Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-5nwft Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-13T20:06:55.666Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Studies on Beetles of the Family Ptinidae. XVII.—Conclusions and additional Remarks

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 July 2009

R. W. Howe
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The identification of spider beetles found in storage premises, especially of species of Ptinus s.l. and Mezium has frequently been incorrect. The inadequacy of the present descriptions of genera and subgenera of spider beetles is pointed out. Grouping of the storage species by adult and larval characters corresponds well. The recorded world distribution of species is shown in a Table.

Species of spider beetle considered to be native to Britain are Ptinus lichenum Marsham, P. palliatus Perris and P. subpilosus Sturm, which are not found in storage premises, and P. fur (L.), P. sexpunctatus Panz. and Tipnus unicolor (Pill. & Mitt.), which may be found in warehouses. Eight species and a gyno-genetic form have been imported into Britain and have succeeded in becoming established, Mezium affine Boield., Gibbium psylloides (Czenp.) and Niptus hololeucus (Fald.), early in the nineteenth century, Ptinus clavipes Panz. and also its triploid form mobilis Moore (= P. latro, auct.) later in the nineteenth century, Ptinus tectus Boield., Trigonogenius globulus Sol. and Ptinus pusillus Sturm about the turn of the century, and finally Pseudeurostus hilleri (Rttr.) about 20 years ago. The status and distribution of each species is discussed. Only Ptinus tectus is a widespread pest in Britain.

The wide variety of food suitable for scavenging species which will utilise substances of both animal and vegetable origin is stressed. Spider beetles are especially attracted to moisture and excrement and as a result will occur in the protected nests of other species of animal. Published records of associations of spider beetles with nests are summarised in a Table. Animal droppings and dead insects enable spider beetles to grow rapidly. Wool, hair and feathers, textile fabrics, old wood and a number of apparently non-nutritive substances are damaged by spider beetle larvae which seem to be able to grow on some of these substances.

Damage caused by spider beetles is mainly indirect, contamination due to frass, silk and fragments of dead insects, the boring of holes in containers and spinning of cocoons on the containers. Actual loss of weight due to feeding is small unless the beetle population is enormous.

A large proportion of the adult spider-beetle population of a warehouse inhabits cracks in the floors or walls and spreads from there to the peripheral part of stacks of produce where eggs are laid, producing a superficial infestation. Adult spider beetles are chiefly active at night. Parasites and predators recorded as attacking spider beetles are listed, and methods of culturing species are described.

Spider beetles usually have three larval instars, but adverse conditions may increase their number. The total developmental period is long compared with other families of warehouse beetles. Most spider beetles have a normal life-cycle but some species of Ptinus have a facultative larval diapause and an adult dormant period preceding emergence from the cocoon. The diapause and dormancy enable adults of these species to emerge in the autumn regardless of the weather during the previous season. Adults live from 6 to 15 months. At constant temperature, eggs are laid at a steady rate, the number being laid varying from under 50 in some species of Ptinus to nearly 1,000 in P. tectus.

The influences of temperature, humidity, food, population density and of diapause and dormancy on the rate of increase of spider-beetle species is discussed. The most rapid increase possible for these species in Britain is doubling in three weeks by P. tectus. It is concluded that P. tectus is unlikely to be superseded as the most important spider beetle of cool temperate areas and that, elsewhere, spider beetles will not attain the importance of this species.

Grouping the species on their biological features corresponds with the taxonomic relationships of the family.

Type
Research Paper
Information
Bulletin of Entomological Research , Volume 50 , Issue 2 , August 1959 , pp. 287 - 326
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1959

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arnhart, L. (1929). Der Räuber-Bohrkäfer (Ptinus raptor, Str.) ein Pollenzer-störer.—Neue Bienenztg 28 pp. 159–160.Google Scholar
Ashe, G. H. (1924). Ptinus sexpunctatus Panz. at Hartlebury.—Ent. mon. Mag. 60 p. 87.Google Scholar
Auten, M. (1925). Insects associated with spider nests.—Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 18 pp. 240–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azambre, A. (1855). [Habitudes naturelles du Ptinus sex-pustulatus.]—Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (3) 3 pp. lii–liii.Google Scholar
Baeta Neves, C. M., Cancela Da Fonseca, J. P & Monteiro Guimarães, J. A. (1956). A entomofauna dos produtos armazenados em Portugal (Metró-pole e Ultramar).—Ann. Jta. Miss. geogr. 11 pp. 117–142.Google Scholar
Bainbridge, W. (1837). Notice of the recent occurrence in London of Ptinus hololeucus of Faldermann.—Proc. ent. Soc. Lond. 1 p. lxvii(Mtg of 6 Nov. 1837).Google Scholar
Bargagli, P. (1884). Note intorno alla biologia di alcuni coleotteri.—Boll. Soc. ent. ital. 16 pp. 92–96.Google Scholar
Bartels, L. (1915). [Title not known.]—Neue Bienenztg 14 (pages unknown). [Reference from Arnhart (1929).]Google Scholar
Bedel, L. (1872). [Note sur la manière de vivre du Ptinus sexpunctatus.]—Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. (5) 2 p. li.Google Scholar
Beirne, B. P. (1952). Insects found in foodstuffs and stored products in Ireland.—Ent. Gaz. 3 pp. 81–84.Google Scholar
Bentley, E. W. (1944). The biology and behaviour of Ptinus tectus Boie. (Coleoptera, Ptinidae), a Nest of stored products. V. Humidity reactions.—J. exp. Biol. 20 pp. 152–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bentley, E. W., Gunn, D. L. & Ewer, D. W. (1941). The biology and behaviour of Ptinus tectus Boie. (Coleoptera, Ptinidae), a pest of stored products. I. The daily rhythm of locomotory activity, especially in relation to light and temperature.—J. exp. Biol. 18 pp. 182–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bickhardt, H. (1911). Verzeichnis der in den Nestern von Warmblütern gefundenen Käfer.—Arch. Naturg. 1 Suppl. pp. 11–18.Google Scholar
Blackwelder, R. E. (1945). Checklist of the Coleopterous insects of Mexico, Central America, the West Indies and South America. Part 3.—Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. no. 185 pp. 343–550.Google Scholar
Blair, K. G. (1924). Ptinus sexpunctatus Panz. in a bird's nest.—Ent. mon. Mag. 60 p. 117.Google Scholar
Blair, K. G. (1930). Ptinus pusillus Sturm in London.—Ent. mon. Mag. 66 p. 43.Google Scholar
Boieldieu, A. (1856). Monographie des Ptiniores.—Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (3) 4 pp. 285–315.Google Scholar
Böving, A. G. (1956). A description of the mature larva of Ptinus californicus Pic and a discussion about the justification of considering the Ptinidae as a valid family of beetles.—Ent. Medd. 27 pp. 229–241.Google Scholar
Brassler, K. (1929). Ptinus raptor Str. als Schädling im Bienenstock.—Z. angew. Ent. 15 pp. 635–637.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braune, R. (1943). Vergleichende Untersuchungen an den Diebskäfern Ptinus tectus Boield., Ptinus fur L., Ptinus latro Fabr., Ptinus sexpunctatus Panz., und Ptinus brunneus Duft., zugleich der experimentelle Beweis für die Notwendigkeit des Flüssigkeitsausgleichs im Insektenkörper.—Z. Morph. Ökol. Tiere 39 pp. 546–691.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bridwell, J. C. (1919). Some notes on Hawaiian and other Bethylidae (Hymenoptera) with descriptions of new species.—Proc. Hawaii. ent. Soc. 4 pp. 21–38.Google Scholar
Brinck, P. (1945). Coleoptera.—Sci. Res. Norweg. Antarctic Exped. no. 24, 23 pp.Google Scholar
Briscoe, M. S. (1956). Kinds and distribution of wild rodents and their ectoparasites in Egypt.—Amer. Midl. Nat. 56 pp. 393–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broun, T. (1914). Descriptions of new genera and species of Coleoptera. Part III.—Bull. N.Z. Inst. 1 pp. 143–266.Google Scholar
Brown, W. J. (1940). A key to the species of Ptinidae occurring in dwellings and warehouses in Canada (Coleoptera).—Canad. Ent. 72 pp. 115–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, W. J. (1944). Some new and poorly known species of Coleoptera, II.—Canad. Ent. 76 pp. 4–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, E. A. (1896). Ptini in a hornet's nest.—Ent. mon. Mag. 32 p. 109.Google Scholar
Caillol, H. (1908–14). Catalogue des Coléoptères de Provence 3 pp. 109–110.Google Scholar
Champion, G. C. (1913). Codiosoma spadix, Herbst, in New Zealand.—Ent. mon. Mag. 49 p. 32.Google Scholar
Chevalier, L. (1923). Étude sur la biologie et la manière de vivre de Ptinus sexpunctatus Panz., coléoptère mangeur de miel.—Bull. Soc. Sci. Seine et Oise (2) 4 pp. 30–32.Google Scholar
Chittenden, F. H. (1896). Insects affecting cereals and other dry vegetable foods.—Bull. U.S. Bur. Ent. (N.S.) no. 4 pp. 112–130.Google Scholar
Chitty, A. J. (1904). Ptinus tectus and Lathridius bergrothi in Holborn.—Ent. mon. Mag. 40 p. 109.Google Scholar
Cornelius, C. (1869). Vogelnester und Insecten.—Ent. Ztg 30 pp. 407–410.Google Scholar
Cotterell, G. S. (1952). The insects associated with export produce in southern Nigeria.—Bull. ent. Res. 43 pp. 145–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, H. E. (1874). A handbook of the Coleoptera or beetles of Great Britain and Ireland.—2 vols. London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cros, A. (1932). Ptinus vaulogeri, étude biologique.—Livre centen. Soc. ent. Fr. pp. 345–351.Google Scholar
Crowson, R. A. (1955). The natural classification of the families of Coleoptera.—187 pp. London, Lloyd.Google Scholar
Curtis, J. (1824–39). British entomology. London. (1828) 5 no. 232; (1831) 8 no. 342; 1837 14 no. 646.Google Scholar
Curtis, J. (1883). Farm insects.—528 pp. London, van Voorst.Google Scholar
Davis, A. C. (1934). Notes on the insect inhabitants of wood-rat houses in California.—Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 33 pp. 12–24.Google Scholar
Dobroscky, I. D. (1925). External parasites of birds and the fauna of birds' nests.—Biol. Bull. Wood's Hole 48 pp. 274–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donisthorpe, H. (1906). Ptinus pusillus Stm., a species of Coleoptera new to Britain.—Ent. Rec. 18 p. 45.Google Scholar
Donisthorpe, H. (1927). The guests of British ants, their habits and life histories.—244 pp. London, Routledge.Google Scholar
Donisthorpe, H. (1931). An annotated list of the additions to the British Coleopterous fauna, made since the publication of the supplementary volume (VI) of Fowler's “Coleoptera of the British Isles”.—Ent. mon. Mag. 67 pp. 164–175.Google Scholar
Donisthorpe, H. (1941). Ptinus hirtellus Stm. (Col., Ptinidae), a British insect with notes on a few other species.—Ent. mon. Mag. 77 pp. 105–107.Google Scholar
Donisthorpe, H. (1947). Insects in a pigeon's nest.—Ent. mon. Mag. 83 p. 294.Google Scholar
Duffy, E. A. J. (1953). Lead cable severely damaged by Ptinus tectus Boieldieu (Coleoptera, Ptinidae).—Bull. ent. Res. 44 pp. 83–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eichler, W. (1939). Gregarinen als Feinde von Vorratsschädlingen.—Mitt. Ges. Vorratsschutz 15 pp. 48–50.Google Scholar
Van Emden, F. (1931). Zur Kenntnis der Morphologie und Oekologie des Brotkäfer-Parasiten Cephalonomia quadridentata Duchaussoy.—Z. Morph. Oekol. Tiere 23 pp. 425–574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enslin, E. (1925). Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Hymenopteren. IV.—Dtsch. ent. Z. 1925 pp. 177–210.Google Scholar
Escherich, K. (1914). Schädliche und nützliche Insekten in getrocknetem und verarbeitetem Tabak.—Z. angew. Ent. 1 pp. 260–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Essig, E. O. (1933). Ptinus tectus Boieldieu.—J. econ. Ent. 26 pp. 734–735.Google Scholar
Evans, J. W. (1943). Insect pests and their control.—178 pp. [Hobart] Dept. Agric. Tasmania.Google Scholar
Everts, E. (1921). Nieuwe vondsten voor de Nederlandsche Coleopterenfauna. XXXVII.—Ent. Ber. 6 pp. 21–26.Google Scholar
Ewer, D. W. & Ewer, R. F. (1942). The biology and behaviour of Ptinus tectus Boie. (Coleoptera, Ptinidae), a pest of stored products. III. The effect of temperature and humidity on oviposition, feeding and duration of life cycle.—J. exp. Biol. 18 pp. 290–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ewer, R. F. (1943). Diurnal activity of three insect pests of stored products.—Nature, Lond. 152 pp. 133–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falcoz, L. (1914). Contribution à l'étude de la faune des microcavernes. Faune des terriers et des nids.—Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon 61 pp. 59–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fall, H. C. (1905). Bevision of the Ptinidae of boreal America.—Trans. Amer. ent. Soc. 31 pp. 97–296.Google Scholar
Fauvel, A. (1883). Les espèces du genre Mezium Curtis.—Rev. ent. Caen 2 pp. 306–309.Google Scholar
Fauvel, A. (1889). Liste des coléoptères communs à l'Europe et à l'Amérique du Nord [et premier supplement].—Rev. ent., Caen 8 pp. 92–174.Google Scholar
Follwell, J. H. (1952). Notes on some Ptinidae of British Columbia (Coleoptera).—Proc. ent. Soc. B.C. 48 pp. 60–63.Google Scholar
Fowler, W. W. (1890). The Coleoptera of the British Islands. Vol. IV.—London, Reeve.Google Scholar
Fowler, W. W. & Donisthorpe, H. (1913). The Coleoptera of the British Islands. Vol. 6 (supplement).—357 pp. London, Reeve.Google Scholar
Freeman, J. A. (1950). Methods of spread of stored products insects and origin of infestation in stored products.—Proc. 8th int. Congr. Ent., Stockholm 1948 pp. 815–825.Google Scholar
Friese, H. (1923). Die europäischen Bienen (Apidae). 5. Lief.—pp. 401–456. Berlin & Leipzig, de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Gebien, H. (1939). Die Käfer des Niederelbgebietes und Schleswig-Holsteins. Ptinidae.—Verh. Ver. naturw. Heimatforsch. Hamb. 27 pp. 29–30.Google Scholar
Gerhard, K. (1909). Käfer in Nestern.—Ent. Bl. 5 pp. 128–132.Google Scholar
Gibson, A. (1924). The occurrence of the Ptinid beetle, Niptus hololeucus Fald., in North America.—Canad. Ent. 56 pp. 74–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Girard, M. (1859). [Note sur le Ptinus brunneus trouvé dans les nids de pigeons.]—Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (3) 7 p. cxx.Google Scholar
Godan, D. (1952). Ptinus fur L. an Raps und Mohn.—Z. hyg. Zool. 40 pp. 289–296.Google Scholar
Gunn, D. L. & Hopf, H. S. (1942). The biology and behaviour of Ptinus tectus Boie. (Coleoptera, Ptinidae), a pest of stored products. II. The amount of locomotory activity in relation to experimental and to previous temperatures.—J. exp. Biol. 18 pp. 278–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunn, D. L. & Knight, R. H. (1945). The biology and behaviour of Ptinus tectus Boie. (Coleoptera, Ptinidae), a pest of stored products. VI. Culture conditions.—J. exp. Biol. 21 pp. 132–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunn, D. L. & Walshe, B. M. (1942). The biology and behaviour of Ptinus tectus Boie. (Coleoptera, Ptinidae), a pest of stored products. IV. Temperature preference.—J. exp. Biol. 19 pp. 133–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Günther, V. (1951). Remarques sur le sousgenre Gynopterus Muls. et Rey (Col., Ptinidae).—Acta Soc. ent. čsl. 48 pp. 14–19.Google Scholar
Hall, D. W. & Howe, R. W. (1953). A revised key to the larvae of the Ptinidae associated with stored products.—Bull. ent. Res. 44 pp. 85–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamm, A. H. (1924). Ptinus sexpunctatus Panz. bred from the cells of the bee Osmia rufa L. in Oxford.—Ent. mon. Mag. 60 pp. 29–31.Google Scholar
Hartley, J. C. (1957). [Ptinus tectus Boield. and Niptus hololeucus Fald. in tartaric acid.]—Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (C) 22 p. 54.Google Scholar
Hartnack, H. (1943). Unbidden house guests.—Tacoma, Wash., Hartnack Publ. Co.Google Scholar
Hatch, M. H. (1933). Ptinus tectus Boieldieu in America.—Bull. Brooklyn ent. Soc. 28 pp. 200–202.Google Scholar
Hatch, M. H. (1943). Ptinus tectus damaging furs in Alaska.—J. econ. Ent. 36 p. 353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatch, M. H. (1953). The beetles of the Pacific Northwest. Part 1. Introduction and Adephaga.—University of Washington Press, Seattle, pp. 25–29.Google Scholar
Hellén, W. (1925). Übersieht der Ptiniden (Col.) Finlands.—Notul. Ent., Helsingf. 5 pp. 118–123.Google Scholar
Herold, W. (1933). Über einige Wohnungsschädlinge (Glyciphagus, Lathridius, Ptinus, Tenebrio, und Lariophagus).—Mitt. Gcs. Vorratsschutz 9 pp. 51–56.Google Scholar
Heselhaus, F. (1914). Über Arthropoden in Nestern.—Tijdschr. Ent. 57 pp. 62–88.Google Scholar
Heselhaus, F. (1915). Weitere Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Nidicolen.—Tijdschr. Ent. 58 pp. 251–274.Google Scholar
Hickin, N. E. (1941). Notes on mites found associated with cultures of Ptinid beetles.—Ent. mon. Mag. 11 p. 197.Google Scholar
Hickin, N. E. (1946). An association of the brown house-moth (Hofmannophila pseudospretella Staint.) with Ptinus tectus Boield. (Col.) and various species of mites.—Ent. mon. Mag. 82 p. 273.Google Scholar
Hicks, E. A. (1959). Check-list and bibliography on the occurrence of insects in birds' nests.—681 pp. Ames, Iowa St. Coll. Pr.Google Scholar
Hinton, H. E. (1941). The Ptinidae of economic importance.—Bull. ent. Res. 31 pp. 331–381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinton, H. E. (1943 a). Stethomezium squamosum gen. et. sp. n. infesting stored food in Britain, with notes on a South African Ptinid not previously recorded in stored products (Coleoptera).—Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12 pp. 50–54.Google Scholar
Hinton, H. E. (1943 b). House moths feeding on dead insects in or near spider webs.—Entomologist 76 pp. 4–5.Google Scholar
Hinton, H. E. & Greenslade, R. M. (1943). Observations on species of Lepidoptera infesting stored products. XI. Notes on some moths found in bird guano.—Entomologist 76 pp. 182–184.Google Scholar
Hirose, K. (1936). Insect pests of insect specimens and control methods. 2. [In Japanese.]—Insect World 40 pp. 281–283. (Rev. appl. Ent. (A) 24 p. 790.)Google Scholar
[Hopping, G. R.] (1937). Insects (or near relatives) of economic importance recently noted in British Columbia.—Proc. ent. Soc. B.C. 33 pp. 46–47.Google Scholar
Howe, R. W. (1940). New records of insects in grain stores.—Ent. mon. Mag. 76 pp. 73–75.Google Scholar
Howe, R. W. (1943). Life history data for Ptinus tectus Boie. (Coleoptera, Ptinidae) at 70% relative humidity at 21°C. and 25°C.—Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 18 pp. 63–65.Google Scholar
Howe, R. W. (1949). Studies on beetles of the family Ptinidae. 2. Fineness of foodstuffs as a factor influencing the rate of development of Ptinus tectus Boield.—Ent. mon. Mag. 85 pp. 189–190.Google Scholar
Howe, R. W. (1950 a). Studies on beetles of the family Ptinidae. III. A two-year study of the distribution and abundance of Ptinus tectus Boield. in a warehouse.—Bull. ent. Res. 41 pp. 371–394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howe, R. W. (1950 b). Studies on beetles of the family Ptinidae. 4. A note on an anomalous effect of parental age on the speed of development.—Ent. mon. Mag. 86 pp. 325–326.Google Scholar
Howe, R. W. (1951). Studies on beetles of the family Ptinidae. V. The oviposition rate of Ptinus tectus Boield. under natural conditions.—Bull. ent. Res. 42 pp. 445–453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howe, R. W. (1952). Entomological problems of food storage in northern Nigeria.—Bull. ent. Res. 43 pp. 111–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howe, R. W. (1953). Studies on beetles of the family Ptinidae. VIII. The intrinsic rate of increase of some Ptinid beetles.—Ann. appl. Biol. 40 pp. 121–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howe, R. W. (1955). Studies on beetles of the family Ptinidae. 12. The biology of Tipnus unicolor Pill. & Mitt.—Ent. mon. Mag. 91 pp. 253–257.Google Scholar
Howe, R. W. (1956 a). Studies on beetles of the family Ptinidae. 14. The biology of Ptinus pusillus Sturm.—Ent. mon. Mag. 92 pp. 331–333.Google Scholar
Howe, R. W. (1956 b). A method for obtaining a controlled daily temperature cycle.—Ann. appl. Biol. 44 pp. 188–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howe, R. W. (1957). Studies on beetles of the family Ptinidae. 15. The biology of Ptinus hirtellus Sturm and some notes on P. latro F.—Ent. mon. Mag. 92 pp. 369–372.Google Scholar
Howe, R. W. (1958). Studies on beetles of the family Ptinidae. 16. The developmental period of Ptinus clavipes Panz. form mobilis Moore ( =P. latro auct.).—Ent. mon. Mag. 94 pp. 236–237.Google Scholar
Howe, R. W. & Bull, J. O. (1956). Studies on beetles of the family Ptinidae. 13. The oviposition rate of Pseudeurostus hilleri (Reitt.).—Ent. mon. Mag. 92 pp. 113–115.Google Scholar
Howe, R. W. & Burges, H. D. (1951). Studies on beetles of the family Ptinidae. VI. The biology of Ptinus fur (L.) and P. sexpunctatus Panzer.—Bull. ent. Res. 42 pp. 449–511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howe, R. W. & Burges, H. D. (1952). Studies on beetles of the family Ptinidae. VII. The biology of five Ptinid species found in stored products.—Bull. ent. Res. 43 pp. 153–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howe, R. W. & Burges, H. D. (1953 a). Studies on beetles of the family Ptinidae. IX. A laboratory study of the biology of Ptinus tectus Boield.—Bull. ent. Res. 44 pp. 461–516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howe, R. W. & Burges, H. D. (1953 b). Studies on beetles of the family Ptinidae. 10. The biology of Mezium affine Boieldieu.—Ent. mon. Mag. 89 pp. 217–220.Google Scholar
Howe, R. W. & Burges, H. D. (1955). Studies on beetles of the family Ptinidae. 11. Some notes on Ptinus villiger Reit.—Ent. mon. Mag. 91 pp. 73–75.Google Scholar
Hubbard, H. G. (1886). [Habits of Mezium.]—Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 1 p. 14.Google Scholar
Hüsing, J. O. (1935). Ueber einen neuen Parasiten Lariophagus distinguendus Först. (Hym. Chalc.) an Ptinus fur L. (Col. Ptin.).—Zool. Anz. 110 pp. 324–326.Google Scholar
Jansson, A. (1919). Die Arthropodenfauna der Eichhörnchen Nester.—Ent. Tidskr. 40 pp. 75–92.Google Scholar
Jeannel, R. (1909). Biospeologica. X. Coléoptères (seconde série).—Arch. Zool. exp. gén. (5) 1 pp. 447–532.Google Scholar
Kalshoven, L. G. E. (1938). Invloed van insecten op de kwaliteit en verhandelbaarheid van indisehe landbouwproducten.—Korte Meded. Inst. PlZiekt. Buitenz. no. 24, 48 pp.Google Scholar
Kashef, A. (1956). Étude biologique de Stegobium paniceum L. (Col. Anobiidae) et de son parasite: Lariophagus distinguendus Först. (Hym. Pteromalidae).—Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 124 pp. 5–88.Google Scholar
Kemper, H. (1938). Hausschädlinge als Bewohner von Vogelnestern.—Z. hyg. Zool. 30 pp. 227–236, 269–274, 291–297.Google Scholar
Kemper, H. (1939). Die Nahrungs- und Genussmittelschädlinge und ihre Bekämpfung.—Hyg. Zool. 6, 270 pp. Leipzig, P. Schops.Google Scholar
Kemper, H. (1951). Beobachtungen an Crataerina pallida Latr. und Melophagus ovinus L. (Diptera, Pupipara). I. Beitrag.—Z. hyg. Zool. 39 pp. 225–259.Google Scholar
Kemper, H. (1956). Befall einer Kerze durch Diebskäfer.—Anz. Schädlingsk. 29 pp. 57–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiritani, K. (1957). The investigations on the faunal compositions in stored products. II. The faunal composition in relation to kinds of stored products. [In Japanese with English summary.]—Jap. J. appl. Ent. Zool. 1 pp. 8–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolbe, H. J. (1889). Einwanderung und Verbreitung des Niptus hololeucus Fald. in Europa.—Ent. Nachr. 15 pp. 3–7.Google Scholar
Koltze, W. (1901). Verzeichniss der in der Umgegend von Hamburg gefundenen Käfer.—Verh. Ver. naturw. Unterh. Hamb. 11 pp. 1–194.Google Scholar
Lea, A. M. (1905). On Nepharis and other ants' nest beetles taken by Mr. J. C. Goudie at Birchip.—Proc. roy. Soc. Vict. (N.S.) 17 pp. 371–385.Google Scholar
Lea, A. M. (1910). Australian and Tasmanian Coleoptera inhabiting or resorting to the nests of ants, bees, and termites.—Proc. roy. Soc. Vict. (N.S.) 23 pp. 116–230.Google Scholar
Lehnert, W. (1933). Beobachtungen über die Biocönose der Vogelnester.—Orn. Mber. 41 pp. 161–166.Google Scholar
Leleup, N. (1947). Contribution à l'étude des arthropodes nidicoles et micro- cavernicoles de Belgique.—Bull. Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 83 pp. 304–343.Google Scholar
Von Lengerken, H. (1924). Coleoptera I.—Biol. Tiere Dtschl. Lief. 10, Teil 40, pp. 1–36.Google Scholar
Leonardi, G. (1926). Elenco delle specie di insetti dannosi e loro parassiti ricordati in Italia fino all' anno 1911. Parte II, fasc. III.—Ann. R. Ist. sup. agr. Portici (3) 1 pp. 148–295.Google Scholar
Lepesme, P. (1945). Les coléoptères des denreés alimentaires et des produits industriels entreposés.—Encycl. ent. (A) 22, 335, pp. Paris, Lechevalier.Google Scholar
Leruth, R. (1935). Exploration biologique des cavernes de la Belgique et du Limbourg hollandais. XXIVe contribution: Coléoptères.—Bull. Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 75 pp. 201–285.Google Scholar
Linsley, E. G. (1942). Insect food caches as reservoirs and original sources of some stored products pests.—J. econ. Ent. 35 pp. 434–439.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linsley, E. G. (1944). Natural sources, habitats, and reservoirs of insects associated with stored food products.—Hilgardia 16 pp. 187–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linsley, E. G. & MacSwain, J. W. (1942). The bionomics of Ptinus californicus, a depredator in the nests of bees.—Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 40 pp. 126–137.Google Scholar
Linsley, E. G. & Michelbacher, A. E. (1943). A report on insect infestation of stored grain in California.—J. econ. Ent. 36 pp. 829–831.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Livingstone, E. M. & Reed, W. D. (1936). Insect fauna of cured tobacco in storage in the United States.—J. econ. Ent. 29 pp. 1017–1022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lloyd, R. W. (1945). Inhabitants of the jackdaw's nest.—Ent. mon. Mag. 81 p. 249.Google Scholar
Löw, F. (1867). Zoologische Notizen. Zweite Serie.—Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 17 pp. 745–752.Google Scholar
Ludwig, D. (1956). Effects of temperature and parental age on the life cycle of the mealworm, Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae).—Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 49 pp. 12–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAtee, W. L. (1929). Further notes on insect inhabitants of bird houses.—Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 31 pp. 105–111.Google Scholar
Mallis, A. (1945). Handbook of pest control. The behaviour, life history, and control of household pests.—554 pp. [New York] MacNair-Dorland.Google Scholar
Maneval, H. (1929). Quelques précisions sur le mode de vie de Ptinus sexpunctatus Panz.—Misc. ent. 31 pp. 86–87.Google Scholar
Manton, S. M. (1945). The larvae of the Ptinidae associated with stored products.—Bull. ent. Res. 35 pp. 341–365.Google Scholar
Maréchal, P. (1929). Remarques sur la faune beige. Liste d'insectes intéressants, la plupart capturés en 1928.—Lambillionea 29 pp. 28–29.Google Scholar
Maréchal, P. (1932). Recherches sur deux Osmies communes: O. cornuta Latr. et O. rufa L. (Hymenoptera Apidae).—Livre centen. Soc. ent. Fr. pp. 505–512.Google Scholar
Maréchal, P. (1933). Sur quelques habitants des chaumes des toitures Eriades maxillosus L. (Hym. Apidae) et ses parasites, principalement Trichodes alvearius F. (Col. Cleridae).—Bull. Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 73 pp. 227–258.Google Scholar
Mathur, R. N. (1956). Immature stages of Indian Coleoptera. (27). Gibbium psylloides Czempinski (family Ptinidae).—Indian For. Rec. (N.S.) Ent. 9 pp. 123–125.Google Scholar
Meeuse, A. D. J. (1952). On the origin of clothes moths, carpet beetles and similar household pests.—Beaufortia no. 15, 8 pp.Google Scholar
Moore, B. P. (1957). The identity of Ptimis latro auct. (Coleoptera, Ptinidae).—Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 26 pp. 199–202.Google Scholar
Moore, B. P., Woodroffe, G. E. & Sanderson, A. R. (1956). Polymorphism and parthenogenesis in a Ptinid beetle.—Nature. Lond. 177 pp. 847–848.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morley, C. (1919). Ptinus sexpunctatus Panz. and Osmia rufa Linn.—Ent. mon. Mag. 55 p. 107.Google Scholar
Morris, H. M. (1937). Injurious insects of Cyprus.—Bull. agric. Dep. Cyprus no. 4 (Ent. Ser.) 31 pp.Google Scholar
Munster, T. (1933). Norske Ptinidae og Anobiidae.—Norsk ent. Tidsskr. 3 pp. 155–162.Google Scholar
Nicolas, (—). (1892–93). Ptinus sexpunctatus.—Echange 8 pp. 143–145; 9 pp. 8–11.Google Scholar
Nielsen, E. T. (1932). Sur les habitudes des hyménoptères aculéates solitaires. I. (Bethylidae, Scoliidae, Cleptidae, Psammocharidae.)—Ent. Medd. 18 pp. 1–57.Google Scholar
Nordberg, S. (1936). Biologisch-ökologische Untersuchungen über die Vogelnidicolen.—Acta zool. fenn. 21, 168 pp.Google Scholar
Obraztsov, N. S. (1928). On the distribution and biology of Gibbium boieldieui Levr. [In Russian.]—Rev. russe Ent. 22 pp. 134–136.Google Scholar
O'Farrell, A. F. & Butler, P. M. (1948). Insects and mites associated with the storage and manufacture of foodstuffs in Northern Ireland.—Econ. Proc. R. Dublin Soc. 3 pp. 343–407.Google ScholarPubMed
O'Mahony, E. (1939). Birds' nest beetles.—Irish Nat. J. 7 pp. 213–214.Google Scholar
Pax, F. & Maschke, K. (1935). Die Höhlenfauna des Glatzer Schneeberges. I. Die rezente Metazoenfauna.—Beitr. Biol. Glatzer Schneeberges 1 pp. 4–72.Google Scholar
Pence, R. J. (1955). Is new home construction upping the invasion of “strangers”?—Pest Control 23 no. 10 pp. 30, 32, 38, 40.Google Scholar
Pergande, T. (1886). [Breeding of Ptinus brunneus.].—Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 1 p. 14.Google Scholar
Pescop, A. (1953). Spider beetles may mean rats.—Pest Control 21 no. 12 pp. 26, 37.Google Scholar
Pic, M. (1932). Les ptinides de France.—Livre centen. Soc. ent. Fr. pp. 513–516.Google Scholar
Picard, F. (1919). La faune entomologique du figuier.—Ann. Serv. Epiphyt. 6 pp. 34–174.Google Scholar
Pilate, G. R. (1905). Note on the finding of Ptinus fur and brunneus.—Ent. News 16 p. 80.Google Scholar
Pool, C. J. C. (1915). Ptinus testaceus Boieldieu; an old error corrected.—Ent. mon. Mag. 51 p. 328.Google Scholar
Rayment, T. (1935). A cluster of bees.—752 pp. Sydney, Endeavour Press.Google Scholar
Redtenbacher, L. (1874). Fauna Austriaca. Die Käfer. Band 2.—3rd edn.Vienna, Gerold.Google Scholar
Reh, L. (1929). Vom Messingkäfer.—Mitt. Ges. Vorratsschutz 5 pp. 39–40.Google Scholar
Reitter, E. (1911). Fauna Germanica. Die Käfer des Deutschen Reiches. Band 3.—436 pp. Stuttgart, Lutz.Google Scholar
Resch, F. (1874). Bewohner von Sehwalbennestern.—Natur u. Offenbar. 20 p. 236.Google Scholar
Runner, G. A. (1919). The tobacco beetle: an important pest in tobacco products.—Bull. U.S. Dep. Agric. no. 737, 77 pp.Google Scholar
Rye, E. C. (1866). British beetles: an introduction to the study of our indigenous Coleoptera.—280 pp. London.Google Scholar
Rye, E. C. (1873). Coleoptera. New British species, corrections of nomenclature, etc., noticed since the publication of the Entomologist's Annual, 1872.—Ent. Ann. 1873 pp. 1–33.Google Scholar
Salmond, K. F. (1956). The insect and mite fauna of a Scottish flour mill.—Bull. ent. Res. 47 pp. 621–630.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaeffer, C. (1931). On a few new and known Coleoptera.—Bull. Brooklyn ent. Soc. 26 pp. 174–176.Google Scholar
Schmitt, C. (1929). Der Diebskäfer als Schmarotzer?—Kosmos, Stuttgart 26 pp. 72–73. [Reference from Linsley (1944).]Google Scholar
Schwarz, E. A. (1889). A new herbarium pest.—Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 1 pp. 174–175.Google Scholar
Scott, H. (1921). The Ptinid beetle, Trigonogenius globulum, Solier, breeding in argol.—Bull. ent. Res. 12 pp. 133–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shapiro, L. D. (1948). Ptinids and Dermestids destructive to wood. [In Russian.]—Ent. Obozr. 30 pp. 53–59.Google Scholar
Sharp, D. (1873). Note on Tribolium confusum, Duv., and Ptinus testaceus, Ol.—Ent. mon. Mag. 9 p. 268.Google Scholar
Smallman, B. N. & Gray, H. E. (1948). The control of spider beetles in eastern Canada. Warehouse pests.—10 pp. [? Ottawa] Canad. nat. Millers' Ass.Google Scholar
Solomon, M. E. & Adamson, B. E. (1955). The powers of survival of storage and domestic pests under winter conditions in Britain.—Bull. ent. Res. 46 pp. 311–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spencer, G. J. (1942). Insects and other arthropods in buildings in British Columbia.—Proc. ent. Soc. B.C. 39 pp. 23–29.Google Scholar
Spittle, R. J. (1949). The coleopterous fauna of owls' nests.—Ent. mon, Mag. 85 pp. 78–79.Google Scholar
Stephens, J. F. (1829). A systematic catalogue of British insects.—London.Google Scholar
Stephens, J. F. (1839). A manual of British Coleoptera or beetles.—443 pp. London.Google Scholar
Székessy, V. (1948). Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Fauna einiger Vogelnester.—Fragm. faun. Hung. 11 pp. 62–64.Google Scholar
Székessy, V. (1950). Die Coleopteren-Fauna der Storchnester.—Proc. 8th int. Congr. Ent., Stockholm 1948 pp. 497–507.Google Scholar
Tenhet, J. N. & Bare, C. O. (1951). Control of insects in stored and manufactured tobacco.—Circ. U.S. Dep. Agric. no. 869, 32 pp.Google Scholar
Tomlin, B. (1900). Trigonogenius globulum, Sol. in Lancashire.—Ent. mon. Mag. 36 p. 64.Google Scholar
Tuck, W. H. (1896). Inquiline and other inhabitants in nests of aculeate Hymenoptera.—Ent. mon. Mag. 32 pp. 153–155.Google Scholar
Tuck, W. H. (1897). Coleoptera, &c., in the nests of aculeate Hymenoptera.—Ent. mon. Mag. 33 pp. 58–60.Google Scholar
Ustinov, A. A. (1932). A review of pests in tobacco in Abkhazia observed in 1931. [In Russian.]—38 pp. Sukhum, Abkhaz. tabach. zonal'n. Sta.Google Scholar
Vappula, N. A. (1937). Trigonogenius globulus Sol. in Finnland angetroffen.—Mitt. Ges. Vorratsschute 13 pp. 10–11.Google Scholar
Vogel, R. (1929). Zur Naturgeschichte des Messingkäfers (Niptus hololeucus Falderm.).—Mitt. Ges. Vorratsschutz 5 pp. 41–44.Google Scholar
Waddington, C. H. (1942). The development of rudimentary wings in Ptinus tectus Boield. (Coleoptera: family Ptinidae).—Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. (A) 112–113 pp. 13–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wakefield, C. M. (1874). Notes upon certain recently-described new genera and species of Coleoptera, from Canterbury, New Zealand.—Trans. Proc. N.Z. Inst. 6 pp. 155–157.Google Scholar
Walker, J. J. (1920 a). Coleoptera in the Oxford district during 1919.—Ent. mon. Mag. 56 pp. 14–15.Google Scholar
Walker, J. J. (1920 b). Coninomus constrictus Gyll. and other Coleoptera with Acanthomyops (Lasius) fuliginosus Latr.—Ent. mon. Mag. 56 pp. 209–210.Google Scholar
Weidner, H. (1952). Die Insekten der “Kulturwüste”.—Mitt. Hamburg. zool. Mus. 51 pp. 89–173.Google Scholar
Wilson, H. F. (1915). Insect pests of stored products.—Bienn. Rep. Ore. agric. Exp. Sta. 1913–14 pp. 127–130.Google Scholar
Wise, K. A. J. (1956). Pests of stored products in New Zealand. II. Family Ptinidae (Coleoptera).—N.Z. J. Sci. Tech. 37B pp. 503–508.Google Scholar
Wollaston, T. V. (1862). On the Ptinidae of the Canary Islands.—Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 1 pp. 190–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodroffe, G. E. (1953). An ecological study of the insects and mites in the nests of certain birds in Britain.—Bull. ent. Res. 44 pp. 739–772.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodroffe, G. E. (1954). An additional note on the fauna of birds' nests in Britain.—Bull. ent. Res. 45 pp. 135–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodroffe, G. E. (1956). Some insects and mites associated with bat-roosts, with a discussion of the feeding habits of the cheyletids (Acarina).—Ent. mon. Mag. 92 pp. 138–141.Google Scholar
Woodroffe, G. E. (1958 a). The mode of reproduction of Ptinus clavipes Panzer form mobilis Moore (= P. latro auct.) (Coleoptera: Ptinidae).—Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 33 pp. 25–30.Google Scholar
Woodroffe, G. E. (1958 b). Birds' nests as a source of domestic insect pests.—Ann. appl. Biol. 46 p. 105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodroffe, G. E. & Southgate, B. J. (1951). Birds' nests as a source of domestic pests.—Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 121 pp. 55–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xambeu, V. (1894). Moeurs et métamorphoses des insectes, 4e mémoire.—Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 63 pp. 459–504.Google Scholar
Xambeu, V. (1898). Moeurs et métamorphoses des insectes, 9e mémoire.—Rev. Ent., Caen 17 pp. 1–63.Google Scholar
Yakobson, G. G. (1913). Beetles of Russia and western Europe. A key for the determination of beetles. [In Russian]—St. Petersburg.Google Scholar
Zacher, F. (1928). Weitere Mitteilungen zur Biologic von Niptus hololeucus.—Zool. Anz. 79 pp. 269–272.Google Scholar
Zacher, F. (1933). Haltung und Züchtung von Vorratsschüdlingen.—In Abder-halden. Handb. biol. Arb. Meth., Abt. IX. Teil 7(Lief. 416) pp. 389–592.Google Scholar
Zacher, F. (1938). Die Gliedertiere (Arthropoda) der Mühlen und Getreide-speicher in Deutschland.—Mitt. Ges. Vorratsschutz, Sonderheft VII int. Kongr. Ent., Berlin 1938, 48 pp.Google Scholar
Zacher, F. (1939). Verschleppung und Einbürgerung von Vorratsschädlingen.—Verh. 7. int. Kongr. Ent., Berlin 1938 4 pp. 2919–2926.Google Scholar
Zacher, F. (1948). Mitteilungen über Diebkäfer (Ptinidae) von wirtschaftlicher Bedeutung.—Anz. Schädlingsk. 21 pp. 97–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zacher, F. (1954). Die Einschleppung von Vorratsschädlingen in Deutschland.—Verh. dtsch. Ges. angew. Ent. 12 pp. 50–55.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, E. C. (1940). On the genera of Anobiidae and Ptinidae found in Hawaii (Coleoptera).—Proc. Hawaii. ent. Soc. 10 pp. 467–470.Google Scholar