Marsh Marigold

Appearance

"Caltha palustris" is a 10–80 centimetres high, hairless, fleshy, perennial, herbaceous plant that dies down in autumn and overwinters with buds near the surface of the marshy soil. The plants have many, 2–3 millimetres thick strongly branching roots. Its flowering stems are hollow, erect or more or less decumbent. The alternate true leaves are in a rosette, each of which consist of a leaf stem that is about four times as long as the kidney-shaped leaf blade, itself between 3–25 cm long and 3–20 cm wide, with a heart-shaped foot, a blunt tip, and a scalloped to toothed, sometime almost entire margin particularly towards the tip. In their youth the leaves are protected by a membranous sheath, that may be up to 3 cm long in fully grown plants.

Naming

The generic name "Caltha" is derived from the Ancient Greek, meaning "goblet", and is said to refer to the shape of the flower. The species epithet "palustris" is Latin for "of the marsh" and indicates its common habitat.

In the UK, "Caltha palustris" is known by a variety of vernacular names, varying by geographical region. These include in addition to the most common two, marsh marigold and kingcup, also brave bassinets, crazy Beth, horse blob, Molly-blob, May blob, mare blob, boots, water boots, meadow-bright, bullflower, meadow buttercup, water buttercup, soldier's buttons, meadow cowslip, water cowslip, publican's cloak, crowfoot, water dragon, drunkards, water goggles, meadow gowan, water gowan, yellow gowan, goldes, golds, goldings, gools, cow lily, marybuds, and publicans-and-sinners. The common name "marigold" refers to its use in medieval churches at Easter as a tribute to the Virgin Mary, as in "Mary gold". In North America "Caltha palustris" is sometimes known as cowslip. However, cowslip more often refers to "Primula veris", the original plant to go by that name.better source needed Both are herbaceous plants with yellow flowers, but "Primula veris" is much smaller.

Distribution

The species is native to marshes, fens, ditches and wet woodland in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It can be found in much of the northeastern United States.

Habitat

The species is native to marshes, fens, ditches and wet woodland in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It can be found in much of the northeastern United States.The marsh-marigold grows in places with oxygen-rich water near the surface of the soil. It likes richer soils, but dislikes application of fertilizer and avoids high concentrations of phosphate and ammonium, and is also shy of brackish water. It is often associated with seepage that is rich in iron, because iron ions react with phosphate, thus making it unavailable for plants. The resulting insoluble mineral appears as "rusty" flocs on the water soil and the surface of the stems of marsh plants. Around the edge of lakes and rivers it grows between reeds, and it can be found in black alder coppices and other regularly flooded and always moist forests. When it is present it often visually dominates when it is in bloom. It also used to be common on wet meadows, but due to agricultural rationalization it is now limited to ditches.

It is a component of purple moor grass and rush pastures – a type of Biodiversity Action Plan habitat in the UK. It occurs on poorly drained neutral and acidic soils of the lowlands and upland fringe.

In western Europe, the marsh-marigold moth "Micropterix calthella" bites open the anthers of the marsh-marigold and other plants to eat the pollen. The caterpillars that are present in summer and autumn also feed on marsh-marigold, although these are sometimes found on mosses too. Another visitor of "Caltha palustris" in western Europe is the leaf beetle "Prasocuris phellandrii", which is black with four orange stripes and around ½ cm and eats the sepals. Its larvae inhabit the hollow stems of members of the parsley family. In the USA two species of leaf beetle can be found on Caltha: "Plateumaris nitida" and "Hydrothassa vittata". The maggots of some "Phytomyza" species are miners in "Caltha" leaves.

Defense

"Caltha" contains several active substances of which the most important from a toxicological point of view is protoanemonin. Larger quantities of the plant may cause convulsions, burning of the throat, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, dizziness and fainting. Contact of the skin or mucous membranes with the juices can cause blistering or inflammation, and gastric illness if ingested. Younger parts seem to contain less toxics and heating breaks these substances down. Small amounts of "Caltha" in hay do not cause problems when fed to husbandry, but larger quantities lead to gastric illness.

Additionally, plants that live in raw water may carry toxic organisms which can be neutralized by cooking.

Evolution

The oldest description that is generally acknowledged in the botanical literature dates from 1700 under the name "Populago" by Joseph Pitton de Tournefort in. He distinguished between "P. flore major", "P. flore minor" and "P. flore plena", and already says all of these are synonymous to "Caltha palustris", without mentioning any previous author. As a plant name published before 1 May 1753, "Populago" Tourn. is invalid. And so is the first description as "Caltha palustris" by Carl Linnaeus in his Genera Plantarum of 1737. But Linnaeus re-describes the species under the same name in Species Plantarum of 1 May 1753, thus providing the correct name.

Uses

Early spring greens and buds of "Caltha palustris" are edible when cooked. Young leaves or buds should be submerged a few times in fresh boiling water until barely tender, cut into bite-sized pieces, lightly salted, and served with melted butter and vinegar. Very young flowerbuds have been prepared like capers and used as a spice.

The common marsh marigold is planted as an ornamental throughout temperate regions in the world, and sometimes recommended for low maintenance wildlife gardens. The double-flowered cultivar 'Flore Pleno' has won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Cultural

"Caltha palustris" is a very variable species. Since most character states occur in almost any combination, this provides little basis for subdivisions. The following varieties are nevertheless widely recognised. They are listed with their respective synonyms. If an epithet based on the same type specimen is used at different levels, only the use at the highest taxonomic rank is listed, so as "C. himalensis" is already listed, "C. palustris" var. "himalensis" is not.
⤷  Yellow sepals, pollen tricolpate, not rooting at the nodes.→ "C. palustris" var. "palustris" =
⤷ * "C. palustris" forma "decumbens", f. "erecta", f. "gigas", f. "plena", f. "plurisepala", f. "pratensis"
⤷ * "C. palustris" subvar. "palmata"
⤷ * "C. palustris" var. "acuteserrata", var. "bosnica", var. "crenata", var. "cuneata", var. "dentata", var. "ficariaeformis", var. "holubyi", var. "minima", var. "nipponica", var. "orbicularis", var. "ranunculiflora", var. "recurvirostris", var. "siberica", var. "stagnalis", var. "umbrosa"
⤷ * "C. palustris" ssp. "thracica"
⤷ * "C. alpestris", "C. alpina", "C. asarifolia", "C. barthei", "C. confinis", "C. cornuta", "C. elata", "C. ficarioides", "C. fistulosa", "C. grosse-serrata", "C. guerrangerii", "C. himalensis", "C. integerrima", "C. intermedia", "C. laeta", "C. latifolia", "C. longirostris", "C. major", "C. minor", "C. orthorhyncha", "C. pallidiflora", "C. parnassifolia", "C. polypetala", "C. procumbens", "C. pumila", "C. pygmea", "C. ranunculoides", "C. riparia", "C. silvestris", "C. vulgaris"
⤷  Yellow sepals, pollen tricolpate, smaller plants, with few-flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks.→ "C. palustris" var. "radicans" =
⤷ * "C. palustris" var. "aleutensis", var. "siberica"
⤷ * "C. arctica", "C. cespitosa", "C. flabellifolia", "C. zetlandica"
⤷  Yellow sepals, pollen tricolpate, larger plants, with many-flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone.→ "C. palustris" var. "araneosa"
⤷  White sepals, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India.→ "C. palustris" var. "alba" =
⤷ * "C. palustris" forma "alpina", f. "sylvatica"
⤷ * "C. alba"
⤷  Magenta sepals, pollen tricolpate. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet.→ "C. palustris" var. "purpurea" =
⤷ * "C. rubriflora"

The 2006–2007 edition of the Royal Horticultural Society "Plant Finder", a British publication which lists over 70,000 plants available in nurseries in the United Kingdom, lists in addition to these varieties the following cultivars: Single flowered: "Marilyn", "Trotter's form", "Yellow Giant".
Double flowered: "Flore Pleno", "Multiplex", "Plena", "Semiplena".This section needs additional citations for. Please help by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
"Caltha palustris" is a plant commonly mentioned in literature, including Shakespeare:
⟶ "Winking Marybuds begin"
⟶ "To open their golden eyes".

It also appears in Charlotte Brontë's "Shirley":
⟶ "They both halted on the green brow of the Common: they looked down on the deep valley robed in May raiment; on varied meads, some pearled with daisies, and some golden with king-cups: to-day all this young verdure smiled clear in sunlight; transparent emerald and amber gleams played over it "

and in Thomas Hardy's poem 'Overlooking the River Stour':
⟶ "Closed were the kingcups; and the mead/Dripped in monotonous green,/Though the day's morning sheen/Had shown it golden and honeybee'd".

"Kingcup Cottage" by Racey Helps is a children's book which features the plant.

In Latvia Caltha palustris is also known as, which is also used as a girls name and symbolizes fire. The word is made from 2 words – and. This refers to the burning reaction that some people experience from contact with "Caltha" sap.