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Phytolacca acinosa Roxb., an East Asian plant species naturalised in many parts of the European continent, has been recorded for the first time in Croatia in two anthropogenic habitats in Varaždin city (NW Croatia). This study reports the newly discovered localities and presents the characteristics of the new alien species in the flora of Croatia....
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Context 1
... acinosa s. str. (Fig. 2) is a perennial, growing to a height of 1.5(-3) m (Nienaber and Thieret 2003). Roots are thick, fl eshy. Stems are erect, green or reddish purple, lon- gitudinally grooved, fl eshy, branched (Dequan and Larsen 2003), naked, juicy, branching in the upper part (Wyrzykie- wicz-Raszewska 2009). Leaves are spirally arranged, leaf blade is ...
Context 2
... cal to ovoid, 3-4 mm in length and 2 mm in width. After pollination of flowers they do not drop, but tilt backwards. There are 8-10 stamens, equal in length to the perianth, fi l- aments are persistent, white, subulate, wider at the base with pinkish, elliptical anthers. The pistil of hypogynous fl ower is composed of 7-15 free carpels. The fruit (Fig. 2), generally defined as a berry, is juicy and composed of 7-15, most often eight, adjacent single-seeded berries, forming a compound berry, approx. 7 mm in diameter. Each berry has ...
Citations
... The distribution area of each species was determined using specimen records and literature data (Borak Martan and Šoštarić, 2016;Xie et al., 2017;Li et al., 2020). Georeferenced specimen records were obtained from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) 2 and the National Specimen Information Infrastructure of China (NSII). ...
Phytolacca is the largest genus of Phytolaccaceae. Owing to interspecific hybridization, infraspecific variation, and apparent weak genetic control of many qualitative characters, which have obscured boundaries between species, the classification and phylogenetic relationships of this genus are unclear. Native Phytolacca is disjunctly distributed in America, eastern Asia, and Africa, and the biogeographic history of the genus remained unresolved. In this study, we used the whole chloroplast genome and three markers (nrDNA, rbcL , and matK ) to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships within Phytolacca , analyze divergence times, and infer biogeographic histories. The phylogenetic results indicate that Phytolacca is monophyletic, which is inconsistent with the infrageneric classification based on morphology. According to the divergence time estimation, Phytolacca began to diversify at approximately 20.30 Ma during the early Miocene. Central America, including Mexico, Costa Rica, and Colombia, is the center of species diversity. Biogeographical analysis indicated five main dispersal events and Phytolacca originated from Central and South America. Birds may be the primary agents of dispersal because of the fleshy fruiting of Phytolacca . This study extended sampling and added more genetic characteristics to infer the evolutionary history of Phytolacca , providing new insights for resolving the classification and elucidating the dispersal events of Phytolacca.
... Therefore, parks are important for its spread and this finding is also true for Parthenocissus planted in private gardens (Pergl et al. 2016). In a similar vein, Phytolacca esculenta, an emerging alien in Europe (Martan & Šoštarić 2016), was recorded in 10 grid cells with parks out of 41 grid cells in Pladias (i.e. 24%) and Gymnocladus dioica in 7 out of 9 (78%). ...
To study the role that public parks play as sources of invasions, we surveyed 89 sites in the Czech Republic, comprising chateau parks in urban areas and countryside in various landscapes and socioeconomic contexts, in order to build complete inventories of alien taxa spontaneously spreading outside cultivation in parks or from their surroundings. We describe the richness, diversity , status, frequency and abundance of park floras, explore the relationship between alien taxa, site factors and management practices used in the parks, and assess the invasion potential of the recorded taxa and their interaction with threatened native taxa occurring in the parks. We found that (i) the numbers of escaping invasive species are relatively low, and their population sizes are limited despite the great number of taxa cultivated in parks; (ii) many invasive plants arrived in parks from the surrounding urban and rural landscapes; and (iii) many parks act as refugia for threatened native taxa and vegetation types. We recorded 242 alien taxa, of which 21 were recorded for the first time outside cultivation, representing additions to the national alien flora, seven were cultivars of native taxa, and 26 were native taxa growing outside their natural distribution area in the Czech Republic. The most abundant taxon was the native Hedera helix, which often thrives in its natural habitats; the most abundant alien taxa included the invasive neophytes, Impatiens parviflora and Robinia pseudoacacia. Alien taxa classified as naturalized or invasive in the Czech Republic were recorded as escaping from cultivation in 69% of the parks sampled and casual aliens in only 18%. We recorded 100 Red List taxa, including four critically threatened. Our study shows that parks play a similar role in invasions as other sites in urbanized landscapes , but they also provide habitats for many native taxa. The conservation effect is made possible by regular management primarily focused on aesthetic functions, e.g. removing shrub and tree saplings in specific habitats to maintain open sites and steppe localities.
... Since then, occurrences from other Central and Eastern European countries were also documented (partly as Ph. acinosa or acinosa agg.), e.g. from Bulgaria (Zieliński et al. 2012), Croatia (Martan &Šoštarić 2016), andPoland (Wyrzykiewicz-Raszewska 2009). Further expansion in the Slovak urban fl ora was also reported recently (Letz 2012). ...
... Since then, occurrences from other Central and Eastern European countries were also documented (partly as Ph. acinosa or acinosa agg.), e.g. from Bulgaria (Zieliński et al. 2012), Croatia (Martan &Šoštarić 2016), andPoland (Wyrzykiewicz-Raszewska 2009). Further expansion in the Slovak urban fl ora was also reported recently (Letz 2012). ...
Schmotzer, A. (2019): New localities of Eleusine indica (Poaceae) and Phytolacca esculenta (Phyto-laccaceae) in Eastern Hungary.-Studia bot. hung. 50(1): 121-134. Abstract: Th is paper reports on the new occurrences of two alien species, Eleusine indica and Phyto-lacca esculenta in Eastern Hungary (in microregions of Great Hungarian Plain and North Hun-garian Range units). Previously very scattered observations were documented from this part of the country. Th is correspondence describes the newly discovered localities of these species and presents the actualised CEU-based grid distribution map. I observed Eleusine indica in 5 new grids in 2018, which might refer to the present expansion of the species on trampled synanthropic habitats (mostly along roads). In the case of Phytolacca esculenta new occurrences increased significantly our knowledge concerning its distribution. Based on recent fl oristical investigations carried out between 2008 and 2019, it is registered from 10 microregions covering 37 new CEU grids (rep-resenting a 29.6% increase in data compared to previous data). Th e occurrence at Bükkszentkereszt (Bükk Mts) represents the population with the highest altitude record (607 m a.s.l.) so far known in Hungary. Th e species can colonise with 'soft invasion' variable synanthropic habitats, mostly in urban environs, thus some locations outside from the villages were also detected. Th e importance of the green (garden) waste deposition heaps is also considerable, which can serve as 'stepping stones' in the naturalisation process of the species.
Noteworthy records of 11 alien plant species in Kyiv City and Kyiv Region made mainly in 2020 are discussed. In particular, new localities of the following taxa are reported: Amaranthus spinosus, Artemisia tournefortiana, Chenopodium ucrainicum, Celastrus orbiculatus, Datura innoxia, Dysphania ambrosioides, Erechtites hieraciifolius, Mesembryanthemum ×vascosilvae (M. cordifolium × M. haeckelianum; recently described as Aptenia ×vascosilvae and reported here for the first time for Ukraine; earlier this ornamental hybrid was misidentified as Aptenia cordifolia), Parietaria officinalis, Phytolacca americana, Thladiantha dubia. The presence in Ukraine of several additional species, such as Datura wrightii and Phytolacca acinosa s.l. (incl. P. esculenta), that may occur as escaped near places of their cultivation, is reported; these species may be confused with D. innoxia and P. americana, respectively. The growing role of alien plants escaped from cultivation (ergasiophytes) in the present-day processes of formation of the alien flora of Ukraine is emphasized.
In this paper, a new distribution record of Phytolacca acinosa in Poland is presented. It was found on 30 September 2018 in Kraków, southern Poland, growing in a hedge of Ligustrum vulgare. Currently, it should be treated as a casual alien species in the Polish flora. The updated map of the distribution of P. acinosa in Poland is provided using the ATPOL cartogram method.
