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Chemical Ecology of Bumble bee
- 2. Mogili Ramaiah IARI, Ph.D Scholar Division of Entomology New Delhi-110012 Welcome CHEMICAL ECOLOGY OF BUMBLE BEES Credit seminar on Good Morn ing
- 3. Introduction Biology of Bumble bee Social interaction Foraging and Social parasitism Case studies and Summary Conclusions and Future prospects CONTENTS
- 4. Bumble bees are of major importance, ecologically and economically as pollinators Model organisms Used to study ecological principles, social behavior, foraging strategies, host-parasite interactions and pollination Hydrocarbons, esters, alcohols, ketones, and fatty acids Introduction
- 5. The genus Bombus, the only one extant genus in the tribe Bombini, comprises over 250 species (Williams et al., 2008) Taxonomy Order: Hymenoptera Family: Apidae Eusocial: Highest level of organization of sociality, Cooperative brood care (including care of offspring from other individuals) Overlapping generations within a colony of adults A division of labor into reproductive and non- reproductive groups
- 6. Martin et al., 2010 Nest building bumble bees Sub-genus Species Pyrobombus Bombus lapidarius(Linnaeus) B. jonellus (Kirby) B. pratorum (Linnaeus) B.monticola Smith B. terrestris (Linnaeus) B. lucorum (Linnaeus) B. hortorum (Linnaeus) B. pascuorum Scopoli B. Muscorum (Linnaeus) Bombus Megabombus Melanonombus Thoracobombus
- 7. Parasitic bumble bees Sub genus: Psithyrus Martin et al., 2010 Species Host B.(Ps.) bohemicus B. lucorum and B. jonellus (Kerby) B.(Ps.) vestalis B. terrestris (Linnaeus) B.(Ps.) campestris B. pascuorum Scopoli B.(Ps.) rupestris B. lapidarius (Linnaeus)
- 8. Terminology Cue: Information that is useful to the receiver but that has not been shaped by natural selection Signals: Structures or behaviors that have evolved to convey information to other organisms Odor trails: Chemical compounds deposited by bumble bee workers between the nest entrance and the inner part of a nest; used by cuckoo females to recognize host species Switch point: Time in colony development at which the queen starts to lay primarily haploid, (male); later, she again lays diploid eggs Competition point: Colony phase in which workers show aggressive behavior and start egg-laying, as well as egg-eating
- 9. Fertility signal: Signal advertising the presence and/or quality of the queen; usually made of chemical compounds on the cuticle surface Primer pheromone: In social insects, usually a queen pheromone that affects the physiology of receivers; in bumble bees, it inhibits ovary development in workers Electroantennogram: Electrophysiological recording of the response of an insect’s peripheral sensing system, the antennae, when stimulated with odor molecules Gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD): Method to separate single compounds in a chemical blend and simultaneously test whether they are detected by antennal chemoreceptors
- 11. Gurel et al., 2008 Summer Spring Autumn
- 12. Eggs Worker Fertile eggs Unfertile eggs Queen Drones/males Manfred and Stefen, 2014 Caste determination in Bumble bees
- 14. The pheromone produced in the mandibular glands and spread over the queen’s body surface by self-grooming. The mandibular gland’s secretion is composed mostly of a series of 3- hydroxy acids accompanied by lesser amounts of alcohols, 2-ketones, alkenes, alkanes, and fatty acyl esters. Queen pheromones delay ovarian development in young and old workers. Mouling: physical interaction. Manfred and Stefen, 2014 Queen pheromones Control of worker Reproduction
- 15. Fertility signals Fertility signals in bumble bees were found first in B. hypnorum and more recently in B. terrestris. Etya et al., 2014 WorkerQueen wax-type esters from cuticle
- 16. In bumble bees both mass provisioning and progressive provisioning present Pocket-makers Ex. B. pascuorum B. hortorum B. diversus Pollen-storers Ex. B. terrestris B. hypnorum B. terricola Den and Duchateau, 2006 Parental care in bumble bee?
- 17. A larval hunger signal in the bumblebee Bombus terrestris Den and Duchateau, 2006 Objective: To investigate whether the larval cuticular chemicals could function as a hunger signal. Case study -1
- 18. Ten similar sized normally fed larvae of about 5 days old were collected Larvae were immediately washed in 1 ml n-pentane for 15 min Extraction of larval cuticular chemicals Starved larvae extract Normally fed larvae extract 1 ml n-pentane Den and Duchateau, 2006 A larval hunger signal in the bumble bee Bombus terrestris
- 19. Den and Duchateau, 2006 Small broods Colony with 30-40 workers Worker makes a small hole in it with her mandibles. The mandibles, antennae, and part of the head are inserted and after a short period of immobility the abdomen is lifted and a droplet of food is regurgitated from the crop onto the larva’s ventral side. Normally fed larvae extract Starved larvae extract N-pentane
- 20. 0.71 1.11 1.77 Den and Duchateau, 2006 Mean number of feedings per larva per hour for the three different treatments
- 21. FORAGING
- 23. Foraging bumble bees deposit an organic substance (cuticular materials) on rewarding flowers by grooming. Sydney, 1981 How bumble bee differentiate rewarding non rewarding flower ?
- 24. Chemical Signals in Bumble Bee Foraging Sydney, 1981 Bumble bee hive Case study -2
- 25. Rewarding (Rwd=98.0±1.1%) Previously rewarding (N’=54.6± 15.5%) Previously Rwd flower washed in water (N‘H2O = 28.8 % ± 14.6%) Previously rewarding washed in ethyl alcohol (N‘Alc= 15.5- ± 4.8%) Previously rewarding washed in pentane (N'pe.~ =4.1 ± 2.8%) Frequency of probing by bumble bees on differently treated flowers Sydney, 1981
- 26. Footprints Bumblebees sense nesting material Rottler et al., 2013 How bumble bee recognise their nest.... ?
- 28. Bumble bee Cuckoo bumble bee
- 30. How cuckoo bumble bee search it’s host nest…
- 31. Objectives: Identifying the foot-print compounds of the host species Whether the generalist cuckoo bumblebee B. bohemicus and the specialist B.vestalis use the same or different substances to recognize their common host. Kreuter et al., 2010 Specialist Bombus vestalis & generalist B. bohemicus use different odour cues to find their host B. terrestris Case study -3
- 34. Kreuter et al., 2010
- 35. Bombus vestalis Bombus bohemicus Kreuter et al., 2010
- 36. What are strategies used by cuckoo bumble bee to invade the host colony
- 37. Bombus/Psithyrus sylvestris, (Forest cuckoo bumblebee) Bombus/Psithyrus bohemicus, Gypsy cuckoo bumblebee Bombus/Psithyrus vestalis, (Southern cuckoo bumblebee) Bombus terrestris Bombus lucorum Bombus pratorum Bombus jonellus
- 38. Martin et al., 2010 Chemical mimicry Repellent produced by cuckoo bumble bee – dodecyl acetate Host Specific Social Parasites (Psithyrus) Indicate Chemical Recognition System in Bumblebees Case study -4
- 41. -- Alkanes -- dodecyl acetate -- Alkenes 0.00E+00 a- cuticular hydrocarbon extracted from the wing b- cuticular hydrocarbon extracted from the Dufour's gland Martin et al., 2010
- 42. Zimma et al.,2003 Do the substances that are electro-physiologically active have a repellent effect on host workers? Australia Do social parasitic bumble bees use chemical weapons ???????? Case study -5
- 46. Sugar water Pentane GC –EAD blend Dodecyl acetate Citral Farnesol
- 48. Zimma et al., 2003
- 49. Conquest of cuckoo bumble bee over Bumble bee
- 50. Sramkova et al ., 2009 Chemical ecology involved in invasion success of the cuckoo bumblebee Bombus vestalis and in survival of workers of its host Bombus terrestris Case study -6
- 51. How do cuckoo bumble bee male offspring's escape from host aggression?
- 52. Patrick et al., 2012 Parasite males completely lack the morphological and chemical adaptations to social parasitism that the females possess. Young cuckoo bumblebee males produces repellent odor that prevents parasite males from being attacked by host workers.
- 53. Summary 1. Bumble bees are model organisms to study aspects of regulation of reproduction. In B. terrestris the occurrence of a queen primer pheromone has been verified, but the chemicals involved have not been identified. 2. Cuckoo bumble bees evolved remarkable strategies to find and invade host colonies and to manipulate host worker behavior. Chemical ecology plays a key role in these interactions. 3. After invasion of a host colony, female parasites adjust to the odor profiles of their host queens to maintain the level of fertility signaling, there by manipulating worker behavior.
- 54. 4. Foraging bumble bees distinguish between unvisited and visited (i.e., depleted) flowers by using hydrocarbon cues left behind by previous visitors and thus avoid landing on depleted flowers; the interpretation of the cues by foragers requires context-dependent learning. 5. Bumble bee foragers can animate nestmate workers to leave the colony, supposedly for the purpose of food collection, by means of physical contact and by a pheromone emanating from dorsal abdominal glands.
- 56. We are still far away from fully understanding chemical communication in bumble bees such as male pheromones and queen pheromones We know much more about the chemical structures of compounds that are likely involved in communication than about how these compounds act. Learning experiments are needed with respect to host searching behavior of cuckoo bumble bee. Diagnostic bioassays are needed to identify behaviorally active compounds in complex secretions of male bumble bees Conclusion
- 57. Future Prospects
Editor's Notes
- Fig. 1 Psithyrus vestalis invasion success rate depending on Bombus terrestris host colony size upon invasion