Suborder Auchenorrhyncha(Cicadas, Leafhoppers, Planthoppers, Spittlebugs, and Treehoppers)
The hemipteran suborder Auchenorrhyncha includes cicadas, spittlebugs (or froghoppers), leafhoppers, treehoppers, and planthoppers. More than 42,000 extant species are described, and many more await discovery. The suborder may be divided into two major groups (treated as infraorders by some workers) and four superfamilies as follows: infraorder Cicadomorpha with superfamilies Cicadoidea (cicadas), Cercopoidea (spittlebugs), and Membracoidea [including Cicadelloidea] (leafhoppers and treehoppers), and infraorder Fulgoromorpha with only the superfamily Fulgoroidea (planthoppers). The monophyly of the suborder Auchenorrhyncha has been questioned based primarily on early molecular studies, and additional work on this question is merited. No single classification of the order Hemiptera is universally accepted, and various workers differ in the numbers of suborders, superfamilies, families, subfamilies, and tribes they recognize. During Z. P. Metcalf's era, the Auchenorrhyncha were considered a suborder of the order "Homoptera", a group now known to be paraphyletic. DistributionMembers of the suborder Auchenorrhyncha occur in all major zoogeographic regions, but are unknown from Antarctica. Especially species rich in the tropics, the suborder constitutes a major component of the phytophagous fauna in practically every terrestrial ecosystem. Dr. Metcalf's remarkable series of taxonomic catalogues on the group covers all of the superfamilies and gives the recorded distributions for thousands of auchenorrhynchous species. MorphologyAlthough morphologically diverse, members of the suborder Auchenorrhyncha share the following combination of features that distinguish them from other Hemiptera: (1) the mouthparts arise from the back of the head (in contrast to arising from the front of the head in Heteroptera or from between the forelegs in Sternorrhyncha); (2) the antennae are relatively short and bristlelike; and (3) the adult tarsi have 3 subsegments (2 or fewer subsegments are present in all Sternorrhyncha and in some Heteroptera). Nymphs of many resemble adults in morphology and habits, but lack ocelli, may have fewer tarsal segments than the adults, and develop wing buds only in their later instars. The name Auchenorrhyncha, or "neck-beaks", refers to the location of the mouthparts. Ecology and BehaviorNearly all species of Auchenorrhyncha use their piercing-sucking mouthparts to feed on plant sap (phloem or xylem). Certain planthoppers, however, feed on fungi or mosses. Some species rank high among plant pests and cause serious damage through sucking plant sap, transmitting plant pathogens, depositing their eggs in plant tissue, or some combination of these activities. In addition to the morphological features listed above, members of the Auchenorrhyncha have a complex system for acoustic or substrate-mediated communication, and many have excellent jumping abilities. The calls of cicadas are a familiar example of acoustic communciation, but males throughout the Auchenorrhyncha (and females of many leafhoppers and at least a few cicadas and planthoppers) also produce vibrational signals by way of specialized organs called tymbals. The signals, usually inaudible to our ears, are transmitted through plants. Aside from cicadas, most members of the suborder are known for their leaping abilities as reflected in the common names leafhoppers, froghoppers, planthoppers, and treehoppers. Auchenorrhyncha prepared by L. L. Deitz, P. A. Alvarez, C. R. Bartlett, J. R. Cryan, C. H. Dietrich, and R. A. Rakitov. 1 December 2008. Auchenorrhyncha: Selected Links (General, Regional Faunas, Literature, Journals, Collections, Workers)Compiled by P. A. Alvarez, L. L. Deitz, and D. R. Nimocks. 1 December 2008. Potentially useful sites may have been omitted because reviewers [Acknowledgments] noted significant misidentifications or other concerns. GeneralTymbal, The Auchenorrhyncha Website. Interactive keys and databases for Auchenorrhyncha Tree of Life Web Project: Hemiptera. Iowa State Entomology Index of Internet Resources. Useful links for Auchenorrhyncha. Open Directory Project: links on Homoptera. World Biodiversity Database (ETI-Expert Center for Taxonomic Identification): taxonomic database. ITIS-Integrated Taxonomic Information System: Auchenorrhyncha. Gernot Kunz�s Website. Images of leafhoppers, planthoppers, and relatives. In German. Regional FaunasAustralian Region Identification Keys and Checklists for the Leafhoppers, Planthoppers and Their Relatives occurring in Australia and Neighbouring Areas [M.J. Fletcher, with M.-C. Larivi�re]. Australian Faunal Directory: main checklist. Australian Insect Common Names. New Zealand Hemiptera Website: Auchenorrhyncha Auchenorrhyncha from Brisbane Area, Queensland, Australia. Nearctic Region Singing Insects of North America. Forestry Images (Homoptera): images related to forest health [USDA]. Arthropods of Orange County, California (Hemiptera). Neotropical Region Fauna Entomologica de Nicaragua: Homoptera. In Spanish. INBIO: Checklist of Homoptera (Costa Rica). In Spanish and English. Palearctic Region Europe Fauna Iberica. Species Checklist. In Spanish and English. Fauna Italia: Species Checklist. In Italian and English. Checklist of UK Recorded Auchenorrhyncha. Checklist of Finnish Species: Homoptera. In Finish and English. Checklist of the Auchenorrhyncha of Germany [Herbert Nickel] Les Espèces de HYPPZ (INRA): information about some economically important vectors in France. In French and English. Some Pictures of European Insects [Alan Hadley]. Zikaden, Oft verkannt und wenig bekannt. [Auchenorrhyncha, often misjudged and little known]. In German. BioImages: The Virtual Field Guide: Auchenorrhyncha (United Kingdom) Isekten Wirbeltiere Parasitoide [Insects, vertebrates, parasitoids]: Auchenorrhyncha. In German. Japan Cicadidae in Japan. In Japanese and English. Russia Cicadidae (Russia). In Russian. Literature on AuchenorrhynchaRecent Publications on Auchenorrhyncha (TYMBAL website). North Carolina State University Bibliography on Homoptera. Z. P. Metcalf Collection of Literature on Auchenorrhyncha. Electronic Biologia Centrali-Americana. Nomenclator Zoologicus Search: generic names of animals: 1758-1994. A. F. Emeljanov: list of publications Important Papers for Central Europe [Herbert Nickel] New Auchenorrhyncha Literature [Herbert Nickel Australian Faunal Directory: references on Fulgoroidea. Australian Faunal Directory: references on Cicadoidea. Australian Faunal Directory: references on Cercopoidea. Australian Faunal Directory: references on Membracoidea [sensu lato]. Journals on AuchenorrhynchaBeiträge zur Zikadenkunde. [Contributions to Auchenorrhyncha Science]. Research Collections of AuchenorrhynchaInsect and Spider Collections of the World: links. Iowa State University Index of Collections: links. Benedict Dybowski Zoological Museum, Lviv National University, Ukraine: E. F. Germar Collection California Academy of Sciences: primary types of Hemiptera. North Carolina State University Insect Collection: species and types. Ohio State University Insect Collection: primary types. United States National Musem of Natural History Homoptera Collections Profiles University of Michigan: holdings of cicadas. University of Wisconsin-Madison: insect research collection. Weisbaden Museum. Kirschbaum Collection of Auchenorrhyncha. In German and English. Zoologische Staatssammulng München: species and types. In German. New Zealand Arthropod Collection (NZAC), Auckland Auchenorrhyncha Workers' WebsitesEMELJANOV, A. F.: list of publications. LARIVI�RE, Marie-Claude; resources on New Zealand fauna. YOUNG, David A., Jr. (1915-1991): list of publications. Selected References on Auchenorrhyncha (Hemiptera): 1956-2008Prepared by L. L. Deitz, P. A. Alvarez, C. R. Bartlett, J. R. Cryan, S. H. McKamey, and J. B. van Kretschmar. 1 December 2008. Anufriev, G. A.; Emel´yanov, A. F. 1988a. [1. Suborder Cicadinea (Auchenorrhyncha) -- cicads.] pp. 12-495. In Ler, P. A. [Keys to the Identification of Insects of the Soviet Far East. 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