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Synonyms: Apostasiaceae Lindl., nom. cons.; Cypripediaceae Lindl.; Limodoraceae Horan.; Neuwiediaceae R. Dahlgren ex Reveal & Hoogland; Vanillaceae Lindl.
Common name: Orchid Family.
Number of genera 853. Number of species 17500.
Angiosperm. Liliopsida.
Disseminule a dehisced fruit, or a seed.
Fruits
Pistil(s) compound; 1; 1-pistillate; with carpels united. Fruit pericarpium; simple; capsule, or berry (Neuwiedia curtisii, Vanilla spp.); fissuricidal capsule (Spjut Fig. 29A - 3–6 slits); capsule not inflated; capsule without operculum; berry indehiscent; berry without central placental mass; without persistent central column; with styles(s); at apex; not within accessory organ(s); many-seeded; many; 3-carpellate; with carpels united; with carpels remaining united at maturity; with carpels not radiating at maturity; with carpels remaining connected at style; without sterile carpels; not sulcate; in transection terete; apex not beaked; wall crustaceous, or fleshy; dehiscent. Dehiscent unit seed(s). Dehiscent passively; at middle; and shedding seeds; without replum. Epicarp dull; durable; membranous, or coriaceous; glabrous (without hairs); without armature, or with armature; with spines; without armature glochidiate; not smooth, or smooth; ribbed, or ridged, or warted; without wing(s), or with wing(s); with wing(s) lateral; without apical respiratory hole. Mesocarp absent, or present. Endocarp present, or absent; not separating from exocarp; thin; not splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes; smooth; without wing; without operculum; without secretory cavities; without mechanism for seedling escape; without grooves; without longitudinal ridges. Funiculus short; short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); not persisting in fruit after seed shed.
Seeds
Aril absent. Seed minute, or larger than minute; less than 1 mm long to 50+ mm long; 0.3–2 mm long; fusiform, or angular; not bowl shaped; not nutlike; without winglike beak; with caudate appendage(s), or without caudate appendage(s); at maturity without food reserves, or with food reserves; with endosperm; without canavanine. Sarcotesta absent. Testa present; without markedly different marginal tissue; without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; loose; dull; surface unsmooth; surface with depressed features, or discreet raised features, or merged raised features; surface pitted; surface papillate; surface reticulate; without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other; without glands; without bristles; glabrous; with wing(s), or without wings; 1–2-winged; with wing encompassing seed, or wings on both sides; with wing(s) solid; with solid wing(s) similar to testa; without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome; brown (all shades), or black; thin, or hard; not becoming mucilaginous when wetted; surrounding embryo. Hilum punctate. Raphe inconspicuous. Endosperm development nuclear.
Embryo undifferentiated from food reserve, or differentiated from food reserve; rudimentary; completely filling testa (no food reserve); chamber central to wings; 1 times the length of food reserve; at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; without coleoptile; without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; without stomata; not green; acotyledonous, or with 1 cotyledon. Cotyledons one and not modified into scutellum; not circinately coiled. Hypocotyl-radicle undeveloped.
Distribution
Cosmopolitan. New World, Old World. North America, Middle America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia Major, Asia Minor, southeastern Asia, Australia, Oceania.
Notes
Fruit remaining closed at top and bottom. Dressler (1981): "Fruit usually splits from near the apex end, in some orchids, the edges of the wide valves are connected by transverse fibers through which the seeds must sift. The 6 valves sometimes separate completely at the apex and spread widely, as in Lockhartia and some Maxillaria spp. In most orchids the valves remain attached apically. Some Dichaea and some Pleurothallis. the fruit deparates into 2 unequal valves. Orchid fruits often have long hairs interspersed among seeds, spring hairs, and aid in seed dispersal. Fruits may be spiny or warty, and most are distinctly beaked. Fruit walls thin, rather dry and papery for terrestrial and fruit of epiphytes usually thicker, rather fleshy walled".
Weed information
No USA noxious weeds.
Listed seeds
No ASOA or ISTA listed seeds.
Accepted genera
Aa Rchb. f. -- Abdominea J. J. Sm. -- Acacallis Lindl. -- Acampe Lindl., nom. cons. -- Acanthephippium Blume -- Aceras R. Br. -- Aceratorchis Schltr. -- Acianthus R. Br. -- Acineta Lindl. -- Ackermania Dodson & R. Escobar, nom. illeg. -- Acoridium Nees & Meyen -- Acostaea Schltr. -- Acriopsis Blume -- Acrochaene Lindl. -- Acrolophia Pfitzer -- Acrorchis Dressler -- Ada Lindl. -- Adenochilus Hook. f. -- Adenoncos Blume -- Adrorhizon Hook. f. -- Aerangis Rchb. f. -- Aeranthes Lindl. -- Aerides Lour. -- Aganisia Lindl. -- Aglossorrhyncha Schltr. -- Agrostophyllum Blume -- Alamania Lex. -- Altensteinia Kunth -- Ambrella H. Perrier -- Amerorchis Hultén -- Amesiella Schltr. ex Garay -- Amitostigma Schltr. -- Amparoa Schltr. -- Anacamptis Rich. -- Ancistrochilus Rolfe -- Ancistrorhynchus Finet -- Androcorys Schltr. -- Angraecopsis Kraenzl. -- Angraecum Bory -- Anguloa Ruiz & Pav. -- Ania Lindl. -- Anoectochilus Blume, nom. cons. -- Ansellia Lindl. -- Anteriorchis E. Klein & Strack -- Anthogonium Wall. ex Lindl. -- Anthosiphon Schltr. -- Antillanorchis Garay -- Aorchis Verm. -- Aphyllorchis Blume -- Aplectrum Torr. -- Aporostylis Rupp & Hatch -- Apostasia Blume -- Appendicula Blume -- Aracamunia Carnevali & I. Ramírez -- Arachnis Blume -- Archineottia S. C. Chen -- Arethusa L. -- Armodorum Breda -- Arnottia A. Rich. -- Arpophyllum Lex. -- Arthrochilus F. Muell. -- Artorima Dressler & G. E. Pollard -- Arundina Blume -- Ascidieria Seidenf. -- Ascocentrum Schltr. -- Ascochilopsis Carr -- Ascochilus Ridl. -- Ascoglossum Schltr. -- Aspasia Lindl. -- Aspidogyne Garay -- Aulosepalum Garay -- Auxopus Schltr. -- Baptistonia Barb. Rodr. -- Barbosella Schltr. -- Barbrodria Luer -- Barkeria Knowles & Westc. -- Barlia Parl. -- Bartholina R. Br. -- Basigyne J. J. Sm. -- Basiphyllaea Schltr. -- Baskervilla Lindl. -- Batemannia Lindl. -- Beclardia A. Rich. -- Beloglottis Schltr. -- Benthamia A. Rich. -- Benzingia Dodson -- Biermannia King & Pantl. -- Bifrenaria Lindl. -- Binotia Rolfe -- Bipinnula Comm. ex Juss. -- Bletia Ruiz & Pav. -- Bletilla Rchb. f., nom. cons. -- Bogoria J. J. Sm. -- Bollea Rchb. f. -- Bolusiella Schltr. -- Bonatea Willd. -- Bonniera Cordem. -- Brachionidium Lindl. -- Brachtia Rchb. f., nom. cons. -- Brachycorythis Lindl. -- Brachypeza Garay -- Brachystele Schltr. -- Bracisepalum J. J. Sm. -- Braemia Jenny -- Brassavola R. Br., nom. cons. -- Brassia R. Br. -- Bromheadia Lindl. -- Broughtonia R. Br. -- Brownleea Harv. ex Lindl. -- Buchtienia Schltr. -- Bulbophyllum Thouars, nom. cons. -- Bulleyia Schltr. -- Burnettia Lindl. -- Burnsbaloghia Szlach. -- Cadetia Gaudich. -- Caladenia R. Br. -- Calanthe R. Br., nom. cons. -- Caleana R. Br. -- Calochilus R. Br. -- Calopogon R. Br., nom. cons. -- Caluera Dodson & Determann -- Calymmanthera Schltr. -- Calypso Salisb., nom. cons. -- Calyptrochilum Kraenzl. -- Campylocentrum Benth. -- Capanemia Barb. Rodr. -- Cardiochilus P. J. Cribb -- Catasetum Rich. ex Kunth -- Cattleya Lindl. -- Cattleyopsis Lem. -- Caucaea Schltr. -- Caularthron Raf. -- Centroglossa Barb. Rodr. -- Centrostigma Schltr. -- Cephalanthera Rich. -- Cephalantheropsis Guillaumin -- Ceratandra Eckl. ex F. A. Bauer -- Ceratocentron Senghas -- Ceratochilus Blume -- Ceratostylis Blume -- Chamaeangis Schltr. -- Chamaeanthus Schltr. ex J. J. Sm. -- Chamaegastrodia Makino & F. Maek. -- Chamelophyton Garay -- Chamorchis Rich. -- Changnienia S. S. Chien -- Chaseella Summerh. -- Chaubardia Rchb. f. -- Chaubardiella Garay -- Chauliodon Summerh. -- Cheiradenia Lindl. -- Cheirostylis Blume -- Chelonistele Pfitzer -- Chiloglottis R. Br. -- Chilopogon Schltr. -- Chiloschista Lindl. -- Chitonanthera Schltr. -- Chitonochilus Schltr. -- Chloraea Lindl. -- Chondradenia Maxim. ex F. Maek. -- Chondrorhyncha Lindl. -- Chroniochilus J. J. Sm. -- Chrysocycnis Linden & Rchb. f. -- Chrysoglossum Blume -- Chusua Nevski -- Chysis Lindl. -- Chytroglossa Rchb. f. -- Cirrhaea Lindl. -- Cirrhopetalum Lindl., nom. cons. -- Cischweinfia Dressler & N. H. Williams -- Claderia Hook. f., nom. cons. -- Cleisocentron Bruehl -- Cleisomeria Lindl. ex G. Don -- Cleisostoma Blume -- Cleistes Rich. ex Lindl. -- Clematepistephium N. Hallé -- Clowesia Lindl. -- Coccineorchis Schltr. -- Cochleanthes Raf. -- Cochlioda Lindl. -- Cocleorchis Szlach. -- Codonorchis Lindl. -- Codonosiphon Schltr. -- Coelia Lindl. -- Coeliopsis Rchb. f. -- Coeloglossum Hartm. -- Coelogyne Lindl. -- Coilochilus Schltr. -- Collabium Blume -- Comparettia Poepp. & Endl. -- Comperia K. Koch -- Condylago Luer -- Constantia Barb. Rodr. -- Corallorhiza Gagnebin, nom. cons. -- Cordiglottis J. J. Sm. -- Coryanthes Hook. -- Corybas Salisb. -- Corycium Sw. -- Corymborkis Thouars -- Corysanthes R. Br. -- Cottonia Wight -- Cotylolabium Garay -- Cranichis Sw. -- Cremastra Lindl. -- Cribbia Senghas -- Crossoglossa Dodson -- Cryptarrhena R. Br. -- Cryptocentrum Benth. -- Cryptochilus Wall. -- Cryptopus Lindl. -- Cryptopylos Garay -- Cryptostylis R. Br. -- Cuitlauzina La Llave & Lex. -- Cyanaeorchis Barb. Rodr. -- Cybebus Garay -- Cyclopogon C. Presl -- Cycnoches Lindl. -- Cymbidiella Rolfe -- Cymbidium Sw. -- Cynorkis Thouars -- Cyphochilus Schltr. -- Cypholoron Dodson & Dressler -- Cypripedium L. -- Cyrtidiorchis Rauschert -- Cyrtopodium R. Br. -- Cyrtorchis Schltr. -- Cyrtosia Blume -- Cystorchis Blume -- Dactylorhiza Neck. ex Nevski -- Dactylorhynchus Schltr. -- Dactylostalix Rchb. f. -- Degranvillea Determann -- Deiregyne Schltr. -- Dendrobium Sw., nom. cons. -- Dendrochilum Blume -- Dendrophylax Rchb. f. -- Diadenium Poepp. & Endl. -- Diaphananthe Schltr. -- Diceratostele Summerh. -- Dicerostylis Blume -- Dichaea Lindl. -- Dichromanthus Garay -- Dickasonia L. O. Williams -- Dictyophyllaria Garay -- Didiciea King & Prain -- Didymoplexiella Garay -- Didymoplexis Griff. -- Diglyphosa Blume -- Dignathe Lindl. -- Dilochia Lindl. -- Dilomilis Raf. -- Dimerandra Schltr. -- Dimorphorchis Rolfe -- Dinema Lindl. -- Dinklageella Mansf. -- Diothonea Lindl. -- Diphylax Hook. f. -- Diplandrorchis S. C. Chen -- Diplocaulobium (Rchb. f.) Kraenzl. -- Diplocentrum Lindl. -- Diplolabellum F. Maek. -- Diplomeris D. Don -- Diploprora Hook. f. -- Dipodium R. Br. -- Dipteranthus Barb. Rodr. -- Dipterostele Schltr. -- Disa P. J. Bergius -- Discyphus Schltr. -- Disperis Sw. -- Distylodon Summerh. -- Dithyridanthus Garay -- Diuris Sm. -- Dodsonia Ackerman -- Domingoa Schltr. -- Doritis Lindl. -- Dossinia C. Morren -- Dracula Luer -- Drakaea Lindl. -- Dresslerella Luer -- Dressleria Dodson -- Dryadella Luer -- Dryadorchis Schltr. -- Drymoanthus Nicholls -- Drymoda Lindl. -- Duckeella Porto & Brade -- Dunstervillea Garay -- Dyakia Christenson -- Earina Lindl. -- Eggelingia Summerh. -- Eleorchis F. Maek. -- Elleanthus C. Presl -- Eloyella P. Ortíz -- Eltroplectris Raf. -- Elythranthera (Endl.) A. S. George -- Embreea Dodson -- Encyclia Hook. -- Entomophobia de Vogel -- Eparmatostigma Garay -- Ephippianthus Rchb. f. -- Epiblastus Schltr. -- Epiblema R. Br. -- Epicranthes Blume -- Epidanthus L. O. Williams -- Epidendrum L., nom. cons. -- Epigeneium Gagnep. -- Epilyna Schltr. -- Epipactis Zinn, nom. cons. -- Epipogium J. G. Gmel. ex Borkh. -- Epistephium Kunth -- Eria Lindl., nom. cons. -- Eriaxis Rchb. f. -- Eriochilus R. Br. -- Eriodes Rolfe -- Eriopsis Lindl. -- Erycina Lindl. -- Erythrodes Blume -- Erythrorchis Blume -- Esmeralda Rchb. f. -- Eucosia Blume -- Eulophia R. Br., nom. cons. -- Eulophiella Rolfe -- Eurycentrum Schltr. -- Eurychone Schltr. -- Eurystyles Wawra -- Evotella H. Kurzweil & H. P. Linder -- Fernandezia Ruiz & Pav. -- Ferruminaria Garay et al. -- Fimbriella Farw. ex Butzin -- Flickingeria A. D. Hawkes -- Frondaria Luer -- Fuertesiella Schltr. -- Funkiella Schltr. -- Galeandra Lindl. -- Galearis Raf. -- Galeola Lour. -- Galeottia A. Rich. -- Galeottiella Schltr. -- Gastrochilus D. Don -- Gastrodia R. Br. -- Gavilea Poepp. -- Geesinkorchis de Vogel -- Gennaria Parl. -- Genoplesium R. Br. -- Genyorchis Schltr., nom. cons. -- Geoblasta Barb. Rodr. -- Geodorum Jacks. -- Glomera Blume -- Glossodia R. Br. -- Glossorhyncha Ridl. -- Gomesa R. Br. -- Gomphichis Lindl. -- Gonatostylis Schltr. -- Gongora Ruiz & Pav. -- Goniochilus M. W. Chase -- Goodyera R. Br. -- Govenia Lindl. -- Grammangis Rchb. f. -- Grammatophyllum Blume -- Graphorkis Thouars, nom. cons. -- Grobya Lindl. -- Grosourdya Rchb. f. -- Guanchezia Romero-González & Carnevali -- Gularia Garay -- Gunnarella Senghas -- Gunnarorchis Brieger -- Gymnadenia R. Br. -- Gymnochilus Blume -- Gynoglottis J. J. Sm. -- Habenaria Willd. -- Hagsatera R. González -- Hammarbya Kuntze -- Hancockia Rolfe -- Hapalochilus (Schltr.) Senghas -- Hapalorchis Schltr. -- Harrisella Fawc. & Rendle -- Hederorkis Thouars -- Helcia Lindl. -- Helleriella A. D. Hawkes -- Helonoma Garay -- Hemipilia Lindl. -- Herminium L. -- Herpysma Lindl. -- Herschelianthe Rauschert -- Hetaeria Blume, nom. cons. -- Hexalectris Raf. -- Hexisea Lindl. -- Himantoglossum Spreng., nom. cons. -- Hintonella Ames -- Hippeophyllum Schltr. -- Hirtzia Dodson -- Hispaniella Braem -- Hoehneella Ruschi -- Hofmeisterella Rchb. f. -- Holcoglossum Schltr. -- Holopogon Kom. & Nevski -- Holothrix Rich. ex Lindl., nom. cons. -- Homalopetalum Rolfe -- Horichia Jenny -- Horvatia Garay -- Houlletia Brongn. -- Huntleya Bateman ex Lindl. -- Huttonaea Harv. -- Hybochilus Schltr. -- Hygrochilus Pfitzer -- Hylaeorchis Carnevali & Romero-González -- Hylophila Lindl. -- Hymenorchis Schltr. -- Imerinaea Schltr. -- Ionopsis Kunth -- Ipsea Lindl. -- Isabelia Barb. Rodr. -- Ischnocentrum Schltr. -- Ischnogyne Schltr. -- Isochilus R. Br. -- Isotria Raf. -- Jacquiniella Schltr. -- Jejosephia Nag. Rao & Mani -- Jumellea Schltr. -- Kefersteinia Rchb. f. -- Kegeliella Mansf. -- Kerigomnia P. Royen -- Kingidium P. F. Hunt -- Kionophyton Garay -- Koellensteinia Rchb. f. -- Konantzia Dodson & N. H. Williams -- Kreodanthus Garay -- Kryptostoma (Summerh.) Geerinck -- Kuhlhasseltia J. J. Sm. -- Lacaena Lindl. -- Laelia Lindl., nom. cons. -- Laeliopsis Lindl. & Paxton -- Lanium (Lindl.) Benth. -- Lankesterella Ames -- Lecanorchis Blume -- Lemboglossum Halb. -- Lemurella Schltr. -- Lemurorchis Kraenzl. -- Leochilus Knowles & Westc. -- Lepanthes Sw. -- Lepanthopsis (Cogn.) Ames -- Lepidogyne Blume -- Leporella A. S. George -- Leptotes Lindl. -- Lesliea Seidenf. -- Leucohyle Klotzsch -- Ligeophila Garay -- Limodorum Boehm., nom. cons. -- Liparis Rich., nom. cons. -- Listera R. Br., nom. cons. -- Listrostachys Rchb. f. -- Lockhartia Hook. -- Loefgrenianthus Hoehne -- Ludisia A. Rich. -- Lueddemannia Linden & Rchb. f. -- Luisia Gaudich. -- Lycaste Lindl. -- Lycomormium Rchb. f. -- Lyperanthus R. Br. -- Lyroglossa Schltr. -- Macodes (Blume) Lindl. -- Macradenia R. Br. -- Macroclinium Barb. Rodr. -- Macropodanthus L. O. Williams -- Malaxis Sol. ex Sw. -- Malleola J. J. Sm. & Schltr. -- Manniella Rchb. f. -- Margelliantha P. J. Cribb -- Masdevallia Ruiz & Pav. -- Mastigion Garay et al. -- Maxillaria Ruiz & Pav. -- Mediocalcar J. J. Sm. -- Megalorchis H. Perrier -- Megalotus Garay -- Megastylis (Schltr.) Schltr. -- Meiracyllium Rchb. f. -- Mesadenella Pabst & Garay -- Mesadenus Schltr. -- Mesoglossum Halb. -- Mesospinidium Rchb. f. -- Mexicoa Garay -- Microcoelia Lindl. -- Micropera Lindl. -- Microsaccus Blume -- Microtatorchis Schltr. -- Microthelys Garay -- Microtis R. Br. -- Miltonia Lindl., nom. cons. -- Miltoniopsis God.-Leb. -- Mischobulbum Schltr. -- Mobilabium Rupp -- Moerenhoutia Blume -- Monadenia Lindl. -- Monomeria Lindl. -- Monophyllorchis Schltr. -- Monosepalum Schltr. -- Mormodes Lindl. -- Mormolyca Fenzl -- Myoxanthus Poepp. & Endl. -- Myrmechis (Lindl.) Blume -- Myrmecophila Rolfe -- Myrosmodes Rchb. f. -- Mystacidium Lindl. -- Nabaluia Ames -- Nageliella L. O. Williams -- Neobathiea Schltr. -- Neobenthamia Rolfe -- Neobolusia Schltr. -- Neoclemensia Carr -- Neocogniauxia Schltr. -- Neodryas Rchb. f. -- Neofinetia Hu -- Neogardneria Schltr. ex Garay -- Neogyna Rchb. f. -- Neomoorea Rolfe -- Neotinea Rchb. f. -- Neottia Guett., nom. cons. -- Neottianthe (Rchb.) Schltr. -- Neowilliamsia Garay -- Nephelaphyllum Blume -- Nephrangis (Schltr.) Summerh. -- Nervilia Comm. ex Gaudich., nom. cons. -- Neuwiedia Blume -- Nidema Britton & Millsp. -- Nigritella Rich. -- Nothodoritis Z. H. Tsi -- Nothostele Garay -- Notylia Lindl. -- Oberonia Lindl., nom. cons. -- Octarrhena Thwaites -- Octomeria R. Br. -- Odontoglossum Kunth -- Odontorrhynchus M. N. Correa -- Oeceoclades Lindl. -- Oeonia Lindl., nom. cons. -- Oeoniella Schltr. -- Oerstedella Rchb. f. -- Olgasis Raf. -- Oligophyton H. P. Linder -- Oliveriana Rchb. f. -- Omoea Blume -- Oncidium Sw., nom. cons. -- Ophidion Luer -- Ophrys L., nom. cons. prop. -- Orchipedum Breda -- Orchis L. -- Oreorchis Lindl. -- Orestias Ridl. -- Orleanesia Barb. Rodr. -- Ornithocephalus Hook. -- Ornithochilus (Lindl.) Wall. ex Benth. & Hook. f. -- Orthoceras R. Br. -- Osmoglossum (Schltr.) Schltr. -- Ossiculum P. J. Cribb & Laan -- Osyricera Blume -- Otochilus Lindl. -- Otoglossum (Schltr.) Garay & Dunst. -- Otostylis Schltr. -- Pabstia Garay -- Pachites Lindl. -- Pachyphyllum Kunth -- Pachyplectron Schltr. -- Pachystele Schltr. -- Pachystoma Blume -- Palmorchis Barb. Rodr. -- Palumbina Rchb. f. -- Panisea (Lindl.) Lindl., nom. cons. -- Pantlingia Prain -- Paphinia Lindl. -- Paphiopedilum Pfitzer, nom. cons. -- Papilionanthe Schltr. -- Papillilabium Dockrill -- Papperitzia Rchb. f. -- Papuaea Schltr. -- Paradisanthus Rchb. f. -- Paraphalaenopsis A. D. Hawkes -- Parapteroceras Aver. -- Pecteilis Raf. -- Pedilochilus Schltr. -- Pelatantheria Ridl. -- Pelexia Poit. ex Lindl., nom. cons. -- Pennilabium J. J. Sm. -- Peristeranthus T. E. Hunt -- Peristeria Hook. -- Peristylus Blume, nom. cons. -- Pescatoria Rchb. f. -- Phaius Lour. -- Phalaenopsis Blume -- Pholidota Lindl. ex Hook. -- Phragmipedium Rolfe, nom. cons. -- Phragmorchis L. O. Williams -- Phreatia Lindl. -- Phymatidium Lindl. -- Physoceras Schltr. -- Physogyne Garay -- Pilophyllum Schltr. -- Pinelia Lindl. -- Piperia Rydb. -- Pityphyllum Schltr. -- Platanthera Rich., nom. cons. -- Platycoryne Rchb. f. -- Platyglottis L. O. Williams -- Platylepis A. Rich., nom. cons. -- Platyrhiza Barb. Rodr. -- Platystele Schltr. -- Platythelys Garay -- Plectorrhiza Dockrill -- Plectrelminthus Raf. -- Plectrophora H. Focke -- Pleione D. Don -- Pleurothallis R. Br. -- Pleurothallopsis Porto & Brade -- Plocoglottis Blume -- Poaephyllum Ridl. -- Podangis Schltr. -- Podochilus Blume -- Pogonia Juss. -- Pogoniopsis Rchb. f. -- Polycycnis Rchb. f. -- Polyotidium Garay -- Polyradicion Garay -- Polystachya Hook., nom. cons. -- Pomatocalpa Breda -- Ponera Lindl. -- Ponerorchis Rchb. f. -- Ponthieva R. Br. -- Porolabium Ts. Tang & F. T. Wang -- Porpax Lindl. -- Porphyrodesme Schltr. -- Porphyroglottis Ridl. -- Porphyrostachys Rchb. f. -- Porroglossum Schltr. -- Porrorhachis Garay -- Prasophyllum R. Br. -- Prescottia Lindl. -- Pristiglottis Cretz. & J. J. Sm. -- Promenaea Lindl. -- Prosthechea Knowles & Westc. -- Protoceras J. Joseph & Vajr. -- Pseudacoridium Ames -- Pseuderia Schltr. -- Pseudocentrum Lindl. -- Pseudocranichis Garay -- Pseudoeurystyles Hoehne -- Pseudogoodyera Schltr. -- Pseudolaelia Porto & Brade -- Pseudoperistylis Szlach. & Olsz. -- Pseudorchis Ség. -- Pseudovanilla Garay -- Psilochilus Barb. Rodr. -- Psychilis Raf. -- Psychopsiella Lückel & Braem -- Psychopsis Raf. -- Psygmorchis Dodson & Dressler -- Pterichis Lindl. -- Pteroceras Hasselt ex Hassk. -- Pteroglossa Schltr. -- Pteroglossaspis Rchb. f. -- Pterostemma Kraenzl. -- Pterostylis R. Br., nom. cons. -- Pterygodium Sw. -- Pygmaeorchis Brade -- Pyrorchis D. L. Jones & M. A. Clem. -- Quekettia Lindl. -- Quisqueya Dod -- Rangaeris (Schltr.) Summerh. -- Rauhiella Pabst & R. Braga -- Raycadenco Dodson -- Reichenbachanthus Barb. Rodr. -- Renanthera Lour. -- Renantherella Ridl. -- Renzorchis Szlach. & Olsz. -- Restrepia Kunth -- Restrepiella Garay & Dunst. -- Restrepiopsis Luer -- Rhaesteria Summerh. -- Rhamphorhynchus Garay -- Rhinerrhiza Rupp -- Rhizanthella R. S. Rogers -- Rhynchogyna Seidenf. & Garay -- Rhyncholaelia Schltr. -- Rhynchophreatia Schltr. -- Rhynchostele Rchb. f. -- Rhynchostylis Blume -- Rhytionanthos Garay et al. -- Ridleyella Schltr. -- Rimacola Rupp -- Risleya King & Pantl. -- Robiquetia Gaudich. -- Rodriguezia Ruiz & Pav. -- Rodrigueziella Kuntze -- Rodrigueziopsis Schltr. -- Roeperocharis Rchb. f. -- Rossioglossum (Schltr.) Garay & P. B. Kenn. -- Rudolfiella Hoehne -- Rusbyella Rolfe -- Saccoglossum Schltr. -- Saccolabiopsis J. J. Sm. -- Saccolabium Blume, nom. cons. -- Sacoila Raf. -- Salpistele Dressler -- Sanderella Kuntze -- Sarcanthopsis Garay -- Sarcochilus R. Br. -- Sarcoglottis C. Presl -- Sarcoglyphis Garay -- Sarcophyton Garay -- Sarcostoma Blume -- Satyridium Lindl. -- Satyrium Sw., nom. cons. -- Saundersia Rchb. f. -- Sauroglossum Lindl. -- Scaphosepalum Pfitzer -- Scaphyglottis Poepp. & Endl., nom. cons. -- Scelochiloides Dodson & M. W. Chase -- Scelochilus Klotzsch -- Schiedeella Schltr. -- Schistotylus Dockrill -- Schizochilus Sond. -- Schizodium Lindl. -- Schlimmia Planch. & Linden -- Schoenorchis Blume -- Schomburgkia Lindl. -- Schwartzkopffia Kraenzl. -- Scuticaria Lindl. -- Sedirea Garay & H. R. Sweet -- Seidenfadenia Garay -- Seidenfadeniella Sath. Kunar -- Selenipedium Rchb. f. -- Sepalosiphon Schltr. -- Serapias L., nom. cons. -- Sertifera Lindl. & Rchb. f. -- Sievekingia Rchb. f. -- Sigmatostalix Rchb. f. -- Silvorchis J. J. Sm. -- Sinorchis S. C. Chen -- Sirhookera Kuntze -- Skeptrostachys Garay -- Smithorchis Ts. Tang & Chung H. Wang -- Smithsonia C. J. Saldanha -- Smitinandia Holttum -- Sobennikoffia Schltr. -- Sobralia Ruiz & Pav. -- Solenangis Schltr. -- Solenidiopsis Senghas -- Solenidium Lindl. -- Solenocentrum Schltr. -- Sophronitella Schltr. -- Sophronitis Lindl. -- Soterosanthus Lehm. ex Jenny -- Spathoglottis Blume -- Sphyrarhynchus Mansf. -- Sphyrastylis Schltr. -- Spiculaea Lindl. -- Spiranthes Rich., nom. cons. -- Stalkya Garay -- Stanhopea J. Frost ex Hook. -- Staurochilus Ridl. ex Pfitzer -- Stelis Sw., nom. cons. -- Stellilabium Schltr. -- Stenia Lindl. -- Stenoglottis Lindl. -- Stenoptera C. Presl -- Stenorrhynchos Rich. ex Spreng. -- Stephanothelys Garay -- Stereochilus Lindl. -- Stereosandra Blume -- Steveniella Schltr. -- Stictophyllum Dodson & M. W. Chase -- Stigmatosema Garay -- Stolzia Schltr. -- Suarezia Dodson -- Summerhayesia P. J. Cribb -- Sunipia Lindl. -- Sutrina Lindl. -- Svenkoeltzia Burns-Bal. -- Symphyglossum Schltr., nom. cons. -- Synanthes Burns-Bal. et al. -- Synarmosepalum Garay et al. -- Systeloglossum Schltr. -- Taeniophyllum Blume -- Taeniorrhiza Summerh. -- Tainia Blume -- Tangtsinia S. C. Chen -- Tapeinoglossum Schltr. -- Taprobanea Christenson -- Telipogon Mutis ex Kunth -- Tetramicra Lindl. -- Teuscheria Garay -- Thaia Seidenf. -- Thecopus Seidenf. -- Thecostele Rchb. f. -- Thelasis Blume -- Thelymitra J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. -- Thelyschista Garay -- Thrixspermum Lour. -- Thulinia P. J. Cribb -- Thunia Rchb. f. -- Thysanoglossa Porto & Brade -- Ticoglossum Lucas Rodr. ex Halb. -- Tipularia Nutt. -- Tolumnia Raf. -- Townsonia Cheeseman -- Traunsteinera Rchb. f. -- Trevoria F. Lehm. -- Trias Lindl. -- Triceratorhynchus Summerh. -- Trichocentrum Poepp. & Endl. -- Trichoceros Kunth -- Trichoglottis Blume -- Trichopilia Lindl. -- Trichosalpinx Luer -- Trichotosia Blume -- Tridactyle Schltr. -- Trigonidium Lindl. -- Triphora Nutt. -- Trisetella Luer -- Trizeuxis Lindl. -- Tropidia Lindl. -- Trudelia Garay -- Tsaiorchis Ts. Tang & Chung H. Wang -- Tuberolabium Yamam. -- Tubilabium J. J. Sm. -- Tylostigma Schltr. -- Uleiorchis Hoehne -- Uncifera Lindl. -- Vanda Jones ex R. Br. -- Vandopsis Pfitzer -- Vanilla Mill. -- Vargasiella C. Schweinf. -- Vasqueziella Dodson -- Ventricularia Garay -- Vesicisepalum (J. J. Sm.) Garay et al. -- Vexillabium F. Maek. -- Vrydagzynea Blume -- Wallnoeferia Szlach. -- Warmingia Rchb. f., nom. cons. -- Warrea Lindl. -- Warreella Schltr. -- Warreopsis Garay -- Warscaea Szlach. -- Wullschlaegelia Rchb. f. -- Xenikophyton Garay -- Xerorchis Schltr. -- Xylobium Lindl. -- Yoania Maxim. -- Ypsilopus Summerh. -- Zeuxine Lindl., nom. cons. -- Zootrophion Luer -- Zygopetalum Hook. -- Zygosepalum Rchb. f. -- Zygostates Lindl.
References specific to this family
Cronquist page 1238. Dressler, R.L. 1981. The orchids. Harvard University Press, Cambridge; Beer, J.G. 1863. Beit. Morph. Biol. Orch. C. Gerold's Sohn, Vienna; Tohda. H. 1985. Seed morphology in Orchidaceae II: Tribe Cranichideae. Sci. Rep. Tohoku Imp. Univ., ser. 4, Biol. 39:21–43; Chase, M.W. & J. S. Pippen. 1988. Seed morphology in the Oncidiinae and related subtribes (Orchidaceae). Syst. Bot. 13:313–323; Clifford, H.T. & W.K. Smith. 1969. Seed morphology and classification of Orchidaceae. Phytomorphology 19:133–139; Benzing, D.H. 1981. Why is Orchidaceae so large, its seeds so small, and its seedlings mycotrophic. Selbyana 5:241–242.
General references
Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York, Gaertner, J. 1788–1805. De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. The Author, Stuttgart, Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) and 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) and 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted], Gunn, C.R., J.H. Wiersema, C.A. Ritchie, and J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992 and amendments. Families and genera of Spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1796:1–500, LeMaout, E. and J. Decaisne. 1876. A general system of botany, 1,065 p. Longmans, Green, and Co., London, Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The plant-book, 706 p. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Spjut, R.W. 1994. A systematic treatment of fruit types. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70:1–182.
Illustrations
Acceptable fruit and seed illustrations. Disseminule illustration(s): fruit, or seed. Fruit illustration(s): Cronquist, LeMaout & Decaisne, Beer (1863). Seed illustration(s): Beer (1863), Tohda (1985), LeMaout & Decaisne, Chase & Pippen (1988).
• Fruit. 1 of 13. Aerides lawrenceae Rchb. f. var. sanderiana (Rchb. f.) Sander: fruit. • Seed. 2 of 13. Aerides lawrenceae Rchb. f. var. sanderiana (Rchb. f.) Sander: seeds. • Seed. 3 of 13. Aerides lawrenceae Rchb. f. var. sanderiana (Rchb. f.) Sander: seeds and long, internal fruit hairs (or capilletia or elaters). • Fruit. 4 of 13. Aplectrum hyemale (Muhl. ex Willd.) Torr.: fruit. • Seed. 5 of 13. Aplectrum hyemale (Muhl. ex Willd.) Torr.: seeds. • Seed. 6 of 13. Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Rchb. f.: seeds. • Seed. 7 of 13. Calanthe calanthoides (A. Rich & Galeotti) Hamer & Garay: seeds. • Fruit. 8 of 13. Calopogon tuberosus (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poppenberg: dehisced fruit. • Seed. 9 of 13. Calopogon tuberosus (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poppenberg: seeds. • Fruit. 10 of 13. Galearis spectabilis (L.) Raf.: fruit. • Seed. 11 of 13. Galearis spectabilis (L.) Raf.: seeds. • Seed. 12 of 13. Rhynchostylis retusa Blume: seeds and long, internal fruit hairs (or capilletia or elaters). • Embryo. 13 of 13. Listera ovata (L.) R. Br.: embryo.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.
