Phylum: Basidiomycota - Class: Agaricomycetes - Order: Russulales - Family: Russulaceae
Distribution - Taxonomic History- Etymology - Identification - Culinary Notes - Reference Sources
Lactarius rufus, the Rufous (meaning foxy red) Milkcap, is found in great abundance beneath spruce, pine and occasionally birch trees in areas where the soil is acidic. The milk (latex) is very strong and acrid tasting, which makes this milkcap one of the hottest of all mushrooms.
Taste testing is an important step in identifying milkcap mushrooms, but for red-brown species such as this taste only a little piece or your tongue might explode!
Widespread and common throughout Britain and Ireland, the Rufous Milkcap is also found in most parts of mainland Europe. Very similar milkcaps occur in North America but when someone gets around to comparing the DNA sequences they may turn out not to be co-specific with the European species Lactarius rufus.
The Rufous Milkcap was described in 1772 by Tyrolean mycologist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli (1723 - 1788), who established the basionym of this species when he gave it the scientific name Agaricus rufus. (Vast numbers of gilled fungi were dumped into the Agaricus genus in the early days of fungal taxonomy; most have since been moved to other genera leaving in the present-day Agaricus genus a much smaller number of gilled mushrooms that are sometimes referred to as the 'true mushrooms'.)
It was the Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries who in 1838 transferred this milkcap to the genus Lactarius, thereby establishing its scientific name as Lactarius rufus, which is still the binomial name by which it is generally referred to by mycologists today.
Synonyms of Lactarius rufus include Agaricus rufus Scop., Lactarius rufus var. exumbonatus Boud., and Lactarius mollis D.A. Reid.
The generic name Lactarius means producing milk (lactating) - a reference to the milky latex that is exuded from the gills of milkcap fungi when they are cut or torn.
The specific epithet rufus is a Latin adjective that translates as rufous, meaning a foxy reddish-brown colour.
Cap4 to 10cm in diameter, the dark reddish-brown caps are dry and have a finely matt surface; slightly sticky in wet weather. Convex at first, the caps become funnel-shaped as the fruiting body matures. There is often a small central umbo once the cap has expanded and become funnel shaped. |
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GillsThe pale reddish-cream gills are weakly decurrent and crowded. As they mature, the gills tend to become blotchy. When the gills of this milkcap are damaged, a watery-white latex is released; its taste is initially mild but later becomes very hot and acrid. Stem5 to 20mm in diameter and 4 to 9cm tall, the stems are smooth and the same colour as the cap or a little paler. There is no stem ring.
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SporesBroadly ellipsoidal, 6.5-9 x 5.5-6.5μm, hyaline; ornamented with a well-developed and almost complete network of ridges. Spore printPale cream with a slight salmon pink tinge. |
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Odour/taste |
No distinctive odour but a mild taste that soon becomes very hot and acrid. |
Habitat & Ecological role |
Coniferous woodland, usually under pines; occasionally under birches. |
Season |
August to November in Britain and Ireland. |
Similar species |
Lactarius subdulcis is a smaller milkcap sometimes of similar coloration; it occurs under beech trees. |
Although according to David Arora the Rufous Milkcap has been harvested commercially in Scandinavia and Russia for many years, most western field guides and other sources of culinary guidance - Class this as an inedible mushroom. It is sometimes dried and powdered (after thorough cooking) for use as a seasoning.
Fascinated by Fungi, 2nd Edition, Pat O'Reilly 2016, reprinted by Coch-y-bonddu Books in 2022.
Funga Nordica, Henning Knudsen and Jan Vesterholt, 2008.
Fungi of Switzerland, volume 6: Russulaceae, Kränzlin, F.
BMS List of English Names for Fungi.
Arora D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified: a Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 0-89815-169-4.
Dictionary of the Fungi; Paul M. Kirk, Paul F. Cannon, David W. Minter and J. A. Stalpers; CABI, 2008
Taxonomic history and synonym information on these pages is drawn from many sources but in particular from the British Mycological Society's GB Checklist of Fungi.
This page includes pictures kindly contributed by David Kelly.
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