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Synonyms: Chelidoniaceae Martinov; Eschscholziaceae Ser.; Platystemonaceae Rchb. ex Lilja
Common name: Poppy Family.
Number of genera 23. Number of species 210.
Angiosperm. Magnoliopsida.
Disseminule a dehisced fruit, or an intact or entire fruit, or a partial fruit (a segment of an entire fruit), or a seed.
Fruits
Pistil(s) compound, or simple; 1 to more than 21; 1-pistillate (to many); with carpels nearly separate to base, or carpels united. Fruit pericarpium; simple, or schizocarp; capsule; lomentarium (Platystemon Spjut Fig. 38B-C & 2 families Apocynaceae, Papaveraceae); ceratium capsule (Spjut Fig. 19F, but not Fig. 20C-D), or poricidal capsule (not Spjut but Fig. 20C-D of Spjut); capsule not inflated, or inflated; capsule without operculum, or with apical operculum; capsule 4–18-operculum(a) per capsule; without persistent central column; with styles(s); at apex; not within accessory organ(s); 1-seeded to many-seeded; 1-seeded (to many); less than 1 cm long to more than 10 cm long; 0.1–30 cm long; 2–25-carpellate; with carpels united, or separate; with carpels remaining united at maturity, or separating at maturity; with carpels radiating at maturity; with carpels remaining connected at style, or separating at style; without sterile carpels; not sulcate; in transection terete; apex not beaked, or beaked; apex long beaked, or moderately beaked, or short beaked; dehiscent, or indehiscent. Dehiscent unit seed(s). Dehiscent regularly; actively, or passively; elastically; non-linearly; by porate; at apex; and shedding seeds; without replum, or with replum; fruit without centered partition attached to replum. Epicarp brown (all shades), or black, or green; dull; durable; glabrous (without hairs), or not glabrous (with hairs); hairs short to long; hairs dense, or scattered; hairs not glandular; without armature, or with armature; with bristles, or spines (Argemone), or prickles; without armature glochidiate; smooth, or not smooth; ribbed, or wrinkled; without wing(s); without apical respiratory hole. Mesocarp absent. Endocarp present; not separating from exocarp; thin; not splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes; smooth; without wing; without operculum; without secretory cavities; without mechanism for seedling escape; without grooves; without longitudinal ridges; with apical pore(s). Funiculus short; short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); not persisting in fruit after seed shed.
Seeds
Aril Bocconia, Chelidonium, Corydalis, Machaeria present, or absent; a true aril; yellow, or brown, or cream, or red; well developed; adnate to hilum; fleshy; of funicular origin; marginal, or basal; does not aid in seed explusion from fruit; fleshy; crested, or cupshaped, or cushionlike. Seed larger than minute, or minute; less than 1 mm long, or 5 to less than 10 mm long; 0.5–8 mm long; reniform, or C-shaped, or D-shaped, or obovate, or elliptic, or fusiform, or circular, or angular; in transection compressed, or terete; not bowl shaped; not nutlike; without winglike beak; without caudate appendage(s); at maturity with food reserves; with endosperm; without canavanine. Sarcotesta absent. Testa present; without markedly different marginal tissue; without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; tight; dull, or shiny; surface smooth, or unsmooth; surface with discreet raised features, or merged raised features; surface tuberculate; surface reticulate, or ribbed, or wrinkled; with crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle, or without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; with notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approaching each other, or without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other; without glands; without bristles; glabrous; without wings; without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome; brown (all shades), or black, or white (ish); brittle & firm, or thin; not becoming mucilaginous when wetted; surrounding food reserve. Hilum larger than punctate, or punctate; circular. Raphe conspicuous, or inconspicuous; texture as testa; as long as seed; included in dehisced fruit. Endosperm development nuclear; copious; fleshy-watery, or fleshy-firm, or soft, or crystalline-granular; opaque; smooth; without starch; with oils; without fatty acid containing cyclopropene; without apical lobes; without chlorophyll; without isodiametric faceted surface; without odor.
Embryo differentiated from food reserve; well developed, or rudimentary; 1 per seed; partially filling testa (with food reserve); 0.5 times the length of food reserve; at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; axile and centric; linear; linear; straight, or bent; parallel to seed length; embedded in endosperm; with cotyledons gradually connected to hypocotyl-radicle; without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; without stomata; not green; with 2 or more cotyledons. Cotyledons 2; well developed, or moderately developed; as wide as hypocotyl-radicle; 1 times wider than hypocotyl-radicle; not concealing hypocotyl-radicle; not foliaceous; thin; flat; smooth; with apices entire; with margins separate; basally entire; equal in size; not punctate dotted. Hypocotyl-radicle well developed; straight, or curved; not thickened.
Distribution
Pantemperate. New World, Old World. North America, Middle America, Europe, Africa, Asia Major.
Weed information
1 or more USA state noxious weeds.
USA states and territories with listed noxious weeds: Hawaii (HI), Massachusetts (MA), Oklahoma (OK), West Virginia (WV).
USA state and territory noxious weeds: -- Bocconia frutescens L.: USA state noxious weed: HI●°. -- Glaucium corniculatum (L.) Rudolph: USA state noxious weed: OK●°. -- Glaucium flavum Crantz: USA state noxious weed: MA●. -- Papaver somniferum L.: USA state noxious weed: WV●. -- Symbols: ªaquatic weed; ●terrestrial weed; °weed in seed. -- Last updated September 2008.
Listed seeds
ASOA listed seeds, ISTA listed seeds.
ASOA listed seeds: -- Argemone albiflora Hornem. -- Argemone hispida A. Gray -- Argemone polyanthemos (Fedde) G. B. Ownbey-- Argemone squarrosa Greene -- Eschscholzia caespitosa Benth. -- Eschscholzia californica subsp. californica Cham. -- Eschscholzia californica subsp. mexicana (Greene) C. Clark -- Glaucium corniculatum (L.) Rudolph -- Hunnemannia fumariifolia Sweet -- Papaver dubium L. -- Papaver glaucum Boiss. & Hausskn. -- Papaver nudicaule L. -- Papaver orientale L. -- Papaver rhoeas L. -- Papaver somniferum L. -- Papaver L. spp. -- Roemeria refracta DC. -- Romneya coulteri Harv. -- Stylomecon heterophylla (Benth.) G. Taylor -- Last updated September 2008.
ISTA listed seeds: -- Argemone mexicana L.w -- Chelidonium majus L.f -- Eschscholzia californica Cham.f -- Glaucium flavum Crantzw -- Papaver alpinum L.f -- Papaver glaucum Boiss. & Hausskn.f -- Papaver nudicaule L.f -- Papaver orientale L.f -- Papaver rhoeas L.f -- Papaver somniferum L.a -- Roemeria refracta DC.w -- Symbols: aagricultural and vegetable seeds (Table 2A Part 1); ttree and shrub species (Table 2A Part 2); fflower, spice, herb, and medicinal seeds (Table 2A Part 3); wweed seeds. -- Last updated September 2008.
Accepted genera
Arctomecon Torr. & Frém. -- Argemone L. -- Bocconia L. -- Canbya Parry ex A. Gray -- Chelidonium L. -- Dendromecon Benth. -- Dicranostigma Hook. f. & Thomson -- Eomecon Hance -- Eschscholzia Cham. -- Glaucium Mill. -- Hunnemannia Sweet -- Hylomecon Maxim. -- Macleaya R. Br. -- Meconella Nutt. -- Meconopsis Vig. -- Papaver L. -- Platystemon Benth. -- Platystigma Benth. -- Roemeria Medik. -- Romneya Harv. -- Sanguinaria L. -- Stylomecon G. Taylor -- Stylophorum Nutt.
References specific to this family
Cronquist page 145 (including 147: Fumariaceae). Gunn, C.R. 1976. Seed and fruits of North American Papaveraceae. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1517:1–96; Gunn, C.R. 1980. Seeds and fruits of Papaveraceae and Fumariaceae. Seed Sci. Technol. 8:3–58.
General references
Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York, Gaertner, J. 1788–1805. De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. The Author, Stuttgart, Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) and 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) and 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted], Gunn, C.R. and C.A. Ritchie. 1988. Identification of disseminules listed in the Federal Noxious Weed Act. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1719:1–313, Gunn, C.R., J.H. Wiersema, C.A. Ritchie, and J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992 and amendments. Families and genera of Spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1796:1–500, Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The plant-book, 706 p. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Martin, A.C. 1946. The comparative internal morphology of seeds. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 36:513–660, Schopmeyer, C.S. 1974. Seeds of Woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450:1–883, Spjut, R.W. 1994. A systematic treatment of fruit types. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70:1–182, Wood, C.E., Jr. 1974. A student's atlas of flowering plants: Some dicotyledons of eastern North America, 120 pp. Harper and Row, New York.
Illustrations
Excellent fruit and seed illustrations. Disseminule illustration(s): fruit, or seed, or embryo. Fruit illustration(s): Gunn (1976 & 1980), Wood, Jr. Seed illustration(s): Gunn (1976 & 1980), Gunn & Ritchie, Schopmeyer, Wood, Jr. Embryo illustration(s): Gunn & Ritchie, Schopmeyer, Martin, Gunn (1976 & 1980).
• Fruit. 1 of 10. Argemone hispida A. Gray: dehisced fruit. • Seed. 2 of 10. Argemone hispida A. Gray: seeds. • Fruit. 3 of 10. Papaver somniferum L.: fruit. • Seed. 4 of 10. Papaver somniferum L.: seeds. • Embryo. 5 of 10. Arctomecon humilis Coville: embryo. • Embryo. 6 of 10. Argemone hispida A. Gray: embryo. • Embryo. 7 of 10. Bocconia gracilis Hutch.: embryo. • Embryo. 8 of 10. Eschscholzia lobbii Greene: embryo. • Embryo. 9 of 10. Papaver alboroseum Hultén: embryo. • Embryo. 10 of 10. Platystemon californicus Benth.: embryo.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.
