4. VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
• It takes place by the following methods:
• Progressive death and decay of thallus.
• By tubers.
• By Gemmae.
• By persistent growing apices.
5. Death and decay of thallus
• Not a very common
method. More
common in
Liverworts.
• Part of lobes form a
new gametophyte.
6. BY TUBERS
• Tubers have an outer protective corky layer and resist
extreme desiccation. They remain alive even after the
death of the thallus. In sufficient moisture, they germinate
and give rise to new plant.
7. By Gemmae
• Some species like A. glandulosus , A. formaosae and A.
fusiformis bear stalked structures on dorsal surface
called called gemmae. On separation from parent
thallus they give rise to new plants.
8. By persistent growing apices.
• Species like A. pearsoni and A. fusiformis
employ this method.
• Mostly in areas where summer season is very
dry.
• All parts of thallus except apical regions
become dry. These Apices later after period of
dormancy for new plant.
10. ANTHERIDIA
• They occur
endogenously on
dorsal surface in a
closed cavity
called antheridial
chambers.
• They enclose mass
of androcytes
which mature into
antherozoids.
13. Antherozoids
• The antherozoid is spindle like and biciliate.
• The cilia are attached to the anterior end of
the body.
• The antherozoids swim in the water by the
lashing moment of their flagella.
14. DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHEGONIUM
The development of archegonium begins from a single
superficial cell. This cell becomes prominent and acts as
archegonial initial.
The archegonial initial first divides vertically, producing three
jacket initials which surround an axial cell.
The axial cell divides transversely, producing a cover initial and
a central cell. Thereafter, the central cell divides by a
transverse wall, giving rise to a primary canal cell and a
primary venter cell.
15.
16. Structure of archegonium
• A mature archegonium is
flask-like in shape, without
neck canal cells and with an
egg (oosphere) in its venter.
• At the top of the neck of the
archegonium there are four
cover cells, which become
separated from the
archegonium, as soon as the
gelatinization of the venter
and neck canal cells is over.
17. FERTILIZATION
• Prior to fertilization, the cover
cells become detached from
the archegonium, and the neck
canal cells become gelatinized.
Through the medium of water,
the antherozoids enter the
mouth of archegonium.
• Ultimately, one lucky
antherozoid penetrates the
egg, and the fertilization is
effected. The male and female
nuclei unite to each other,
producing a zygote (oospore)
18. DEVELOPMENT OF SPOROGONIUM
• With the result of the first vertical division, the
daughter cells are produced, which are subjected to a
transverse division producing four cells of equal or
unequal size
• These cells again divide vertically, developing
eightcelled embryo, four cells in each tier. The upper
tier of four cells divides transversely. This way the three
tiers of four cells each have been produced.
• The lowermost tier produces the foot, the middle tier
produces partly the foot and mainly the seta and the
upper-most tier produces the capsule.
19. SPOROGONIUM TISSUE
• In the young sporogonium,
the columella consists of
four vertical rows of the
cells, but later on it is made
up of sixteen rows of cells.
• The jacket initials divide
again and again periclinally
producing the 4 to 6 layered
wall of the capsule.
• Later on, the sporogenous
tissue becomes
differentiated into two types
of cells, i. e., (i) the
sporocytes (spore mother
cells) and (ii) the sterile cells
(pseudoelaters).