Larval habitus: A-habitus of mature larva of Pyrochroa coccinea, dorsal view; B-habitus of pre-mature instar larva of P. serraticornis, dorsal view. Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B = 2.5 mm.

... planes, after combined with the Helicon Focus 7 software in order to extend the depth of field and later adjusted in Adobe Photoshop CS6. Images of P. coccinea have been taken from mature larvae, except for maxilla ( Fig. 2E) taken from pre-pupal exuviae; images of P. serraticornis have been taken from pre-pupal exuviae, except for the habitus (Fig. 1B) taken from pre-mature instar. Specimens were measured using the image analysis software ...

... of mature larva. Body length 3.5 cm (from mesal labral apex to apices of urogomphi) and maximum width 5.1 mm (across widest portion of urite VIII) (Fig. 1A). Body orthosomatic with sides subparallel, moderately sclerotized except most of cephalic capsule, mandibles, and urogomphal plate which are more heavily sclerotized; body vestiture consisting of short to moderately elongate, scattered setae. Thoracic and abdominal terga lacking parabasal ridges. Head and body dark yellowish to amber, ...

... and Abdomen. Thorax flattened, with sides of prothorax subparallel, meso-and metathorax rounded (Fig. 1A); cervicosternum divided into three plates (Fig. 2C). Legs well developed, moderately short, 5-segmented including tarsungulus, vestiture consisting of sparse, short setae. Abdomen flattened, with sides slightly converging forward, moderately sclerotized; tergites I-VII subequal in length and width; tergite VIII approximately 2 times as ...

... divided into three plates (Fig. 2C). Legs well developed, moderately short, 5-segmented including tarsungulus, vestiture consisting of sparse, short setae. Abdomen flattened, with sides slightly converging forward, moderately sclerotized; tergites I-VII subequal in length and width; tergite VIII approximately 2 times as long as others (Fig. 1A). Sternite VIII emarginate apically (Fig. 4C). Ventrolateral margins of abdominal laterotergite VIII emarginate, with lanceolate shape ending with more sclerotized acute apex (Fig. 4C). Tergite IX divided into four plates (Fig. 4A), hinged, capable of considerable dorso-longitudinal movement, extending ventrally, thus forming the ...

... One pair of well-developed ovate thoracic spiracles ventrolaterally positioned on laterotergites along anterior margin of mesothorax. Paired, ovate abdominal spiracles, subequal in size, located on dorsolateral margin of abdominal tergite I (Fig. 1A) and ventrolateral margins of abdominal laterotergites II-VII; paired spiracles of abdominal laterotergite VIII annular-ovate, located ventrolaterally at distal 1/3 of its length (Fig. ...

... serraticornis (Scopoli) (Figs 1b, 2b, D, F, 3E-H, 4b, D, 5b) Diagnosis. The most diagnostic characters are structures associated with the highly sclerotized urogomphal plate: lateral lobes acute rounded; sclerotized conical teeth between lateral lobes and the straight parallel urogomphi; urogomphal lip flat, ventrally to the single urogomphal pit with parallel rugulae. ...

... of mature larva. Body length about 2.4 cm (from mesal labral apex to apices of urogomphi) and maximum width about 3.8 mm (across widest portion of urite VIII) (Fig. 1B). Body orthosomatic with sides subparallel, moderately sclerotized except much of cephalic capsule, mandibles, and urogomphal plate more heavily sclerotized; body vestiture consisting of short to moderately elongate, scattered setae. Thoracic and abdominal tergites II-VII and IX lacking parabasal ridges; abdominal tergites I and VIII ...

... bearing few setae hardly characterized from our samples; each labial palpus short, 2-segmented, palpomere I twice as long as II. Hypostomal rods (Fig. 2D) well developed, divergent; gular sutures separate (Fig. 2D). Thorax and Abdomen. Thorax flattened, segmentation well developed, sides of prothorax subparallel, mesoand metathorax rounded (Fig. 1B); cervicosternum divided into three plates (Fig. 2D). Legs well developed, moderately short, 5-segmented including tarsungulus, vestiture consisting of sparse, short setae. Abdomen flattened, sides slightly converging forward, moderately sclerotized, tergites I-VII subequal in length and width; tergite VIII approximately 2.8 as long as ...

... cervicosternum divided into three plates (Fig. 2D). Legs well developed, moderately short, 5-segmented including tarsungulus, vestiture consisting of sparse, short setae. Abdomen flattened, sides slightly converging forward, moderately sclerotized, tergites I-VII subequal in length and width; tergite VIII approximately 2.8 as long as each other (Fig. 1B). Sternite VIII emarginate apically (Fig. 4D). Ventrolateral margins of abdominal laterotergite VIII emarginate, with lanceolate shape, ending with more sclerotized acute apex forming a lateral tooth visible even from dorsal view (Figs 1B, 4D). Tergite IX divided into four plates (Fig. 4B), hinged, capable of considerable ...

... VIII emarginate apically (Fig. 4D). Ventrolateral margins of abdominal laterotergite VIII emarginate, with lanceolate shape, ending with more sclerotized acute apex forming a lateral tooth visible even from dorsal view (Figs 1B, 4D). Tergite IX divided into four plates (Fig. 4B), hinged, capable of considerable dorso-longitudinal movement, extending ventrally, thus forming the urogomphal plate, widest basally where it forms well developed acute rounded lateral lobes ( Figs 4B, D); surface of urogomphal plate bearing numerous, well-developed, callosities and several setigerous calli, in particular, long setae are associated with three pair of calli on the dorsolateral surfaces and one pair of calli at the base of urogomphi (Fig. 4B); a pair of well developed, highly sclerotized conical teeth between urogomphi and lateral lobes ( Figs 4B, D); urogomphi heavily sclerotized, long, slender, straight, parallel, tapering and acuminate apically; ventral surface of urogomphal plate sharply excavate basally at articulation with sternites IX-X, excavation narrowing distally to bases of urogomphi and urogomphal lip forming a thin slot (Fig. 4D). ...

... plate possessing a heavily sclerotized urogomphal lip ventrally ( Figs 4B, D, 5B), forming the ventral surface of the wide heavily sclerotized single urogomphal pit (Fig. 5B), which fills the space between the heavily sclerotized fixed urogomphi, and bear characteristic parallel rugulae. Sternite IX broadly transversely U-shaped (Fig. 4D), partially recessed into shallow emargination of sternite VIII, possessing continuous semicircular arch of approximately 32 well-developed asperities along anterior margin; ventrolateral margin heavily sclerotized forming an acute tooth slightly visible even in dorsal view (Figs 1B, 4D). Segment X reduced, transversely ovate, basal margin rounded, recessed into emarginations of sternite IX, visible ventrally (Fig. 4D). ...

... basal margin rounded, recessed into emarginations of sternite IX, visible ventrally (Fig. 4D). Spiracles. One pair of well-developed, ovate, thoracic spiracles situated ventrolaterally on laterotergite along anterior end of mesothorax. Paired, sub-ovate abdominal spiracles, subequal in size, located on dorsolateral margin of abdominal tergite I (Fig. 1B) and ventrolateral margins of abdominal laterotergites II-VII; paired spiracles of abdominal laterotergite VIII annular-ovate, located ventrolaterally at distal 1/3 of its length (Fig. ...