| | Family guide for fruits and seeds |
Synonyms: Agrimoniaceae Gray; Alchemillaceae Martinov; Amygdalaceae Marquis, nom. cons.; Cercocarpaceae J. Agardh; Cliffortiaceae Mart., nom. nud.; Coleogynaceae J. Agardh; Dryadaceae Gray; Fragariaceae Nestl.; Guamatelaceae S. H. Oh & D. Potter; Lindleyaceae J. Agardh; Malaceae Small, nom. cons.; Neilliaceae Miq.; Potentillaceae Bercht. & J. Presl; Prunaceae Martinov; Quillajaceae D. Don; Rhodotypaceae J. Agardh; Sanguisorbaceae Bercht. & J. Presl; Spiraeaceae Bertuch; Ulmariaceae Gray
Common name: Rose Family.
Number of genera 100. Number of species 3100.
Angiosperm. Magnoliopsida.
Disseminule a dehisced fruit, or an intact or entire fruit, or an incomplete fruit with epicarp and mesocarp absent and endocarp exposed, or a seed.
Fruits
Pistil(s) simple, or compound; 1 to more than 21; 1-?; with carpels nearly separate to base, or carpels united. Fruit pericarpium, or anthocarp; simple, or multiple; achene, or drupe, or nuculanium, or capsule (Lindleya); achenetum, or coccetum (Spjut Fig. 7C & 4 families: Dilleniaceae, Magnoliaceae, Quiinaceae, Rosaceae), or drupetum (Spjut Fig. 28A-B & 4 families Amborellaceae, Manispermaceae, Potamogetonaceae (Ruppiaceae), Rosaceae), or follicetum; loculicidal capsule; capsule not inflated; capsule without operculum; simple, or multiple; diclesium, or pome (Prunoideae & Spjut Fig. 42B-C); pometum (Spjut Fig. 43A-B & 4 families: Calycanthaceae, Eupomatiaceae, Monimiaceae, Rosaceae), or glandetum (Spjut Fig. 33A-C & 2 families: Rosaceae, Sargentodoxaceae); without persistent central column; crowned by sepals; with styles(s), or without style or stylar remnants; at apex; within accessory organ(s), or not within accessory organ(s); within hypanthium, or calyx, or receptacle; connate; persistent; soft calyx; with hypanthium cupular, or narrow-mouthed (Rosa); with hypanthium wall fused to fruit wall; with hypanthium fleshy; with receptacle (torus) not fleshy, or fleshy (Fragaria); 1-seeded to many-seeded; 1-seeded (to several to many); from 1–5 cm long, or from 5.1–10 cm long, or more than 10 cm long; 2–10 cm long; 1-carpellate (to several to many); with carpels united, or separate; with carpels remaining united at maturity; without sterile carpels; not sulcate; in transection terete; apex beaked, or not beaked; apex long beaked to short beaked; indehiscent, or dehiscent. Dehiscent unit seed(s). Dehiscent passively; at apex; and shedding seeds; without replum. Epicarp black, or brown (all shades), or green, or orange, or purple, or red, or yellow; shiny, or dull; durable; glabrous (without hairs), or not glabrous (with hairs) (Cydonia oblonga Mill., Eriobotrya); hairs short; hairs dense; hairs white; hairs not glandular; without armature, or with armature; with bristles, or spines; without armature glochidiate; smooth, or not smooth; without wing(s); without apical respiratory hole. Mesocarp present, or absent; hard, or fleshy; composed of 1 unified layer; without lactiform cavity system; and endocarp sharply differentiated. Endocarp present, or absent; not separating from exocarp; bony, or hard, or thin; splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes; stone unilocular, or plurilocular; smooth, or not smooth; without wing; without operculum; without secretory cavities; without mechanism for seedling escape. Funiculus short; short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); not persisting in fruit after seed shed.
Seeds
Aril absent. Seed minute, or larger than minute; not bowl shaped; not nutlike; without winglike beak; without caudate appendage(s); at maturity with food reserves, or without food reserves, or without apparent food reserves; with endosperm; without canavanine. Sarcotesta absent. Testa present; with markedly different marginal tissue; without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; tight; surface smooth, or unsmooth; surface with depressed features, or merged raised features; surface punctate; surface 2- ridged, or striate, or wrinkled; with crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle, or without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; with notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approaching each other, or without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other; without glands; without bristles; glabrous; without wings; without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome; brown (all shades); thin; not becoming mucilaginous when wetted; surrounding food reserve, or surrounding embryo. Raphe conspicuous, or inconspicuous; texture as testa; as long as seed; included in dehisced fruit. Endosperm development usually nuclear; usually scant, or moderate, or copious (Physocarpus); fleshy, or fleshy-soft; smooth; without fatty acid containing cyclopropene; without apical lobes; without chlorophyll; without isodiametric faceted surface; without odor.
Embryo differentiated from food reserve; well developed; 1 per seed; completely filling testa (no food reserve) to nearly filling testa (trace or scanty food reserve); 1–1.3 times the length of food reserve; at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; axile and centric; foliate, or linear; with spatulate cotyledons, or investing cotyledons; straight, or bent, or C-shaped; parallel to seed length; embedded in endosperm; with cotyledons abruptly connected to hypocotyl-radicle, or gradually connected to hypocotyl-radicle; without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; without stomata; not green; with 2 or more cotyledons. Cotyledons 2; well developed; 0.6–0.9 times length of embryo; somewhat to significantly wider than hypocotyl-radicle, or as wide as hypocotyl-radicle; 1–6 times wider than hypocotyl-radicle; not concealing hypocotyl-radicle, or partially concealing hypocotyl-radicle (barely); not foliaceous, or foliaceous; thin; flat, or once-folded; smooth; with apices entire; equal in size; not punctate dotted. Hypocotyl-radicle moderately developed, or well developed; straight; not thickened.
Distribution
Cosmopolitan (nearly, but most common in temperate and sutropical Northern Hemisphere). New World, Old World. North America, Middle America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia Major, Asia Minor, southeastern Asia, Australia, Oceania.
Weed information
1 or more USA Federal noxious weeds, 1 or more USA state noxious weeds.
USA Federal noxious weeds: -- Rubus fruticosus aggr.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: FL●, MA●, NC●. -- Rubus moluccanus L.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: FL●, MA●, NC●. -- Symbols: ªaquatic weed; ●terrestrial weed; °weed in seed. -- Last updated September 2008.
USA states and territories with listed noxious weeds: Alabama (AL), California (CA), Colorado (CO), Connecticut (CT), Florida (FL), Hawaii (HI), Illinois (IL), Indiana (IN), Iowa (IA), Maryland (MD), Massachusetts (MA), Missouri (MO), Montana (MT), Nevada (NV), New Hampshire (NH), North Carolina (NC), Oregon (OR), Pennsylvania (PA), South Dakota (SD), Washington (WA), West Virginia (WV), Wisconsin (WI).
USA state and territory noxious weeds: -- Acaena novae-zelandiae Kirk: USA state noxious weed: CA●, HI●°, OR●. -- Acaena pallida (Kirk) Allan: USA state noxious weed: CA●. -- Potentilla recta L.: USA state noxious weed: CO●°, MT●°, NV●, OR●, WA●. -- Rosa multiflora Thunb.: USA state noxious weed: AL●, CT●, IA●, IL●, IN●, MA●, MD●, MO●, NH●, PA●°, SD●, WI●, WV●. -- Rubus argutus Link: USA state noxious weed: HI●°. -- Rubus armeniacus Focke: USA state noxious weed: OR●. -- Rubus discolor auct. (=Rubus armeniacus Focke): USA state noxious weed: OR●. -- Rubus ellipticus var. obcordatus (Franch.) Focke (=Rubus ellipticus Sm.): USA state noxious weed: HI●°. -- Rubus fruticosus aggr.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: FL●, MA●, NC●. -- Rubus moluccanus L.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: FL●, MA●, NC●. -- Rubus niveus Thunb.: USA state noxious weed: HI●°. -- Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim.: USA state noxious weed: CT●, MA●. -- Rubus procerus P. J. Mull. ex Boulay (=Rubus praecox Bertol.): USA state noxious weed: OR●. -- Rubus sieboldii Blume: USA state noxious weed: HI●°. -- Symbols: ªaquatic weed; ●terrestrial weed; °weed in seed. -- Last updated September 2008.
Listed seeds
ASOA listed seeds, ISTA listed seeds.
ASOA listed seeds: -- Acaena anserinifolia (J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.) Druce -- Acaena novae-zelandiae Kirk -- Acaena pallida (Kirk) Allan -- Acaena sanguisorbae L. f. = Acaena anserinifolia (J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.) Druce -- Alchemilla occidentalis Nutt. = Aphanes arvensis L. -- Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roem. -- Amelanchier oreophila A. Nelson = Amelanchier utahensis Koehne -- Amelanchier Medik. spp. -- Amelanchier utahensis Koehne -- Aphanes arvensis L. -- Cercocarpus betuloides var. betuloides Nutt. -- Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray -- Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber (S. Watson) F. L. Martin = Cercocarpus betuloides var. betuloides Nutt. -- Cercocarpus montanus var. montanus Raf. -- Cercocarpus Kunth spp. -- Cowania mexicana var. stansburyana (Torr.) Jeps. = Purshia mexicana var. stansburyana (Torr.) S. L. Welsh -- Cowania mexicana D. Don = Purshia mexicana var. mexicana (D. Don) S. L. Welsh -- Crataegus douglasii Lindl. -- Crataegus mollis (Torr. & A. Gray) Scheele -- Crataegus L. spp. -- Dryas octopetala L. -- Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rydb.-- Fallugia paradoxa (D. Don) Endl. -- Fragaria L. spp. -- Geum aleppicum Jacq. -- Geum canadense Jacq. -- Geum L. spp. -- Malus domestica Borkh. -- Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. -- Peraphyllum ramosissimum Nutt. -- Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze -- Potentilla argentea L. -- Potentilla biennis Greene -- Potentilla canadensis L. -- Potentilla fruticosa L. = Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rydb.-- Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. -- Potentilla gracilis Douglas ex Hook. -- Potentilla monspeliensis L. = Potentilla norvegica L. -- Potentilla norvegica L. -- Potentilla norvegica subsp. monspeliensis (L.) Asch. & Graebn. = Potentilla norvegica L. -- Potentilla recta L. -- Potentilla recta var. warrensii hort. = Potentilla recta ‘Warrenii’ L. -- Potentilla L. spp. -- Potentilla tridentata Aiton -- Prunus andersonii A. Gray -- Prunus armeniaca L. -- Prunus avium (L.) L. -- Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. -- Prunus domestica L. -- Prunus emarginata (Douglas ex Hook.) Eaton -- Prunus mahaleb L. -- Prunus pensylvanica L. f. -- Prunus persica (L.) Batsch -- Prunus virginiana L. -- Purshia glandulosa Curran -- Purshia mexicana (D. Don) S. L. Welsh var. mexicana -- Purshia mexicana (D. Don) S. L. Welsh var. stansburyana (Torr.) S. L. Welsh -- Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC. -- Pyrus communis L. -- Pyrus malus L. = Malus domestica Borkh. -- Rosa acicularis Lindl. -- Rosa multiflora Thunb. -- Rosa L. spp. -- Rosa woodsii Lindl. -- Rubus fruticosus L., sensu typo = Rubus plicatus Weihe & Nees -- Rubus moluccanus L. -- Rubus plicatus Weihe & Nees -- Rubus L. spp. -- Sanguisorba annua (Nutt.) Nutt.-- Sanguisorba minor Scop. -- Sanguisorba L. spp. -- Sorbus americana Marshall -- Sorbus scopulina Greene -- Sorbus L. spp. -- Last updated September 2008.
ISTA listed seeds: -- Alchemilla arvensis (L.) Scop. = Aphanes arvensis L. -- Agrimonia eupatoria L.f -- Amygdalus communis L. = Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb -- Amygdalus nana L. = Prunus tenella Batsch -- Aphanes arvensis L.w -- Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. = Prunus armeniaca L. -- Cerasus prostrata (Labill.) Ser. = Prunus prostrata Labill. -- Cerasus vulgaris Mill. = Prunus cerasus L. -- Crataegus monogyna Jacq.t -- Cydonia oblonga Mill.t -- Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rydb. = Potentilla fruticosa L.-- Dryas octopetala L. -- Fragaria vesca L.a -- Geum borisii hort., non Kellerer ex Sundermann = Geum coccineum Sm.f -- Geum chiloense hort. = Geum quellyon Sweetf -- Geum coccineum Sm.f -- Geum quellyon Sweetf -- Geum urbanum L. -- Kerria japonica (L.) DC. -- Laurocerasus lusitanica (L.) M. Roem. = Prunus lusitanica L. -- Laurocerasus officinalis M. Roem. = Prunus laurocerasus L. -- Malus baccata (L.) Borkh.t -- Malus domestica Borkh.t -- Malus sargentii Rehdert -- Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill.t -- Mespilus germanica L. -- Persica vulgaris Mill. = Prunus persica (L.) Batsch -- Potentilla anserina L.w -- Potentilla argentea L.w -- Potentilla canadensis L.w -- Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch. -- Potentilla fruticosa L. -- Prunus × amygdalopersica (Weston) Rehder -- Prunus amygdalus Batsch = Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb -- Prunus armeniaca L. -- Prunus avium (L.) L.t -- Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.w -- Prunus cerasus L.w -- Prunus × cistena (N. E. Hansen) Koehne -- Prunus concinna Koehne -- Prunus domestica L. -- Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb -- Prunus fruticosa Pall. -- Prunus glandulosa Thunb. -- Prunus laurocerasus L.w -- Prunus lusitanica L. -- Prunus maritima Marshall -- Prunus mume Siebold & Zucc. -- Prunus padus L.t -- Prunus persica (L.) Batsch -- Prunus × persicoides (Ser.) M. Vilm. & Bois = Prunus × amygdalopersica (Weston) Rehder -- Prunus prostrata Labill. -- Prunus salicina Lindl. -- Prunus serotina Ehrh.t -- Prunus tenella Batsch -- Prunus × yedoensis Matsum. -- Rosa arkansana Portert -- Rosa chinensis Jacq.t -- Rosa multiflora Thunb.t -- Rosa rubiginosa L.t -- Rosa wichuraiana Crep.t -- Rubus idaeus L. -- Rubus laciniatus Willd.w -- Rubus occidentalis L. -- Sanguisorba minor Scop.a-- Sanguisorba muricata (Spach) Gremli included in Sanguisorba minor Scop.-- Sorbus aucuparia L.t -- Symbols: aagricultural and vegetable seeds (Table 2A Part 1); ttree and shrub species (Table 2A Part 2); fflower, spice, herb, and medicinal seeds (Table 2A Part 3); wweed seeds. -- Last updated September 2008.
Accepted genera
Acaena Mutis ex L. -- Adenostoma Hook. & Arn. -- Agrimonia L. -- Alchemilla L. -- Amelanchier Medik. -- Aphanes L. -- Aremonia Neck. ex Nestl., nom. cons. -- Aria (Pers.) Host -- Aronia Medik., nom. cons. -- Aruncus L. -- Bencomia Webb & Berthel. -- Brachycaulos R. D. Dixit & Panigrahi -- Cercocarpus Kunth -- Chaenomeles Lindl., nom. cons. -- Chamaebatia Benth. -- Chamaebatiaria (Porter ex W. H. Brewer & S. Watson) Maxim. -- Chamaemeles Lindl. -- Chamaemespilus Medik. -- Chamaerhodos Bunge -- Cliffortia L. -- Coleogyne Torr. -- Coluria R. Br. -- Cormus Spach -- Cotoneaster Medik. -- Cowania D. Don -- Crataegus L. -- Cydonia Mill. -- Dalibarda L. -- Dasiphora Raf. -- Dichotomanthes Kurz -- Docynia Decne. -- Docyniopsis (C. K. Schneid.) Koidz. -- Dryas L. -- Duchesnea Sm. -- Eriobotrya Lindl. -- Eriolobus (DC.) M. Roem. -- Exochorda Lindl. -- Fallugia Endl. -- Filipendula Mill. -- Fragaria L. -- Geum L. -- Gillenia Moench -- Guamatela Donn. Sm. -- Hagenia J. F. Gmel. -- Hesperomeles Lindl. -- Heteromeles M. Roem. -- Holodiscus (K. Koch) Maxim., nom. cons. -- Horkelia Cham. & Schltdl. -- Horkeliella (Rydb.) Rydb. -- Ivesia Torr. & A. Gray -- Kageneckia Ruiz & Pav. -- Kelseya (S. Watson) Rydb. -- Kerria DC. -- Leucosidea Eckl. & Zeyh. -- Lindleya Kunth, nom. cons. -- Luetkea Bong. -- Lyonothamnus A. Gray -- Maddenia Hook. f. & Thomson -- Malacomeles (Decne.) Engl. -- Malus Mill. -- Margyricarpus Ruiz & Pav. -- Mespilus L. -- Neillia D. Don -- Neviusia A. Gray -- Oemleria Rchb. -- Orthurus Juz. -- Osteomeles Lindl. -- Pentactina Nakai -- Peraphyllum Nutt. -- Petrophytum (Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray) Rydb. -- Photinia Lindl. -- Physocarpus (Cambess.) Raf., nom. cons. -- Polylepis Ruiz & Pav. -- Potaninia Maxim. -- Potentilla L. -- Prinsepia Royle -- Prunus L. -- Pseudocydonia (C. K. Schneid.) C. K. Schneid. -- Purshia DC. ex Poir. -- Pyracantha M. Roem. -- Pyrus L. -- Quillaja Molina -- Rhaphiolepis Lindl., nom. cons. -- Rhodotypos Siebold & Zucc. -- Rosa L., nom. cons. prop. -- Rubus L., nom. cons. prop. -- Sanguisorba L. -- Sarcopoterium Spach -- Sibbaldia L. -- Sibiraea Maxim. -- Sieversia Willd. -- Sorbaria (Ser. ex DC.) A. Braun, nom. cons. -- Sorbus L. -- Spenceria Trimen -- Spiraea L. -- Spiraeanthus (Fisch. & C. A. Mey.) Maxim. -- Stephanandra Siebold & Zucc. -- Taihangia T. T. Yu & C. L. Li -- Tetraglochin Poepp. -- Torminalis Medik. -- Vauquelinia Corrêa ex Bonpl. -- Waldsteinia Willd. -- Xerospiraea Henr.
References specific to this family
Cronquist page 573. Rohrer, J.R., K.R. Robertson, & J.B. Phipps. 1991. Variation in structure among fruits of Maloideae (Rosaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 78:1617–1635; Iketani, H. & H. Ohashi. 1991. Anatomical structure of fruits and evolution of the tribe Sorbeae in the subfamily Maloideae (Rosaceae). J. Jap. Bot. 66:319–351; Buth, G.M. & K. Misri. 1984. Seed structure of some species of Rosaceae. J. Pl. Anat. Morphol. 1:63–68.
General references
Corner, E.J.H. 1976. The seeds of Dicots, esp. vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, New York, Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York, Engler, A. and K. Prantl. 1924 and onward. Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilimien. W. Engelman, Leipzig, Gaertner, J. 1788–1805. De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. The Author, Stuttgart, Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) and 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) and 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted], Gunn, C.R., J.H. Wiersema, C.A. Ritchie, and J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992 and amendments. Families and genera of Spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1796:1–500, LeMaout, E. and J. Decaisne. 1876. A general system of botany, 1,065 p. Longmans, Green, and Co., London, Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The plant-book, 706 p. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Martin, A.C. 1946. The comparative internal morphology of seeds. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 36:513–660, Schopmeyer, C.S. 1974. Seeds of Woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450:1–883, Spjut, R.W. 1994. A systematic treatment of fruit types. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70:1–182, Wood, C.E., Jr. 1974. A student's atlas of flowering plants: Some dicotyledons of eastern North America, 120 pp. Harper and Row, New York.
Illustrations
Acceptable fruit and seed illustrations. Disseminule illustration(s): fruit, or fruit incomplete, or seed, or embryo. Fruit illustration(s): Schopmeyer, Cronquist, LeMaout & Decaisne, Gaertner, NoxWeed, Wood, Jr., Engler & Prantl. Fruit illustration(s): Schopmeyer, LeMaout & Decaisne, Wood, Jr., Engler & Prantl. Seed illustration(s): Schopmeyer, LeMaout & Decaisne, NoxWeed, Wood, Jr., Engler & Prantl. Embryo illustration(s): Schopmeyer, LeMaout & Decaisne, Gaertner, NoxWeed, Wood, Jr., Engler & Prantl, Martin.
• Fruit. 1 of 21. Acaena elongata L.: fruit. • Seed. 2 of 21. Acaena elongata L.: seed. • Seed. 3 of 21. Amelanchier asiatica (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl. ex Walp.: seeds. • Fruit. 4 of 21. Crataegus crus-galli L.: fruit. • Seed. 5 of 21. Crataegus crus-galli L.: seed. • Seed. 6 of 21. Fragaria vesca L.: seeds. • Fruit. 7 of 21. Geum molle Vis. & Pancic.: fruits. • Seed. 8 of 21. Geum molle Vis. & Pancic.: seeds. • Seed. 9 of 21. Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill.: seeds. • Fruit. 10 of 21. Potentilla recta L.: fruit with calyx. • Seed. 11 of 21. Potentilla recta L.: fruits. • Embryo. 12 of 21. Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. var. divaricata (Ledeb.) L. H. Bailey: fruit without epicarp. • Seed. 13 of 21. Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. var. divaricata (Ledeb.) L. H. Bailey: fruit without epicarp. • Fruit. 14 of 21. Rosa wichuraiana Crép.: fruit. • Seed. 15 of 21. Rosa wichuraiana Crép.: fruits without epicarp. • Seed. 16 of 21. Rubus parvifolius L.: fruits without epicarp. • Seed. 17 of 21. Rubus allegheniensis Porter: fruits without epicarp. • Seed. 18 of 21. Rubus deliciosus Torr.: seeds. • Embryo. 19 of 21. Alchemilla sp.: embryo. • Embryo. 20 of 21. Rubus plicatus Weihe & Nees: embryo. • Embryo. 21 of 21. Rubus moluccanus L.: embryo.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.
