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Nitella flexilis (Linnaeus) C.A. Agardh: a. part of thallus showing whorl of forked leaves, b. reproductive organs (x 50).
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Two stonewort green algae, Chara contraria A. Braun ex Kützing and Nitella flexilis (Linnaeus) C. A. Agardh were collected from Kinjhar and Haleji lakes, Distt. Thatta, Sindh during October to December 1999. Their methanol extracts revealed the presence of a variety of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) by GC-MS and β-sitosterol by EI-MS &...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... flexilis (Linnaeus) C.A. Agardh: Thallus 30-40 cm high; stem and leaves uncorticated, encrusted with lime; stem up to 0.8 mm thick; internodes 4.5-9.0 cm long; leaves up to 6 in a whorl, forked; last segment unicellular; stipule-circle lacking; antheridia borne above oogonia; crown developed on ooganium by tips of 5 two-celled coiled tubes (Fig. ...
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Presence of Characeae taxa is limited by the existence of clear and oligotrophic waters. Some other chemical water parameters can also influence the distribution of taxa, which can thus be used as ecological bioindicators. The area of eastern Spain contains a high diversity of water basins in both coastal and inland habitats that allow the study of...
The family Characeae, represented by two genera in Brazil, Chara and Nitella, is considered to include the closest living relatives of land plants, and its members play important ecological role in aquatic ecosystems. The present taxonomic survey of Chara and Nitella was performed in tributaries that join to form the Brazilian shore of the Itaipu R...
The presented research was conducted during 2019-2022 in south and southeast Kazakhstan to document the species richness, distribution, and ecology of charophytes (Characeae) as a first step towards to estimate the need for species protection. Across the 54 sites, we found ten species and one variety. Chara vulgaris Linnaeus and C. contraria A.Brau...
Nadia zanianii has been described and illustrated as a new species from a rice field at Charghat upazila in Bangladesh. The new species resembles Nitella Arcata and N. polycarpa but differs by presence of accessory branchlets, spiky dactyls and size of oogonium, oospore and antheridium.
The fossa ornamentation of the mature oospore wall of three species of the genus Chara, viz., C. zeylanica Willd., C. braunii Gmelin. and C. corallina Klein ex. Willd. and two species of the genus Nitella viz., Nitella furcata Agardh. and N. pseudoflabellata Braun., of South India have been observed. There are no published reports on SEM studies on...
Citations
... • oospore sterilisation agent and concentration (Forsberg 1965c, Sederias and Colman 2007, Sederias and Colman 2009, Holzhausen 2019, Holzhausen et al. 2022); • inorganic media (Forsberg 1965a, Forsberg 1965b, Forsberg 1965c, Proctor 1967, Andrews et al. 1984a, Wüstenberg et al. 2011); • content of organic material (Buljan 1949, Gumiński 1983, Smart and Barko 1984, Kalin and Smith 2007, Pörs and Steinberg 2012, Holzhausen 2016, Holzhausen et al. 2017, Holzhausen et al. 2022); • cyanobacteria/phytoplankton (Casanova et al. 1998, Rojo et al. 2013a, Rojo et al. 2013b, Fukushima and Arai 2015, Pełechata et al. 2016); • nutrient concentration , for example, phosphorus, sulphides or nitrates (Reid et al. 2000, Sederias andColman 2009); • pH value (Shen 1966, Kim and Mun 1997, Quanter 2020); • phytohormones ( Sederias and Colman 2007, Tarakhovskaya et al. 2007, Holzhausen et al. 2022); • salt concentration ( Winter and Kirst 1990, Winter et al. 1996, Shepherd et al. 1999); • substrate density, structure and water content (Boedeltje et al. 2002, Matheson et al. 2005, Porter 2007); • antibiotics (Christian 2004); -2 -1 • activity of benthic invertebrates (Kuczewski 1906, Fukuhara and Sakamoto 1987, Kotta et al. 2004, Hansen et al. 2011); • epiphytic associated microorganisms (Hempel et al. 2008, Kataržytė et al. 2017, Rodrigo et al. 2021); • beneficial growth promoting substances and phytopathogens (Wajih and Sinha 1980, Ghazala et al. 2004, Lusweti and Pili 2021. ...
This expanded review aims to provide information on previous basic research by charophyte experts in the areas of reproduction, dormancy, germination of oospores and cultivation. Therefore, published information, the author’s PhD thesis and further results have been combined to summarise the current state of knowledge for Characeae of permanent and temporary waterbodies. The understanding of evolutionary, systematic and molecular pathways require multidimensional approaches using combined results of morphology, anatomy, physiology, genetics, geobotanics and ecology. The application of zonobioms from geobotanies for performed germination studies resulted in a linkage between environmental conditions and dormancy breakage treatment. Besides this, the combination of environmental logger data and species-specific cultivation knowledge resulted in an optimised in-vitro system that allow the successful gametangia initiation and maturation under artificial laboratory conditions in monoecious diplostichous Chara species.
... Some of the identified phytochemicals from the GC-MS analysis have been reported to show some therapeutic importance. Pentadecanoic acid shows antimicrobial and antifungal activities (Ghazala et al., 2004), hexadecanoic acid, and methyl ester show anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and bactericidal activities (Aparna et al., 2012;Cartron et al., 2014;El-Ghorab et al., 2010;Galdiero et al., 2021), phenanthrene and its derivatives have many distinct therapeutic benefits including analgesic, antitussive, antimalarial, cytotoxic and anti-constipation (Kwofie & Gupta, 2021). This revealed that Artocarpus communis seed possesses medicinal properties attributed to its diverse active compounds. ...
ABSTRACT
The nutritional as well as beneficial effects of the Artocarpus communis seed on metabolic syndrome
complications have not been studied. In this research, the aim was to investigate the nutritional and beneficial effects of Artocarpus communis seeds’ phytoconstituents on the p53 core, fat
mass and obesity-associated (FTO) protein and cytochrome P450 CYP11A1 domains. The elements and
phytochemicals in the seed were determined through atomic absorption spectroscopy assay and gas
chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, respectively. Also, the compounds detected
were docked to the p53 core, FTO protein and cytochrome P450 CYP11A1 domains protein. Artocarpus
communis seed contains sodium (7.824 ± 0.0134 ppm), magnesium (10.187 ± 0.0239 ppm) and iron
(1.924 ± 0.0017), while zinc and cadmium were undetected. Phenolics and flavonoids were the most
abundant phytochemicals in the seed. Phytoconstituents, such as pentadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic
acid and methyl ester, possessing different therapeutic effects were identified via GC-MS analysis.
In A. communis seed, 3-methyl-4-nitro-5-(1-pyrazolyl) pyrazole and phenanthrene were able to bind
more peculiarly and specifically to the p53 core, FTO protein and cytochrome P450 CYP11A1
domains. One of the important processes that were hypothesized for the recovery of metabolic
syndrome in affected victims is shown by the molecular dynamics analysis, which shows that the
binding of these chemicals to the targeted structure stabilized the proteins. Therefore, Artocarpus
communis seeds could be a new strategy for the management of metabolic syndrome.
... The algal extracts from wastewaters can inhibit bacterial growth more effectively than algae growing in clean waters (Lustigman 1988). The experimental study done by Ghazala et al. 2004 on "Tetraspora cylindrica, collected from wastewater and thermal effluents showed antibacterial activity against Corynebacterium diphtheria, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Shigella boydii, and many more". ...
... Biologically active sterols such as cholesterol, fucosterol, stigmasterol, and ergosterol are predominant in certain red, green, and brown seaweeds ( amenarska et al. 2002;S nchez-Machado et al. 2004). Ghazala et al. (2004) reported biologically active sterols, the majority of which was -Sitosterol isolated from the methanol extracts of freshwater, stonewort algae, Chara contraria, and i a i is that were highly effective against fungal pathogens. Sterols were demonstrated to induce morphological abnormalities in some plant pathogens, for example, the effect of an extract of Sargassum carpophyllum on the fungus Pyricularia oryza (Blunt et al. 2007), thus exhibiting the potential to suppress fungal pathogens. ...
Seaweeds have been used for centuries as organic inputs to improve soil properties and more recently extracts of seaweeds have been used as biostimulants to enhance the growth of agricultural crops. However, their potential as biocontrol agents, as used to suppress plant diseases, has not been broadly exploited, due to the lack of cohesive scientific data. This article provides a review of published reports on the use of seaweed species and their extracts, for the suppression of a variety of plant diseases; the bioactive components related to disease suppression and the mechanisms of activity. The plethora of literature highlighting the importance of selected seaweed extracts in the management of plant pathogens suggests their unexplored potential in an integrated plant disease management strategy.
OTHER CHAPTERS
Table of Contents
Introduction to Marine Algae: Overview
Ana Isabel Neto and Isabel Sousa Pinto
Importance of Seaweed in the Climate Change—Seaweed Solution
Ik Kyo Chung, Jung Hyun Oak, Jin Ae Lee, Tae-Ho Seo, Jong Gyu Kim and Kwang-Seok Park
Microalgal Metabolism and their Utilisation
Michael A. Borowitzka
Microalgal Biomass Production
Rathinam Raja, Hemaiswarya Shanmugam, Ramanujam Ravikumar, and Isabel S. Carvalho
Advances and Constraints of Seaweed Farming as a Basal Constituent for an Environmentally Sustainable Development of Aquaculture in Chile
Alejandro H. Buschmann, María C. Hernández-González and Bárbara S. Labbé
Microalgal Downstream Processing: Harvesting, Drying, Extraction, Separation, and Purification
Xavier C. Fretté
Marine Algae Bioactivities
Catarina Vizetto-Duarte Carolina Bruno de Sousa, Maria Rodrigues, Luísa Custódio, Luísa Barreira and João Varela
Macroalgal phycocolloids
Leonel Pereira
Microalgae for Feed
Vítor Verdelho, João Navalho and Ana P. Carvalho
Potential Use of Extracts of Seaweed Against Plant Pathogens
Jattinder Singh Sangha, Robin E. Ross, Sowmyalakshmi Subramanian, Alan T. Critchley and Balakrishnan Prithiviraj
The Cosmeceutical Properties of Compounds Derived from Marine Algae
Snezana Agatonovic-Kustrin and David W. Morton
Dinoflagellates and Toxin Production
Joana Assunção and F. Xavier Malcata
Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture: An Overview
Isabel C. Azevedo, Tania R. Pereira, Sara Barrento and Isabel Sousa Pinto
Alternative Green Biofuel from Microalgae: A Promising Renewable Resource Katkam N. Gangadhar, João Varela and F. Xavier Malcata
Genetic Engineering Approaches for the Exploitation of Marine Algae as Potential Sources of Organic and Inorganic Biofuels
Maria da Glória Esquível, Julia Marín-Navarro, Teresa S. Pinto and Joaquín Moreno
Present and Future Economic and Environmental Impacts of Microalgal Technology
Miguel Olaizola, Rob C. Brown and Elizabeth D. Orchard
Editor(s) Bio
F. Xavier Malcata has a PhD in Chemical Engineering, with Minor in Food Science, Biochemistry and Statistics, from the University of Wisconsin – Madison, USA. Full Professor at Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal. Principal Investigator at LEPABE – Laboratory of Process Engineering, Biotechnology and Energy – responsible for research line PHOTOBEAM: PHOTO-Bioprocess Engineering with Aquatic Microorganisms. Main research interests focused on marine bioengineering – toward synthesis and extraction of added-value functional metabolites (with pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food applications), via novel designs of photobioreactors and sensors for microalga-mediated processes. Author of 400+ scientific papers in top-ranking scientific journals, with 12,000+ cites by the peers.
Isabel Sousa Pinto has a PhD in Marine Biology (phycology) on ecophysiology and cultivation of seaweeds, from the UC Santa Barbara USA. Associate Professor, University of Porto and Director of Coastal Biodiversity Laboratory at the Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR-UP). Her main research has been on biodiversity and ecology of rocky shore and reefs and particularly on the seaweed flora as well as on algal ecophysiology, cultivation and use. She is also working on the science-policy- society interfaces and on promoting ocean literacy.
A. Catarina Guedes has a PhD in Biotechnology – specialty Microbiology (2010) from the Portuguese Catholic University. Researcher in Algal Biotechnology at CIIMAR/UP - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, since 2011. Main research interests focused on algal biotechnology – namely production, extraction and characterization of added-value functional metabolites from micro- and macroalgae, with pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food/feed applications. Author of more than 20 research papers in scientific journals, co-authored 14 book chapters in internationally published books and c. 30 communications in scientific meetings.
A.Catarina Guedes
Investigadora / Researcher
cid:614EA802-52AD-41B9-B64C-51B87B2D73DB@ciimar.up.pt
CIIMAR | Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research of the University of Porto
Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões
Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N
4450-208 Matosinhos | Portugal | Tel. (+351) 223 401 806
E-mail: aguedes@ciimar.up.pt | www.ciimar.up.pt | www.facebook.com/ciimar.up.pt
... This could be caused by direct inhibition effect of saline water on fungi activity in the decomposition processes (Connolly et al., 2014) or indirect effect as salinity can trigger plant responsive mechanism against environmental stress (Holzinger and Pichrtová, 2016). Plant starts to produce secondary metabolites that protect the cell against environmental stress and possess antifungal properties (Ghazala et al., 2004;Juan et al., 2014), which can suppress epiphytic fungi. ...
Microorganisms associated with aquatic macrophytes can in various ways interact with a plant and influence its activity and vice versa. A low-salinity intrusion into freshwater environment can affect plant-microorganism interactions. In this study, effects of different salinity conditions on the abundance and community composition of associated microorganisms with charophytes in the Curonian Lagoon were assessed. From the results, we found that short term salinity changes affected the abundance of bacteria and fungi associated with charophytes, whereas no response was reflected in the taxa composition of fungi, showing that other factors could be of more importance. The increased fungi abundances and different fungi composition in August in comparison to June was probably related to senescence process of aquatic vegetation. 8 fungi taxa were isolated and identified in association with charophytes, while higher diversity was revealed by DGGE technique.
... Similarly the compounds associated with B. amyloliquefaciens (BSC7) were (1E)-1-Ethylidene-1Hindene, Dodecamethyl cyclohexasiloxane, n-Pentadecane, 2,6, 10-Trimethyltetradecane, Z-5-Methyl-6-heneicosen-11-one, 2-Methylhexadecan-1-ol, n-Heptacosane, Tetradecanoic acid, ethyl ester, Phthalic acid, diisobutyl ester, Linoleic acid ethyl ester, Diisooctyl phthalate. Linoleic acid, Diisooctyl phthalate a lipopeptide based main polar compound of surfactin, possess antimicrobial activity (Ongena et al., 2005), dodecanoic acid belonging to fatty acid with antibacterial and antifungal activity (Ashwanikumar et al., 2011), Pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl ester belonging to fatty acid has antibacterial and antifungal activity (Ghazala et al., 2004) and 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylicacid, disooctyl ester with antimicrobial activity (Jayaraman et al., 2010). Hence, the presence of lipopeptide and fatty acid based compounds in B. amyloliquefaciens (BSC7) with antimicrobial action serve as a potent inhibitor of fungal and bacterial pathogens, which could be the reason for the suppression white rust and crown gall of chrysanthemum under protected cultivation in poly house. ...
... Similarly the compounds associated with B. amyloliquefaciens (BSC7) were (1E)-1-Ethylidene-1Hindene, Dodecamethyl cyclohexasiloxane, n-Pentadecane, 2,6, 10-Trimethyltetradecane, Z-5-Methyl-6-heneicosen-11-one, 2-Methylhexadecan-1-ol, n-Heptacosane, Tetradecanoic acid, ethyl ester, Phthalic acid, diisobutyl ester, Linoleic acid ethyl ester, Diisooctyl phthalate. Linoleic acid, Diisooctyl phthalate a lipopeptide based main polar compound of surfactin, possess antimicrobial activity (Ongena et al., 2005), dodecanoic acid belonging to fatty acid with antibacterial and antifungal activity (Ashwanikumar et al., 2011), Pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl ester belonging to fatty acid has antibacterial and antifungal activity (Ghazala et al., 2004) and 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylicacid, disooctyl ester with antimicrobial activity (Jayaraman et al., 2010). Hence, the presence of lipopeptide and fatty acid based compounds in B. amyloliquefaciens (BSC7) with antimicrobial action serve as a potent inhibitor of fungal and bacterial pathogens, which could be the reason for the suppression white rust and crown gall of chrysanthemum under protected cultivation in poly house. ...
... To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of anti-oomycete activity for C. fragilis. Studies using extracts of other charophytes such as Chara contraria and Nitella flexilis (Ghazala et al., 2004) have demonstrated antifungal activity against several phytopathogens (including Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium spp.). These extracts contained a variety of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids to which the antifungal activity was attributed. ...
Irrigation ponds may act as a source of phytopathogenic species that might infest crops through the irrigation systems. Many studies have shown that submerged macrophytes can improve water clarity by out-competing phytoplankton by means of various mechanisms: favoured phytoplankton-grazing zooplankton, reduced nutrient and light availability, increased sinking losses and the release of allelopathically active substances. However, less information is available on the effects of submerged macrophytes on heterotrophic aquatic organisms such as pathogenic bacteria, fungi or oomycete species. This paper studies the effects of three submerged macrophytes—Chara fragilis, Potamogeton pectinatus and Najas marina—on the viability in water of propagules of two phytopathogenic isolates of the oomycetes Pythium aphanidermatum and Pythium ultimum. Moreover, we tested general antimicrobial properties (against bacteria and fungi in water) for these macrophytes. The results showed clear inhibitory effects of all three macrophytes on bacterial density in water and of C. fragilis on the viability of Pythium. Thus, preserving aquatic vegetation in irrigation ponds (i.e. charophytes), besides its purely environmental interest, may have important agronomic benefits owing to their role as biological control against some phytopathogenic agents.
... Charophytes are a group of carbonate-precipitating, macroscopic green algae that forms an important floral element in the littoral zones of carbonate-rich freshwater or brackish lakes up to *12 m deep (Tucker and Wright 1990;Platt and Wright 1991;Garcia 1994;Garcia and Chivas 2006;Détriché et al. 2008). Their stems may reach 2 m in length and consist of elongated cortical cells twisted around a long central cell (Brasier 1980;Ghazala et al. 2004). The stems contain whorled branches along their lengths that can be calcified through extra-cellular coating (Anadón et al. 2000). ...
Characeae, a family of calcifying green algae, are common in carbonate-rich freshwaters. The southwestern shoreline of Lake Ganau (Kurdistan Region, northeastern Iraq) harbors dense and thick mats of these algae (genus Chara). On the lake bottom and along the shore, carbonate sands and rocks rich in the remains of stems, branches, nodes, and whorls of Chara are deposited. These deposits show all stages of growth and degradation of characean algae, including replacement and lithification into limestone. The replacement of the fragments by fine-grained calcite preserved delicate microstructures of Chara, such as cortical walls, cell shape, inner and outer layers of the stems, and reproductive organs. Based on roundness, sorting, the degree of lithification, and preserved microstructures of the grains (fragments), three facies were recognized. The first is represented by a newly formed lime sand facies showing elongated grains, poor sorting, and reduced roundness, with pristine preservation of characean surface microstructures. The second is a weathered lime sand facies, which shows better sorting and good roundness, whereas internal structures of characean fragments are still well preserved. The third is comprised of a lithified lime sand facies (grainstone), with very well sorted and rounded grains, and poorly preserved external and internal structures of the characeans. As compared to the newly formed lime sand facies, the grainstone facies shows an increase in grain size by more than 30 %, owing to precipitation of micritic lamina of possible microbial origin. Eventually, the Characeae-derived lime sands are lithified into oolitic limestones with sparry calcite cement, forming a grainstone microfacies. The present study has important implications for the interpretation of pre-Quaternary environments, as it records all stages of the fossilization process of characean green algae and highlights the role of these algae in the formation of oolitic carbonate rocks.
... Further consideration deserves to be given to the differences in the cellular biology of sensitive tumours that could explain the cytotoxic effect of algae derived ingredients and the increase in the cytotoxic response caused by these biomolecules, in particular cancer types. Our laboratory is focusing and studying biological activities of various extracts derived from local strains of algae (Ghazala et al., [41]; Ghazala et al., [42]; Ghazala et al., [42]; Ghazala and Shameel, [43]; Ghazala et al., [44]; Ghazala et al., [45]; Ghazala et al., [46]; Ghazala et al.,[47] ). Additionally anticancer potential of these extracts is currently being tested to identify agents which could improve the efficacy of mechanismbased and targeted therapeutic strategies against cancer. ...
... Further consideration deserves to be given to the differences in the cellular biology of sensitive tumours that could explain the cytotoxic effect of algae derived ingredients and the increase in the cytotoxic response caused by these biomolecules, in particular cancer types. Our laboratory is focusing and studying biological activities of various extracts derived from local strains of algae (Ghazala et al., [41]; Ghazala et al., [42]; Ghazala et al., [42]; Ghazala and Shameel, [43]; Ghazala et al., [44]; Ghazala et al., [45]; Ghazala et al., [46]; Ghazala et al.,[47] ). Additionally anticancer potential of these extracts is currently being tested to identify agents which could improve the efficacy of mechanismbased and targeted therapeutic strategies against cancer. ...
There is an overwhelmingly increasing trend of analysis of naturally occurring ingredients in treatment of prostate cancer. Substantial fraction of information has been added that highlights activity at various levels and steps of deregulated cellular proliferation, metastasis and apoptosis. Among such ingredients, algae extracts and jasmonates are documented to have anti-cancer activity in vitro and in vivo and induce growth inhibition in cancer cells, while leaving the non-transformed cells intact. In this short review we outline systematically, how these ingredients predispose prostate cancer cells to undergo apoptosis.
