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Gall repairing mechanism
- 2. Topic:- Gall repair mechanism in aphids Kavyashree, B. A. III Ph.D. PA1TAH079 2
- 3. 3 Defence in social insects Overview of galls Hypotheses - Gall induction Repairing mechanism in aphids Conclusion Glimpse through
- 4. Defence in social insects 4 Shorter and Rueppell (2012)
- 5. 5 Overview of galls Galls are abnormal growths that occur on leaves, twigs, roots or flowers of many plants. Caused by Insects,mites, bacteria, fungi or nematodes Appear as balls, knobs, lumps or warts
- 6. 6 Stone and Schonrogge (2003) Diversity in galls (a) Leaf roll galls (b) Sawfly, Euura weiffenbachii on willow (c) Gall midge Contarinia subulifex on oak (d) Pouch gall; pouch galls by aphids (e) Pemphigus borealis (f) P. spirothecae (g) Astegopteryx styracophila and (h) Tuberaphis sumatrana (i) Thrips, Oncothrips rodwayi on Acacia (j) Woody stem gall thrips, Lotatubothrips sp. on Acacia cunninghamiana (k) Gall induced by thrips Oncothrips sterni (l) Enclosed gall by gall midges (m) Enclosed gall on hickory (n) Mikiola fagi on beech. (o) Cryptic enclosed galls inside fig fruit, small galls by pollinating wasp (Pleistodontes imperialis, Agaonidae), whereas large galls by a nonpollinator (Herodotia sp. Epichrysomallinae). (p) An enclosed sawfly gall on willow (q) An enclosed Cynipid gallwasp
- 7. Traits in galls 7 (a) Internal air spaces and nutritive tissues (b) Multiple larval cells in Andricus quercusradicis (c) Nectar secretion - Dryocosmus cerriphilus. (d) Dense hair in Chilaspis nitida (e) Colouration in Andricus curtisii. (f) Dense spines in Andricus lucidus (g) Sticky resin in Andricus dentimitratus (h) A parasitoid. (i) A dummy upper chamber in Andricus galeatus (j) Soldier aphids on the surface of the gall induced by the ginger aphid, Pseudoregma sundanica (k) A female inquiline thrips (l) Gall weevils, larvae eat gall tissue and gallwasp larvae. (m)The caterpillar of a tortricid moth (n) A parasitoid wasp (Megastigmus stigmatizans, Torymidae) (o) Galls of Andricus solitarius Stone and Schonrogge (2003)
- 8. Social behaviour in aphids Gall cleaning Colony defence Gall repairing by self sacrifice 8
- 9. 9 Hypotheses for the significance of gall induction . Nutrition hypothesis Microenvironment hypothesis Enemy hypothesis Stone and Schonrogge (2003)
- 10. Amino acids in the EDTA exudation from galled and ungalled leaves infested by Rhapalosiphum insertum on Sorbus commixta Aphid galls accumulate high concentrations of amino acids: a support for the nutrition hypothesis for gall formation Koyama et al. (2004) 10 Galls (◊) , Ungalled leaves (▪)
- 11. Specialized placement of morphs within the gall of the social aphid Pemphigus spyrothecae • Numerous morphs within the nests (plant galls) of the aphid species Pemphigus spyrothecae Pike (2007) 11
- 12. Spatial distribution of the instars and adults 12 Gall region Pike (2007)
- 13. Do aphids self sacrifice themselves in protecting their home? 13 Kurosu et al. (2003) Self-sacrificing gall repair by aphid nymphs
- 14. The social aphid - Nipponaphis monzeni Primary host - Distylium racemosum Secondary host- Quercus glauca & Quercus myrsinaefolia 14 Nipponaphis monzeni Kurosu et al. (2003)
- 15. • Invasion of predator- gall repairing behaviour of aphid • The cornicles - alarm pheromone, to plaster up a hole 15 Kurosu et al. (2003) Mission completed...!!!
- 16. Fortress repair in the social aphid species Pemphigus spyrothecae Pike and Foster (2004) o Nest repair is a vital element in the cooperative brood care that is a distinctive feature of eusocial animals. o Social aphid, Pemphigus spyrothecae 16
- 17. 17 20 galls on four trees with two treatments Gall Repair Agents of Gall repair (1)All aphids were removed from a gall, a hole was cut and 20 soldiers only were replaced in the gall (2)Aphids were removed, a hole was cut with 20 third-instar sexuparae (1) (2) Pike and Foster (2004) (1) (2)
- 18. 18 Gall repair in Pemphigus spyrothecae (a) Freshly cut hole with soldiers visible around its periphery (b) Full repair of the damaged area by compensatory overgrowth from the opposing coil (c) No repair of a gall in which the aphids were killed (b) (c) (a) (b) (c) (a) Percentage of galls Pike and Foster (2004) • Some level of repair - 100% of galls containing aphids • No repair -Aphids had been killed • Total repair - compensatory growth , 70% of galls containing aphids
- 19. 19 Waste disposal - Gall dwellers to sustain their social life Honeydew balls - prevents from wetting and drowning Plant manipulation by gall forming social aphids for waste management Kutsukake et al. (2019)
- 20. 20 Kutsukake et al. (2019) Gall morphology
- 21. N. monzeni - Sucrose Absorption (%) Sucrose (%) Galls (No.) 100 0 15/16 90 2 6/10 35-90 4 8/10 <40 8 11 N. Monzeni <0.5% 21 Kutsukake et al. (2019)
- 22. MANIPULATION OF STRUCTURE AND HYDROPHOBICITY IN GALLS Kutsukake et al. (2019) 22
- 23. 23 Kutsukake et al. (2019) N monzeni on Distylium racemosum Inside view Soldier nymphs Exaggeration and cooption of innate immunity for social defense White arrow - first-instar soldier Black arrow - adult Small white - powdery aggregates Small black - aphid cadaver. Body fluid Soldier nymph Plastering nymphs Repaired hole What are the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlie the self-sacrificing nest repair with their body fluids ?
- 24. 24 Kutsukake et al. (2019) An experimentally bored hole filled by body fluid of soldier nymphs at hours after plugging.
- 25. LGCs by soldier nymph LGCs soldier nymph Soldier’s body fluid 3d after gall repair Kutsukake et al. (2019) 25
- 26. SDS-PAGE and Immunoblotting 26 Kutsukake et al. (2019)
- 27. PO activity in N. monzeni Kutsukake et al. (2019) 27
- 28. 28 SDS/PAGE and immunoblot profiles Kutsukake et al. (2019)
- 29. Localization of PO and RCP • In situ hybridization and immunochemistry • Early soldier embryos • In embryonic and nymphal development • In mature soldier 29 Kutsukake et al. (2019)
- 30. 30 Kutsukake et al. (2019)
- 31. Melanization pathway 31 Kutsukake et al. (2019)
- 32. The tyrosine titres 32 Kutsukake et al. (2019)
- 33. Mechanism of body fluid clotting Cellular/biochemical level Body fluid clotting and wound sealing Exaggerated and excreted clotting mechanism in soldier nymph Individual level 33 Kutsukake et al.(2019) Co-option of body fluid clotting for gall repair by soldier nymphs Colony level Hypothetical mechanism
- 35. 35
Editor's Notes
- Social aphids may clean their nests
- Fig. 2D shows SDS/PAGE and immunoblot profiles of thebody-fluid proteins of the soldier nymphs derived from eightgalls (designated as galls a–h) collected at the same locality. Whereas the most abundant PO protein (Fig. 2D, band 5) was constant in size, the next most abundant proteins (Fig. 2D, bands 4 and 6) exhibited peculiar patterns: one or two bands were detected from each gall colony, and the size of the protein bands differed among the gall colonies (Fig. 2D), uncovering that the no. 4 and no. 6 band proteins show striking size polymorphism even in the same population of N. monzeni.