The moss families (Bryophyta, Musci) of Britain and Ireland

L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz

Campyliaceae

Spear-mosses, Feather-mosses, Hook-mosses, etc.

~Amblystegiaceae

Gametophyte. Pleurocarpous; not dendroid; forming tufts, or mat or turf forming, or forming patches. Shoots not complanate. Paraphyllia mostly absent. Pseudoparaphyllia absent (at least, never mentioned). Stems tomentose below, or not tomentose. The leaves of main stems and branches similar in form (though the branch leaves are often smaller); bilaterally symmetrical; mostly ovate to narrowly lanceolate (or deltoid); spiral; commonly sub- or falcato- secund, or secund, or not secund; more or less longitudinally plicate (e.g., Campylium stellatum, Drepanocladus spp.), or not plicate (mostly). Leaf bases somewhat decurrent (e.g., in Campylium), or not decurrent. The leaves nerveless, or double-nerved, or single-nerved. The leaf nerves when present, extending beyond the middle of the leaf, but not to the tip (commonly to about half-way), or not extending beyond the middle of the leaf to extending beyond the middle of the leaf, but not to the tip (e.g., in Hygrohypnum), or extending to the leaf tip; not excurrent (mostly), or excurrent (sometimes, in Drepanocladus). Leaf blade apices pointed (nearly always); apically acute, or acuminate. Leaf blade margins flat; unistratose; entire, or entire to denticulate, or denticulate. Leaf blades not conspicuously bordered. The basal leaf cells longitudinally much elongated (mostly), or somewhat longitudinally elongated; rounded to rhomboidal, or linear to vermicular; smooth. The walls of basal leaf cells thin, or thick; straight. The angular cells clearly differentiated (frequently), or not well differentiated. The mid-leaf cells longitudinally much elongated (mostly), or somewhat longitudinally elongated to longitudinally much elongated; narrowly or irregularly rectangular, or hexagonal, or linear, or vermicular; smooth. The walls of the mid-leaf cells thin, or thick; straight.

Plants monoecious, or dioecious; when monoecious, autoecious.

Sporophyte. Capsules exserted; inclined, or horizontal; at least somewhat somewhat asymmetrical; curved; sub-cylindric to ellipsoid (often somewhat contracted below the mouth after dehiscence), or gibbous (sometimes somewhat, e.g. in Campylium elodes); with an externally conspicuous apophysis (only occasionally), or without an externally conspicuous apophysis; smooth; mostly with an annulus. Calyptra glabrous; symmetrical; splitting down one side. Capsules with a peristome. The peristome double. The peristome teeth 16; not grouped; not deeply cleft; not perforated; thin, membranous, and transversely barred (often distinctly articulated); exteriorly with a fine longitudinal dividing line between the transverse bars. The inner peristome well developed; shorter than the outer to exceeding the outer (?); with a basal membranous ring; with elongated “processes” (these broad). The processes of the inner peristome 16; alternating with the teeth of the outer peristome. The inner peristome ciliate. The cilia of the inner peristome entire. The operculum shortly conical, or conical and mamillate. Setae long; usually curved (?); reddish; smooth.

Ecology. Aquatic, or in wet places (mostly), or mesophytic; occurring in basic habitats (commonly), or neutral pH conditions, or acid conditions. Mostly found in moist, wet or aquatic habitats - especially fens, marshes, dune slacks, basic flushes, etc., occasionally on damp rocks.

Cytology. Haploid chromosome number, n = 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 20, 22, and 24 (occasionally with supernumeraries).

Representation in Britain and Ireland. 32 species. Calliergon (Spear-mosses), Campylium (Starry Feather-mosses), Campyliadelphus (Feather-mosses), Conardia (Compact Feather-moss), Drepanocladus (Hook-mosses), Hamatocaulis (Varnished Hook-moss), Hygrohypnum (Brook-mosses), Pictus (Pict-moss), Pseudocalliergon (Hook-, Spear-, and Scorpion-mosses), Sanionia (Hook-mosses), Scorpidium (Hook- and Scorpion-mosses), Straminergon (Straw Spear-moss), Tomentypnum (Woolly Feather-moss), Warnstorfia (Hook-mosses). Northern Scotland, southern Scotland, northern England, English Midlands, East Anglia, Wales, southeast England, central southern England, southwest England, Isle of Wight, and Ireland.

Classification. Class Bryopsida; Subclass Bryideae; Order Hypnales.

Illustrations. • Hygrohypnum, Straminergon. Scorpidium, Caliergon and Warnstorfia, with Calliergonella): Dixon. CAMPYLIACEAE: A, Hygrohypnum dilatatum (Wils. ex Schimp.) Loeske; B, Hygrohypnum smithii (Sw.) Broth.; C, Hygrohypnum eugyrium (Br. Eur.) Broth.; D, Hygrohypnum ochraceum (Turn. ex Wils.) Loeske; E, Scorpidium scorpioides (Hedw.) Limpr.; F, Straminergon stramineum (Brid.) Hedenäs; G, Straminergon(?) trifarium (Web. & Mohr) Hedw.; H, Scorpidium turgescens (T. Jens.) Loeske. I, Calliergon cordifolium (Hedw.) Kindb.; J, Calliergon giganteum (Schimp.) Kindb. K, Warnstorfia sarmentosa (Wahlenb.) Hedenäs. HYPNACEAE. L, Calliergonella cuspidata (Hedw.) Loewske. par

From Dixon and Jameson (1924), the unscaled screen display approximately doubling the magnifications given with their individual figures. 1, leaf or stem leaf where these differ; 2, branch-leaf; 3, perichaetial leaf; 4, perigonial leaf; 5, capsule; 6, peristome; 7, calyptra; 8, spores; 9, inflorescence; 10, gemmae; 11, paraphyllia; 12, stoma of capsule; *, plant, or part of one. Qualifications: a, apex; b, base; c, cells at one third from the apex; cv, ventral aspect of cells; cd, dorsal aspect of cells; bc, basal cells; x, section. • Campylium, Campyliadelphus and Drepanocladus (with Amblystegiaceae, Cratoneuron and Campylophyllym): Dixon. CAMPYLIACEAE: F, Campyliadelphus elodes (Lindb.) Kanda; G, Drepanocladus polygamus (Schimp.) Hedenäs; H, Campylium stellatum (Hedw.) Lange & Jens.; J, Campyliadelphus chrysophyllus (Brid.) R.S. Chopra; K, Campylophyllum halleri (Hedw.) M. Fleisch.; L, Drepanocladus aduncus (Hedw.) Warnst.; M and N, Drepanocladus sendtneri (Schimp. ex H. Müll.). CRATONEURACEAE: C, Cratoneuron filicinum (Hedw.) Spruce; D, Cratoneuron curvicaule (Jur.) Roth. AMBLYSTEGIACEAE: A, Hygroamblystegium tenax (Hedw.) Jenn.; B, Hygroamblystegium fluviatile (Hedw.) Loeske; E, Leptodictyum riparium (Hedw.) Warnst. HYPNACEAE. I, Campylophyllum calcareum (Crundw. & Nyh.) Hedenäs.

From Dixon and Jameson (1924), the unscaled screen display approximately doubling the magnifications given with their individual figures. 1, leaf or stem leaf where these differ; 2, branch-leaf; 3, perichaetial leaf; 4, perigonial leaf; 5, capsule; 6, peristome; 7, calyptra; 8, spores; 9, inflorescence; 10, gemmae; 11, paraphyllia; 12, stoma of capsule; *, plant, or part of one. Qualifications: a, apex; b, base; c, cells at one third from the apex; cv, ventral aspect of cells; cd, dorsal aspect of cells; bc, basal cells; x, section. • 6 genera (with Palustriella): Dixon. CAMPYLIACEAE: A, Pseudocalliergon lycopodioides (Brid.) Hedenäs; B, Drepanocladus fluitans (Hedw.) Loeske; C, Warnstorfia exannulata (Schimp.) Loeske; D, Sanionia uncinata (Hedw.) Loeske; E, Hamatocaulis vernicosus (Mitt.) Hedenäs; F, Scorpidium revolvens (Sw.) Hedenäs; G, Scorpidium cossonii (Schimp.) Hedenäs. HELODIACEAE: H, Palustriella decipiens (De Not) Ochyra; I, Palustriella commutata (Hedw.) Ochyra; J, Palustriella falcata (Brid.) Hedenäs; K, Palustriella commutata (Hedw.) Ochyra var. sulcata (Lindb.) Ochyra.

From Dixon and Jameson (1924), the unscaled screen display approximately doubling the magnifications given with their individual figures. 1, leaf or stem leaf where these differ; 2, branch-leaf; 3, perichaetial leaf; 4, perigonial leaf; 5, capsule; 6, peristome; 7, calyptra; 8, spores; 9, inflorescence; 10, gemmae; 11, paraphyllia; 12, stoma of capsule; *, plant, or part of one. Qualifications: a, apex; b, base; c, cells at one third from the apex; cv, ventral aspect of cells; cd, dorsal aspect of cells; bc, basal cells; x, section. • Hygrohypnum, Straminergon, Scorpidium and Warnstorfia (with Calliergonella): Dixon. CAMPYLIACEAE: A, Hygrohypnum dilatatum (Wils. ex Schimp.) Loeske; B, Hygrohypnum smithii (Sw.) Broth.; C, Hygrohypnum eugyrium (Br. Eur.) Broth.; D, Hygrohypnum ochraceum (Turn. ex Wils.) Loeske; E, Scorpidium scorpioides (Hedw.) Limpr.; F, Straminergon stramineum (Brid.) Hedenäs; G, Straminergon(?) trifarium (Web. & Mohr) Hedw.; H, Scorpidium turgescens (T. Jens.) Loeske. I, Calliergon cordifolium (Hedw.) Kindb.; J, Calliergon giganteum (Schimp.) Kindb. K, Warnstorfia sarmentosa (Wahlenb.) Hedenäs. HYPNACEAE. L, Calliergonella cuspidata (Hedw.) Loewske. par

From Dixon and Jameson (1924), the unscaled screen display approximately doubling the magnifications given with their individual figures. 1, leaf or stem leaf where these differ; 2, branch-leaf; 3, perichaetial leaf; 4, perigonial leaf; 5, capsule; 6, peristome; 7, calyptra; 8, spores; 9, inflorescence; 10, gemmae; 11, paraphyllia; 12, stoma of capsule; *, plant, or part of one. Qualifications: a, apex; b, base; c, cells at one third from the apex; cv, ventral aspect of cells; cd, dorsal aspect of cells; bc, basal cells; x, section. • Campylium, Campyliadelphus and Drepanocladus (with Amblysegiaceae and Rhyncostegium): Berkeley. CAMPYLIACEAE: 4, Drepanocladus polygamus (Schimp.) Herdenäs.; a, leaf; b, capsule. 5, Campyliadelphus chrysophyllus (Brid.) R.S. Chopra; a, leaf; b, capsule. 6, Campylium stellatum (Hedw.) Lange & Jens.; a, leaf; b, capsule. BRACHYTHECIACEAE: 1, Platyhypnidium riparioides (Hedw.) Dixon; a, leaf; b, capsule. ; a, leaf; b, capsule. 2, Rhynchostegium murale (Hedw.) Br. Eur.; a, leaf; b, immature calyptra; c, capsule. AMBLYSTEGIACEAE: 3, Leptodictyum riparium (Hedw.) Warnst.; a, leaf; b, capsule; c, male inflorescence; d, antheridium.

From Berkeley (1863, Plate 6). The approximate 1 cm scale applies to the whole plant (habit) illustrations only. • Calliergon, Pseudocalliergon, Hygrohypnum and Straminergon: Berkeley. CAMPYLIACEAE: 1, Hygrohypnum luridum (Hedw.) Jenn., habit; a, leaves; b, capsule. 2, Hygrohypnum molle (Hedw.) Loeske, habit; a, leaves; b, capsule. 3, Hygrohypnum smithii (Sw.) Broth., habit; a, leaf; b, sporangium. 4, Straminergon stramineum (Brid.) Hedenäs, habit; a, leaf; b, capsule. 5, Pseudocalliergon trifarium (W. & M.) Kindb., habit; a, leaves. 6, Calliergon cordifolium (Hedw.) Kindb., habit; a, leaves; b, young calyptra; c, capsule.

From Berkeley (1863, Plate 7). The approximate 1 cm scale applies to the whole plant (habit) illustrations only. • Drepanocladus and Sanionia (with Cratoneuron, Palustriella and Rhytidiadelphus): Berkeley. CAMPYLIACEAE: 2, Drepanocladus aduncus (Hedw.) Warnst., habit; a, leaves; b, capsule (cf. Berkeley’s Plate 11,1). 3, Drepanocladus fluitans (Hedw.) Warnst., habit; a, leaves; b, capsule. 4, Scorpidium revolvens (Sw.) Hadenäs. HELODIACEAE: 5, Palustriella commutata (Hedw.) Ochyra, habit; a, leaf, abaxial; b, capsule. CRATONEURACEAE: 6, Cratoneuron filicinum (Hedw.) Spruce, habit; a, leaves; b, capsule. HYLOCOMIACEAE: 1, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus (Hedw.) Warnst., procumbent habit form; a, abaxial leaf; b, capsule.

From Berkeley (1863, Plate 10). The approximate 1 cm scale applies to the whole plant (habit) illustrations only. • Drepanocladus and Scorpidium (with Hypnaceae and Sematophyllum): Berkeley. CAMPYLIACEAE: 1, Sanionia uncinata (Hedw.) Loeske, habit; b, capsule. (cf. Berkeley’s Plate 10,2.) 5, Scorpidium scorpioides (Hedw.) Limpr., habit; a, leaf; b, capsule; c, male inflorescence. HYPNACEAE: 2, Ptilium cristacastrensis (Hedw.) De Not, habit; a, leaf; b, capsule. 3, Ctenidium molluscum (Hedw.) Mitt., unusual habit form; a,leaves; b, capsule. 4, Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw., habit; a, leaf; b, capsule. SEMATOPHYLLACEAE: 6, Sematophyllum demissum (Wils.) Mitt., habit; a, abaxial (above) and adaxial leaves; b, capsule.

From Berkeley (1863, Plate 11). The approximate 1 cm scale applies to the whole plant (habit) illustrations only. • Tomentypnum nitens: Berkeley. Tomentypnum nitens. a, rootlets; b, tip of a rootlet, more highly magnified; c, leaves;,d, sporangium. From Berkeley (1863), Plate 4. • Tomentypnum, with Ptychodium, with Brachytheciaceae and Orthothecium: Dixon. CAMPYLIACEAE: E, Tomentypnum nitens (Hedw.) Loeske; LESKEACEAE: F, Ptychodium plicatum (Schleich. ex Web. & Mohr) Schimp. ENTODONTACEAE: A, Orthothecium intricatum (Hartm.) Br. Eur.; B, Orthothecium rufescens Br. Eur. BRACHYTHECIACEAE: C, Homalothecium sericeum (Hedw.) Br. Eur.; D, Homalothecium lutescens (Hedw.) Br. Eur.; G, Brachythecium albicans (Hedw.) Br. Eur.; H, Brachythecium glareosum (Spruce) Br. Eur.; I, Brachythecium salebrosum (Web. & Mohr) Br. Eur.; J, Brachythecium campestre B. & S., = B. salebrosum?

From Dixon and Jameson (1924), the unscaled screen display approximately doubling the magnifications given with their individual figures. 1, leaf or stem leaf where these differ; 2, branch-leaf; 3, perichaetial leaf; 4, perigonial leaf; 5, capsule; 6, peristome; 7, calyptra; 8, spores; 9, inflorescence; 10, gemmae; 11, paraphyllia; 12, stoma of capsule; *, plant, or part of one. Qualifications: a, apex; b, base; c, cells at one third from the apex; cv, ventral aspect of cells; cd, dorsal aspect of cells; bc, basal cells; x, section. • Conardia, with Amblystegium spp.: Dixon. CAMPYLIACEAE. H, Conardia compacta (Müll. Hal.) H. Rob. AMBLYSTEGIACEAE: G, Amblystegium confervoides (Brid.) Schimp.; I, Amblystegium serpens (Hedw.) Br. Eur.; J, Amblystegium serpens (Hedw.) Br. Eur. (being Dixon’s representation of A. juratzkanum Schimp.); K, Amblystegium humile (P. Beauv.) Crundw.; L, Amblystegium varium (Hedw.) Lindb. HYPNACEAE: F, Platydicta jungermannioides (Brid.) Crum.

From Dixon and Jameson (1924), the unscaled screen display approximately doubling the magnifications given with their individual figures. 1, leaf or stem leaf where these differ; 2, branch-leaf; 3, perichaetial leaf; 4, perigonial leaf; 5, capsule; 6, peristome; 7, calyptra; 8, spores; 9, inflorescence; 10, gemmae; 11, paraphyllia; 12, stoma of capsule; *, plant, or part of one. Qualifications: a, apex; b, base; c, cells at one third from the apex; cv, ventral aspect of cells; cd, dorsal aspect of cells; bc, basal cells; x, section. • Hygrohypnum luridum, with Hypnaceae: Dixon. CAMPYLIACEAE: M, Hygrohypnum luridum (Hedw.) Jenn. HYPNACEAE: A, Homomallium incurvatum (Brid.) Loeske; B, Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw.; C, Hypnum imponens Hedw.; D, Calliergonella (Mitt.) Hedenäs; E, Hypnum revolutum (Mitt.) Lindb.; F, Hypnum hamulosum Br. Eur.; G, Hypnum callichroum Brid.; H, Hypnum bambergeri Schimp.; I, Hypnum uncinulatum Jur.; J, Ctenidium procerrimum (Mol.) Lindb.; K, Ctenidium molluscum (Hedw.) Mitt.; L, Ptilium cristacastrensis (Hedw.) De Not.

From Dixon (1924), the unscaled screen display approximately doubling the magnifications given with his individual figures. 1, leaf or stem leaf where these differ; 2, branch-leaf; 3, perichaetial leaf; 4, perigonial leaf; 5, capsule; 6, peristome; 7, calyptra; 8, spores; 9, inflorescence; 10, gemmae; 11, paraphyllia; 12, stoma of capsule; *, plant, or part of one. Qualifications: a, apex; b, base; c, cells at one third from the apex; cv, ventral aspect of cells; cd, dorsal aspect of cells; bc, basal cells; x, section.