those given 

by the Northumbrian River Authority indicate that levels of NH4-N and N03-N arc very variable. The levels of 

NH4-N recorded on 4 September are higher than any recorded during River Authority surveys. 

From all the various results available, it is also possible to compare the present chemistry of the Tyne above the 

probable abstraction site with that of the Wear at the inflow site. The two waters do in fact appear rather similar. 

Under low flow conditions the Tyne typically has the following characteristics in comparison with the Wear (the 

observations concerning combined nitrogen levels should in particular be treated only as tentative): 

similar conductivity, O.D.420, pH, Na, K, Ca, Cu, Fe, Si, N02-N, N03-N. 

slightly greater Mg, AI, Cl, PO4-P, NH4-N. 

slightly less Mn. 

much less Zn, Pb, 

It is of course much more difficult to predict what the chemistry of the Tyne might be when its flow includes 

regulatory water from a Kielder Water reservoir. Under otherwise low flow conditions of the Tyne, the reservoir 

water might be expected to lead to a higher O.D-420 value and possibly also at times Iow Si values, should 

planktonic diatom populations develop. Further, the regulatory water would lead to dilution of elements primarily 

derived from sewage outflows, in particular PO4-P. The biological implications of the mixing of these waters are 

discussed later. 

RESULTS - PLANT SURVEY 

The following surveys were carried out: 

1.Very thorough survey of N. Tyne in September 1972, Summarized in Table II. 

2.Preliminary survey of the Tyne in July 1970.


61


62


63


64


65


66 

3.Survey of the Tyne in August-September 1972. Some indication of the representation of each plant per 10 km 

length is given In Fig. 3; the detailed records for each 0.5 km length is given in Fig. 3; the detailed records for 0.5 

km lengths are held by the authors. 

Further information concerning each plant is summarized below in the following format: 

i. Taxonomic and morphological notes. 

ii. Behaviour in N. Tyne (in September 1972). 

iii. Behaviour in Tyne (in September 1972, unless stated otherwise). 

iv. Comparative observations in other rivers. 

The numbers associated with each species refer to Durham computer records.


67


68


69


70 

ALGAE 

54 Nostoc sp. 

(i) Provisionally referred to N. verrucosum Vauch., and morphologically showing some resemblance to smaller 

colonies of Collema sp. (see below), but lacking fungal hyphae. 

(ii) Rare: on rocks usually permanently submerged, in moderate flows. 

(iii) No records. 

Phormidium spp. Forming extensive black slimy mats, especially on rocks in slow-flowing reaches, but also 

sometimes smothering flowering plants like Elodea, 

(ii) The data given in Table II refer only to macroscopically very obvious coverings of blue-green alga. 

(iii) Occasional. 

108 Hildenbrandia rivularis (Liebrn.) J. Ag. 

(ii) Occasional, mostly in shaded reaches in medium to moderately fast flows; on rocks, and once also on a piece 

of china. 

(iii) Occasional, but rather less common than in the N. Tyne, and probably absent further downstream. . 

'. 

109 Lemanea fluviatilis (L.) Ag. 

(ii) As the season of survey was the one when this alga is least evident data given in Table II are no doubt a 

marked underestimate. It is probably present in late winter in all fast-flowing stretches on more or less 

permanently submerged, rock slabs and boulders. 


118 Chantransia. 

(i) Brown tufts of filamentous chantransia were probably mostly Rhodocorton violaceum Kütz. but may also have 

included some Lemanea fluviatilis. 

(ii) Occasional, on rocks or, more commonly, on the stems of Eurrhynchium riparioides, in very fast-flowing 

stretches. 

(iii) Occasional, in similar habitats as in N. Tyne. 

174 Vaucheria sessilis Vauch. 

(ii) Occasional, locally frequent. 


264 Cladophora glomerata 

(ii) Frequent, locally abundant in fast flowing stretches: in slow stretches rare, often covered in epiphytic diatoms. 

(iii) Frequent. 

Oedogonium sp(p). 

(ii) Macroscopically obvious growths frequent, either attached or loose. 


324 Tetraspora lubrica (Roth.) C. Ag. 

(ii) Occasional, absent from very fast-flowing stretches. 


Spirogyra sp(p). 

(ii) Macroscopically obvious growths, mostly not attached. 


LICHENS 

427 Collema sp. 

(i) Young plants somewhat resemble Nostoc verrucosum (see above); older ones form large circular colonies 

reaching 130 mm diameter. 

(ii) Occasional, locally abundant; on upper rock surfaces which are relatively shallow in the water, but 

nevertheless nearly always submerged. 

440 Verrucaria sp(p). 

(ii) Frequent. 

(iii) Occasional.


71 

HETEROTROPHS 

"sewage-fungus." 

(ii) Found only below outflow at km -2.7. 

(iii) Found In small amounts below several outflows. 

BRYOPHYTES 

471 Acrocladium cIuspidatum (Hedw.) Lindb. 

(ii) Foundd on the banks at levels subject to only periodic submergence. Growing at the bases of higher plants, 

together with other bryophytes. such as Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Conocephalum conicum, Gratonueron filicinum 

and Marchantia polymorpha. 

iii) Rather similar to (ii),. although less common. 

573 Amphidium mougeotii (B. & S.) Schirnp, 

ii) The sites were all rather similar: wet rocks below waterfalls in fast-flowing stretches Forming tight cushions, 

with adjacent species typically including Barbula recurvirostra. Cinclidotus fontinaloides, Dichodontium 

peIIucidum, Grimmia alpicola. 

(iii) Absent. 

477 Barbula recurvirostra (Hedw.) Dix. 

(ii) In soil filled crevices In large boulders at the 2 stretches where present. 


481 Brachythecium plumosum (Hedw.) B. S. & G. 

(ii) Forming dense mats on boulders only occasionally submerged, and absent from levels permanently 

submerged, also present near high water level on loose sand. Not only more records than for B. rivulare, but when 

present together relatively more abundant (especially in km -9.5/9.0). 

482 Brachythecium rivulare B. S. & G. 

(ii) Usually on sand and pebbles at the sides of the river rather than on boulders nearer the middle. 

(iii) Common at the edge of the river. The differences in the relative development of B. plumosum and B. rivulare 

in the Tyne as compared with the N. Tyne are probable associated with the relatively greater areas of sand and 

shingle at the sides of the Tyne. 

484 Bryum pallens Swartz. 

(i) Easily confused in the field with B. pseudotriquetrum in most cases, however, it can be distinguished by its 

reddish tint and slightly smaller size. 

(ii) wet rock detritus at the sides of the river. 


485 Bryum pseudotriquetrum (Hedw.) Schwaegr. 

(i) See notes for B. pallens, 

(ii) Somewhat more common than B. pallens, growing on moist sandy shingle at the edge of the river, sometimes 

together with Brachythecium rivulare. 

(iii) Frequently associated with Brachythecium rivulare, but decreasing in abundance on passing downstream 

more rapidly than the latter. 

493 Chiloscyphus polyanthos (L.) Corda. 

(ii) Frequent .on the banks, often forming large areas of light green colouration; typically growing around tree 

roots on very loose loamy soil, rather than on clay. 


495 Cinclidotus fontinaloides (Hedw.) P. Beauv. 

(ii) Almost restricted to levels subject to periodic desiccation although tolerant of strong currents when submerged; 

especially abundant on the upper surfaces of large boulders In the middle of the river, but well exposed at low flows. 

Sometimes found with the much less frequent Grimmia alpicola. the only other species associated especially with this 

particular microhabitat. 

(iii) Much less common than In. N. Tyne, presumably due to having few protruding large rocks. 

496 Conocephalum conicum (L.) Underw,


72 

(ii) Frequent, on wet rocks and soil, especially heavy clay, with a preference for vertical shaded surfaces where it 

was sometimes the onlv bryophyte. Associated species were often Marchantia polymorpha in the somewhat 

better illuminated sites and Dichodontium pellucidum and Mnium hornurn in the more shaded ones. 

(iii) Occasional, as in N. Tyne. 

497 Cratoneuron commutatum (Hedw.) Roth. 

(ii) Present at only one site (km -6.7 by left bank) where a 30 m long wall of bryophytes is formed against a bank 

receiving constant trickles of water. 

499 Cratoneuron filicinum (Hedw.) Spruce. 

(ii) Usually on sandy gravel at the edge of the river, rarely on a boulder; also at levels only infrequently submerged. 

(iii) Frequent; in similar habitats to those in N. Tyne. 

570 Dichodontium pellucidum (Hedw.) Schirnp. 

(i) As is generally found with this species, material was very variable, ranging from the typical form to ones 

corresponding to, var, flavescens (Turn.) C. Jens., the latter being the more common. 

(ii) The type was occasional on rocks and soil; while var flavescens was frequent on rock; the former was usually 

mixed with other species, while the latter formed almost monospecific cushions. 

(iii) Present, but probably less frequent than in the N. Tyne, especially in the case of var. flavescens. 

510 Eurhynchium riparioides (Hedw.) Rich. 

(ii) Often abundant, especially at sites where the flow was fastest; in km -7.0-6.0, where the river is deep and 

relatively slow-flowing, the moss was represented only by occasional, very small, plants, mostly growing on the 

few small boulders at the edge of the river: 

(iii) Abundant wherever rock sheets and boulders are submerged for the majority, of the time, and especially, 

fast-flowing stretches. 

511 Fissidens adianthoides Hedw. 

(ii) Occasional, mostly On damp soil at the edge of the river, though sometimes also on submerged rocks. 

(iii) Rare. 

512 Fissidens crassipes Wils: ex B. S & G. 

(i) some material from the N. Tyne approached F. rufulus B, & S. in certain features: reddish colour, small cell 

size. 

(ii) Locally frequent, always on rock, never on soil, not overlying a boulder; submerged except during periods of 

exceptionally low flow; the micro-habitats where it occurred in greatest abundance were the vertical faces of 

boulders exposed to only a moderate current, and on large boulders in slow reaches carrying (temporarily) a thin 

layer of mud. 

(iii) Rather less frequent than in the N. Tyne. 

(iv) The combined distribution of this moss in N. Tyne and Tyne appears to contrast with that in the Wear where it 

was reported to be most abundant in the lower reaches (Whitton: & Buckmaster; J970). 

513 Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw. (Details of var. gracilis given separately). 

(ii) Frequent, locally abundant in. the slower flowing stretches; present in faster stretches, but never in rapids. 

Under optimum conditions, plants reached, 0.5 m long. 

(iii) Rather less abundant below the confluence with the S. Tyne than in the N. Tyne, but becoming as abundant as 

in the latter by about km 7.0: 

514 var. gracilis (Brid.) Brith. 

(i) This is a small, redd!sh black form (? subspecies) of F. antipyretica. 

(ii) Single plants found in each of two 0.5 km lengths, in both cases at very fast flowing sites. 


(iv) A record for this variety has now also been found in the Wear (Finchale, km 78.0, August 1972.) 

515 Grimmia alpicola Hedw. var rivularis (Brid.) Broth. 

(ii) Occasional, locally abundant; in habitats rather similar to Cinclidotus fontinaloides, but usually slightly 

higher up.


73 


520 Hygroamblystegium fluviatile (Hedw.) B, S. & G, 

(ii) Frequent, both on sandy areas at the edge of the river only submerged intermittently and on rocks usualIy or 

permanently submerged In the main current; it was nevertheless absent from rocks subject to the most rapid 

currents, and generally present at a level higher than that most favoured by Eurhynchium riparioides. 

(iii) Very abundant, probably more so than any other bryophyte. 

522 Hygrohypnum luridum (Hedw.) Jenn. 

ii) Most frequent in fast-flowing stretches, on rocks, and quite absent from km -6.5/6.0 where the river is deep and 

slow-flowing. Usually submerged, but tending to grow at a level just above that most favoured by Eurhynchinm 

riparioides, 

(iii) Occasional much less common than in the N. Tyne. 

(iv) This species, not reported by Whitton and Buckmaster (1970), is in fact frequent in the upper stretches of the 

Wear. 

574 Hygrohypnum ochraceurn (Turn. ex. Wils.) Loeske. 

(ii) Rare, much less common than H. luridum, and much more restricted to rapids. 

iii) No records. 

(iv) No records for Wear, but present in several tributaries; for instance, it is locally abundant In the lower 

stretches of Rookhope Burn. 

526 Leotodictyum riparium (Hedw.) Loeske. 

(ii) Present only below certain sewage outflows at km -7.4 for about 75m below small stream entering on right; 

at km -7.2, for about 75m below entry of Evring Burn; at km -2.7, for 25m below sewage outflow entering on 

left; at km 0.3, near left bank. 

(iii) Frequent, especially below Prudhoe sewage outflow (km 22.6); usually at level subject only to intermittent 

submergence, though sometimes growing at permanently submerged level. 

529 Marchantia polyrnorpha L. 

(ii) Frequent on moist soil on banks just below and above high water level, often associated with Lunularia 

cruciata. 

(iii) Abundant. 

533 Mnium longirostrum Brid. 

(i) Often difficult in field to separate from young M. punctatum, 

(ii) Occasional, in shaded areas near upper river level, on sand lying between boulders. 

(iii) As in N. Tyne. 

542 Pellia endiviifolia Dicks, 

(ii) Frequent: much more common than P. epiphylla, which, when present, often grows associated with the P. 

endiviifolia. 

(Ill) Frequent as in N. Tyne. 

543 P. epiphylla (L.) Corda. 

(ii) Occasional see above. Favoured especially heavy compacted soils and walls m shaded areas, usually growing 

together with small plants of Dicliodontium pellucidum 


544 Philonotis calcarea (B. & S.) Schirnp. 

(ii) Km -7.0/6.5: on calcareous rock ledge, associated with Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Cratoneuron 

commutatum, C. filicinum and other bryophytes. Km -3.0/2.5. on a raised mound, associated with Bryum 

pseudotriquetrum. 


559 Scapania unduluta (L.) Dum 

(ii) Only single plants present for each of the two records; these were associated with sand sized particles 

In hollows on boulders above the water level at time of survey and presumably had been deposited there from 

upstream sites. 

9iii) No records . 

563 Solenostoma triste (Nees) K. Müll.


74 

(ii) Occasional, on gravel and sand near the edge of the river, sometimes also forming straggly patches on damp 

rocks. 

(iii) Rare. 

566 Thamnium alopecurum (Hedw.) B., S. & G. 

(ii) Occasional; confined to vertical wet rocks, usually quite well shaded. 

(iii) Rare. 

567 Torlella tortuosa (Hedw.) f. Limpr. 

(i) Easily confused in the field with large growths of Dichodontium pellucidum var. flavescens. However the 

cushions of Tortella tortuosa were generally much denser, and the leaves slightly larger and more tightly packed 

together along the stem. 

(ii) Rare, forming small clusters on boulders near high water level. 


ANGIOSPERMS 

606 Callitriche intermedia Hoffm. ssp, hamulata (Kutz.) Clapham. 

(ii) A single plant at km -8.7, rooted in a crack at right angles to flow between rock pavements. Not recorded for 

this region in the Atlas of the British Flora. 

(iii) No records, and almost certainly absent. 

608 C. stagnalis Scop, 

(ii) Rare. 

(iii) Occasional; locally common in slow, sandy, but fairly shallow stretches. 

613 Carex nigra (L.) Reichard. 

(ii) A single clump. 

(iii) Present at km 8.3, right bank. 

690 C. rostrata Stokes. 

(ii) Restricted to a slow-flowing, deep stretch between km -5.0 and km -3.0 where locally frequent. 

(iii) Similar habitat as in N. Tyne. 

(iv) Also present in Wear (e.g. km 54.0), though probably not anywhere upstream of projected site for inflow of 

Tyne water. 

617 Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Sehult. 

(ii) Rare. 


619 Elodea canadensis Michx. 

(ii) Occasional. 

(iii) Ocasional, though more common than in N. Tyne; restricted to slow-flowing, muddy reaches. 

620 Equisetum fluviatile L. 


(iii) Occasional, but less common than N. Tyne. 

622 Glyceria fluitans (L.) R. Br. 

(ii) Occasional, mostly on a muddy substratum at mid and upper river level. 


686 Iris pseudacorus L. 

(ii) One plant, at km -9.6. 

(iii) One record, at km 8.1. 

687 Juncus acutiflorus Hoffm. 

(ii) Occasional, .in mud near the edge of the river, together with Equisetum fluviatile and Mentha aquatica. 


688 Mentha aquatica L. 

(ii) Occasional among either pebbles or fine silt. 

(iii) Occcasional. 

628 Mimilus guttatus DC. 



630 Myosotis palustrts L.


75 

(ii) Frequent especially from km -8.5 to km -6.5. 

(iii) Frequent 

632 Myriophyllum alterniflorum L. 

(ii) Widespread, but usually represented by only a few plants. There are no records for this plant in the North 

Tyne, in the Atlas of the British Flora, the only one for the Tyne system being in the South Tyne. 

(iii) A single unhealthy specimen at km 8.7 

689 Phalaris arundinacea L. 

(ii) Frequent. 


638 P. berchtoldii Fleb. 

(ii) Not recorded during survey. However G. A. Swan (personal communication) colIected material (confirmed by J. 

E. Dandy) from the N. Tyne near Acornb on 3 September, 1972. 

639 Potamogeton crispus L. 

(ii) Occasional: .locally frequent in km -6.0/5.5 and km -2.5/.2.0 near km -2.2 where the river is slow-flowing 

and deep, abundant and growing together with Elodea canadensis and Zannichellia palustris. 

(iii) Occasional, locally abundant. 

643 P natans L. 

(ii) Present only at -km 8.8 in a very slow-flowing reach with a substratum of black mud growing together with 

Callitricha stagnalis, Elodea canadensls, Myriophyllum altemiflorum and Potamogeton crispus. 

(iii) Locally abundant in slow-flowing reaches overlying black mud, especially by left bank km 8.0/9.0. 

644 P. x nitens Weber. 

(ii) Absent. 

(iii) Occasional. Locally abundant. 

649 P. pusillus L. 

(ii) Rare. These are the first records of this species for the N. Tyne. 

(iii) A plant found in Tyne was referred provisionally to this species, but not confirmed by J. E. Dandy. 

654 Ranunculus hederaceus L. 

(ii) No records. 

(iii) A single plant at km 20.8, by left bank. Not recorded in the Atlas. 

658 R. penincillatus (Dumort.) Bab. var. calcareus (R. W. Butcher) C. D. K. Cook. 

(ii) 14 plants present in the whole 10 km stretch. 

(iii) Abundant. 

664 Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek 

(ii) Occasional, on mud in shallow reaches. 


674 Sparganium erectum. L. 


(iii) Occasional: less common than in N. Tyne. 

(iv) The rather sparse development of this species on the Tyne contrasts with its frequency in the mid to lower 

stretches of the Wear. 

680 Veronica beccabunga L. 



682 Zannichellia palustris L 

.(ii) Rare 

(iii) No records in 1972. 

DISCUSSION 

Comparison with other rivers 

Some comparative observations have already been given with the individual species. A few plants have not so far 

been found which might possibly have been expected.


76 

1. Heribaudiella fluviatilis (Aresch.) Sved. is frequent in some stretches of the R. Tweed and its tributaries, where 

substrate, flow conditions, and in at least one case water chemistry, would seem rather similar to that in the N. 

Tyne. 

2. From its known distribution in the Tweed and tributaries, Wear and Tees it would seem possible that 

Enteromorpha flexuosa might be occasional in the N Tyne and frequent in the Tyne. It is apparently absent in 

both at the moment and it will be interesting to observe whether this species does eventually invade these rivers. 

3. There are several species of flowering plant which are apparently absent though from their known distribution 

in other local rivers might also have been expected to be present. Ranunculus fluitans might have been expected in 

either the N. Tyne or the upper Tyne, Potamogeton perfoliatus in the middle and lower non-tidal Tyne, and P. 

pectinatus in at least a few fast-flowing stretches of the lower non-tidal Tyne. P. x nitens occupies a rather similar 

habitat in the Tyne to that occupied by P. perfoliatus in the Wear (Whitton & Buckmaster, 1970). 

Influence of projected reservoir on plants of N. Tyne and Tyne 

It seems probable that any effect of the Kielder Water reservoir on the macrophytes of the N. Tyne and Tyne will 

be largely due to hydrological, and not chemical, changes. Regulation of flow in the N. Tyne may be expected to 

increase the area of river which is never desiccated, reduce the effects of damage in winter due to removal by icesheets 

formed under low flow conditions, and to reduce the scouring effects of flash, floods. Due to the mixing. 

with the S. Tyne, the effects would be less in the Tyne, but raising of minimum flow levels encountered in 

summer may be expected still to have some influence. For all three reasons suggested, regulation of flow is likely 

to lead to an increase in the total macrophytic vegetation in the N. Tyne, although some individual species may 

decrease. The following is a summary of the changes which seem probable for the species of Table II, based on 

the known behaviour of each in relation to fluctuating flow rates and water levels. If the reservoir is in fact built, 

the actual changes observed will no doubt differ somewhat due to the influence of com-petition between species. 

Increase 

Lemanea Iluvioulis, Cladophora glomerata, Acrocladiam cuspidatum, Eurhychium riparioides, Fontinalis 

antipyretica, Hygroamblystegium fluviatile, Callitriche intermed!a, C. stagnalis, Carex rostrum, Eleocharis 

palustris, Elodea canadensls, Myriophyllum alterniflorum, Phalaris arundinacea, Potamogeton crispus, P. 

natans, P. pusillus, Ranunculus penicillatus var. calcareus, Sparganium erecturn, Zannlichellia palustris. 

Decrease 

Vancheria sessilis, Oedogonium sp(p)., Tetraspora lubrica, Spirogyra sp(p)., Bracythecium plumosum. B. 

rivulare, Cinclidotus fontinaloides, Conocephalum conicum, Cratoneuron filicinum, Dichodontium pellucidum, 

Grimmia alpicola, Hygrohypnum luridum, Marchantia polymorpha, Pellia epiphylla, P. endiviijolia, Mentha 

aquatica, Mimulus guttatus, Myosotis palustris, Veronica beccabunga. 

For those species of Table II not specifically mentioned, it seems probable that no marked change in abundance 

will occur. 

Influence of Tyne water on Wear 

I. Addition of species, The following species are known to be present in the Tyne above the projected site for 

abstraction, but are almost certainly absent in the Wear: Nostoc ? verrucosum Hildenbrandia rivularis, Collema 

sp., Myriophyllum alterniflorum, Potamogeton x nitens, P. pusillus, Tetraspora lubrica. 

As the S. Tyne has so far not been surveyed, it is possible that other such species may occur above the abstraction 

site. The further species are also known to be present in the Tyne above the projected: site for abstraction, and, 

although present somewhere in the lower reaches of the Wear or its tributaries, are nevertheless

77 


absent for at least 10 km below the projected site for inflow of Tyne water: Fontinalis antipyretlca var: gracilis,. 

Leptodictyum riparium, Callitriche intermedia, C stagnalis, Eleocharis palustris, Potamogeton crispus, P. 

natans, Ranunculus penicillatus var. calcareus, Sparganium erectum, Zannichellia palustris. 

Raising of low flow. This is likely to lead to a moderate increase in the biomass of macrophytic vegetation. For 

those species represented, the probable changes are likely to be rather similar to those listed for the N. Tyne. 

Changes in water chemistry. As discussed earlier, the influence of Tyne water on the chemistry of the Wear is 

likely to be rather small. Of the possible effects, the only two which seem of potential significance for plant 

growths under low flow conditions are the decrease in zinc and probable slight Increase in phosphate levels. 

Under very low flows, zinc levels in the Wear are probably now approaching a level where they may be expected 

to inhibit the growth of certain organisms. It is perhaps of interest that Cladophora glornerata is frequent in the 

N. Tyne, but rare in the Wear above the entry of the Gaunless, since two of the main physiological characteristlcs 

of this species are its sensitivity to zinc pollution and the fact that its growth is markedly favoured by high 

phosphate levels (Whitton, 1970). It would seem reasonable to predict that transfer of Tyne water to the Wear is 

likely to lead to an increase of Cladophora which is visually obvious but not approaching a nuisance abundance. 

One minor difference between the present flora of the N. Tyne and that of the Wear may represent a clue to 

chemical differences between these rivers. The Nostoc? verrucosum and Collem sp. in the N. Tyne are almost 

certainly capable of fixing atmosphere nitrogen, while genera of blue-green algae which might be expected to fix 

nitrogen appear absent in the upper reaches of the Wear (B. A. W., unpublished). It therefore seems plausible that 

in the N. Tyne the ratio of combined nitrogen to phosphate may be relatively low in comparison with that in the 

Wear. 

SUMMARY 

An account is given of the larger algae, lichens, bryophytes and flowering plants in the lowermost 10 km of the N. 

Tyne and the uppermost 30 km of the Tyne. If the projected Kielder Water reservoir should be built and combined 

with a water transfer scheme to the Wear (and other rivers), then it seems probable that moderate increases in the 

biomass of these rnacrophytes will take place in all the rivers concerned. Further, the Wear will be subject to 

recurrent inoculation with several species which are at present absent from it. It is unlikely that any of these will 

approach a nuisance level, although growths of Cladophora glomerata will probably become much more obvious 

in stretches of the Wear where this alga is at present rare. 


The authors are most grateful to the following for various types of financial support: Natural Environment 

Research Council, Northumbrian River Authority, Sunderland and South Shields Water Co., Tweed River 

Purification Board. Thank; are also due to Mr. G. Robinson, who aided with a preliminary survey of the Tyne in 

1970, to Mr. T. Brett who carried out most of the atomic absorption measurements, to Rev. G. G. Graham who 

provided many helpful comments about the bryophytes, and to Mr. J. E. Dandy for confirming the identification of 

the species of Potarnogeton, 

REFERENCES 

Amercan Public Health Association (J 971): Standard Methods for the Examination Of Water and Wastewater, 

13th Edn, American Public Health Association, lnc., 1970 Broadway. New York.


78 

Butcher, R. W., Longwell, J. and Pentelow, F. T. K. (1937): Survey of the River Tees, Part Ill. The Non-tidal 

Reaches - Chemical and Biological. H.M.S.O. 

Crosby, N. T. (1967): The determination of nitrite in water using Cleve's acid I, napthylamine - 7, sulphonic acid. 

Proc, Soc. wat. Treat. Exam. 16 (1): 51-55. 

Hammond, E. W. (1959): A rapid method for the determination of nitrate in drinking water using 3, 3dimethylnapthidine. 

Proc. Soc. wat. Treat. Exam. 8: 173-175. 

Hickling, H. G. A. and Robertson, T. (1949): Geology. In: Scientific Survey of North-eastern England. British 

Association, Newcastle-on-Tyne. 

Johnson, G. A.L. (1970): Geology. In: Dewdney, J. C. (Ed.) Durham County and City with Teesside, British 

AssociatIon, Durham. 

Northumberland and Tyneside River Board (1951 - 1964): Annual Reports. New-castle-on- Tyne. 

Northumbrian River Authority (1965 - 1971): Annual Reports. Newcastle-on_ Tyne. 

Smith, K. (1970): Weather and climate. In: Dewdney, J. C. (Ed.) Durham County and City with Teesside. 

British Association, Durham. 

Snow, M. and Whitton, B. A. (1971): The River Wear: inorganic chemistry relevant to a biologist. Vasculum 56: 

50-54. 

Whitton, B. A. (1970): Biology of Cladophora in freshwaters. Wat. Res. 4: 457- 476. 

Whitton, B. A. and Buckmaster R. C. (1970): Macrophytes of the River Wear. 

Naturalist, Hull No. 914: 97-116. 

Whitton, B. A. and Dalpra, M. (1968): Floristic changes in the River Tees. Hydrobiologia 32: 545-550. 

APPENDIX 

When this account was written, it appeared almost certain to the authors (and also to most people 

associated with water management) that the Kielder Water Project (Fig. 1 B) would be carried out. Since then a 

ministerial decision has thrown the whole scheme into question. Nevertheless we still suspect that eventually 

something like this scheme will be developed, and so have made no changes to the text of this paper.

THE VASCULUM 

DECEMBER 1972 

Vol. LVII. No. 4 Price £1.00 per annum, post free. 

Edited by 



BY THE WAY 

Secretaries of Societies and other contributors to “The Vasculum” are invited to 

send their notes to the Editor before 15th March 1973. 

ROADSIDE VERGES 

There have been several accounts recently in the National Press of the 

value of motorway verges as reservoirs of wild life. The Sunday Times of August 27 th 

carried a splendidly illustrated accountof the wild flowers recently discovered along 

several miles of the M1, and Roert Chapman has written in the Sunday Express of 

the havens of refuge for insects alongside the same motorway.. An area of 12000 

acres ot motorway verges has been quoted as available for colonization. There are 

two main implications in both of these articles. One is that the motorway verges are 

wildlife habitats newly created by the existence of the motorways, and if it not for the 

motorways they would not be there. The other is that these areas are virtually 

consitute a conservation area, since pedestrians are not allowed there. 

Whilst we do not deny any of this a debit side to the picture which should 

be pointed out. If there are indeed 12,000 acres of motorway verges then how many 

acres of actual motorway are there. Before the motorways were built this land was 

used by the same wild creatures which are now attempting to recolonise the 

roadsides. Also the number of species of wild flowers found along the motorways 

deserve mention. 

Frequent travels alongthe less popular bye-roads, all with roadside verges, 

serves to emphasise the sterility of motorway verges both in number and variety of 

wild flowers found there. No figures were given regarding the number of species of 

insects. 

79

A very important influence on the ecology of roadside verges is the degree 

of management to which they are subjected. Having seen and enjoyed the last 

remaining examples of untouched floral diversity during a recent holiday, we feel that 

the policy of mowing and tidying up along our roads has gone too far, not to mention 

the greatest evil of all, spraying with herbicides. We would very much like to know 

the real reason for it all. Is it part of a general policy to tidy up Britain, or is it for 

safety on the roads, or is it one of those things that has been done for so long that the 

original reason has been lost and was not a very good reason anyway ? Did anyone 

ever carry out any experimental work to show that the mowing and spraying of 

verges was a beneficial way of looking after them ? If so, we would very much like to 

know about it. The old system of ditching and partly tidying up with the help of a 

shovel produced a vastly greater diversity of animal and plant life, to say nothing of 

the more aesthetically pleasing result. Is there any good reason why we should not 

return to it ? 

BADGERS IN DANGER 

There is some evidence from other parts of the country, that there is an 

increased threat to badgers for their fur, because of government restrictions on the use 

of tiger and leopard skins. Badger digging for this purpose needs to be watched very 

carefully. The animal is already suffering because of the further spread into the 

countryside by man in his search for recreation as well as for building and 

construction purposes. 

We have no recent evidence as yet, of such a threat in our two counties. The gassing 

and killing that does go on here is mostly by a few unenlightened farmers who still 

imagine that brock is a pest in some way. This is bad enough, of course, but we must 

all be on the look out for the further more serious threat mentioned above. We would 

urge; the government to consider very seriously the imposition of penalties for badger 

killing except under very special circumstances. 

PUBLICATIONS 

The sale of the Supplement to the July 1972 edition of The Vasculum, " 

Sources of Information of the Natural History of County Durham," by W. B. 

Woodward, continues satisfactorily, but there are still copies for sale. We need to sell 

every single one in order to continue our policy of publishing more diverse material 

than we did in the past. Please send your orders to the Editor with 50p plus postage, 

and do not put it off any longer. 

BOOK REVIEW 

We have just received a splendid little booklet, " Wildlife 

80

Conservation and Dead Wood," by A. E. Stubbs, published by the Devon Trust for 

Nature Conservation. Aitnougn small (total 18 pages), it is lavishly illustrated in 

black and white by 27 photographs. 

The text deals first of all with the succession of animal species in decaying 

wood. The decay process is itself due to different species of fungi, some of which are 

responsible for the process in the bark, others for the sapwood and a different group 

again for the heartwood. The four main types of dead wood recognised by Elton, 

namely, 1. the living or partly dying standing tree, 2. boles with the tops broken off, 

3. logs of different sizes, and 4, the residual stump, are each taken in turn and its 

importance in conservation dealt with. 

The last part of the booklet is about conservation principles in the 

management of small and large woodland areas. This advice is, of course, directed 

mostly at conservation trust management committees. The advice is excellent and we 

would thoroughly recommend that all those concerned with leading conservation 

corps, civic trust groups and even permanent professional employees of the trusts and 

the Nature Conservancy, ought to possess copies which they should consult all the 

time. At 20p this is wonderful value for money. 

THE SOCIETIES 

THE NORTHERN NATURALISTS' UNION 

The 133rd Field Meeting was held in Deepdale Woods near Barnard 

Castle on September 9th, 1972. Some 30 members and friends gathered on the 

roadside at the east end of the woods to eat a picnic lunch before being led off by Mr. 

E. Hinton-Clifton, the Union's President. 

The woods are very extensive so that the plants and insects seen were very 

numerous. In the plants, swarms of the broad-leaved helleborine, Epipactis 

helleborine (L.) Crantz. and a well established colony of climbing corydalis, 

Corydalis claviculata (L.) DC. were noteworthy sights. Moths were rather scarce 

although the Diptera seemed to be about in their usual numbers. The insect which 

intruded most upon the party was the common wasp. We had to pass close to a nest 

near the path. The inmates resented this with quite disastrous results. Near the old 

railway viaduct an old sandstone quarry with small ponds, was of some interest. The 

walk ended at the Crag Pond, really a small lake used by an angling club. The return 

journey through fields was very pleasant though less interesting from the natural 

history standpoint. To round off the day, we were_conducted to the home of the 

President where Mrs. Hinton-Clifton had very kindly prepared a sumptuous tea. May 

we take this opportunity to thank our hosts for such a pleasant occasion. 

81

The fifth Harrison Memorial Lecture was held on October 28th in the 

Church Hall at Consett, where the N.N.U. was the guest of the Consett and Vale of 

Derwent Naturalists' Field Club. The lecturer was Dr. C. B. Williams, an 

entomologist of international repute and at one time Director of the entomological 

work at Rothamsted Experimental Station. His subject was " Insect Migration." 

He showed how he had studied the movement of insects, chiefly 

butterflies, all over the world. The method of analysis of data and pictorial methods 

of showing that migration had little to do with prevailing weather conditions were of 

great interest. The whole programme was carefully illustrated by slides, which 

brought out his points perfectly. There was also a large exhibition of migratory 

insects from all parts of the world. 

Afterwards, tea was very kindly provided, free of charge, by the Consett Society, 

whilst Christmas goods were sold in aid of the Conservation Trust and Mr. Dunn sold 

copies of the Vasculum Supplement. Altogether, Mrs. Moses and her helpers from 

Darlington, sold goods to the value of £31.70. For the opportunity to do this, we have 

her thanks on behalf of the Durham County Conservation Trust. It was a notable 

occasion also, in that four associate members of the Consett Club became full 

members of the Northern Naturalists' Union. Recruitment of N,N.U. members is 

particularly important at this time because of the increased publishing programme. 

We could do with many more. 

DARLINGTON AND TEESDALE NATURALISTS' FIELD CLUB 

An interesting and varied programme has been arranged at roughly weekly 

intervals throughout the winter. Apart from the usual lectures and films on natural 

history which always form the main theme, there are talks on Roman history and the 

history of lead mining. A notable feature of the programme is an increased tendency 

towards involving more members in discussion and short talks. 

In addition to the indoor meetings, field outings have also been arranged 

for October, November and March. 

ANNFIELD PLAIN AND DISTRICT NATURALISTS' FIELD CLUB 

From Mr. Wade we have news of the late summer outings of the club. On 

a visit to the Border Country under the leadership of Mr. Hall, of Stanley, one party 

expored the country between Myerdykes and the Kielder Stone, whilst a second was 

conducted 

82

along the Lewis Burn by one of the Forest Rangers. On September 2nd Cow Green 

Reservoir and Falcon Clints were visited once again. The newly opened Roman 

Camp of " Vindolanda "' was the object of the next outing, when a number of 

interesting plants were found near the excavations. Mr. Toyn conducted a large party 

down the old Wooler rail track to Alnwick when, in the brignt sunshine, the autumn 

tints were beginning to show and the autumn fruits becoming ripe enough to eat. The 

last walk was on October 14th when Mr. Purvis led the party from Prudhoe to 

Lintzford. 

BIRTLEY AND CHESTER-LE-STREET NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY 

The winter lecture programme started on September 12th with a talk on 

the natural history of the Western Isles and has continued through to Christmas at 

fortnightly intervals. 

In addition, outings have been made to Brasside Ponds, Barmston Pond, Urpeth 

Bottoms and Knitsley Dene. The last place has proved to have quite an extensive 

botanical interest. It was here, earlier in the year, that we discovered the globe flower, 

Trollius europaeus L. 

CLEVELAND AND TEESSIDE NATURALISTS' FIELD CLUB 

The Committee has arranged an interesting programme and hopes that all 

members will support club meetings. Since there is ample seating at the Leeds 

University Centre where meetings are held, members may bring guests to any 

meeting. 

Lectures have been arranged on British Orchids, The Cleveland Way, An 

Introduction to British Shells and the Spider and the Fly. There are also film nights, 

conversaziones and on December 13th the Club Dinner will be held in the refectory 

of the Leeds Centre. 


NOTES. 

Bird notes from Stanley. The following notes, recently recorded, may be of interest to the readers 

of the Vasculum : 

Little Ringed Plover: For the second successive summer, a pair again occupied a territory on a site 

in North West Durham, from June 4th until July 31st. Their behaviour suggested that they were breeding, but as 

the site was completely buildozed on July 17th, nesting was almost certainly a failure. 

Wood Sandpiper: Autumn passage. A single bird on a stream at Tanfield, on August 20th to 21st. 

Common Sandpiper: From June 21st to August 1st, a single bird held a territory on a stream at 

Tanfield, and on July 17th four passage birds were observed in the same locality. 

83

Green Sandpiper: Autumn passage. Two birds were .on the stream at Tanfield on August 20th to 

21st. 

Greenshank: Autumn passage. On August 5th, two birds were at Washington Ponds. 

Kittiwake: Inland. The colony on the Rank Flour Mill in Gateshead contained 17 occupied nests, 

while the colony on the French Flour Mill at Dunston contained 30 occupied nests duriing the summer. 

Little Gull: Two immature birds were at the Washington Ponds on June 8th, at the same time as a 

Spoonbill was present. 

Lesser Black-backed Gull: inland. Newcastle quayside, July 19th, three; Washington Ponds, 

August 5th, four; Tanfield, August 7th, one. 

Kestrel: A pair again nested at Tanfield in the same tree as last year and were successful in rearing 

one young. On June 21st, as many as eight different kestrels were observed in the Tanfield area. 

Chiffchaff: On June 28th, a single bird was noted singing at Bumopfield. 

Grey Wagtail: A family party consisting of two adults and two juveniles were present on a stream 

at Tanfield on July 17th. 

Yellow Wagtail: Six different pairs held territories during the summer at East Tanfield. 

Corn Bunting: During June, up to three cocks were frequently singing in the Burnopfield and 

Tanfield area. Not very common in North West Durham. 

Common Wheatear: Three pairs nested on slag tips at East Tanfield. At least one of these pairs was 

successful in rearing two young. 

Swift: It was not until May 17th that the swifts first appeared in the Shield Row area when two 

individuals were noted, and it was about May 27th to May 30th before they were generally distributed. At the end 

of the summer their departure was delayed until August 21st This is the latest that I have noted this summer visitor 

to arrive and depart. 

Spotted Flycatcher: A pair nested and reared at least one young in the Leazes Park in the centre of 

Newcastle, and on August 22nd as many as six different birds were in the park. 

Magpie: A pair nested in the cemetery in the centre of the built-up area of Stanley, and reared two 

young. 

—R. Marston Palmer. 

The Glow-worm Lampyris noctiluca L. On the distribution map accompanying the article on the 

British Naturalists' Association Glowworm Survey (Countryside 1971, Vol. XXI, page 457) North East records 

are very sparse, and it was with interest that I read the report of their recent occurrence at Cornmondale in the July 

1972 issue of the Vasculum. I therefore addressed letters to the editors of the Northern Echo, Newcastle Journal 

and Hexham Courant, and received the following reports 

v.c.62 Famdale (1915) 

About 6 miles south of Darlington (1925 

v.c.65 Near Gunnerside (1937) 

v.c.66 Trimdon Grange (1922) 

v.c.67 Stocksfield (1940) 

Riding Mill, 4 reports (latest 1952) 

Corbridge (before 1926) 

Allerwash (1940-44) 

West Woodburn (1912) 

v.c.68 Whittihgham (1932) 

Eglingham (1941) 

Edlingham (1957) 

84

v.c.70 Heads Nook (c. 1908) 

Wastdale (1962) 

v.c.72 Langholm (no date) 

It will be noted that most of the records are old, and make one wonder whether glow-worms have succumbed to 

verge trimming and pesticides, or is it that people seldom walk in the country after dark in these days of motor 

cars and. public transport ? 

—C. J. Gent. 

Moths in 1972. This season has been a most peculiar one. Temperatures increased very slowly in 

the early spring and just seemed to be catching up when a colder spell put it right back again. After that the 

summer never really arrived. In the early part of August, I saw the wing of a peppered moth, Biston betularia L. 

(type), on the footpath in Cheviot Road, Ponteland, a late date for the species. It was probably a bat victim as there 

was a street lamp nearby and the bats have quickly learned that the lamps attract moths. —A. G. Long. 

A new northern limit for the Wall Brown Butterfly. On September 3rd, a party of members 

from Birtley and Chester-le-S'treet Natural History Society visited Barmston Pood near Washington, in order toi 

do some bird watching. Afterwards, we walked along the old railway track towards Usworth Aerodrome. In the 

grassy wasteland we were surprised to discover a number of. butterflies, some of which turned out to be the Wall 

Brown, Pararge megera L. A good photograph was obtained for reference. Although South says it is local in 

North England and fairly well distributed in Scotland, I have never myself seen it north of Crimdon Dene. 

Robson, in his Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Durham and Northumberland, states that it actually became extinct 

in our two counties on or round about the year 1870. 

I have certainly seen it many times during the last twenty years but always in the south-eastern 

corner of Durham and never more than one or two insects. The present record therefore represents a considerable 

move northwards. The fact that there were up to six insects present also indicates the probability of its having 

become established there. 

In addition, Maniola jurtina L. (Meadow Brown), Lycaena phlaeas L. (Small Copper), and Aglais 

urticae L. (Small Tortoisesheil) were also seen on the wing in the same general area. 

—T.C.D. 

Some Holy Island Plants. During the last year or two I have been fortunate enough to rediscover a 

few plants on Holy Island, which were recorded by Professor J. W. H. Harrison and G. Temperley over fifty years 

ago. They are Arenaria balearica L. (Balearic Pearlwort), Sherardia arvensis L. (Field Madder), Rhinanthus 

minor L. (Yellow Rattle), Sedum rosea (L.) Scop. (Rose-root), Pinguicula vulgaris L. (Common Butterwort), and 

Trifolium striatum L. (Soft Clover). 

—L. P. Hird. 

Bird notes from Holy Islands The following records of a, few of the birds seen on Holy Island 

during the week Octboer 14th to October 21st, 1972, may be of interest to ornithologists : 

Greater Spotted Woodpecker; seen every day for the whole week. 

Brambling; about 12 birds. 

Whooper Swan; on three successive days I saw seven, five and three birds. 

Golden Plover; very common on the foreshore, approximately 150 birds. 

Wheatear; a single individual. 

Blackcap; one only. 

85

Redpoll; a few scattered individuals. 

Whimbrel; one only. 

Greenshank; up to four birds seen together. 

Short-eared Owl; two birds seen on one day. 

Fieldfare; in large numbers, estimated at about 200. 

Redwing; a flock of more than 300. 

Sanderling; flocks of 50 to 100 at a time seen in several parts of theisland. 

86 

L. P. Hird 

RECORDS 

INSECTS 

LEPIDOPTERA—-BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS 

Acasis viretata Hubn. (Brindle-barred Yellow) 66 

On the heather, in June, between Cow Green Reservoir and the beginning of the Moorhouse Nature Reserve. 

T.C.D. 


Dipsacus fullonum L. ssp satiyus (L.) Thell (Fuller's Teasel) 66 

A patch was found in Chopweil Woods, near the path leading to Lintzford. Miss R. Wade. 

Vicia sylvatica L. (Wood Vetch) 67 

Monk Wood (Whitfield). 

Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Bess. (Creeping Yellow-cress). 67 

W. Bank of N. Tyne near Warden; Prestwick Carr. 

Rorippa islandica (Oedes) Borbas. (Marsh Yellow-cress) 67 

Pond near High West House (Ponteland). 

Sisymbrium altissimum L. (Tall Rocket). 67 

Rubbish tip at Stob Hill Quarry. 

Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prenti. (Flixweed). 67 

Rubbish tip near High West House (Ponteland). 

Viola canina L. (Heath Violet). 67,68 

Holy Island and Newton Links (68). On the basalt near Colwell (67 

Hypericum humifusum L. (Trailing St. John's Wort). 67 

Near Newbiggin Bridge (W. Dipton Burn). 

Cerastium semidecandrum L. (Little Mouse-ear Chickweed). 67,68 

Calwell; near Amble (67); Warkworth; Ratcheugh (68). 

Montia sibirica (L.) Howell. 67 

Roadside near Longwitton Hall. 

Geranium lucidum L. (Shining Cranesbill). 67 

Near Knarsdale Church. 

Genista tinctoria L. (Dyer's Greenweed). 67 

Ted Burn; N. bank of Tyne E. of Wylam; Howford Banks. 

Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall. (Common Melilot). 67 

Waste ground in Newcastle. 

Melilotus alba Medic. (White Melilot). 67 

Throckley pit heap. 

Rubus saxatilis L (Stone Bramble). 67 

Cranecleugh Burn (N. Tyne). 

Rosa arvensis Huds. (Field Rose). 67 

One bush by roadside near Warden. 

Saxifraga stellaris L. (Starry Saxifrage). 67 

Fairly abundant .m streams running down from Kilhope Lad 

Chrysosplenium aiternifolium L. (Alternate-leaved Golden Saxifrage) .67,68 

By the Coquet below Felton (67) and in Brotherwick Wood (68). 

Lythrum salicaria L. (Purple .Loosestrife). 67,68. 

River Blyth near Carter Moor (67), Aller Dean (68). 

—G. A. & M. Swan.

THE 

VASCULUM 

Supplement to July Edition 1972 

VOL. LVII., No. 2. (Supplement) Price: 50p. 

Edited by 

T. C. DUNN. B.Sc., The Poplars, Chester-le-Street. 

Sources of Information on the 

Natural History of County Durham 

A. INTRODUCTION p.1 

B. ALPHABETICAL LIST p.2 

C. SERIAL TITLES AND 

ABBREVIATIONS USED. 

p.39 

By W. B. Woodward 

Published by 

THE NORTHERN NATURALISTS' UNION

SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON THE NATURAL HISTORY OF COUNTY 

DURHAM 

W. B. WOODWARD 

A.INTRODUCTION 

This is a list of publications and other records that may well be of interest 

to the naturalist working in County Durham. A number of people have been involved 

in preparing the list, in particular Miss C. N. Duckworth and Mrs. J. Sayers have our 

thanks. The term 'natural history' has been interpreted as including botany, ecology, 

geology, geography, palaeontology, meteorology and zoology. We have included 

records for the area bounded by the Penine watershed in the west, the North Sea in 

the east and from the Tees valley to the Tyne valley. The list (pt B) is arranged 

alphabetically by author, the first author only if there are two or more, and then by the 

date of publication. An un abridged title follows and finally as much information 

about the publication as we have available. In other words details of volume, part, 

page numbers, these of course follow the name of the publication if it is a serial 

publication and to indicate titles it has been necessary to use codes. There is a list of 

full serial abbreviations (pt C) following the author list. 

You may well wish to consult papers which you do not hold yourself. The 

way in which it may be possible to do this for papers of limited circulation and of 

specialist interest is indicated against the full title. For the rest you would be well 

advised to consult the library that you usually use and ask your librarian for help in 

sorting out locations. This can be done for instance in a number of cases with the aid 

of Union List of Scientific and Technical Periodicals m Northern libraries, second 

edition by WILSON, T. D. and WALLACE, A. 

It must be apparent that the list is not complete. If you do spot omissions I 

would be grateful if you would send a note of these to: Keeper of Science Books, 

University Library, Science Section, South Road, Durham. Please give all the 

information that you can including the location of volumes that can be made 

available, in some cases this may be where a special case can be made in relation to a 

private collection. We hope to bring the 

1

master list up to date and then to maintain it in that state with your help. In the future 

it may be that: either a supplement or a revised list will be published. Before this is 

done we would like to know if the next list should differ in any way, should the 

subject coverage be increased? Should a list for Northumberland be pre pared or else 

incorporate these references in one major list? Is there a case for listing the names 

and specialities of experts in various fields together with a list of the various types of 

organisation that the naturalist should be as widely known as possible. 

Having created a long, and we hope complete list of sources of 

information, what then? It would be relatively easy to produce a subject guide either 

by such simple means as selecting from the title: a keyword or words, or else by a 

rather more formal classification. BUT it is our hope that the list will be used by local 

experts to produce critical guides to subject areas with the various publications 

evaluated in the light of practical field experience. This as we see it is possibly the 

best use for this list of sources of information. 

B 

ABBOTT, G. 1905. Concretionary cellular limestone of Durham. Nat pp 231-233. 

ADAMSON, R. 1908. Our local orchids. VDNFCNS 7 (i) pp 41- 45. 

ALDER, J. 1848. Catalogue of Mollusca of Northumberland and Durham. TNFC 7 

(2). 

ALDER,, J. 1857. A catalogue of the Zoophytes of Northumberland and Durham. 

TNFC. 

ALDER, J. 1865/67. Description of three new or imperfectly known Polyzoa found 

on the coasts of Northumberland and Durham. TNHSOS 7 pp 60-64. 

ALDRIDGE, C. A. 1967. Ecological studies on Gordon Moss. a spring mire. MSc 

Diss Ecol D. 

ALEXANDER, D. A. 1969. Waskerley (N.W. Durham) — a note. JDUGS 77. 

ALEXANDER, W. B. SOUTHGATE, B. A. & BASSINDALE, R. 1935. Survey of 

the River Tees. Part 2. The estuary — chemical and biological water pollution 

research. Tech. Pap. No. 5, Dep. Sci. Indust. Res. H.M.S.O. London 

2

ALLEN, T. W. 1970. The occurrence of Enteromorpha in fresh water in County 

Durham. MSc Diss Ecol D. 

ANDERSON, A. H. 1962. A demonstration of Kulczynsky's statistical method 

(Magnesian Limestone outcrops County Durham). JDCNHS 8 pp 28-40. 

ANON. 1928. The Northern Naturalists Union in Upper Teesdale. Vas 14 pp 147- 

150. 

ASHBY, K. R. 1965. Vertebrates. In: Valentine, D. H. (ed.) The Natural History of 

Upper Teesdale. Newcastle upon Tyne. 

ASHWORTH. P. 1964. Birtley, County Durham. Ug Diss Geog D. 

ATKINSON, G. G. 1873-77. First and second instalments of a catalogue of the more 

remarkable trees of Northumberland and Durham. TNHSOS 5 pp 63-97, 154-161. 

ATKINSON, J. R. 1965. Landscape and the Durham Motorway. 

ATKINSON, J. R. 1966. A policy for the Durham Coast. State ment and map. 

ATKINSON, K. 1968. An investigation of the pedology of Upper Weardale, County 

Durham. PhD Thesis D. 

ATKINSON, K. J. 1970. Perspective on change in the County Borough of Hartlepool 

post 1800. Ug Diss Geog D. 

BACKHOUSE, J. 1884/85. Notes on the Avi-fauna of Upper Teesdale. Nat pp 353- 

364. 

BACKHOUSE, J. 1884/85. Teesdale botany: historical and personal recollections. 

Nat pp 10-13. 

BACKHOUSE, J. 1888. Notes and additions to the Avi-fauna of Upper Teesdale. Nat 

pp 79-80. 

BACKHOUSE, J. 1896. Upper Teesdale past and present, pp 66. Barnard Castle. 

BAGNALL, R. S. 1904/07. Notes on some additions etc. to the Coleoptera of the 

Northumberland and Durham district. TNHSNS 7 pp 224-247. 

BAGNALL, R. S. 1905. A new British Beetle from Gibside — Agathidium badium, 

Er. VDNFCOS 5 p 86. 

BAGNALL, R. S. 1905. Notes on the genera Metoecus Gers., and Meloe L. 

VDNPCOS 5 pp 65-69. 

BAGNALL, R. S. 1905. The Longicornia of the Derwent Valley. VDNFCOS 5 pp 

21-26. 

BAGNALL, R. S. 1908. Strangers Zoological — A series of Nature fragments. 

VDNFCNS I (i) pp 17-25. 

3

BAGNALL, R. S. 1908. The Bristle-Tails (Thysanura) of the Derwent Valley,, 

VDNFCNS I (i) pp 26-56. 

BAGNALL, R. S. 1908/11. Notes on some Pauropoda from the Counties of 

Northumberland and Durham. TNHSNS 3 pn 462-466. 

BAGNALL, R. S. 1908/11. On two new species of Trichothrips from the Derwent 

Valley. TNHSNS 3 pp 661-663. 

BAGNALL, R. S. 1913. The Myriapods of the Derwent Valley. VDNFCNS 7 (2) pp 

94-115. 

BAGNALL, R. S. 1915. A new species of Neuroptera from the North of England, 

Vas pp 22-24. 

BAGNALL, R. S. 1918. The Siphonaptera (Fleas) of Northumberland and Durham. 

TNHSNS 5 pp 181-198. 

BAGNALL, R. S. 1923. The Symphyla of Northumberland and Durham. Vas 9 pp 

65-73. 

BAGNALL, R. S. 1928. The Gall-wasps and their allies in Northumberland and 

Durham. Vas 14 pp 62-65. 

BAGNALL, R. S. The Anoplura (Sucking-lice) of Northumberland and Durham. Vas 

16 pp 103-106; Vas 18 p 45. 

BAGNALL, R. S. 1932. On) Mallophaga (Biting-lice) affecting the mammals of 

Northumberland and Durham. Vas 18 pp 14-18. 

BAGNALL, R. S. & HALL, W. 1930. Records of some bird lice (Mallophaga)-ll. 

Vas 16 pp 50-55. 

BAGNALL, R. S. & TURNER, W. L. 1913. Preliminary list of Spiders, Harvestmen 

and Pseudo-Scorpions found in the Derwent Valley. VDNFCNS 1 (2) pp 129-151. 

BAKER. J. G. 1903. Biographical notes on the early Botanists of Northumberland 

and Durham. TNHSOS 14 pp 69-86. 

BAKER, J. G. 1863. Contributions towards the Geographical History of the plants of 

Upper Teesdale. Phytologist 4 pp 1048-1053. 

BAKER, J. G. & TATE, G. R. 1868. A new flora of Northumberland and Durham, 

with sketches of its climate and physical geography. TNHSOS 2 London. 

BANAGE, W. B. 1960. Studies on the Namatode fauna of moor land soils. PhD 

Thesis D 

4

BARNES, R. 1890. Some additional localities and new records for the mosses of 

North Yorkshire and South Durham. Nat pp 211-222. 

BARNES, R. 1915. New records and additional localities for the Moss-flora of 

Yorkshire and Durham. Nat pp 91-94. 

BAWDEN, A. N. 1969. A preliminary investigation of the biological effects of the 

discharge of sewage works effluent into a small stream (Hollingside sewage works, 

Durham). JDUBS 15 pp 1-5. 

BEAUMONT, B. A. 1963/64. The eastern drainage of the Northern Pennines. 

JDUGS 6. 

BEAUMONT, P. 1967. Glacial deposits of Eastern Durham. PhD Thesis D. 

BEAUMONT, P. 1968. A history of glacial research in northern England. OP Geog 

D. 

BEAUMONT, P. 1970. Geomorphology. In Durham County and City with Teesside. 

Ed. C. Dewdney. British Association for the Advancement of Science. 

BELL, D. G. & COULSON, J. C. 1963. Ornithological reports from Northumberland 

and Durham for 1960, 61 and 62. 

TNHSNS 14 pp 1-36, 101-124, 125-126, 185-211. 

BELL, D. G. 1966/68. Ornithological reports for Northumberland and Durham for 

1965, 66 and 67. TNHSNS 16 pp 79-107, 197-225,241-274. 

BELL, D. W. 1962. A historical geographpy of Tyneside coal trade. Ug Diss Geog D. 

BELL, K. M. Petrographic character and sedimentary environ ment of the Harvey- 

Beaumont seam of Northumberland and Durham. PhD Thesis N. 

BELL, T. H. 1883. The Salt Deposits of Middlesbrough and the Mode of Winning 

them. Middlesbrough. 

BELLAMY, D. J. 1965. Conservation. In: Valentine, D.H. (ed.) The Natural History 

of Upper Teesdale. Newcastle upon Tyne. 

BELLAMY, D. J. BRADSHAW, M. E. MILLINGTON, G. E. & SIMMONS, 1. G. 

1966. Two quaternary deposits in the lower Tees basin. NP 65 p 429. 

BELLAMY, D. J., BRIDGEWATER, P., MARSHALL, C. & TICKLE, W. 1969. 

Status of the Teesdale rarities. Nature, 222 No. 5190 pp 238-243. 

5

BELLAMY, D. J., 1970. Vegetation. In: Durham City and County with Teeside. Ed. 

J. C. Dewdney. British Association for the Advancement of Science. 

BENHAM, B. R. 1969. Studies on marginal farm ecosystems in Upper Teesdale. 

MSc Diss Ecol D. 

BENNETT GIBBS, G. & TEI'MPERLEY, G. W. 1930. On some flint flakes from 

Weardale. TNHSNS 7 pp 191-193. 

BLACK, M. M. 1957. The application of scale and hydraulic models to the study of 

flood conditions on the River Tyne. PhD Thesis N. 

BLACKBURN, K. B. 1931. Possible glacial survivals in our flora. TNNU 7 (1). 

BLACKBURN, K. B. 1951. A historical approach: some Late Glacial species from 

the Lower Tees area and their present distribution. In: J. E. Lousley, The Study of the 

Distribution of British Plants, p 96. Arbroath. 

BLACKBURN, K. B. 1952. The dating of a deposit containing an elk skeleton found 

at Neasham in Darlington. NP 51 p 364. 

BLOCK, W. C. 1963. Studies on the Acarina of moorland areas. PhD Thesis D. 

BODEN, J. B. 1969. Site investigation and subsequent analysis for shallow tunnels. 

MSc Diss Geol D. 

BOLAM, G. 1915. On some birds in Teesdale. Vas pp 65-68. 

BOLAM, G. 1923/26. Bats. TNHSNS 6 pp 48-62. 

BOLAM, G. 1923/26. Botanical Notes. (Alston District). TNHSNS 6 pp 80-88. 

BOLD, T. J. 1865. List of Coleopterous insects added to the fauna of 

Northumberland and Durham during 1864 and 1865/66. THNSOS 7 pp 131-133, 

318-324. 

BOLD, T. J. 1865/67. List of a few local Homoptera. TNHSOS 1 pp 128-131; 309- 

314. 

BOLD, T. J. 1869/70. A Catalogue of the Insects of Northumberland and Durham 

(Aculeate Hymeoptera). TNHSOS 3 pp 137-170. 


(revision of Coleoptera). TNHSOS 4 pp 1-117. 


(Hemiptera-Heteroptera). TNHSOS 4 pp 348-371. 

6

BOLD, T. J. 1871/72. Insects of Northumberland and Durham (notes on Coleoptera). 

TNHSOS 4 pp 371-379. 

BOLD, T. J. 1871/72. Notes on the occurrence of Lepidoptera in 1871. TNHSOS 4 

pp 380-385. 

BOLD, T. J. 1873/77. Note on the occurrence of Lepidoptera in Northumberland and 

Durham in 1872. TNHSOS 5 pp 37 41. 

BOLD, T. J. 1873/77. Not on the recent occurrence in Northumberland and Durham 

of the Camberwell Beauty Butterfly. TNHSOS 5 pp 30-34. 

BOLTON, E. 1923/26. Fossil Oora of the Northumberland and Durham coalfield. 

THNSNS 6 pp 167-181. 

BOLTON, E. 1934. The Brooms, Birtley. A floristic survey. Vas 20 pp 15-20. 

BOLTON, P. J. 1965. Flea populations on Clethrionoys glareolus Schr. and 

Apodemus sylvaticus L. JDUNHS 77. 

BOLTON, P. J. 1969. Studies on the general ecology, physiology and bioenergetics 

of woodland Lumbricidae. PhD Thesis D. 

BOTT, M. H. P. 1960/61. With M.F.V. 'Avail' on the North Sea. (Durham Coast). 

JDCGIS 7 (3) pp 8-11. 

BOTT, M. H. P. & MASON-SMITH, D. 1953. Gravity measurements over the 

Northern Pennines. GM 90 pp 127-130. 

BOTT, M. H. P. & MASON-SMITH, D. 1957. The geological interpretation of a 

Gravity Survey of the Alston Block and Durham Coalfields. QJGSL 77J pp 93-117. 

BOWER, M. M. 1959. An investigation of erosion in blanket peat. MSc King's 

College, London. 

BRADSHAW, M. E. 1959. Variation in Alchemilla vulgaris agg. PhD Thesis D. 

BRADSHAW, M. E. Ed. 1965. A Guide to the Natural History of the Teesbank 

Woods between Barnard Castle and Cotherstone, Durham. 

BRADSHAW, M. E. & CLARK, W. A. 1965. Flora and Vegetation. In: Valentine, 

D.H. (ed.) The Natural History of Upper Teesdale. Newcastle upon Tyne. 

7

BRADSHAW, M. E. 1970. The Teesdale Flora in Durham County and City with 

Teesside. Ed. J. C. Dewdney. British Association for the Advancement of Science. 

BRADY, H. B. 1865/67. A Catalogue of the recent Foraminifera of Northumberland 

and Durham. TNHSOS 1 pp 83-107. 

BRADY, G. S. 1865/67. Reports of deep-sea dredging on the coasts of 

Northumberland and Durham, 1862-64, plus spp. lists. TNHSOS 1 pp 1-58. 

BRADY, G. S. 1869/70. A list of freshwater Algae collected in Northumberland and 

Durham. TNHSOS 3 pp 302-306. 

BRADY, G. S. 1869/70. Notes on Entomostraca taken chiefly in the Northumberland 

and Durham districts. TNHSOS 3 pp 361-371. 

BRADY, G. S. 1869/70. On the Crustacean Fauna of the Salt marshes of 

Northumberland and Durham. TNHSOS 3 pp 120-136. 

BRADY, G. S. 1871/72. A list of the non-parasitic marine Copepoda of the North 

East coast of England. TNHSOS 4 pp 423 445. 

BRADY, G. S. 1903. On Copepoda and other Crustacea taken in Ireland and on the 

North East coast of England. TNHSOS 14 pp 54-68. 

BRADY, G. S. 1903. Report on dredging and other marine re search off the North 

East coast of England. TNHSOS 14 pp 87-101. 

BRADY, G. S. 1904/07. On Copepoda and other Crustacea taken off 

Northumberland and Durham in July 1904. TNHSNS 1 pp 210-223. 

BRADY, G. S. & NORMAN, A. M. 1908/11. The Crustacea of Northumberland and 

Durham. TNHSNS 3 pp 252-417. 

BRIDGEWATER, P. & JONES, D. J. 1968. A preliminary investigation in soil algal 

floras (Little High Wood and Cassop Vale, Durham). JDUBS 14. 

BRIDGEWATER, P. 1970. Phytosociology and community boundaries of the British 

heath formation. 2 vols. PhD Thesis D. 

BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. 1949. 

Scientific survey of North East England. 

8

BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. 1970. 

Durham County and City with Teesside. Dewdney, J. C. (Ed.) 

BROOK, A. J. 1948. Studies in the ecology of the algal flora of slow sand filter beds 

of waterworks. PhD Thesis N. 

BROOKER, J. R. 1966. The coastal denes of Durham —- Area Studies. Ug Diss 

Geog D. 

BROOKS, P. M. 1969. Burrow systems. MSc Diss Ecol D. 

BROUGH, J. 1929. On the rhythmic deposition in the Yoredale series. PUDPS 8 pp 

116-124. 

BROWELL, E. J. J. & KIRKBY, J. W. 1865/67. On the chemical composition of 

various beds of the Magnesian Limestone and associated Permian rocks of Durham. 

TNHSOS I pp 204-230. 

BROWN, CRAGG & CRISP. 1964. The Plecoptera of Moor House National Nature 

Reserve, Westmorland. Trans. Soc. for British Entomology. 16 (4). 

BROWN, J. C. 1905. Note on Janassa bituminosa from the Marl Slate, Thickley, 

Durham. Nat pp 220-222. 

BULMAN,, H. F. 1905. The coal seams of the Derwent Valley. VDNFCOS 5 pp 27- 

43. 

BULMAN, H. F. 1908. The weather at Burnopfield during 1906/ 07. VDNFCNS 1 (i) 

pp 64-71. 

BULMAN, H. F. 1913. The weather at Burnopfield during 1908. VDNFCNS 7 (2) pp 

159-162. 

BULMAN, H. F. 1913. The weather during the four last years, 1909/12. VDNFCNS 

1 (2) pp 162-169. 

BURGES,, D. A. 1957. Parts of County Durham — regional. Ug Diss Geog D. 

BURGESS, A. S. 1970. Engineering geology and geohdyrology of the magnesian 

limestone of Northern England. PhD Thesis D. 

BURRELL, W. H. 1924. Pennine peat. Nat pp 145-150. 

BURTON, J. J. 1910. Geological notes on the Middleton-in-Tees dale district. Nat pp 

268-271. 

BURTON, R. C. 1911. On the occurrence of beds of the Yellow sands and Marl in 

the Magnesian Limestone of Durham. GM Decade 5 8 pp 299-306. 

9

BUTLER, P. F. 1968. The interpretation of magnetic field anomalies over dykes by 

optimisation procedures. MSc Diss Geol D. 

BURTON, J. J. 1925. Geological features and physical features of Middleton-in- 

Teesdale, Yorks. Nats. Union Circular 320 pp 2-3. 

BUTCHER, R. W. 1931. An appartus for studying the growth of epiphytic algae with 

special reference to the River Tees. TNNU (1) PP 1-15. 

BUTCHER, R. W. 1933. Studies on the ecology of rivers, (i) On the distribution of 

macrophytic vegetation in the rivers of Britain. JE 27 (1) pp 58-91. 

BUTCHER, R. W., LONGWELL, J. & PENTELOW, F. T. K. 1937. Survey of the 

River Tees. Part 3. The non-tidal reaches — chemical and biological. H.M.S.O. 

BUTTERFIELD, J. A. 1939. Geology of Holwick Scars and Upper Teesdale. Yorks. 

Nats. Union Circular 417 pp 2-3. 

BUTTERFIELD, J. E. L. 1969. A study on the relationship be tween egg numbers 

and the larval or adult density of Tipula subnodicomis. MSc Diss Ecol D. 

CAIRNEY, T. & STOREY, J. M. 1970. Hydrology and water resources. In: J. C. 

Dewdney (Ed.) Durham County and City with Teesside. British Association, 

Durham. 

CALVERT, R. 1884. Notes on the Geology and Natural History of the County of 

Durham. Bishop Auckland. 

CARTER, J. 1921. The doom of the Durham coastal denes. Entomologist 56. 

CARTER, W. L. 1889. Excursion to Upper Teesdale. Trans. Leeds Geol. Ass. Part 5 

pp 71-76. 

CARTER, W. 1924. Doom of the denes. (The destruction of the coast denes in 

County Durham). Vas 10 pp 44-48. 

CARTMELL, A. E. 1969. Permian hydrology and electrical analogues. MSc Diss 

Geol D. 

CHANG, C. M. 1970. Static and the cyclic stresses response of rock. MSc Diss Geol 

D. 

CHAPMAN, A. H. 1970. An outline study of the input and out put of four minerals in 

the Upper Tees river catchment. MSc 

10

CHERRET, J. M. 1961. Ecological research on spiders associated with moorlands. 

PhD Thesis D. 

CITY ENGINEER, NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE. 1964. Final report on investigation 

of sea outfalls by Messrs. J. D. & D. M. Watson. 

CITY ENGINEER, NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE. 1964. Final report on proposals 

for reducing pollution of the River Tyne estuary and adjacent sea beaches. 

CLENNELL, T. 1967. Bioenergetic studies of Cloeon dipterum L. MSc Diss Ecol D. 

CLIFFORD, J. 1968. North-West Durham. Ug Diss Geog D. 

CLOUGH, C. T. 1903. The disappearance of limestones in High Teesdale. GM 10 pp 

259-262. 

CLOUGH. J. 1962. Dredging at Hurworth Burn Reservoir, Hartlepools Water Co. 

Journal Institute of Water Engineers. 16 pp 46-48. 

CODY, C. B. J. 1969. Individual and seasonal variation in agressiveness in the longtailed 

field mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus)and bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus). 


COGGIN BROWN, J. 1904/07. On some lacustrine deposits in the drift near 

Ferryhill, TNHSNS 7 pp 288-292. 

COOK, A. A. 1970. Polymorphism in Cepaea nemoralis L. MSc Diss Ecol D. 

COOKE, R. B. & TBMPERLEY, G. W. 1920. Some notes on the flora of Upper 

Teesdale. Vas 6. 

COOKE, R. B. & GRIFFITHS, B.. M. 1923/26. Ryton Willows Pool. TNHSNS 6 pp 

39-47. 

COULSON, J. C. 1956. Biological studies on the Meadow Pipit (Anthus pratensis) 

and moorland Tipulidae; members of a food chain. PhD Thesis D. 

COULSON, J. C. 1970. The Fauna of the Moorlands. In: Durham County and City 

with Teesside. Ed. J. C. Dewdney. British Association, Durham. 

COURTENAY, G. F. 1930. Birds of Hurworth Burn, County Durham. 1910-1929. 

TNHSNS 7 pp 155-178. 

COURTENAY, G. F. 1933. Birds of Teesmouth (Durham side), 1907-29. Vas 19 pp 

81-100. 

11

COURTENAY,. G. F. 1934. Some notes on birds of Sunderland. Vas 20 pp 51-63. 

COURTENAY, G. F. 1934. Birds around Sunderland. Vas 20 97 100. 

COURTENAY, G. F. 1935. The birds of Horden. Vas 21 pp 10 15. 

COURTENAY, G. F. 1936. Some desultory notes on the birds of Riding Mill and 

neighbourhood. Vas 22 pp 20-23. 

COWEN, G. A. 1954/56. The Badger in Northumberland and Durham; its numbers 

and distribution, past and present. TNHSNS 77 pp 77-84. 

CRAWLEY, M. C. 1965. Studies on the movements, population dynamics and food 

of Apodemus sylvaticus L. and Clethrionomys glareolus Schr. PhD Thesis D. 

CRISP, D. T. 1959. Studies on the biology of some species of British Corixidae. PhD 

Thesis D. 

CRISP, D. T. 1966. Input and output of minerals from an area of Pennine Moorland; 

the importance of precipitation, drainage, peat erosion and animals. JAppE 3 pp 327- 

348. 

CRISPJ. A. A. 1961. Some aspects of the historical geography of Weardale — 

County Durham. Ug Diss Geog D. 

CRISP, T. 1963. A note on some collections of Corixidae (Hemiptera-Heteroptera) 

from lowland Durham. TNHSNS 14 pp 163-169. 

DAVIES, L. 1970. Freshwater Fauna. In: Durham County and City with Teesside. 

Ed. J. C. Dewdney. British Association, Durham. 

DAVISON, A. P. R. 1970. Four Durham mining villages. Ug Diss Geog D. 

DEARMAN, W. R. & JONES, J. M. 1966/68. Millerite from Boldon Colliery, 

County Durham. TNHSNS 16 pp 193-196. 

DENT, D. L. et al 1965/66. Lanehead. JDUGgS 8. 

DENT, R. G. 1965. The sand and gravel industry of the Tees and mid-Swale valleys. 

Ug Diss Geog D. 

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, HYDRAULICS AND HYDROLOGY 

SECTION, KING'S COLLEGE, NEW CASTLE. 1959/60. Hydraulic and sediment 

survey of the River Tyne. Bulletin No. 20. 

12

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, HYDRAULICS AND HYDROLOGY 

SECTION, KING'S COLLEGE, NEW CASTLE. 1960/61. Final report of Hydraulic 

and sediment survey of the estuary of the River Tyne. Bulletin No. 24. 

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH. 1931. Water 

Pollution Research — Tech. Paper 2. Survey of the River Tees, Part I — 

Hydrographical. H.M.S.O. 

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH. 1935. Water 

Pollution Research. Tech. paper 5. Survey of the River Tees, Part 2. The estuary — 

Chemical and Biological. H.M.S.O. 

DICKINSON, P. & FISHER, D. B. 1959. Medieval land surveys of County Durham. 

GEOG Occ. Papers 2. 

DUCKETT, M. J. 1969. A study of activity in the Water Vole (Arvicolu terrestris). 


DUCKWORTH, C. N. 1970. A short study of some aspects of the ecology of rodent 

fleas in Castle Eden Dene. MSc Diss Ecol D. 

DUNHAM, K. C. 1932. The ore deposits of the North Pennines. PhD Thesis D. 

DUNHAM, K. C. 1934. The genesis of the North Pennine Ore Deposits. QJGSL 90 

ppp 689-720. 

DUNHAM, K. C. 1947. Excursion to Durham and to Northern Pennines. Miners 

Mag. 28 no. 126. 

DUNHAM, K. C. 1948. Geology of the Northern orefield, (i) Tyne to Stainmore. 

Memoirs of the Geological Survey, England and Wales. London. 

DUNHAM, K .C. 1950. Lower Carboniferous Sedimentation in the Northern 

Pennines. International Geological Congress. Part 4 — Proceedings of Section 3. 

Rhythm in Sedimentation. pp 46-63. London. 

DUNHAM K. C. 1959. Non-ferrous mining potentialities of the Northern Pennines. 

In: Future of the non-ferrous mining in Great Britain and Ireland, ppll5-147. London. 

DUNHAM K. C. & HOPKINS, W. 1960. Geology around the University towns: the 

Durham area. Colchester. 

DUNHAM K. C. 1960/61. Background to a Borehole. (Rookhope). JDCGIS 1 (3) pp 

18-21. 

13

DUNN, T. C. 1965. Insects. In: Valentine, D. H. (ed.) The Natural History of Upper 

Teesdale. Newcastle upon Tyne. 

DUNN, T. C. 1970. The Lepidoptera. In: Durham County and City with Teesside. Ed. 

J. C. Dewdney. British Association, Durham. 

DUTTON, R. 1963. Studies into the ecological energetics of the wireworm 

Melanotus rufipes Hbst. (Coleoptera, Elateridae). PhD Thesis D. 

DWERRYHO'USE, A. R. 1902. The glaciation of Teesdale, Wear dale and the Tyne 

Valley and their tributaries. QJGSL 58 pp 572-608. 

EASTWOOIX T. 1935. British regional geology: Northern England, London. 

EASTWOOD, T. 1946. Northern England. London. 

EDDY, A. & WELCH, D. 1969. Bryophyte species — list for the Moor House 

National Nature Reserve in Upper Teesdale. TNHSNS 77 pp 47-56. 

EDDY, A. & WELCH, D. 1967. A species list of flowering plants and ferns for the 

Moor House National Nature Reserve in Upper Teesdale. PBSBI 6 p 325. 

EDDY, A., WELCH, D. & RAWES, M. 1969. The vegetation of the Moor House 

National Nature Reserve in the Northern Pennines, England. Veg 16 p 1. 

EDWARD, D. B. 1964. The settlement factor in the rural problems of North East 

England. PhD Thesis N. 

EDWARDS, W. & TROTTER, F. M. 1954. The Pennines and Adjacent Areas. 

British Regional Geology. Geological Survey, London. 

EGGLESHAW, H. J. 1965. Observations on the Fauna of Wrack Beds. Trans. Soc. 

for British Entomology. 16 (8). 

ELGEE, F. 1916. The study of moors. Vas 2 46-49. 

ELKINGTON, T. T. 1962. Experimental taxonomy of some members of the Teesdale 

flora. PhD Thesis D. 

ELLISON, C. 1961. The Gaunless valley area and town of Bishop Auckland. Ug Diss 

Geog D. 

EMBLETON, D. 1887. A Catalogue of Place-names in Teesdale. TNHSOS 9 p 1- 

223. 

EVANS, P. R. 1966/68. Wader migration in North East England. TNHSNS 16 pp 

126-151. 

14

FAIRFAX-BLAKEBOROUGH, J. 1924. The Badger in the North. Vas 10 pp 83-87. 

FAWCETT, J. W. 1890. Birds of Durham, pp 20. Consett. 

FAWCETT, J. W. 1890. The Tree Sparrow in the County of Durham. Nat. 

FAWCETT, J. W. 1900. Reptiles and Amphibians of the County of Durham. Nat p 

36. FAWCETT, J. W. 1905. An eminent Durham Naturalist -— Thomas John Bold. 

VDNFCOS 5 pp 58-64. 

FEATHERSTONHAUGH, W. 1892. The Ferns of the Derwent Valley. VDNFCOS 2 

pp 1-16. 

FORDHAM, W. J. 1926. Notes on some Durham Diptera. Vas 72 pp 71-76 and 84- 

85. 

FORDHAM, W. J. 1930. A preliminary list of the Diptera of Northumberland and 

Durham (excluding Cecidomyidae). TNHSNS 7 pp 197-265. 

FORDHAM, W. J. 1945. A preliminary list of the Diptera of Northumberland and 

Durham, excluding Cecidomyidae. TNHSNS 7. 

FORSTER, 1. H. 1955. The Derwent Valley, County Durham. Ug Diss Geog D. 

FORTUNE, R. 1887. Ornithological notes from Northumberland and Durham during 

1885. Nat pp 132-133. 

FORTUNE, T. C. & WALLACE, H. S. 1905. Note on Mr. Bagnall's recent addition 

to the British insect fauna. (Triplax bicolor,) Gyll., (scutellaris Charp) VDNFCOS 5 

pp 82-86. 

FRASER, A. J. L. 1970. The distribution of the flies of the families Calliphoridae and 

Muscidae (Diptera) in different habitats. MSc Diss Ecol D. 

FRISBY, M. E. 1961. The rendzina soils of the magnesian series in Durham, PhD 


GAMAN, J. H. 1970. Observations on phenotypic variability with in populations of 

Elodea canadensis in County Durham. MSc Diss Ecol D. 

GARRETT, F. C. 1934. The butterflies of Northumberland and Durham. Vas 20 pp 

45-48. 

GEORGE, D. R. 1969. Some aspects of the ecology of woodlice. MSc Diss D. 

15

GIBBONS. D. S. & WHITTON, B. A. 1966. Ponds and reservoirs in County 

Durham. JDUNHS 72. 

GIBBONS, D. S. 1968. Ecological studies on flies associated with dung, with 

particular reference to Scopeuma species (Diptera). PhD Thesis D. 

GILL, E. L. 1905. Mammals. In: Victoria County History of Durham. London. 

GILLEGHAN, J. A. 1958. The occurrence of Parmssia palustris on the Magnesian 

Limestone of County Durham and West Yorkshire. JDCNHS 5 pp 17-19. 

GIRLING, D. J. 1969. Comparison of the life histories of different varieties of 

Mitopus morio (Arachnida, Opiliones). MSc Diss Ecol D. 

GIRLING, D. J. 1969. A study of the swarming behaviour and the effects of the 

weather on the activity of Trichocera (Diptera) MSc Diss Ecol D. 

GLASSPOOLE, J. 1932. The rainfall of the Tees Valley. Brit. Rainf. pp 289-291. 

GLEN, D. M. H. 1967. Upper Weardale, development on decay.Ug Diss Geog D. 

GLENDINNING, D. R. 1954/55. Notes on a colony of Ophioglossum vulgatum L. 

JDCNHS 2 pp 3-7. 

GODDARD, T. R. 1929. History of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, 

Durham and Newcastle upon Tyne, 1829 

1929. Newcastle. 

GODWIN, H. 1949. The spreading of the British flora considered in relation to 

conditions of the late-glacial period. JE 37 pp 140-147. 

GODWIN, H. & WALTERS, S. M. 1967. The scientific importance of Upper 

Teesdale. PBSBI 6 pp 348-351. 

GOSS, C. 1967. An investigation of the possible effects of pollution on some 

members of the periphyton in the littoral zone of the North East coast of England. 


GREENWELL, J. 1935. Weardale Kingfishers. Vas 21 pp 121 -127. 

GREEVE-FYSHER. 1925. Mollusca of Middleton-in-Teesdale 

16

GREGORY, S. & SMITH, K. 1967. Local temperature and humidity contrasts around 

small lakes and reservoirs. Weather 22 (12) pp 497-505. 

GREY, F. G. & TBMPERLEY, G. W. 1957/58. Ornithological reports for 

Northumberland and Durham for 1956 and 1957. TNHSNS 12 pp 25-68, 185-220. 

GREY, F. G. 1958/60. Ornithological reports for Northumberland and Durham for 

1958/59. TNHSNS 13 pp 121-150, 215-246. 

GRIEFF, S. 1956. Influence of physical features on the development of Sunderland. 

PhD Thesis N. 

GRIFFITHS, B. M. 1932. Notes on the flora of Butterby Marsh, Durham. Vas 18 pp 

136-137. 

GRIFFITHS, B. M. 1935. Framwellgate Moor Carr. Vas 21 pp 96-98. 

GRIFFITHS, B. M. 1936. A preliminary list of the freshwater algae of 

Northumberland and Durham. Vas 22 89-95. 

GRIFFITHS, B. M. 1936. The limnology of the Long Pool, Butter by Marsh, 

Durham: an account of th temperature, oxygen content, and composition of the water 

and of the periodicity and distribution of the phyto and plankton. JLinnSB 50 pp 393- 

416. 

HALE, W. G. 1962. Studies on the biology of moorland Collem bola. PhD Thesis D. 

HALL, K. 1967. Population trends in County Durham: with special refence to future 

development. Ug Diss Geog D. 

HALLS, H. C. 1964. Analysis of noise in the Rookhope area. PhD Thesis D. 

HANCOCK, A. & HOWSE, R. 1869/70. On Janassa bituminosa Schlotheim, from 

the Marl-Slate of Midderidge, Durham. TNHSOS 3 pp 339-357. 

HANCOCK, A. & HOWSE, R. 1871/72. On a new Labyrinthodont Amphibian from 

the Magnesian Limestone of Midderidge, Durham. TNHSOS 4 pp 219-231. 

HANCOCK, A. & HOWSE, R. 1871/72. On Proterosaurus speneri von Meyer, and a 

new species, Proterosaurus huxleyi, from the marl-slate of Midderidge, Durham. 

TNHSOS 4 232-242. 

HANCOCK, A. & HOWSE, R. 1871/72. On Dorypterus hoffmanni Germar, from the 

marl-slate of Midderidge, Durham. TNHSOS 4 DD 243-268. 

17

HANCOCK, J. 1874. A catalogue of the birds of Northumberland and Durham, 

TNHSOS 6 pp 1-67. 

HANCOCK, J. 1878/80. Notes on the breeding of the stock dove, Columba oenas L., 

in County Durham. TNHSOS 7 pp 359 361. 

HANCOCK, J. 1884/89. Occurrence of Sabine's Gull, Lams sabini Leach in County 

Durham. TNHSOS 8 pp 27-28. HANDLEY, R. 1970. A summertime study of wood 

mice and bank voles in Castle Eden Dene. MSc Diss Ecol D. 

HARBORD, N. H. 1962. Mineralogy of Yoredale series rocks in Upper Teesdale 

with special reference to clay minerals. 2 vols. PhD Thesis D. 

HARDY, G. E. 1958. Studies in the quantitative morphology and ecology of 

Melandrium rubrum (Weig.) Garcke in the County of Durham. PhD Thesis N. 

HARRISON, H. H. 1925. Birtley Marshes. Vas 11 pp 115-117. 

HARRISON, J. W. H. 1915. Coccidae observed in Durham and North Yorkshire. Nat 

pp 78-81. 

HARRISON, J. W. H. 1916. The wild rose of Durham. Nat pp 9-13. 

HARRISON, J. W. H. 1916. Aleuropteryx lutea Wallengren: a Neuropteron new to 

Britain. Nat pp 97-98. 

HARRISON, J. W. H. 1916. The history and geography of the shubby cinquefoil. 

Vas 2 pp 49-51. 

HARRISON, J. W. H. 1917. A new species and genus of Aleyrodidae from Durham. 

Vas 3 pp 60-62. 

HARRISON, J. W. H. 1917. A survey of Lower Tees Marshes and reclaimed areas 

adjoining them. TNHSNS 5 (1). 

HARRISON, J. W. H. 1917. Birtley Fell. Vas 3 pp 115-118. 

HARRISON, J. W. H. 1917. New and rare Homoptera in the Northern Counties. 

Entomologist. 50. 

HARRISON, J. W. H. 1917. The genera Orchis and Gymnadenia in Durham. Vas 3 

pp 86-89. 

HARRISON, J. W. H. 1918. A survey of the Lower Tees Marshes and of the 

reclaimed area adjoining them. TNHSNS 5 pp 89 -154. 

HARRISON, J. W. H. 1921. The variation of Primula farinosa L. in County Durham. 

Vas 7 21-25 

18

HARRISON, J. W. H. 1922. More plants from the Blackhall Rocks. Vas 9 pp 122- 

123. 

HARRISON, J. W. H. 1925. The Durham orchids. Vas 11 121-124. 

HARRISON, J. W. H. 1926. Late September on Waldridge Fell. Vas 72 pp 14-16. 

HARRISON, J. W. H. 1926. The Lepidopterous genus Tephrosia and certain of its 

allies in Northumberland and Durham. Vas 12 137-139. 

HARRISON, J. W. H. 1930. A revision of certain Northern Rose Groups. Nat. 

HARRISON, J. W. H. 1939. The dragonflies of Northumberland and Durham. Vas 25 

pp 40-41. 

HARRISON, J. W. H. & TEMPERLEY, G. W. 1939. The Flora of the Three 

Northern Counties. In: Headlam, C. (ed.) The Three Northern Counties. Gateshead. 

HARRISON, J. W. H. 1940. The humble-bees of Northumberland and Durham. Vas 

26 pp 17-19. 

HARRISON, J. W. H. 1949. Insects — Scientific survey of North East England for 

British Association. 

HARRISON, J. W. H. 1949. Flora. In: British Association Survey of North East 

England, pp 49-57. Newcastle upon Tyne. 

HARRISON, J. W. H. & RICHARDSON, J. A. 1953. The Magnesian Limestone area 

of Durham and its vegetation. TNNU 2 (1) pp 1-28. 

HARRISON, J. W. H. 1954. The wild roses of Northumberland and Durham. History 

and Trans. of Consett & District Nats. Field Club. 

HARRISON, J. W. H. & RICHARDSON, J. A. 1954. Further investigations in the 

Flora of the 'Magnesian Limestone area of Durham PUDPS. 

HARRISON, Y. 1953. The Genus Rubus L. in Northumberland and Durham. TNNU 

2 (1) pp 29-39. 

HART-JONES, B. E. 1969. The investigation of a humus deposit in Cuthbert's Wood, 

County Durham. MSc Diss Ecol D. 

HAUGHAN, K. 1968. A village study in the Upper Derwent Valley, County 

Durham. Ug Diss Geog D. 

HAYNES, P. W. 1967. The geology of the country around High Force Force, Upper 

Teesdale. Ug Diss Geol D. 

19

HEADLAM. C. 1939. The three Northern Counties of England. 

HEAL, O. W. 1959. Investigations on Protozoa with special reference to moorland 

forms. PhD Thesis D. 

HEAL, 0. W. 1963. Cladocera (Crustacea) from Pennine Moor land. Nat pp 47-49. 

HENDERSON, D. G. 1970. Some nutritional studies on the wood mouse Apodemus 

sylvaticus, MSc Diss Ecol D. 

HERDMAN, T. 1909. The glacial phenomena of the Vale of Derwent.PUDPS 3 pp 

109-118. 

HERDMAN, W. 1902. The Yoredale rocks of Teesdale. Darlington. 

HEWETSON, V. P. 1970. A study of the vegetational history of Widdybank Fell in 

Upper Teesdale. PhD Thesis D. 

HEWETT, W. 1894. Spilosoma lubricipeda and its varieties radiata, eboracori, 

fasciata etc. in Yorkshire, Durham, Lincolnshire etc. Nat pp 353-362. 

HICKLING, H.G. A. etal 1931. Contributions to the geology of Northumberland and 

Durham. PGAL 42 217-294. 

HODGE, B. L. 1965. The great cyclotherm of Northern England. 2 vols. PhD Thesis 

D. 

HODGE, G. 1871/72. Catalogue of the Echinodermata of Northumberland and 


HODGSON, G. W. I. 1967. A comparative analysis of faunal remains from some 

Roman and native sites in Northern England. 2 vols. MSc Thesis D. 

HOPKINS, W. 1948. Thirteen publications on coal measures of Northumberland and 

Durham. PhD Thesis N. 

HORNUNG, M. 1969. Morphology, mineralogy and genesis of some soils on the 

Moorhouse National Nature Reserve. 2 vols. PhD Thesis D. 

HOROBIN, J. C. 1971. Studies on the biology of moorland Tipulidae with particular 

reference to Molophilus ater Meign. PhD Thesis D. 

HORRELL, E. C. 1903. Sphagna of Upper Teesdale. JB p 180. 

HOUSE, J. W. 1969. Industrial Britain: The North East. Newton Abbot. 

HOUSTON, W. N. K. 1970. Ecological studies on moorland ground beetles. 

(Coleoptera, Carabidae). PhD Thesis D. 

20

HOWSE, R. 1888/90. Catalogue of the fishes of the rivers and coast of 

Northumberland and Durham and the adjacent sea. TNHSOS 10 pp 327-390. 

HOWSE, R. 1888/90. Contributions towards a catalogue of the flora of the 

Carboniferous system of Northumberland and Durham. (1) Fossil plants from the 

Hutton collection. TNHSOS 10 pp 19-152. 

HOWSE, R. 1888/90. Note on the South Durham salt borings, with remarks on the 

fossils found in the Magnesian Limestone cores, and the geological position of the 

salt. TNHSOS 10 pp 220-226. 

HOWSE, R. 1894. Additions to the catalogue of the fishes of the rivers and coast of 

Northumberland and Durham and the adjacent sea. TNHSOS 11 pp 350-356. 

HOWSE, R. 1894. Note on the Conglobated form of the Magnesian Limestone of the 

County of Durham. TNHSOS 11 pp 60-65. 

HUGHES, M. K. 1970. Ecosystem Energetics (Wynyard, County Durham). JDUBS 

16 pp 16-23. 

HUGHES, M. K. 1970. Investigations of the Ecosystem Energetics of an English 

woodland. PhD Thesis D. 

HULL, J. E. 1900. Catalogue of the spiders (Araneidea) of Northumberland and 


HULL, J. E. 1901. Spiders of Northumberland and Durham: some notes of recent 

captures. Nat 365-368. 

HULL, J. E. 1909/13. Terrestrial Acari of the Tyne Province, TNHSNS 4 pp 381- 

409. 

HULL, J. E. 1913. Orobatidae (Beetle-mites) of the County of Durham, with special 

reference to the Derwent Valley. VDNFCNS 1 (2) 152-158. 

HULL, J. E. 1916. Flowering plants of an upland dale — West Allendale. Vas 2 pp 1- 

6. 

HULL, J. E. 1918. Terrestrial Acari of the Tyne Province. TNHSNS 5 pp 13-88. 

HULL, J. E. 1919. Celtic survivals in Northumberland and Durham. Vas 5 pp 158- 

171. 

HULL, J. E. 1920. Upper Teesdale place names. Vas 6 pp 82-90. 

HULL, J. E. 1922. Some guests of local ants. Vas 8 pp 126-130. 

21

HUMPHREYS, K. 1968. The geographical significance of motorways with special 

reference to the Durham motorway. Ug Diss Geog D. 

HUTCHINGS, W. M. 1898. The Contact Rocks of the Great Whin Sill. GM pp 69- 

82, 123-131. 

HUTCHINSON. 1966. Occurrence of living and sub-fossil remains of Betula nana in 

Upper Teesdale. NP 65. 

INGHAM, W. 1901. Sphagna of Yorkshire and Durham. Nat. pp 145-148. 

INGHAM, W. 1902. Harpidioid Hypna of Yorkshire and Durham. Nat. pp 93-96. 

JACKSON, A. R. 1908. A note on some rare spiders from the Derwent Valley. 

VDNFCNS 1 (1) pp 31-32. 

JACKSON, L. 1957. Upper Teesdale. Ug Diss Geog D. 

JACKSON, R. S. 1968. Aquifer studies in County Durham and Nairobi area, Kenya. 


JEFFREYS, H. 1916. On the vegetation of four Durham coal measure fells. JE 4 nos. 

3 & 4. 

JEFFRIES, P. S. 1966. The human geography of Weardale, County Durham. Ug Diss 

Geog D. 

JOHN, D. M. 1968. Studies on littoral and sublittoral ecosystems. PhD Thesis D. 

JOHNSON, G. A. L. 1959/60. Peat with flints (Great Dun Fell). JDCGIS pp 6-8. 

JOHNSON, G. A. L. & DUNHAM, K. C. 1963. The Geology of Moorhouse. Nat. 

Conserv. Men. 2 H.M.S.O. 

JOHNSON, G. A. L. 1965. Geology. In: Valentine, D. H. (ed.) The natural history of 

Upper Teesdale. pp 12-22. Newcastle upon Tyne. 

JOHNSON, G. A. L. 1970. Geology. Durham County and City with Teesside. British 

Association, ed. J. C. Dewdney. 

Durham. 

JOHNSON, G. A. L. et al. 1970. Geology of Durham County. 

TNHSNS 77 5-152. 

JOHNSON, G. A. L., ROBINSON, D. & HORNING, M. 1971. Unique bedrocks and 

soils associated with the Teesdale flora. Nature 232. 

22

JOHNSON, M. 1957. The ecology and sexual behaviour of stocks of P. caudatum 

from the North East and North West of England. PhD Thesis N. 

JOHNSON, M. E. 1961. Stratigraphy and age of the peat deposits of the Moorhouse 

Reserve. Unpublished. 

JOHNSON, W. 1884/89. A catalogue of Mr. N. J. Winch's lichens now in the 

Museum of the Natural History Society, Newcastle upon Tyne. TNHSOS 8 pp 307- 

325. 

JOHNSON, W. 1905. A Derwentside rarity — a Chough. VDNFCOS 5 p 87. 

JOHNSTONE, D. 1964. The development, settlement pattern and structure of 

population of Tyneside, Wearside and Teesside. Ug Diss Geog D. 

JONES, D. J. 1968. Energy cycling in the sea. JDUBS 14. 

JONES, D. J. 1970. Ecological studies of the fauna inhabitating the hapteron of the 

kelp plant Laminaria hyperborea. PhD Thesis D. 

JONES, G. 1. 1970. The effects of weathering on the strength of some British coal 

measure rocks. MSc Diss Geol D. 

JONES, H. LI. 1956. The stratigraphy and structure of the area between Middletonin-Teesdale 

and Woodlands. PhD Thesis D. 

JONES, K. 1969. Mineralogy and geochemistry of the Lower and Middle Magnesian 

Limestone of County Durham. PhD Thesis D. 

JORDAN, A. M. 1955. Studies on Coleophora caespititiella Zeil. (Lep) associated 

with Juncus squarrosus L. PhD Thesis D. 

JOURNAL, THE. 1963. Supplement: Newcastle and Gateshead Water Company 

Centenary. 

KEENLYSIDE, W. A. H. 1952. The Geology of the Cronkley Fell — Forest-in- 

Teesdale Area and Upper Teesdale. BSc Thesis Sheffield. 

KENNARD, M. F. KNILL, J. L. 1969. Reservoirs on limestone, with particular 

reference to the Cow Green scheme. Journal of the Institute of Water Engineers. 23 

(2) pp 87-135. 

KERSAW, A. P. 1967. The investigation of a lowland peat bog in County Durham. 


23

KIME, R. D. 1964. A study of two bird fleas, Ceratophyllus gallinae (Schrank) and 

Dasypsyllus gallmulae (Dale) in the nests of hole nesting birds. MSc Thesis D. 

KIRBY, D. A. 1968. Some physical and economic aspects of water in use in the 

Wear Basin. PhD Thesis D. 

KIRBY. J. W. 1865/67. On some remains of fish and plants from the upper limestone 

of the Permian series of Durham. TNHSOS 7 pp 64-83. 

KIRBY, J. W. 1865/67. On the fossils of -the Marl-slate and lower Magnesian 

Limestone, Durham. TNHSOS 7 pp 184-200. 

KIRBY, J. W. & DUFF, J. 1871/72. Notes on the geology of part of South Durham. 

TNHSOS 4 pp 150-198. 

KNIGHT, J. L. 1968/69. The nomenclature of the great limestone of the Alston 

Block. JAHS 3 (3) pp 19-21. 

KNIGHT, J. 1970. Renegade badger in County Durham. Nat pp 

95-96. 

KUBIK, M. L. 1970. Foundation problems in the new town of 

Killingworth. MSc Diss Geol D. 

LACHLAN, C. 1968. Energy flow through a population of Great Tits, with notes on 

Blue Tits. MSc Diss Ecol D. 

LAMBELLE, G. 1965. Three Rivers Country. 2 & 3. The Northern Echo, July 14 & 

15. 

LEBOUR, G. A. 1878. Outlines of the geology of Northumberland and Durham. 

Newcastle upon Tyne. 

LEBOUR, G. A. 1884/5. Note on an abnormal deposit of drift coal in North Durham. 

Nat. pp 178-180. 

LEBOUR, G. A. 1889. Visit of the British Association to Newcastle upon Tyne, 

Official and Local Guide. Geology and Natural History edited by G. A. Lebour. 

LEBOUR, G. A. 1904/06. Victoria County History of Durham. 

LEBOUR, M. V. 1905. Note on Velletia lacustris. Gray. VDNFCOS 5 p 88. 

LEE, P. C. 1966. The population and settlement in Upper Tees dale. Ug Diss Geog D. 

LENTON, G. M. 1970. A study of the activity of six species of Harvest-spiders, 

(Arachnida, Opiliones). MSc Diss Ecol D. 

LEWIN, S. A. 1970. An investigation into field populations of Galliphorine flies with 

special reference to the age structure of female Galliphora. MSc Diss Ecol D. 

24

LEWIS, F. J. 1904. The geographical distribution of vegetation of the basins of the 

Rivers Eden, Tees, Wear and Tyne. GEOG. J. 23 pp 313-331. 

LOCKERY, A. R. 1970. Quaternary sea-level change, lake formation and associated 

glacial events, with special reference to the lower Tees basin. 2 vols. PhD Thesis D. 

LOFTHOUSE, R. 1887. The River Tees: its marshes and their fauna. Nat pp 1-16. 

LOFTHOUSE, R. 1890. Bird-notes from the Tees district during the late autumn and 

winter months 1889-90. Nat pp 97-98. LOFTHOUSE, T. A. 1917. A few notes from 

Upper Teesdale. Vas 8 pp 27-29. 

LOGAN, A. 1962. The revision of the palaeontology of the Permian limestone of 

County Durham. PhD Thesis N. 

LONGSTAFFE, W. H. 1909. Darlington, its Annals and Characteristics. 

LOUSLEY, J. B. 1928. Upper Teesdale. 44th Annual report Watson Botany ex. Club. 

pp 413-414. 

MacEWAN, C. M. 1967. A study on the bioenergetics of a fresh water gastropod, 

Planorbis planabis L. in a small pond. MSc Diss Ecol D. 

MANLEY, G. 1936. The climate of the Northern Pennines. QJRMS 62 pp 103-113. 

MANLEY, G. 1938. High level records from the Northern Pennines. Meteorological 

Magazine 73 pp 69-72. 

MANLEY, G. 1942. Meteorological observations on Dun Fell. QJRMS 68 pp 151- 

165. 

MANLEY, G. 1943. Further climatological averages for the Northern Pennines with 

a note on topographical effects. QJRMS 69 pp 251-261. 

MANSON,. R. T. 1884. Zigzag ramblings. 

MANSON, R. T. 1897. The Geology of the Tees Valley. Darling ton. 

MANSON, R. T. 1899. The Geology of South Durham, Darling ton and Teesdale. 

MARSHALL, A. 1969. Geotechnical aspects of the glacial deposits of the Team 

Wash. MSc Diss Geol D. 

25

McINTOSH, W. C. 1871/72. Report on a collection of annelids dredged of 

Northumberland and Durham. TNHSOS 4 pp 118 120. 

McKEE, R. F. 1965. An investigation in the East Durham plateau 

into the problems of soil survey in relation to agricultural 

productivity. PhD Thesis D. 

McLELLAN, A. G. The Derwent Reservoir Scheme. The River Boards Association, 

pp 23-28. 

MEEK, A. 1904/07. On fishes of the North East coast. TNHSNS 1 35-38. 

MEESE, G. B. 1969. Some aspects of energy balance in the bank vole 

(Clethrionomys glareolus). MSc Diss Ecol D. 

MEGORAN, M. A. 1963. Teesdale. Ug Diss Geog D. 

MENNEL & PERKINS. 1864. Catalogue of the Mammalia of Northumberland and 

Durham. TNFC 6 (2). 

MERRICK, E. 1915. On the formation of the River Tync drainage area. GM Decade 

6 2 pp 294-304, 353-360. 

METEOROLOGICAL OFFICE. 1963. Rainfall over the areas of the Northumberland 

and Tyneside and Wear and Tees River Boards, 1916-1950. Hydrological 

Memoranda 8 p 22. 

MILBURN, C. E. 1915. The breeding of the Ruff in Durham. Vas 1123-125. 

MILLINGTON, G. R. 1964. Stratigraphy and pollen analysis of the Burtree Lane 

peat bed. JDUNHS 10 pp 17-20. 

MINISTRY OF FUEL AND POWER. 1945. Durham coalfield, regional survey and 

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26

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34


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35

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38

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C. SERIAL TITLES AND ABBREVIATIONS USED 

BRIT.RAINF. British Rainfall. 

DNHS Darlington Natural History Society. 

GEOGJ Geographical Journal. 

GM . Geological Magazine. 

H Hydrobiologica. 

JAHS . Journal of the Arthur Holmes Society. 

JAppE . Journal of Applied Ecology. 

JB. . Journal of Botany. 

JDCGgS Journal Durham Colleges Geographical Society. 

JDCGIS .Journal Durham Colleges Geological Society. 

JDCNHS .Journal Durham Colleges Natural History Society 

JE •Journal of Ecology. 

JLinnSB .Journal of the Linnaean Society—Botany. 

JDUBS .Journal Durham University Biological Society. 

JDUGS .Journal Durham University Geological Society 

JDUGgS .Journal Durham University Geographical Society 

JDUNHS .Journal Durham University Natural History Society 

L&MGJ .Liverpool and Manchester Geological Journal 

MFA,.: .Mitt.flor.-soz.Arbeitsgem. 

MGS(L).. Memoirs of the Geological Survey. London. 

MSc Diss Ecol D .MSc Dissertations are held by appropriate 

Departments, Durham Univ. Enquiries should be 

addressed to the Head of Department, Dept. of Botany 

or Zoology as appropriate. 

39

MSc Thesis D MSc Thesis of Durham University. Held in the Science 

Library. Enquiries to be addressed to the Keeper of the 

Science Books, Durham University. 

Nat The Naturalist, Hull. 

NAT.CONSER.MON. Nature Conservancy Monograph. 

NP . . . New Phytologist. 

PBSBI... Proc. Botanical Society, British Isles. 

PGAL . Proc. Geologists Association, London. 

PhD Thesis D. PhD Thesis of Durham University are held in the 

Science Library. Enquiries to be addressed to the 

Keeper of the Science Books 

PhD Thesis N. PhD Thesis .of Newcastle University. Enquiries to the 

University Librarian. 

PUDPS . . Proc. University Durham Philosophical Society. 

PYGS . . . Proc. York Geol. Society. 

QJGSL . Quarterly Journal Geol. Society, London. 

QJRMS . . Quarterly Journal Royal Met. Soc. 

TGSG . . . Transactions Geol. Soc., Glasgow. 

TGSL . . . Transactions Geol. Soc., London. 

TIBG . . . Transactions of Institute of British Geographers. 

TNFC . . . Tyneside Naturalists Field Club. 

TNHSNS . . Transactions Natural History Society of 

Northumberland and Durham, New Series. 

TNHSOS . . Transactions Natural History Society of 

Northumberland and Durham, Old Series. 

TNNU . . . Transactions Northern Naturalists Union. 

Ug Diss Geog D Undergraduate Dissertation, Dept. Geography, Durham 

University. Contact the Departmental Librarian and 

Map Curator 

Ug Diss Geol D Undergraduate Dissertation, Dept. Geology. Contact 

either Dr. G. A. L. Johnson or Miss M. Lumley, 

Durham University. 

Vas The Vasculum. 

VDNFCNS . . Vale of Derwent Naturalist Field Club, NewSeries. 

VDNrCOS . Vale of Derwent Naturalist Field Club, Old Series. 

VEG . Vegetatio 

40

Printed by Ramsden Williams Publications Ltd. 

Ann Street, Consett, Co. Durham.

1972 - The Vasculum

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