Order Hymenoptera of Agricultural Importance
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This presentation consists of some important families of order Hymenoptera along with their important identifying characteristics and their importance in agriculture as pest as well as parasitoid.
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Order Hymenoptera of Agricultural Importance
- 1. PRESENTED BY: Sandeep Kumar Sathua M.Sc. (Ag) final Year Dept. of Entomology & Agricultural Zoology BHU, Varanasi, Uttarprades
- 3. www.company.com The name Hymenoptera is derived from the Greek words "hymen" meaning membrane and "ptera" meaning wings. It is also a reference to Hymeno, the Greek god of marriage. The name is appropriate not only for the membranous nature of the wings, but also for the manner in which they are "joined together as one" by the hamuli. Over 115,000 species present worldwide It is the order of Ants / Wasps / Bees / Sawflies / Horntails. HYMENOPTERA
- 4. www.company.com COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ORDER HYMENOPTERA Head- Hypognathous, extremely mobile & free Mouthparts- Larvae – Chewing type Adult– Chewing & lapping type(e.g. bees). Compound eyes that are usually large (although many are blind e.g. ants and fig wasps). The females generally have an ovipositor which may be modified for sawing, piercing or stinging. Complete metamorphosis COMPOUND EYE HYPOGNATHOUS HEAD CHEWING & LAPPING TYPE MOUTHPART
- 5. www.company.com Two pairs of membranous thin wings. The forewings and hindwings are held together by small hooks (Hamulli). The hindwings < forewings and the wing venation (vein arrangement) is often much reduced. However, in many species the wings are not present or are present only during mating flights (e.g. ants). Larva are eruciform & grub is apodous Antenae – Filliform, geniculate, clavate etc with 4-70 segments GENICULATE ANTENAE GRUB
- 6. www.company.com Hymenoptera devided into 2 suborders Symphyta & Apocrita Suborder SYMPHYTA have a broad junction between thorax and abdomen (sawflies and horntails) <10% of species Suborder APOCRITA have a narrow junction between the thorax and abdomen. Division Parasitica (parasitoids), >70% of species Division Aculeata (stinging wasps, ants, & bees) ~20% spp. Taxonomy & Diversity
- 7. www.company.com HYMENOPTERA SYMPHYTA TENTHREDINOIDEA XYELOIDEA MEGALODONTOIDEA SIRICOIDEA ORUSSOIDEA CEPHOIDEA APOCRITA ACULEATA APOIDEA VESPOIDEA CHRYSIDOIDEA PARASITICA ICHNEUMONOIDEA CEREPHRONOIDEA PROCTOTRUPOIDEA STEPHANOIDEA EVANIOIDEA MEGALYROIDEA TRIGONALOIDEA CHALCIDOIDEA CYNIPOIDEA Phylogeny of Order Hymenoptera ORDER SUBORDER SUBORDER DIVISION DIVISION SUPER FAMILY
- 8. www.company.com W I N G S Symphyta: All have two pair of membranous (clear) wings as adults with most displaying a fairly "basic" set of cells and veins, i.e. simple venation Apocrita: 2 pair or one sex apterous, venation often reduced, membrane may be patterned, fore- & hind wings attached with hammuli. Difference Between SYMPHYTA & APOCRITA
- 9. www.company.com LARVAE Symphyta: caterpillar-like, one pair stemmata, 3 pair of thoracic & 6-8 pair abdominal legs; free-living. Apocrita: grub-like maggots, apodous or eucephalous; live in protected nest cells.
- 10. www.company.com Abdomen broadly jointed to thorax Stemmata Present Fore tibia with 2 spurs Pre pupa absent Mostly polyphagous in nature Ovipositor well developed & modified for piercing plant tissue e.g.- Saw fly Other Differences Abdomen attached to thorax by narrow ‘Petiole’ Stemmata absent Tibial spurs absent Pre pupa present Mostly parasitic on other insects Ovipositor modified for parasitizing or stinging other insects e.g.- Bee, Wasp, Ants
- 11. www.company.com Suborder- Symphyta Family-Tenthredinidae (Saw Fly) Bright colored stout adult Antennae non segmented Ovipositor is blade or saw like Larvae eruciform devoid of crochets e.g- Mustard Saw Fly (Athalia lugens proxima) IMPORTANT FAMILIES OF HYMENOPTERA
- 12. www.company.com Suborder- Symphyta Family-Siricidae (Horntails) Pale brown legs and the rest metallic blue-black Ovipositor is stiff and straight as a needle, polished black, with slight notches It pierces the bark of trees to lay eggs & Larvae are wood borers. e.g- Sirex Woodwasp ( Sirex noctilio )
- 13. www.company.com Division- Aculeta Family- Apidae (True bee) Head & body with plumose hair Hind legs are foragial Fore tibia with spurs Ovipositor modified to sting Social insects , generally act as pollinator e.g.- Apis melifera, A. indica etc. Egg – The queen bee lays the eggs. Larva – The worker bees care for the larvae, feeding and cleaning them. Pupa – After molting several times, the larvae will cocoon inside the cells of the hive. Adult – Male adults are always drones; females may be workers or queens. SUBORDER- APOCRITA
- 15. www.company.com Division- Aculeta Family- Vespidae (Social Wasps) Red or yellow body with black markings Long slender petiole Antennae in female 12 & in male 13 segmented Trochanter undivided & no trochantellus Abdomen is modified into terminal ovipositor or sting 3 marginal cells in fore wing & hind wing without anal lobe Potter WaspHornetsYellowJacket SUBORDER- APOCRITA
- 16. www.company.com They prey on caterpillars and spiders. Adults provision nest sites with prey that they catch and paralyze by stinging. Lateral margin of pronotum forms a distinct lobe that does not touch the tegula SUBORDER- APOCRITA Division- Aculeta Family- Sphicidae (Sand Wasps, Digger Wasps )
- 17. www.company.com Division- Parasitica Family- Ichneumonidae (Ichneumonid wasp) Forewings lack a costal cell 16 or more segments in the antennae 2 segmented trochanters & tarsus 4 segmented Females with a long, slender ovipositor Filliform antennae with more than 16 segmented Most adults are parasitic e.g- Giant ichneumon wasp (Megarhyssa macrurus) SUBORDER- APOCRITA
- 18. www.company.com Division- Parasitica Family- Braconidae (Braconid wasp) Minute small sized insects, most of them parasitoids of lepidopteron larvae Ovipositor is long & well developed Cross vein 2m- Cu is absent in fore wing Pupation inside cocoon, inside/outside body of host e.g- Bracon hebetor & Bracon brevicornis SUBORDER- APOCRITA
- 19. www.company.com Division- Parasitica Family- Trichogrammatidae (Trichogramma sps.) Minute insects with 3 segmented tarsi Fore wings broad with rows of microscopic hairs They are not strong fliers All are egg parasitoid on mostly Lepidopteran insects e.g- Trichogamma chilonis, T. japonicum SUBORDER- APOCRITA
- 20. www.company.com Family- Formicidae (Ants) Eusocial, with perennial colonies Wingless worker caste Females with prognathous heads Antennae elbowed or geniculate Abdominal segment II differentiated, forming a petiole Mating performed in mass nuptial flights. Wings of alate queens shed after mating Forewings always lacking cross-veins 3rs-m and 2m-cu SUBORDER- APOCRITA
- 21. www.company.com Division- Parasitica Family- Cynipidae (Gall Wasps) GALLS ON LEAF ADULT WASP LARVA GALLS ON FRUITS SUBORDER- APOCRITA - Larvae are herbivores. - They induce the formation of plant galls on fruit & leaves and live in or on these tissues. GALLS ON LEAF
- 22. www.company.com Family- Eulopidae (Pupal Parasitoids) They are minute pupal parasites Fore wing narrower with pubascence on wing lamina Hairs are not arranged in rows Ovipositor present allmost at the tip of the abdomen e.g- Tetrasticus israelli used for control of Coconut black headed caterpillar SUBORDER- APOCRITA
- 23. www.company.com Family- Evaniidae (Ensign Wasp) Petiole is long and abrupt Gaster is short, compressed and attached to propodium by slender petiole They are parastic on the ootheca of cockroaches e.g- Evania appendigaster SUBORDER- APOCRITA
- 24. www.company.com POMPILIDAE: (Spider Wasps) They prey on spiders
- 26. www.company.com “The little things that run the world.” --E. O. Wilson FOR NATURAL WORLD Special ecosystem functions: • Resource cycling, especially ants • Population control, parasitoids, predators • Pollination (plant reproduction), bees, Wasps and others IMPORTANCE OF THE ORDER
- 27. www.company.com FOR ANTHROPOPHILIC WORLD Beneficials • Bioloical Control: horticultural & agricultural • Pollinators: honey bees, bumble bees, solitary bees • Hive Products: honey, wax, medicines & misc. Pests • Agriculture: phytophagous sawflies • Structural damage: carpenter bees & ants • Nuisance: stinging wasps, ants • Medical: stings to allergic individuals, trauma
- 28. www.company.com Bees, ants and wasps have chemoreceptors for taste and smell on their antennae as well as on their mouthparts. Apart from the termites all the social insects are in the Hymenoptera order. Recently a 100 million year old bee was found fossilized in amber. Bees evolved from wasps around 130 million years ago. One third of the food eaten by humans comes directly or indirectly from crops pollinated by bees. In Hymenoptera the females develop from fertilized (diploid) eggs, and the males from unfertilized (haploid) eggs. So males have no father.
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