Pak. J. Bot., 40(4): 1497-1520, 2008. AN OVERVIEW OF THE GEOBOTANICAL STRUCTURE OF TURKISH PINUS SYLVESTRIS AND CARPINUS BETULUS FORESTS SALİH GÜCEL1*, KÜRŞAT ÖZKAN2, SEZGİN ÇELİK3, ERSİN YÜCEL4 AND MÜNİR ÖZTÜRK5 1 Near East University, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nicosia, Northern Cyprus 2 Süleyman Demirel Univ., Faculty of Forestry, Isparta-Turkey 3 Kirikkale University, Vocational School, Technical Programs,YahsihanKirikkale,Turkey 4 Anadolu University, Botany Department, Science Faculty, Eskisehir,Turkey 5 Ege University, Botany Department, Science Faculty, Bornova-Izmir,Turkey Abstract Pinus L. and Carpinus L. are the two widely distributed genera of higher plants being represented by 80 and 170 species respectively. The former has 5 species in Turkey and latter 2 species namely; P.pinea, P.halepensis, P.brutia, P.sylvestris, P.nigra ssp.pallasiana, Carpinus betulus and C.orientalis. In this paper an attempt has been made to present an overview of the geobotanical structure of Pinus sylvestris L. and Carpinus betulus L. in Turkey. Out of 20.2 million hectares of forests in Turkey yellow pine covers nearly 1.3 million ha and hornbeam species around 10 thousand ha. The forests of P. sylvestris are found in North, Northeast Anatolia, on Murat mountains around Kutahya and C. betulus mainly in Thrace, Marmara, Black Sea and Inner Anatolia. P.sylvestris is represented by 9 associations;Pinus sylvestris-Vaccinum myrtillus,Pinus sylvestris - Daphne glomerata, Pinus sylvestis - Astragalus adzharicus, Pinus sylvestris-Lilium ciliatum, Pinus sylvestris-Daphne pontica, Pinus sylvestris-Populus tremula, Populo-Pinetum sylvestris, Pinus sylvestris-Orthilio secundo, Pinus sylvestris f.lazica-Epimedium pinnatum subsp.colchicum, Triseto-Pinetum sylvestris, whereas C.betulus has only 6 associations Carpinus betulus-Scaligeria tripartita, Carpinus betulus-Acer campestre, Quercus petraea ssp. ibericaCarpinus betulus, Carpinus betulus-Quercus petrae ssp. iberica, Fagus orientalis-Carpinus betulus. P.sylvestris associations are floristically rich having 275 taxa as compared to C.betulus forests which embody only 121 taxa. The life form spectrum of P.sylvestris forests includes 146 chamaephytes, 44 hemicryptophytes, 40 phanerophytes, 28 cryptophytes and 17 therophytes, whereas C.betulus forests include 23 phanerophytes, 39 chamephytes, 36 hemicryptophytes,14 cryptophytes and 8 therophytes. Phytogeographically a major part of the taxa in P.sylvestris forests are Euro-Siberian elements (24.4 %) followed by the Irano-Turanian (6.4 %) and Mediterranean (1.4 %). In C.betulus forests the distribution is as follows; Euro-Siberian-Euxine elements ( 83 %) followed by Mediterranean (14 %) and Irano-Turanian (3%). These observations stress the fact that geobotanically these forests prefer mainly high altitude moist habitats in the north and northeastern parts of Turkey. Introduction Turkey is one of the oldest inhabited regions in the world and embodies a rich biodiversity and plant formations distributed on different landscapes. All through ages it has served as a centre for the production of timber and other forest products for the Mediterranean and near-east civilizations. According to Colak & Rotherham (2006) logs * Corresponding Author: sgucel@hotmail.com 1498 GÜCEL ET AL. have been transported to construct big temples as well as ships for example, thousands of workers have been sent by King Solomon from Israel to the Taurus Mountains of southern Turkey, to cut 30 m tall trees for the construction of his temple in Jerusalem.In addition, after the destruction of Cedrus libani forests in Lebanon the timber needs in the eastern Mediterranean countries was provided from the Taurus Mountains (Senitza, 1989). The reports published by Louis (1939); Walter (1956) and Davis (1965-1988) mention that in 2000 BC the forest cover in Turkey was around 70 percent and steppes were spread over an area of 15 percent.Today we find that the area of steppe vegetation has gone upto 24 percent whereas forests have decreased to 25 percent. The reasons for this are strong biotic intrferences starting from the prehistoric times which however have gained an impetus over the last few centuries resulting in severe degradation at several places in the country significantly reducing the plant cover in particular forest vegetation (Malcolm, 1976; Mayer & Aksoy, 1986; Kehl, 1995; Parks et al., 1995; Ozturk 1995, 1999; Turkmen et al. 1996; Ozturk et al. 1996, 1997, 1998, 2004a b; Efe 2004, Ahmed et al., 2006; Perveen et al., 2007, 2008). Inspite of over-grazing, over-cutting, fires, clearance for agriculture and all other anthropogenic impacts the plant cover in the country still shows a rich composition (Zohary, 1973). More than 450 species of trees and shrubs are distributed naturally in the forests of Turkey (Colak & Rotherham, 2006). Although several exotics have been introduced in to degraded forest areas to overcome the timber shortage (Urgenc, 2004), present forest cover of Turkey has a global relevance in the light of global climate change. The country can serve as a reservoir for species transfer to othetr countries in the regionb. This has been fully stressed in the Helsinki Resolution (Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forest in Europe, 1993 (Geburek, 1998). These forests need a priority under the Global Plan of Action (FAO, 1996; Schachl, 1998) in order to select and protect key gene-pool reserves. This paper thus presents an overview of the Pinus sylvestris and Carpinus betulus forest in Turkey. There are 475219 ha of degraded and 262973 ha of well protected Scots Pine forests in Turkey.The biggest areas occur in Amasya (222430 ha) and Erzurum (155172 hektare) followed by Trabzon (76304 ha). Best Scots Pine forests occur especially around Kastamonu-Elekdagi, Bolu-Aladagi, Eskisehir-Catacık-Oltu-Gole, Sarikamis, Dumanlı and Köse mountains. Their altitudinal distribution area generally ranges between 1000-2500 m, but with the exceptions in Surmene and Of where the altitude falls down to 10 -15 m. In Sarıkamış they are found at 2700 m asl. The distribution generally begins from 1000 m. on the northern slopes and from1400-1500 m. on the southern slopes in Central Anatolia. Temperature and soil depth are the main factors limiting vertical and horizontal distribution of Scots Pine (Tosun, 1999; 2003; Tosun et al., 2003). The area of Carpinus betulus and C.orientalis forest lies around 545400 ha. These forests exist from the sea level upto 1300 m. C.betulus prefers North facing slopes or river beds and is distributed in Thrace, Marmara, Black Sea and Inner West Anatolian regions of Turkey (Gunal, 1997). Materials and Methods The study is based on the field work undertaken during the years covering 20022005. In addition to this following phytosociological studies; Akman (1974, 1976, 1995); Adiguzel & Vural (1995), Canakcioglu (1983), Davis (1982), Duzenli (1979), Ekim & OVERVIEW OF THE GEOBOTANICAL STRUCTURE OF TURKISH FORESTS 1499 Akman (1990), Gezer et al. (2000, 2002), Gunal (1997), Kilinc & Karaer (1995), Ozen & Kilinc (1995), Quezel et al. (1980), Tatli (1987), Yurdakulol et al. (1998) and Zohary (1973) were evaluated. The nomenclature, taxonomy and chorology of the taxa was taken from Davis et al. (1965-1988) and Zohary (1973). The life forms were determined according to Raunkier (1934) and Ellenberg & Mueller-Dombois (1967). The vegetation analysis in this study and the studies evaluated, were performed according to traditional Braun-Blanquet approach (Braun-Blanquet, 1964). The cover abundance scale of Barkman et al. (1964) was used. The names and classifications of all earlier and here described syntaxa were checked and necessary corrections made in accordance with the "International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature" (ICPN) (Quézel et al., 1992; Weber et al., 2000). The characteristic and differential species belonging to the associations were rearranged and re-defined in the situations that were thought to be necessary. For the exotic species nomenclature from Elicin (1980) and CABI (2005) was used. Results and Discussion Turkey has the richest number of flowering plants in Southwets Asia (Ozturk et al., 1995a, b), with avery high number of endemics (Ekim et al., 2000). Several endemics show transitional characteristics Due to its being a meeting place of Irano-Turanian, Mediterranean and Euro-Siberian phytogeographical regions. The country is at the same time one of the major centres of plant diversity. Forest vegetation: The latest reports published by the Turkish Ministry of Environment and Forests (www.ogm.gov.tr) reveal that the area of forests in Turkey lies around 21million ha. Out of this more than 10 million ha are healthy and the rest is degraded type. A major part of the healthy forests (around 4 million ha) are distributed at high altitudes (1500-2500 m). The coniferous forests constitute more than 40 percent (Sag, 2002). The percentage distribution of different species according to Mayer & Aksoy (1986) is given in Fig.1. Pinus spp. Juniperus Abies spp. Picea orientalis Cedrus libani mix. Coniferous forests Quercus spp. Fagus orientalis Alnus spp. Castanea sativa other broad leaved species mix broad leaved forests Maquis mix coniferous and broad leaved forests Fig. 1: The percentage distribution of major trees species and other formations in the forests of Turkey 1500 GÜCEL ET AL. The forests have been classified as near-natural, semi-natural and partly altered or as oligohemerobic, mesohemerobic and partly euhemerobic (Colak et al., 2003; Colak & Rotherham, 2006). According to Colak & Rotherham (2006) there are three main forest regions of Turkey. The first one is North Anatolian Euxin-Subeuxin Forest Region flourishing under cool winters, humid to sub-humid summers, hich includes mainly the North-west Euxin-Subeuxin, Middle Euxin-Subeuxin and East Euxin-Subeuxin forests. The second one is Steppe Forest Region mainly found in the areas with cold winters and dry summers. It includes the East Thrace Lowland Steppe, Central Anatolia SubMediterranean Steppe between Lowland and Highland, East Anatolia Highland Steppe, Southeast Anatolia Mountain Steppe and Mesopotamia Steppe Forests. The third one is the South and East Anatolia Mediterranean / Sub-Mediterranean Forest Region distributed in the areas with very hot summers and mild winters, and includes South Anatolia Mediterranean, the Mediterranean West Aegean and Sub-Mediterranean East Aegean Forest Regions.The plant taxa mainly found in the Euxin-Subeuxin Forest Regions of North Anatolia are; Abies bornmulleriana, A.nordmanniana, Acer trautvetteri, Alnus glutinosa ssp. barbata, Betula pendula, Buxus sempervirens, Carpinus betulus, Castanea sativa, Corylus avellana, Crataegus orientalis, Fagus orientalis, Fraxinus angustifolia ssp. oxycarpa, F.excelsior, Ilex colchica, Juglans regia, Juniperus comminus ssp. nana, J. communis ssp. communis, J. excelsa, J. foetidissima, J. oxycedrus, Laurocerasus officinalis, Laurus nobilis, Myrtus communis, Olea europaea, Ostrya carpinifolia, Phillyrea latifolia, Picea orientalis, Pinus brutia, P. nigra, P. pinea, P. sylvestris, Pistacia terebinthus, Platanus orientalis, Prunus spinosa, Pterocarya fraxinifolia, Punica granatum, Quercus cerris , Q.coccifera, Q. hartwissiana, Q. iberica, Q. macranthera ssp. syspirensis, Q. petraea ssp. iberica, Q. petraea ssp. petraea, Q. robur ssp. robur, Q. pubescens, Q. syspirensis, Rhododendron ponticum, Sophora jaubertii , Sorbus aucuparia , S. torminalis, Taxus baccata, Tilia platyphyllos, T. argentea, Ulmus glabra, U. minor, and Zelkova carpinifolia. In the Steppe Forest Region we generally come across Betula pendula, Juniperus excelsa, J. foetidissima, J. oxycedrus, Paliuris spina-christi, Pinus nigra, P. sylvestris, Populus tremula, Quercus branti, Q. cerris, Q. coccifera, Q. frainetto, Q. libani, Q petraea ssp. pinnatiloba, Q. pubescens, Q. robur ssp. pedunculiflora, Q. robur ssp. robur, and Q. vulcanica. A perusal of the species list from the South and East Anatolia Mediterranean/Submediterranean Forest Regions shows that following species flourish in this region; Abies cilicica, Acer hyrcanum, A. sempervirens, Alnus orientalis, Arbutus andrachne, Arceutos drupacea, Carpinus betulus, C. orientalis, Castanea sativa, Cedrus libani, Celtis australis, Cercis siliquastrum, Ceratonia siliqua, Cupressus sempervirens, Fraxinus ornus, Juniperus excelsa, J. foetidissima, J. oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus, J. phoenicea, J. Sabina, Laurus nobilis, Liquidambar orientalis, Olea europaea, Ostrya carpinifolia, Phillyrea latifolia, Pinus brutia, P. halepensis, P. nigra, P. pinea, Pistacia terebinthus ssp. palaestina, Platanus orientalis, Populus tremula,Prunus divaricata, Quercus aucheri, Q. calliprinos,Q. cerris,Q. coccifera,Q. frainetto,Q. ilex, Q. ithaburensis ssp. macrolepis,Q. infectoria ssp infectoria,Q. pubescens,Q. trojana,Sorbus umbellata,Styrax officinalis, and Tamarix smyrnensis (Colak & Rotherham, 2006). The Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.; family Pinaceae) is a species of pine native to Europe and Asia, ranging from Great Britain and Spain to eastern Siberia, to the Caucasus Mountains in the south, and spreads as far north as Lapland. It is one of the valuable basic tree species of Turkey represented by various forms, subspecies and OVERVIEW OF THE GEOBOTANICAL STRUCTURE OF TURKISH FORESTS 1501 varieties (Tosun, 1999). Despite its origin from Asia and Europe, the best forests occur around Eskisehir (Catacik) in Turkey (Yucel, 1995). Its synonyms are P. frieseana Wich., P. lapponica (Fr. ex Hartm.) Mayr, P. sylvestris L. ssp. lapponica (Fr. ex Hartm.) Sylvén (var. lapponica); P. sylvestris L. ssp. septentrionalis (Schott) Sylvén, P. sylvestris L. var. borussica Ant. Schott, P. sylvestris L. var. rigensis P. sylvestris L. var. septentrionalis Schott (var. sylvestris), Pinus rubra (Mill.), P. nigra f. pygmaea[G] P. silvestris[E,H] P. sylvestris var. mongolica[G], Pinus densiflora f. sylvestriformis taken. (basionym), Pinus rubra Mill., non Michx., Pinus mughus Jacq., non Mill., Pinus montana Hoffm., non Mill., Pinus resinosa Savi , non Aiton, Pinus tartarica Mill., Pinus fominii Kondratjuk. Scots Pine could reach to 30-40 m with slender cylindirical stems and sharp pointed top. Young stems and the uppermost branches of old trees are fox yellow in colour. Buds are grey-brown, 6-12 mm, ovate-conical in shape, generally not resinous but in very dry areas covered with resin. Twisted needle like leaves are blue-green in colour, with spiny tips and toothed margins. Cones are stalked, hanging like anchors, 2.5-7 cm, and non symmetrical at the base. These forests prefer light, sandy loose soils. City centres and polluted areas are not suitable for growing Scots Pine (Yucel, 1995). Fig. 2a: The distribution of Pinus sylvestris associations in Turkey Fig. 2b: The distribution of Carpinus betulus associations in Turkey 1502 GÜCEL ET AL. Güner, Ş.T., " Türkmen Dağı Sarıçam (Pinus sylvestris ssp. hamata) Ormanlarının yükseltiye Bağlı Büyüme Beslenme İlişkilerinin Belirlenmesi". Anadolu Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 12/07/2006. Pinus sylvestris is represented by the following associations in Turkey: (Fig. 2a) 1. Pinus sylvestris - Vaccinum myrtillus (Quezel, Barbero, Akman, 1980): Grows in Giresun area and around Trabzon from 1700-2100 m altiudes on siliceous bedrock. 2. Pinus sylvestris - Daphne glomerata (Quezel, Barbero, Akman, 1980: Locaized on the northern slopes of Karadeniz region from 1700-2100 m and associate with Picea orientalis. 3. Pinus sylvestis - Astragalus adzharicus (Düzenli, 1979): This association had been studied by Duzenli around Melo vicinity on Tiryal mountain. Its distribution is around 120 m in Borcka and 800 m in Goktas. Scots pine grows on bedrock composed of dasit and tuff.Soil is acidic and loamy. 4. Pinus sylvestris - Lilium ciliatum (Quezel, Barbero, Akman, 1980): Grows on the southern slopes of high mountain mass from 1500-1700 m, around Zigana region Hydromorphic conditions in the soils are seen seldom. 5. Pinus sylvestris - Daphne pontica (Akman, Demirors, 1984): This association grows on hard metamorphic and calcerous rocks around Karabuk and on deep forest soils with humus between 700-1500 m around Keltepe-Buyukduz, Kumluca-Dibektas and CitdereKarabuk. 6. Pinus sylvestris -Populus tremula (Adıgüzel, Vural, 1994) (Populo - Pinetum sylvestris): Populo- Pinetum sylvestris association grows between 1400-2000 m on shallow, dull pink or brown sandy-loam, acidic and rich in organic matter (18-42 %),soils on andezit bedrocks.The association forms pure or mixed forests with Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmuellariana around Tolubelen, Incegelis and Cakmakli regions. 7. Pinus sylvestris-Orthilio secundo (Akman; 1974, 1976; Akman, Barbero, Quezel, 1978): This association is especially found in Karasar, Egriova, Benli (Beypazarı) regions and Gerede-Aktas, Isık mountains (Akman, 1974-1976) over 1600 m, on the southweast and north of Sakarya from 1300-1650 m on dazit, andezit, volcanic tuf bedrock. 8. Pinus sylvestris-f.lazica-Epimedium pinnatum subsp.colchicum (Quezel, Barbero, Akman, 1980): This association forms Pinus sylvestris f.lazica forests in Of. It grows over 1500-1600 m or on the southern slopes of Blacksea region mountain parts. 9. Triseto-Pinetum sylvestris (Tatlı, 1986): This association was discovered on the Allahuekber mountains which is found in Sarıkamıs- Selim-Kars-Gole-Aksar and Senkaya (Tatlı, 1986). This altitude lies between 2305-3120 m. OVERVIEW OF THE GEOBOTANICAL STRUCTURE OF TURKISH FORESTS 1503 Table 1a: The species composition of Scots Pine associations. Forest layer Plant Abies nordmanniana (Mattf.) Coode& Cullen subsp. bornmuellariana (Stev.) Spach Acer campestre L.subsp.leiocarpum (Opia)Pax Acer cappadosicum Gleditsch var. Cappadosicum Berberis integerrima Bunge Carpinus betulus L. Carpinus orientalis Miller subsp. Orientalis Cerasus mahaleb (L.)Mill.var.mahaleb Cerasus microcarpa (C.A.Mey)Boiss. Cistus creticus L. Cistus laurifolius L. Crataegus curvisephala Lindman Crataegus microphylla C.Koch Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Crataegus tanecetifolia (Lam.)Pers. Daphne glomerata Lam. Daphne pontica L. Ilex colchica Poj. Juniperus communis L. subsp. nana Syme Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus Lonicera caucasica Pallas subsp. Caucasica Lonicera caucasica Pallas subsp. orientalis (Lam.)Cham.& Long. Melapyrum arvense L. subsp. arvense Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. pallasiana (Lamb.)Holmboe Pinus sylvestris L. Picea orientalis (L.)Link Populus tremula L Populus tremula L. Primula vulgaris Huds. subsp. vulgaris Quercus cerris L. Quercus macranthera Fisch.& Mey.ex Hohen ssp. syspirensis (C.Koch) Menitsky. Quercus petraea (Mattuschka)Liebl. subsp. iberica (Steven ex Bieb.)Krassiln Quercus pubescens Wild. Rhododendron luteum Sweet Rhododendron ponticum L. subsp. Ponticum Rosa canina L. Rosa foetida J.Herrm. Rubus canescens DC. subsp. glabratus (Gordon) Davis & Meikle Salix caprea L. Salix cinerea L. Vaccinium myrtillus L. Viburnum lantana L. Family Pinaceae Phytogeographic region Euxine Endemic Life Form + Ph Aceraceae Ph Aceraceae Hyrcano-Euxine Ph Berberidaceae Corylaceae Corylaceae Euro.-Sib. Ph Ph Ph Rosaceae Rosaceae Cistaceae Cistaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Thymelaeaceae Thymelaeaceae Aquifoliaceae Cupressaceae Euxine + Medit. Hyrcano-Euxine Euxine Euxine Euxine Cupressaceae Caprifoliaceae Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Caprifoliaceae + Ph Scrophulariaceae Pinaceae Euro-Sib Ph Ph Pinaceae Pinaceae Salicaceae Salicaceae Primulaceae Fagaceae Fagaceae Euro.-Sib. Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Euro.-Sib. Euro-Sib. Euro-Sib. + Fagaceae Fagaceae Ericaceae Ericaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Salicacea Salicacea Ericaceae Caprifoliaceae Ph Euxine Euxine İr.-Tur. Euro-Sib. Euro-Sib. Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph GÜCEL ET AL. 1504 Table 1a continued Shrub layer Plant Family Allaria petiolata(Bieb.) Cavara & Granda Brassicaceae Life Form Ch Alyssum condensatum Boiss.et Hausskn.subsp. flexibrile (Nyar.)Dudley. Anchusa arvensis (L.) Bieb.subsp. orientalis(L.)Nordh. Anchusa leptophylla Roemer et Schultes subsp.incana (Ledep.) Chamb. Anemone blanda (Scott & Kotschy.) Hayek Brassicaceae Ch Boraginaceae Ch Anthemis melanoloma Trautu Asteraceae Ch Anthriscus nemorosa (Bieb.) Sperengel Apiaceae Ch boisieri Fabaceae Ch Anthyllis vulneria L. (Seg.)Bornm. Aquilegia olympica Boiss. subsp. Boraginaceae Phytogeographic Endemic region İr.-Tur. + Ranunculaceae Ch Ch Ranunculaceae Ch Arabis causica Willd.subsp.causica Brassicaceae Ch Arabis nova Vill. Brassicaceae Ch Arabis sagittata (Bert.)DC. Brassicaceae Ch Arenaria serpillifolia L. Caryophyllaceae Ch Argyrolobium biebersteinii Ball. Fabaceae Asperula cymulosa (Post) Post. Rubiaceae E.Medit Asperula involucrata Wahlenb. Rubiaceae Euxine Ch İr.-Tur. Ch Astragalus adzharicus Popov. Fabaceae Astragalus brachypetalus Fischer Fabaceae Astragalus cadmicus Boiss. Astragalus campylosema Campylosema Astragalus fragans Willd. Ch subsp. Fabaceae Fabaceae Ch Ch Fabaceae Boiss. + İr.-Tur. + Ch + Ch İr.-Tur. Ch Euro-Sib. Ch Astragalus glycyphyllos L. glycyphylloides (DC.) Matthews Astragalus karputans Boiss. et Noe subsp. Fabaceae Astragalus lineatus Lam.var. lineatus Fabaceae Astragalus macroscepus Boiss. Fabaceae İr.-Tur. + Ch Astragalus melanophrurius Boiss. Fabaceae İr.-Tur. + Ch + Ch Fabaceae İr.-Tur. + Ch Ch Astragalus odoratus Lam. Fabaceae Astragalus pinetorum Boiss., End. Fabaceae İr.-Tur. Astragalus podperae Sirj., End. Fabaceae İr.-Tur. Ch Astragalus ponticus Pall. Fabaceae İr.-Tur. Ch Astragalus pycnocephalus var.pycnocephalus Astragalus spruneri Boiss. Fischer Fabaceae Ch Ch Fabaceae Astragalus squalidus Boiss.& Noe Fabaceae Astrantia maxima Pallas subsp. maxima Apiaceae Asyneuma amplexicaula (Willd.)Hand- Campanulaceae Mazz.subsp. amplexicaula var. amplexicaula Asyneuma rigidum (Willd.)Grossh. subsp. Campanulaceae Rigidum Ch + Euxine Ch Ch Ch İr.-Tur. Ch OVERVIEW OF THE GEOBOTANICAL STRUCTURE OF TURKISH FORESTS 1505 Table 1a continued Bungea trifida (Vahl.) C.A.Mey Scrophulariaceae Bunium microcarpum Apiaceae (Boiss.)Freyn.subsp.bourgaei (Boiss.) Hedge et Lamond Calamintha grandiflora (L.)Moench . Lamiaceae Ch Ch Euro-Sib. Ch Calamintha graveolens L. Lamiaceae Ch Campanula involucrata Aucher et DC. Campanulaceae Ch Campanula rapunculoides L.subsp. Campanulaceae rapunculoides Campanula stevenii Bieb.subsp. stevenii Campanulaceae Ch Hyrcano Ch Cardamine bulbifera (L.) Crantz Brassicaceae Euro-Sib. Ch Carex ornithopoda Willd. Cyperaceae Ch Catabrosa aquatica (L.) P. Beauv. Poaceae Ch Cephalanthera damasonium (Mill.)Druce. Orchidaceae Ch Cephalanthera rubra (L.) L.C.M.Richard Orchidaceae Ch Cephalaria sparsipilosa Matthews. Dipsacaceae Ch Cerastium fragillimum Boiss. Caryophyllaceae Cicerbita racemosa (Willd.)Beauverd. Asteraceae Ch Euxine Clinopodium vulgare L.subsp. arundanum Lamiaceae (Boiss.) Nyman Clinopodium vulgare L.subsp. vulgare Lamiaceae Ch Ch Ch Coronilla varia L. subsp. Varia Fabaceae Ch Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. Poaceae Ch Digitalis ferruginea L.subsp. (Ivan.)Werner Dorycnium graecum (L.) Ser. schischkinii Scrophulariaceae Ch Asteraceae Ch Ch Dorycnium orientale Hoffm. Asteraceae Ebenus laguroides Boiss.var. laguroides Fabaceae Elymus caninus (L.) L. Fabaceae Epimedium pinnatum Fischer Berberidaceae Erigeron acer L. subsp. pycnotrichus Asteraceae (Vier.)Frier Euonymus latifolius (L.)Miller subsp. latifolius Celastraceae Ch Euro-Sib. Ch Ch Ch Euro-Sib. Ch Euphrasia pectinata Ten. Scrophulariaceae Galega officinalis L. Fabaceae Ch Gentiana asclepiadea L. Gentianaceae Ch Geranium asphodeloides sintenisii (Freyn) Davis Geranium purpureum Vill. Geum coccineum Sm. Burn.fil. Ch subsp. Geraniaceae Ch Geraniaceae Ch Rosaceae Ch Helianthemum nummularium (L.)Mill.subsp. Cistaceae nummularium Helichrysum armenium DC. subsp. araxinum Asteraceae (Kirp.)Takht. Inula montbretiana DC.subsp. elongatum Asteraceae Ch İr.-Tur. Ch İr.-Tur. Ch Inula oculus-christi L. Asteraceae Euro.-Sib. Ch Lamium album L. Lamiaceae Euro-Sib. Ch GÜCEL ET AL. 1506 Table 1a continued Lapsana comminus L. subsp. intermedia (Bieb.) Asteraceae Hayek Lapsana comminus L. subsp. grandiflora Asteraceae (Bieb.)Sell. Laser trilobum (L.)Borkh. Apiaceae Laserpitium hispidum Bieb. Ch Ch Ch Apiaceae Euro.-Sib. Ch Lathyrus aureus (Stev.) Brandza Fabaceae Euxine Lathyrus czeczottianus Bassler Fabaceae Lathyrus laxiflorus (Desf.) O.Kuntze Fabaceae Lathyrus roseus Stev. Fabaceae Lathyrus tukhtensis Czecz. Fabaceae Lilium ciliatum P.H.Davis Liliaceae Euxine + Ch Linaria corifolia Dest. Scrophulariaceae İr.-Tur. + Ch Ch + Ch Ch Euxine Ch + Linaria genistifolia (L.)Mill.subsp.linifolia Scrophulariaceae (Boiss.)Davis Linum aroanium Boiss. & Orph. Linaceae Ch Ch Ch Linum hypericifolium Salisb. Linaceae Luzula campestris (L.) DC. Juncaceae Euro-Sib. Ch Luzula forsteri (Sm.) DC. Juncaceae Euro-Sib. Ch Luzula multiflora (Ehrh.ex Retz.)Lej. Juncaceae Minuartia anatolica (Boiss.)Woran.subsp. Caryophyllaceae arachnoidea Mc.Neil Minuartia hirsuta (Bieb.)Hand-Mazz. subsp. Caryophyllaceae falcata (Gris.)Mattf. Moehringia trinerva (L.)Clairv. Caryophyllaceae Ch Ch İr.-Tur. + Ch Ch Ch Monoses uniflora (L.) A.Gray Pyrolaceae Monotropa hypopithys L. Monotropaceae Ch Myosotis lithospermifolia (Willd.)Hornem. Boraginaceae Ch Myosotis sylvatica Ehrh. Ex Hoffm.subsp. Boraginaceae cyanea Vestergen Nepeta nuda L.subsp. albiflora (Boiss.)Gams Lamiaceae Ch Ch Nonea stenosolen Boiss.et Ball. Boraginaceae Ch Ononis adenotricha Boiss.var. adenotricha Fabaceae Ch Onosma aucheranum DC. Boraginaceae Ch Onosma isauricum Boiss.et Heldr. Boraginaceae Ch Petrorhagia alpina (Habl.) Ball & Heywood Caryophyllaceae Ch Phleum montanatum C.Koch Poaceae Ch Platanthera chlorantha Cust.ex.Rechb. Orchidaceae Ch Prenanthes cacaliifolia (Bieb.) Beauverd Asteraceae Primula veris L. subsp. macrocalyx (Bunge) Primulaceae Ludi. Primula vulgaris Huds.subsp.vulgaris Primulaceae Ch Ch Euro-Sib. Euro-Sib. Ch Ch Pyracantha coccinea Roemer Rosaceae Ch Pyrola chlorantha Swartz Pyrolaceae Ch Ranunculus dissectus Bieb.subsp. napellifolius Ranunculaceae (DC.)Davis Rubus ideaus L. Rosaceae Ch Ch OVERVIEW OF THE GEOBOTANICAL STRUCTURE OF TURKISH FORESTS 1507 Table 1a continued Ruscus hypoglossum L. Liliaceae Salvia forskahlei L. Lamiaceae Salvia glutinosa L. Lamiaceae Ch Sambucus ebulus L. Caprifoliaceae Ch Sanicula europaea L. Apiaceae Satureja hortensis L. Lamiaceae Saxifraga rotundifolia L. Saxifragaceae Scilla bifolia L. Scorzonera mollis Bieb. subsp. (DC.)Chamb. Senecio taraxacifolia (Bieb.)DC. Liliaceae Ch Euxine Ch Euro-Sib. Ch Ch Euro-Sib. Ch Medit Ch szowitsii Asteraceae Asteraceae Seseli andronakii Woron Ch İr.-Tur. Ch Apiaceae Silene italica (L.)Pers. Caryophyllaceae Silene sclerophylla Chowdh. Caryophyllaceae Ch Ch İr.-Tur. + Ch Smilax excelsa L. Liliaceae Euxine Ch Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz. var. torminalis Rosaceae Euro-Sib. Ch Sorbus umbellata (Desf.) Fritsch var. Umbellata Rosaceae Ch Stachys lavandulaefolia Vahl. Lamiaceae Ch Stachys macrantha (C.Koch) Stearn Lamiaceae Symphytum orientale L. Boraginaceae Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz Bip. Asteraceae Tanacetum poteriifolium (Ledeb.) Grierson Asteraceae Teucrium chamaedrys L.subsp. (C.Koch) Rech.fil Tripleurospermum monticolum Huet)Bornm. Trisetum flavescens (L.)P.Beauv Turritis laxa (Sibth. & Sm.)Hayek Euxine Ch Euro-Sib. Ch Euxine Ch Ch syspirense Lamiaceae Ch (Boiss.& Asteraceae Ch Poaceae Euro-Sib. Ch Brassicaceae Ch Uechritzia armena Freyn & Sint. Asteraceae Ch Valeriana alliariifolia Adams Valerianaceae Veronica chamaedrys L. Scrophulariaceae Euro-Sib. Euro-Sib. Ch Ch Veronica officinalis L. Scrophulariaceae Veronica peduncularis Bieb. Scrophulariaceae Ch Vicia balansae Boiss. Fabaceae Viola odorata L. Violaceae Ch Viola sieheana Becker Violaceae Ch Ziziphora tenuior L. Lamiaceae Ch Ch Euxine Ch The name Carpinus betulus has been first given by Linnaeus (1753) (Davis, 1982). Some authors have included it in Coryllaceae, others in Betulaceae or Fagaceae. Carpinus betulus locally known as “Adi Gurgen” reaches a height of 20-25 m with grooves on the trunk.The tree has smooth, thin, light grey bark. Young shoots are brown, bright, sometimes hairy; buds reddish-brown, without hairs or with sparse hairs. Leaves are 3-10 cm long, light green when young, silky, soft, egg shaped, basal part is rounded, apex is acute, margins are bidentate, lower surface has projections, in older leaves bunch 1508 GÜCEL ET AL. of hairs at the vein intersections. Flowers open at the same time with the appearance of young leaves, these are 6-15 cm long, drooping down. Fruits mature in autumn, 5-10 cm long, adpressed egg shaped, upper side projecting, with lobulte cover (Canakcioglu, 1983; Yaltirik, 1994). The synonyms of Carpinus are Carpinus betulus f. pendula (H. Massé) G. Kirchn. and Carpinus caucasica. Carpinus betulus cv. ‘Purpurea’, Carpinus betulus cv. ‘Qercifolia’, Carpinus betulus cv. ‘Fastigiata’, Carpinus betulus cv. ‘Pendula’, Carpinus betulus cv. ‘Variegata’ are the cultivars of Carpinus betulus which are grown in parks and gardens (Yaltirik, 1988). Carpinus betulus forests are usually distributed on moist habitats mainly in the Black Sea region of Turkey, with a restricted distribution on Amanos mountains in the south. Most healthy groves are found in Thrace region around Demirkoy. Generally forms mixed forests with beech, chestnut, alder and oaks.The tree lives for 150 years, having a widespread crown and is useful in soil reclamation. The leaves contain tanen, resin and several minerals. They are used for blood flow, as astringent, powder is used as infusion and medicinal wine, water from boiled leaves is used as eye lotion. These forests prefer mild temperatures and medium light and moist habitats. The trees are resistant to the frost (Canakcioglu, 1983). They generally prefer north facing slopes with climatic conditions affected by Marmara and Black Sea. The soils supporting these forests together with other leafy trees are slightly acidic, rich in organic matter, loamy textured brown forest and podsolic, which develop on noncalcareous brown forest soils with good organic matter content. The rootseasily penetrate in wet, cold and sticky soils (Saatcioglu, 1976). The growth is prolific on soils rich in humus and calcareous. It continuously produces new shoots and height is very low in trees growing in unfavourable habitats. Original distribution area of Hornbeam is Middle, South and South East Europe, but also it grows in Crimean peninsula, Baltic countries, Caucasus Mountains, Anatolia and Elburz mountains in north Iran (Zohary, 1973, Yaltirik, 1982). Mountainous areas are the natural distribution regions of this species in Thrace, Marmara and Blacksea regions lying between between 1200-1300 m altitudes, generally occupying northern humid slopes and prefers moist river beds. Locally present in Marmara region on the northern slopes of Istranca and Ganos mountains, in the northern part of Kocaeli peninsula, mountainous regions effected by sea breese on the south parts of Marmara, on the coastal and northern humid parts of inland mountains of Blacksea region, at Murat mountain in Central west Anatolia and around Goller locality on Sultan mountains (Gunal, 1997).. Its common on the northern parts of Northwest Anatolia. Locally grows at humid places from the south of Marmara in the vicinity of Eskisehir, especially on the regions facing Blacksea at Mudurnu upto Pinus nigra distribution areas. Also grows in Kirklareli, Balıkesir, Istanbul, Bursa, Adapazarı, Ankara, Sinop, Samsun, Gumushane,Rize, Artvin, Kutahya, Konya (Davis, 1982). It is represented by the following associations in Turkey; (Fig. 2b) 1. Carpinus betulus-Scaligeria tripartita (Akman, Barbero, Quezel, 1978): Exists all around the northern parts of Northwest Anatolia, particularly on degraded soils in Eskisehir and areas around the Marmara Sea coast.In Mudurnu area it occurrs on marncalcareous bedrock, on green rocks around Sundiken mountains in Eskisehir -Turkmen mountains,wet rocks of Mezit valley as well as on marn calcareous siols on Sundiken mountain.It also exists in the environs of Ankara Karagol on andesites.Cover percentage varies between 70-100 percent. OVERVIEW OF THE GEOBOTANICAL STRUCTURE OF TURKISH FORESTS 1509 Table 1b: The species composition of Scots Pine associations. Herb layer Plant Family Achillea biserrata Bieb. Asteraceae Achillea millefolium L.ssp. millefolium Asteraceae Phytogeographic Endemic Life Form region Euxine H Euro.-Sib. H Ajuga chamaephyta (L.)Schreb. subsp. Lamiaceae chia(Schreb.) Arc.var.ciliata Alyssum longistylum (Somm.& Lev.) Grossh.& Brassicaceae Schisck. Blechnum spicant (L.) Roth. Blechnaceae H Carex sylvatica Hudson subsp. latifrons Cyperaceae (V.Krecz.) Ö.Nilsson Centaura aggregata Fisch.et Mey.ex.DC.subsp. Asteraceae aggregata Centaura hypoleucum DC. Asteraceae Cr Cr Cr H H Centaurea mucronifera DC. Asteraceae Cirsium hypoleucum DC. Asteraceae Cr Corydalis solida (L.) Swartz subsp. solida Fumariaceae H Crepis smymaea DC. Ex Froehlich Asteraceae H Cyclamen coum Miller var. coum Primulaceae Euxine Cr Cr Dactylis glomerata L. subsp. hispanica (Roth) Poaceae Nyman Dactylorhiza romanna (Seb.et Naur)Soo. Orchidaceae T Dianthus calocephalus Boiss. Caryophyllaceae H Dianthus micranthus Boiss.et Heldr. Caryophyllaceae H Dryopteris borreri Newm. Aspidiaceae Cr Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Aspidiaceae Cr Epilobium montanum L. Onagraceae Euphorbia amygdaloides L. Var. amygdalois Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia anacamposeras Boiss. Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia stricta L. Euphorbiaceae Ferulago setifolia C.Koch Apiaceae Festuca drymeja Mertens & Koch Poaceae Festuca gigantea (L.) Vill. Poaceae Euro-Sib. T Festuca heterophylla Lam. Poaceae Euro-Sib. T Cr H Euro-Sib. T T Euro-Sib T T T Fragaria vesca L. Rosaceae H Galium aperina L. Rubiaceae H Galium fissurense Ehrend.& Schönb.-Tem. Rubiaceae Euxine Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. Rubiaceae Euro-Sib. Galium peplidifolium Boiss. Rubiaceae E.Medit Euro-Sib. + H + H H Galium rotundifolium L. Rubiaceae Galium spurium L. Rubiaceae H H Galium vurum L. Subsp. glabroscens Rubiaceae H Genista albida Willd. Fabaceae Cr Genista lydia Boiss.var. lydia Fabaceae Cr GÜCEL ET AL. 1510 Table 1b continued Genista tinctoria L. Fabaceae Haplophyllum telephioides Boiss., End. Rutaceae Cr İr.-Tur. + Cr Helianthemum nummularia (L.) Miller subsp. Cistaceae tomentosum (Scop.) Schinz &Thellung Helloborus orientalis Lam. Ranunculaceae Cr Euxine H Hieracium medianiforme (Litw.& Zahn) Juxip. Asteraceae Euxine H Hieracium oblongum Jordan Asteraceae Euro-Sib. H Hieracium sylvularum Jordan ex Bor. Asteraceae Euro-Sib. H Hypericum androsaemum L. Hypericaceae Hypericum bithynicum Boiss. Hypericaceae Euxine H Iris lazica Albov Iridaceae Euxine Cr Koelaria cristata (L.) Pers. Poaceae Lycopodium complanatum subsp.chamaecyparissus (A.Br.)Döll Muscari casicasicum (Griseb.)Beker H T L. Lycopodiaceae Cr Liliaceae Cr Orchis mascula L.subsp. pinetorum (Boiss.et Orchidaceae Key)Gaus Ornithogalum sphaerocarpum Kerner Liliaceae Cr Orthilia secunda (L.) Housa Pyrolaceae Cr Osmundo regalis L. Polypodiales Cr Pilosella echinoides (Lumn.) C.H.et F.W.Schulz subsp. procera (Fries)Sell et West Pimpenella tragium Vill.subsp.polyclado (Boiss.et Heldr.)Tutin Pimpinella tragium Vill subsp. lithophila (Schischkin)Tutin Poa bulbosa L. Asteraceae Cr Apiaceae Cr Apiaceae Cr Cr Poaceae T Poa comprema L. Poaceae T Poa diversifolia Boiss.et Bal. Poaceae T Poa nemolaris L. Poaceae T Poa sterilis Bied. Poaceae T Polygala alpestris Reichb. Polygalaceae Cr Polygala anatolica Boiss.et Heldr. Polygalaceae Cr Polygala pruniosa Boiss.subsp. pruniosa Polygalaceae Cr Polygala supina Schreb. Polygalaceae Cr Potentilla micrantha Ramond ex DC. Rosaceae H Ranunculus brachylobus Boiss.& Hoh. subsp. Ranunculaceae Brachylobus Ranunculus brutius Ten. Ranunculaceae H Euro-Sib. H Ranunculus constantinopolitanus (DC.)d’Urv. Ranunculaceae Ranunculus reuterianus Boiss. Ranunculaceae H Rubus caucasicus Focke Rosaceae H Rubus hirtus Waldst.& Kit. Rosaceae H Rumex crispus L. Polygonaceae H Sedum hispanicum L.subsp. hispanicum Crassulaceae Stellaria holostea L. Caryophyllaceae + H Cr Euro-Sib. T OVERVIEW OF THE GEOBOTANICAL STRUCTURE OF TURKISH FORESTS 1511 Table 1b continued Trifolium ambiguum Bieb. Fabaceae Trifolium caudatum Boiss. Fabaceae H Trifolium medium L.var. medium Fabaceae H Trifolium pannonicum Jacq. ssp. elongatum Fabaceae (Willd.) Zoh. Trifolium physodes Stev.ex.Bieb.var. physodes Fabaceae H Trifolium pratense L.var. pratense Fabaceae H Trifolium pratense var.sativum Schreb. Fabaceae H Trifolium trichocephalum Bieb. Fabaceae Vicia balansae Boiss. Fabaceae Vicia cracca L.ssp.tenuifolia (Roth) Gaudin. Fabaceae T Vicia freyniani Bornm. Fabaceae T Vicia truncatula Fischer ex Bieb. Fabaceae T + H H H Euxine T 2. Carpinus betulus-Acer campestre (Yarcı, 1994, 2002): This association is found around Kirklareli Demirkoy region and in the Longos Forests along the shoreline of Erikli lagoon from 5 to 10 m. Forest layer cover is 100 percent, shrub layer cover is 2025 percent and herb layer cover is 10-20 percent. 3. Quercus petraea ssp. iberica-Carpinus betulus (Yurdakulol, Demirors, Yildiz, 2002): This association is found in Abana-Inebolu region Yemeni and Kaymazlar village, around Hacihasan and Karamanlar wood storage,on the western and southern 15-40 percent slopes, between 500-1350 m, on grey and flysich. It prefers very deep soils(40-50 cm.) and has a dense plant cover 65-85 percent. 4. Carpinus betulus-Quercus petrae ssp. iberica (Yurdakulol, Demirors, Yildiz, 2002): This association is found in the Kastamonu province in the west of Black Sea region, at Devrekani on the south and around Inebolu and Abana on the North. Mostly on sandy stone and flysich bedrock; west and south facing slopes, with an inclination of 15-40 percent. Cover percentage varies between 60-85 percent. 5. Fagus orientalis-Carpinus betulus (Ozen, Kilinc, 1995): This association occurs in Barmag, Kapakli, Ayinderesi in the south of Alacam and in Kavsak, Kayalik and Guzelcecay village at the south of Yakakent from 300 to 900 m. The slope is 15-40 percent. 6. Fagus orientalis-Carpinus betulus (Kilinc, Karaer, 1995): Distribution areas of this association are Sarikum, Dibekli and Sogucak villages of Sinop and Hamsiloz harbour and Siyamkoy mountain region from 10 to 120 m. Mostly on reddish yellow podsolic soils on the slopes with a slope of 10-40 percent. Forest layer covers 70- 90 percent and herb layer 40-70 percent. The geobotanical study of Scots Pine distribution areas in Turkey reveals that nine different plant associations are distributed in Turkey. These embody 275 taxa covering trees, shrubs, herbs and mosses. 25 taxa distributed in these areas are endemic and the percentage is 9.02 percent. The families evaluated according to their total taxon numbers are; Fabaceae (16%), Asteraceae (10%), Rosaceae (5%), Poaceae (5%), Lamiaceae (5%) GÜCEL ET AL. 1512 Table 2: The species composition of Hornbeam associations. Forest layer Plant Abies nordmannia (Mattf.) Coode & Cullen subsp. bornmuelleriana (Stev.) Spach Acer campestre L. subsp. campestre Acer hyrcanum Fisch. & Mey subsp. hyrcanum Cardamine impatiens L.subsp. pectinata (Pallas) Trautv. Carpinus betulus L. Catapodium rigidum (L.) C.E. Hubbard ex Dony var. rigidum Dactylis glomerata L. subsp. hispanica (Roth) Nyman Euphorbia amygdaloides L. subsp. amygdaloides Fagus orientalis Lipsky Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl subsp. syriaca (Boiss.) Valt Galium rotundifolium L. Lolium perenne L. Populus tremula L. Prunella vulgaris L. Prunus x domestica L. Quercus cerris L. var. cerris Quercus petrae (Mattuschka) Liebl. subsp. iberica (Steven ex Bieb.) Krossi Quercus petrae (Mattuschka) Liebl. subsp. petrae Quercus pubescens Willd. Rhododendron luteum Sweet Rubus canescens DC. Ulmus minor Miller subsp. minor Viburnum lantana L. Shrub layer Plant Argyrolobium biebersteinii Ball Asperula cymulosa (Post) Post Asperula involucrata Wahlenb. Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) R. Beauv. Cerasus avium L. Moench Cerasus mahaleb (L.) Miller. subsp. mahaleb Chamaecytisus hirsutus (L.) Link Cornus australis ( C.A.Meyer) Cornus mas L. Cornus sanguinea L. subsp. australis (C.A.Meyer) Jav. Corylus avellana L. var. avellana Cotoneaster nummularia Fisch.& Mey. Family Pinaceae Phytogeographic Endemic Life region Form Euxine Ph Aceraceae Aceraceae Brassicaceae Euro-Sib Euro-Sib - Ph Ph Ph Corylaceae Poaceae Euro-Sib - - Ph Ph Poaceae Euro-Sib - Ph Euphorbiaceae Euro-Sib - Ph Fagaceae Oleaceae Euro-Sib Ir-Tur - Ph Ph Rubiaceae Poaceae Salicaceae Lamiaceae Rosaceae Fagaceae Fagaceae Euro-Sib Euro-Sib Euro-Sib Euro-Sib Medit - - Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Fagaceae Fagaceae Ericaceae Rosaceae Ulmaceae Caprifoliaceae Euxine Medit Euro-Sib - Ph Family Fabaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Poaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Phytogeographic Endemic Life region Form Ch Medit + Ch Euxine Ch Euro-Sib Ch Ch Ch Fabaceae Cornaceae Cornaceae Cornaceae Euro-Sib Euro-Sib - Ch Ch Ch Ch Corylaceae Rosaceae Euro-Sib - - Ch Ch OVERVIEW OF THE GEOBOTANICAL STRUCTURE OF TURKISH FORESTS 1513 Table 1b continued Doronicum orientalis Hoffm Hedera helix L. Lapsana communis L. subsp. intermedia (Bieb.) Hayek Lathyrus aureus (Stev.) Brandza Lathyrus laxiflorus (Desf.) O. Kuntze subsp. laxiflorus Ligustrum vulgare L. Lonicera caucasica Pallas subsp. orientalis (Lam.) Chamb. & Long Luzula forsteri (Sm.) DC. Mespilus germanica L. Oenanthe pimpinelloides L. Phillyrea latifolia L. Pteridum aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Pyracantha coccinea Roemer Rubus canescens DC. var. glabratus (Gordon) Davis & Meikle Rubus hirtus Waldst. & Kit. Ruscus aculeatus L. Salvia forskahlei L. Sambucus ebulus L. Silene dichotoma Ehrh. subsp. dichotoma Silene italica (L.) Pers. Smilax excelsa L. Sorbus umbellata (Desf.) Fritsch var. cretica Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz Bip. Tanacetum poterrifolium (Ledeb.) Grierson Trifolium campestre Schreb Trifolium pratense L. var. pratense Viola sieheana Becker Herb layer Plant Family Aira elegantissima Schur subsp. elegantissima Astragalus glycyphyllos L. subsp. glycyphylloides (DC.) Mattehews Astrantia maxima Pallas subsp. haradjianii (Grintz.) Rech. fil. Asyneuma amplexicaule (Willd.) Hand.-Mazz. subsp. amplexicaule Asyneuma rigidum (Willd.) Grossh. subsp. rigidum Calamintha grandiflora (L.) Moench Campanula glomerata L. subsp. hispida (Witasek) Hayek Campanula rapunculoides L. subsp. cordifolia (C. Koch) Damboldt Campanula rapunculoides L. subsp. rapunculoides Cirsium hypoleucum DC. Asteraceae Araliaceae Asteraceae - - Ch Ch Ch Fabaceae Fabaceae Euxine - - Ch Ch Oleaceae Caprifoliaceae Euro-Sib - + Ch Ch Juncaceae Rosaceae Apiaceae Oleaceae Hypolepidaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Euro-Sib Hyrcano-Euxine Medit Euro-Sib - Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Rosaceae Liliaceae Lamiaceae Caprifoliaceae Caryophyllaceae Caryophyllaceae Liliaceae Rosaceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Violaceae Euro-Sib Euxine Euro-Sib Euxine Euxine - - Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Poaceae Phytogeographic Endemic Life region Form Medit T Fabaceae Euro-Sib - Cr Apiaceae Euxine + H Campanulaceae - - H Campanulaceae Ir-Tur - H Lamiaceae Campanulaceae Euro-Sib Euro-Sib - H H Campanulaceae - - H Campanulaceae Euro-Sib - T Euxine - H Asteraceae GÜCEL ET AL. 1514 Table 1b continued Cirsium pseudopersonata Boiss. & Bal. subsp. pseudopersonata Clematis vitalba L. Clinipodium vulgare L. subsp. arundanum (Boiss.) Nyman Coronilla varia L. Crataegus microphylla C. Koch Crataegus monogyna Jacq. subsp. monogyna Cyclamen coum Miller var.coum Daphne pontica L. Digitalis ferruginea L. subsp. ferruginea Digitalis grandiflora Miller Dorycinum graecum (L.) Ser. Dorycinum pentaphyllum Scop. subsp. herbaceum (Vill.) Rouy Epilobium montanum L. Epimedium pubigerum (DC.) Moren & Decaisne Festuca drymeja Mertens & Koch Festuca heterophylla Lam. Filipendula vulgaris Moench Fragaria vesca L. Fraxinus ornus L. subsp. ornus Galium longifolium (Sm.) Griseb. Galium odaratum (L.) Scop. Galium paschale Forsskall Geranium asphodeloides Burm. fil. subsp. asphodeloides Helleborus orientalis Lam. Ilex colchia Poj. Knautina involucrata Somm.&Lev Lathyrus digitatus (Bieb.) Fiori Myosatis sylvatica Ehrh. ex Hoffm. subsp. cyanea vestergren Neottia nidus-avis (L.) L.C.M. Richard Phlomis samia L Physospermum cornubiense (L.) DC. Pinus sylvestris L. Plantago major L. subsp. major Polygala pruniosa Boiss. subsp. pruinosa Polyganatum multiflorum (L.) All. Primula vulgaris Huds subsp. vulgaris Ruscus aculeatus L. var. aculeatus Sanicula europaea L. Saponaria glutinosa Bieb. Scaligera tripartita (Kalen.) Tamamsch. Scutellaria velenovsky Rech. fil. Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz var. torminalis Sorbus umbellata (Desf.) Fritsch var. cretica (Lindl.) Schneider Stellaria holostea L. Brassicaceae Euxine + H - - H H Medit Hyrcano-Euxine - - H Cr H Primulaceae Thymelaeaceae Scrophulariaceae Scrophulariaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Euxine Euro-Sib Euro-Sib Euxine - - Cr H T T H H Onagraceae Berberidaceae Euro-Sib Euxine - Cr T Poaceae Poaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Oleaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Geraniaceae Euro-Sib Euro-Sib Euro-Sib Euro-Sib Euro-Sib Medit Euro-Sib - T Cr H H H H Cr H Cr Euxine Euxine Euxine Medit - - H H T Cr H Orchidaceae Lamiaceae Apiaceae Pinaceae Plantaginaceae Polygalaceae Liliaceae Primulaceae Liliaceae Apiaceae Caryophyllaceae Apiaceae Lamiaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Euro-Sib Medit Euro-Sib Euro-Sib Euxine Medit Euro-Sib - - Cr H Cr H H Cr Cr H H H H Cr H H T Caryophyllaceae Euro-Sib - H Ranunculaceae Lamiaceae Fabaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Ranunculaceae Anacardiaceae Dipsacaceae Fabaceae Boraginaceae OVERVIEW OF THE GEOBOTANICAL STRUCTURE OF TURKISH FORESTS 1515 Table 1b continued Trachystemon orientalis (L.) G. Don Boraginaceae Euxine H Trifolium caudatum Boiss. Fabaceae + H Vaccinium arctostaphylos L. Ericaceae Cr Veronica chamaedrys L. Scrophulariaceae Euro-Sib Cr Veronica officinalis L. Scrophulariaceae Euro-Sib H Abbreviations used: Life forms according to Ranunkiaer (1905): Ph; Phanerophytes, Ch; Chamaephytes, H; Hemicryptophytes, Cr; Cryptophytes, T; Terophytes +; Endemic -; Non Endemic Fabaceae 16% Asteracea e 10% Others 59% Rosaceae 5% Poaceae 5% Fabaceae Asteraceae Rosaceae Poaceae Lamiaceae Others Lamiaceae 5% Fig.3:The distribution od families in Pinus sylvestris associations. H yrcanoEuxine 4% IranoTuranain 25% M editerra nean 5% EuroSiberian 41% Euro-Siberian Euxine M editerranean Irano-Turanain H yrcano-Euxine Euxine 25% Fig. 4: Phytogeographical origins of plant species in Pinus sylvestris associations. GÜCEL ET AL. 1516 R osaceae 13% Fabaceae 10% O thers 61% P oaceae 6% Lam iaceae 5% R osaceae Fabaceae P oaceae Lam iaceae R ubiaceae O thers R ubiaceae 5% Fig. 5: The distribution of families in Carpinus betulus associations. Irano T ura nia n 3% M editerr an ean 14% E uxin e 2 6% E uro S ib erian 5 7% E uro -S ib erian E uxin e M e diterrane an Iran o-T uran ia n Fig. 6 Phytogeographical origins of plant species in Carpinus betulus associations. and others 59 % (Fig. 3). The phytogeographical status of the taxa was also investigated and distribution was observed as follows; Irano-Turanian 25 (6.4 %), Euro-Siberian 67 (24.4 %) and the Mediterranean (1.4 %) (Fig. 4). An evaluation of the life form spectrum shows that 146 taxa (52.7 %) are chamaephytes, 44 (15.9%) hemicryptophytes, 40 (14.4%) phanerophytes, 28 (10.1 %) cryptophytes and 17 (%6.1) therophytes. These results clearly depict that geobotanically Pinus sylvesltris forests have better distribution in Euro-Sib. region (%24.4) and chamaephytes are the dominant life form (52.7 %) in different plant associations. The 6 associations of Carpinus betulus are represented by 121 taxa belonging to 39 families, 5 being endemics. The families evaluated according to their total taxon numbers are; Rosaceae (13%), Fabaceae (10%), Poaceae (6%), Lamiaceae (5%), Rubiaceae (5%) and others 61 % (Fig. 5). The life form spectrum of these taxa was; 23 phanerophytes OVERVIEW OF THE GEOBOTANICAL STRUCTURE OF TURKISH FORESTS 1517 (19.1 %), 39 chamephytes (32.5%), 36 hemicryptophytes (30 %),14 cryptophytes (11.7%) and 8 therophytes (6.7%). 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