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Collection sites of Diaperis boleti in northern Poland (A) and location of the area under study in Europe (B). High quality figures are available online.
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Living in unstable habitats is expected to decrease the intensity of isolation by distance in popula-tions through the need for frequent movements of individuals. Insects associated with fruiting bodies of fungi therefore are supposed to have weak spatial genetic structure of populations com-pared with those living in more stable habitats. With the...
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... this study, samples of D. boleti were col- lected from fruiting bodies of L. sulphureus growing on roadside trees in rural avenues ( Fig. 1) in northern Poland in the area between the Lower Vistula Valley and the Great Masu- rian Lakes, between 18°56′ and 21°43′ E and 53°16′ and 54°19′ N (Fig. 2). The study area is dominated by an agricultural landscape rich in historical avenues with trees planted along roads (average density of avenues was esti- mated as 0.31 ± 0.04 km km -2 ; Oleksa et al. 2012b). The most common tree species in the- Table 1. Proportion of polymorphic loci (PLP) at the 5 % level and expected heterozygosities ...
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1. Insects are a hyper diverse and ecologically important group. Their high diversity, however, presents challenges in sampling methodology, because rare species are unreliably detected with low sampling effort. However, the relationship between effort and species detections, critical for effective monitoring and evaluation of population trends, is...
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... These results contrast the previous study by Francisco et al. (2011), which spanned a larger scale from the Netherlands to the South of Spain (>1800 km) and did not detect IBD using mtDNA and the S7 nuclear marker. This difference likely stems from the use of distinct methodological approaches and further underlines the utility of both accounting for marker type and using kinship-based approaches in detecting even weak signals of IBD for populations with low genetic divergence (Oleksa 2014, Schunter et al. 2019. ...
Knowledge about the dispersal patterns of marine organisms is vital for understanding population dynamics and designing appropriately scaled protected areas and fisheries management. Assessing the extent to which populations are connected by larval exchange has been traditionally approached by delineating genetically differentiated populations. Inferring these patterns for species with high gene flow remains a challenge, as they often show panmixia over large spatial scales. In these cases, genetic connectivity may be revealed through the combination of population- and kinship-based approaches. Here, we assess the population structure and relatedness of the shanny Lipophrys pholis over 500 km along the Western Iberian Peninsula coastline, using 27 microsatellites developed for this study. As expected, given its long larval duration stage, we found high gene flow throughout the study area. However, a weak pattern of isolation-by-distance was detected by Mantel tests and large-scale relatedness patterns, suggesting decreasing genetic similarity with distance at the scale of the Western Iberian Peninsula. Conversely, we provided evidence of fine-scale connectivity at the smaller scale of the Atlantic Islands of Galicia National Park (Spain). Combining population- and kinship-based approaches may reveal previously undetected genetic differentiation within a well-connected population; however, we stress the importance of careful application and interpretation of relatedness metrics. Our findings may be broadened to other coastal organisms featuring similar life-history traits, including a relatively long larval phase, as well as comparable environmental conditions favoring dispersal by ocean currents, which could be directly applied to the management and conservation of Northeast Atlantic marine species.
... Host persistence is also an important determinant of species' life cycles and dispersal abilities. Short-lived hosts select for strong dispersers with fast developmental times, for example, the beetles Diaperis boleti and Tetratoma fungorum breeding in fungal fruit bodies [11,12]. While, in the longlived habitat of hollow trees, Osmoderma eremita develops slowly and has limited dispersal abilities [13,14]. ...
Biological communities within living organisms are structured by their host's traits. How host traits affect biodiversity and community composition is poorly explored for some associations, such as arthropods within fungal fruit bodies. Using DNA metabarcoding, we characterized the arthropod communities in living fruit bodies of 11 wood-decay fungi from boreal forests and investigated how they were affected by different fungal traits. Arthropod diversity was higher in fruit bodies with a larger surface area-to-volume ratio, suggesting that colonization is crucial to maintain arthropod populations. Diversity was not higher in long-lived fruit bodies, most likely because these fungi invest in physical or chemical defences against arthropods. Arthropod community composition was structured by all measured host traits, namely fruit body size, thickness, surface area, morphology and toughness. Notably, we identified a community gradient where soft and short-lived fruit bodies harboured more true flies, while tougher and long-lived fruit bodies had more oribatid mites and beetles, which might reflect different development times of the arthropods. Ultimately, close to 75% of the arthropods were specific to one or two fungal hosts. Besides revealing surprisingly diverse and host-specific arthropod communities within fungal fruit bodies, our study provided insight into how host traits structure communities.
... Population genetic analyses also allow hierarchical analyses of populations on very different spatial scales within the same analysis. The relatedness and level of inbreeding of a group of individuals collected from a single structure such as a tree hollow can be measured (Schauer et al. 2018b) as well as genetic variation on the local (e.g., same forest patch) to regional scale as described above (Oleksa 2014;Oleksa et al. 2013Oleksa et al. , 2015Schauer et al. 2018b). Dispersal distances can be estimated from spatial patterns of relatedness within local populations, where spatial autocorrelation among genotypes at varying distances is estimated. ...
... For example, the cerambycid beetle Rosalia alpina Linnaeus, 1758 showed only very little genetic substructuring on a range of 600 km and potentially a rapid expansion of one genetic lineage within this area (Drag et al. 2015). Likewise beetles associated with bracket fungi such as Bolitophagus reticulatus Linnaeus, 1767 or Diaperis boleti Linnaeus, 1758 showed no spatial genetic substructuring over sites up to 200 km apart Oleksa 2014). When landscape features are included in population genetic analyses, potential barriers to gene flow can be identified (or the lack of dispersal barriers that had been assumed before), which allows some inferences of dispersal behavior (Schauer et al. 2018b). ...
... In contrast, another study shows habitat fragmentation may lead to a much higher differentiation in a fragmented landscape compared to a continuous area (Knutsen et al. 2000). A lack of spatial genetic substructure was similarly found for the fungus-associated Diaperis boleti Linnaeus, 1758 over a spatial scale of 150 km (Oleksa 2014). In the North American species Bolitotherus cornutus Panzer, 1794, mark-recapture data suggested a very limited movement radius of around 50 m (like in B. reticulatus Linnaeus, 1767, see above) (Starzomski and Bondrup-Nielsen 2002), while dispersal distances of 365 m were found in a colonization experiment (Whitlock 1992). ...
Dispersal is a key trait of species that is required to maintain gene flow between habitat patches. Furthermore, it allows the colonization of new habitats and thus affects population dynamics, extinction risk of populations, and species distributions. Dispersal enables species to persist in a changing environment. Saproxylic insects, depending on deadwood at some stage during their life cycle, must compensate local extinctions resulting from the decay of deadwood with colonizations of new deadwood structures locally and on the landscape scale. Their dispersal strategies are shaped by a suite of driving forces such as spatial and temporal variability of deadwood structures in the environment, feeding strategy, resource competition, kin competition, and inbreeding avoidance. The importance of each factor in selecting for a dispersal strategy will vary among species depending on their life history and interactions with the environment, such as the longevity of the deadwood habitat used. Species using a more transient habitat, such as freshly killed wood, have better dispersal abilities than those in more persistent habitats such as tree hollows that may exist for several decades. Dispersal abilities of only a few saproxylic insect species are known, and these comprise mostly pest species or flagship species of interest to conservation. Dispersal distances vary greatly from a few meters in passalids dispersing by walking to over 100 km in some flying bark beetles. Knowledge of dispersal abilities is of paramount importance though, as it can help to improve conservation strategies and forest management especially in terms of spatial distribution of suitable habitats to enhance species persistence. In this chapter we first review the factors driving dispersal ability and our current knowledge on dispersal distances of saproxylic insects. We provide an overview of different methods used to measure dispersal ability of saproxylic species. We discuss whether saproxylic species are rather dispersal or habitat limited and identify open questions in the study of dispersal of saproxylic insects.
... Estimated levels of within-population diversity and between-population differentiation can be strongly impacted by genetic data type (Avise 2004). Our literature survey showed that studies that used allozyme loci and/or anonymous genetic markers such as amplified fragment length polymorphisms (Jonsson et al. 2003;Schmuki et al. 2006b;Oleksa et al. 2013Oleksa et al. , 2015Oleksa 2014;Table 25.1) reported the lowest values of expected heterozygosity and the fixation index F ST , respectively (Table 25.2). However, within genetic data type classes, comparisons across studies are possible, such that basic trends should be identifiable. ...
Little is known about the amount and spatial distribution of diversity within and among deadwood-dependent insect species and saproxylic communities as a whole. Molecular approaches offer a solution to these knowledge gaps, even in cases where species and genera are not yet formally described. Indeed, molecular data are broadly connectable among otherwise unrelated studies and directly complement the invaluable work of expert taxonomists. Here we provide an overview of the applications of molecular tools for assessing saproxylic insect diversity. To do this, we use an organizational framework based on the hierarchy of biological units, beginning with diversity at the intraspecific level, followed by species-level diversity within genera, and then close with community-level diversity. Within each of these sections, we consider the types of genetic data that have typically been used and provide an overview of research questions and findings from the primary literature.
... A lack of an island effect is supported by the finding that forests originating from afforestation of agricultural fields hold the same number of saproxylic beetle species as forests that have never been converted to a different land-use form as long as local dead-wood resources are high (Janssen et al. 2016). And also low genetic differentiation among populations of saproxylic insects even over hundreds of kilometers suggests that the dispersal capacity on the population level is strong and migratory barriers are weak, at least over several generations (Ranius and Douwes 2002, Oleksa 2014, Drag et al. 2015. ...
The habitat-amount hypothesis challenges traditional concepts that explain species richness within habitats, such as the habitat-patch hypothesis, where species number is a function of patch size and patch isolation. It posits that effects of patch size and patch isolation are driven by effects of sample area, and thus that the number of species at a site is basically a function of the total habitat amount surrounding this site. We tested the habitat-amount hypothesis for saproxylic beetles and their habitat of dead wood by using an experiment comprising 190 plots with manipulated patch sizes situated in a forested region with a high variation in habitat amount (i.e., density of dead trees in the surrounding landscape). Although dead wood is a spatio-temporally dynamic habitat, saproxylic insects have life cycles shorter than the time needed for habitat turnover and they closely track their resource. Patch size was manipulated by adding various amounts of downed dead wood to the plots (~800 m³ in total); dead trees in the surrounding landscape (~240 km²) were identified using airborne laser scanning (LiDAR). Over three years, 477 saproxylic species (101,416 individuals) were recorded. Considering 20–1,000 m radii around the patches, local landscapes were identified as having a radius of 40–120 m. Both patch size and habitat amount in the local landscapes independently affected species numbers without a significant interaction effect, hence refuting the island effect. Species accumulation curves relative to cumulative patch size were not consistent with either the habitat-patch hypothesis or the habitat-amount hypothesis: several small dead-wood patches held more species than a single large patch with an amount of dead wood equal to the sum of that of the small patches. Our results indicate that conservation of saproxylic beetles in forested regions should primarily focus on increasing the overall amount of dead wood without considering its spatial arrangement. This means dead wood should be added wherever possible including in local landscapes with low or high dead-wood amounts. For species that have disappeared from most forests owing to anthropogenic habitat degradation, this should, however, be complemented by specific conservation measures pursued within their extant distributional ranges. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
