Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 32: 117-172, 1997 CONSPECTUS OF CLASSES OF EUROPEAN VEGETATION Ladislav Mucina Department of Plant Chorology and Vegetation Science. Institute of Botany, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A- 1030 Wien, Austria; Present address: Department of Botany, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, Republic of South Africa;fax +27 12 43 2184, E-mail mucina@ scientia.up.ac.za Keywords: Braun-Blanquet approach, Diagnostic species, Nomenclature, Syntaxonomy Abstract: This is a first approximationto a Conspectus of classes of European vegetation.European vegetation consists, according to the present scheme, of 73 classes. An attempt was made to compile all available names of classes which have ever appeared in European phytosociological literature. The names were checked for nomenclatural accuracy. Lists of synonyms and related names are given. The classes are characterised by a brief diagnosis, a comprehensivelist of diagnostic species, and a list of basic references. Several syntaxonomic problems are discussed in the form of short notes. INTRODUCTION This paper is primarily a catalogue of all classes (a high-rank syntaxon in the terminology of the Braun-Blanquet approach; BRAUN-BLANQUET1964, DIERSCHKE 1994) ever described and/or used in European phytosociological literature, The major motivations for the compilation of such a list were: (a) to present a proposal for the structure of European vegetation based on broadly accepted classes; (b) to standardise the nomenclature of the classes following the Code of phytosociological nomenclature (further CPN; BARKMANet al. 1986). Syntaxonomy The concept of class is one of the most ambiguous categories of the hierarchical system as used by the practitioners of the floristic-sociologic approach. The major problems emerge from the weighting of classification characters as one moves from lower ranks (association) toward higher ranks (class). Apparently floristic criteria loose their value, whilst the physiognomic (incl. life-form, stratification), and synecologic (operating on a large-scale) traits become more prominent (MUCINA 1982). Many authors have recognised this ill-balanced approach and attempted to formulate a definition of the class as a syntaxonomic category (PIONaaq7 et al. 1995). Since vegetation encompasses a very broad scale of synecologically and structurally very distinct types (tundra, aquatic vegetation, weed vegetation, woodlands, etc.), attempts to coin a universal definition of class valid throughout the vegetation are doomed to failure. Still, in my opinion, a uniform application of the concept of class is possible within borders of ecologically and structurally similar groups of vegetation types. The present system of classes, as encountered in any available national vegetation survey, is just such a mixture of narrowly and broadly conceived classes. Delimitation of some of 118 L. Mucina the classes was motivated by floristic similarity/dissimilarity; others equally frequently by similarity in life-forms present, or stratification of stands. Staying on a road fork of further development I think it is only fair to admit this inconsistency. There are three possible routes the development of syntaxonomy (at the level of class) can follow: (1) either we stay with the present mixed (euphemistically called "pragmatic") system, or (2) we strictly apply physiognomy as the major criterion (as done recently by THEURILLAT et al. 1995), or (3) we weight floristic resemblance as the leading criterion through all levels of syntaxonomic hierarchy, as preached by classical phytosociology. The present Conspectus is not, and cannot be, an authoritative account of the syntaxonomy of European classes. Syntaxonomically, an attempt is made here to create a system of broadly-conceived, but floristically clearly separable classes. Many readers may (and will) certainly disagree with some of the proposals. Clearly, the concept of floristic resemblance is not, and cannot be, defined operationally and consistently over all types of vegetation known in Europe. There are a number of problematic classes within this account - they are identified as such and the syntaxonomic problem is briefly commented on, where appropriate. Better solutions or indisputable separation or combination of classes have to be supported by still pending syntaxonomic revisions. The groupings of classes into larger categories such as "Aquatic and semiaquatic natural vegetation" have no syntaxonomic meaning and it is not intended to create any new system of Divisions. I find making these categories formal rather useless, besides their not being handled by the CPN. Nomenclature Although I remain critical of the present CPN, I still adhere to it. The CPN has some serious weak points (MuCINA, submitted), which might lead to conflicting interpretations. Therefore, let me leave some margin for error in the application of the CPN, although suggestions are most welcome for corrections to the proposed system. Structure of the conspectus Each class is an independent item and its description consists of several parts, namely (1) correct name, (2) brief intensive definition of syntaxon (characteristics), (3) list of synonyms and other nomenclatural items, (4) list of diagnostic species, (5) optional notes on syntaxonomic or nomenclatural characters, and (6) a list of relevant literature sources. Name, synonymy and nomenclatural notes The name used is supposed to be the correct name according to the CPN. In some cases the literature sources were impossible to locate, therefore some names are included but pending nomenclatural revision. These are marked by an asterisk (*). The items in the list of synonyms are as a norm followed by an indication of the CPN article(s), which lead to the delegation of a name into synonymy. In some cases of nomenclatural novelties or unusual or unexpected solutions, a short nomenclatural note can be found below each class characteristic. Classes of European vegetation 1 19 Brief characteristics, syntaxonomic notes and diagnostic species The brief characteristics of each class, placed directly below the correct name, usually provide synecological, chorological and, in places, synmorphological information on the group of communities summarised within the class in question. Several syntaxonomic notes comment on problematic cases and raise questions on the delimitation of poorly known classes. Table 1 summarises the information on dominant life-forms, major ecological factors structuring the patterns within the classes (such as substrate, water, disturbance, stress), as well as information on the biogeography of the classes and their bioclimatic range. National vegetation surveys (WESTHOFFet al. 1946, OBERDORFER1957, WESTIJOFF& DEN HELD 1969, OBERDORFER 1977-1992, PEINADOLORCA & RtVAS-MARTfi'~Z1987, PREISINGet al. 1990a, b, FREMSTAD& ELVEN 1991, RODWELL1991-1996, KOROTKOVet al. 1991, DONffA et al. 1992, JULVE 1993, MUCINA et al. 1993, MORAVECet al. 1995, POTT 1995, SCnAMtNEE et al. 1995, SOLOMAmiA 1995, VALACHOVICet al. 1995), trans-regional monographs (HORVAT et al. 1974, ELLENBERG 1986, DIERSSEN 1996) and many important local monographs (see also below) were used as sources for the lists of diagnostic species. The lists of species are selections of the major taxa characteristic of the class as well as its subordinated units. The most common (dominating) taxa with broad distributions, but also rarities (endemics) typical of the class, were chosen. The asterisk (*) indicates species which under different geographic conditions may show affinity to another class as well. The nomenclature of the phanerogam taxa basically follows Flora europaea (TUTIN et al. 1964-1993, 1st edition for volumes 2-5 and 2nd edition for volume !). Furthermore, the corrections and changes in published volumes of Atlas florae europaeae (JALAS& SUOMINEN 1972-1994) were accepted. The nomenclatural basis of the Flora and Atlas were further adjusted according to published volumes of Med-Checklist (GREUTER et al. 1984-1989). Several deviations were a result of nomenclatural changes from "Die Pflanzengesellschaften t)sterreichs" (MuCINA et al. 1993). The nomenclature of diagnostic species of the Daphno-Festucetea (an endemic Greek class) follows the Mountain flora of Greece (STRID 1986, STRID & KIT TAN 1991). The names of pteridophytes and mosses follow the latest edition of the "Kryptogamen-Flora" by FREY et al. (1995). The nomenclature of lichens follows POELT (1969), and POELT & V~ZDA (1977, 1984). The nomenclature of plants of Macaronesia (Canary Islands, Azores, Madeira) basically follows HANSEN& SUNDn~G(1985). Adjustments follow the latest taxonomic and nomenclatural knowledge of Dr. Arnoldo Santos Guerra (Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife). The nomenclature of the ferns and bryophytes of Macaronesia follows FREY et al. (1995). Relevant literature The majority of important literature sources were used in reconstructing the bibliographic history of each class. Major local monographs as well as large-scale syntaxonomic revisions of the communities of the class in question are listed here. For the sake of conserving space the national vegetation surveys (see above) were not usually cited in these reference lists, although these should be consulted as well. 120 L. Mucina SYNOPSIS Contents Aquatic vegetation Lemnetea Charetea fragilis Potametea Ruppietea maritimae Zosteretea 121 121 121 121 122 122 Vegetation of fresh-water marshes and fens 122 lsok'to-Littorelletea 122 lso~ t o - Nanojuncetea 122 Montio-Cardaminetea 123 Phragmito-Magnocaricetea 123 Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fiLscae 123 Oxycocco-Sphagnetea 124 Coastal vegetation Cakiletea maritimae Saginetea maritimae Crithmo-Staticetea Thero-Salicornietea Spartinetea maritimae Salicornietea fruticosae Juncetea maritimi Honckenyo-Elymetea Ammophiletea 125 125 125 126 127 127 127 127 128 128 Chasmophytic vegetation Asplenietea trichomanis Adiantetea Thlaspietea rotundifolii 128 130 130 Arctic and alpinevegetation Loiseleurio- Vaccinietea Salicetea herbaceae Juncetea trifidi Carici rupestris-Kobresietea bellardii Elyno-Seslerietea Mulgedio-Aconitetea 132 132 132 132 133 133 134 Synanthropic vegetation Oryzetea sativae Bidentetea tripartiti Polygono arenastri-Poetea annuae Stellarietea mediae Artemisietea vulgaris Galio - Urticetea Epilobietea angustifolii 135 Temperate heathlands and grasslands Calluno-Ulicetea Kolerio-Corynephoretea Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Trifolio-Geranietea Festuco-Brometea Puccinellio-Salicornietea 138 138 139 140 141 141 143 Temperate and boreal woodlands and scrub 144 Rhamno-Prunetea 144 Salicetea purpureae 144 Alnetea glutinosae 144 145 Querco-Fagetea Quercetea pubescentis 146 Erico-Pinetea 146 Pulsatillo-Pinetea sytvestris 147 Junipero sabinae-Pinetea 147 Vaccinio-Piceetea 147 Oromediterranean grasslands and scrub Festucetea indigestae Saginetea piliferae Festuco hystricis-Ononidetea striatae Carici-Genistetea tobetii Rumici-Astragaletea siculi Daphno-Festucetea 148 148 148 148 148 149 149 Mediterranean vegetation Thero-Brachypodietea Lygeo sparti-Stipetea tenacissimae Cytisetea scopario-striati Cisto-Levanduletea Cisto-Micromerietea julianae Nerio- Tamaric etea Quercetea ilicis 150 150 150 152 Semideserts Pegano harm~lae-Salsoletea vermiculatae Artemisietea lerchianae 153 153 153 Classes of the Macaronesian vegetation Zygophyllo fontanesii-Polycarpetea niveae Kleinio neriifoliae-Euphorbietea canariensis Oleo cerasiformis-Rhamnetea crenulatae Pruno hixae-Lauretea azoricae Cytiso-Pinetea canariensis Spartocytisetea supranubii Aeonio- Greenovietea 154 154 155 155 156 157 157 128 135 135 135 135 137 138 138 151 151 151 152 154 Classes of European vegetation 121 Aquatic vegetation Lemnetea O. de BOLOSet MASCLANS1955 Communities of floating cormophytes (pleustophytes) Lemnetea R. Tx. 1955 (art. 8) Lemnetea KOCH et R. TX. in OBERD. 1957 (art. 31) Hydrocharito-Lemnetea SO6 1968 (art. 8) Hydrocharitetea OBERD. et al. 1967 (art. 3b, 8) Ceratophylletea DEN HARTOGet SEGAL 1964 (art. 8) Stratiotetea DEN HELD et SEGAL 1964 (syntax. syn.) Lemno-Potametea DE LANGE 1972" Utriculario-Stratiotetea GI~HUet BOURNIQUE1987 (art. 8) Species: Azolla (caroliniana, filiculoides), Lemna (gibba, minor, minuta, perpusilla, trisulca, valdiviana), Riccia (fluitans, rhenana), Ricciocarpos natans, Salvinia natans, Spirodela polyrhiza, Wolffta arrhiza. Note: The Ceratophylletea is not validly published (DEN HARTOG & SEGAL 1964, p. 383) as the order Ceratophylletalia is not validly published because the only alliance (CeratophyUion) is also not validly published. Both associations assigned to the alliance (the Ceratophylletum demersi and Ceratophylletum si~bmerst) are suggested as new in this paper, but, without any relevOs, tables or bibliographic references, these remain invalidly published. Lit.: DE BOLOS & MASCLANS(1955), DEN HARTOG& SEGAL(1964), SCHWABE-BRAUN& TOXEN (1981), SCOPPOLA (1983). Charetea fragiiis FUKAREKex KRAUSCH1964 Communities of submerged ramificated macroalgae Chareteafragilis FUKAREK 1961 (art. 8) Charo-Potametea K~PCZYr~SlOet CEYNOWA-GIELDON1972 p.p.* Species: Chara (aculeolata, aspera, baltica, braunii, canescens, connivens, contraria, globularis, hispida, jubata, major, strigosa, tomentosa, vulgaris), Lamprothamaium (hansenii, papulosum), Nitella (batrachosperma, flexilis, gracilis, hyalina, opaca, syncarpa, tenuissima, translucens), Nitellopsis obtusa, Tolypella (glomerata, intricata, nidifica, prolifera), Vaucheria dichotoma. Lit.: KRAUSCrt(1964, 1968), SCHAMIN~Eet al. (1995). Potametea KLIKA in KLIKA et NOV/~K1941 Communities of fresh-water radicant submerged and floating macropliytes "Potametales" KLIKA in KLIKAet NOVAK 1941 (original form) Potametea R. TX. et PREISlNG 1942 (art. 8) Nymphaeetea KLIKA in KLIKA et HADAd 1944 (art. 29) Potametea R. TX. et PREISINGex OBERD. 1957 (art. 31) Charo-Potametea KI~PCZY/qSKIet CEYNOWA-GIELDON1972 p.p.* Lemno-Potametea DE LANGE 1972" Species: Callitriche (hamulata, obtusangula, platycarpa), Ceratophyllum (demersum, submersum), Elodea (canadensis, ernstiae, nuttalii), Groenlandia densa, Hottonia palustris, Hydrocharis morsus-ranae, Myriophyllum (alterniflorum, spicatum, verticillatum), Najas (marina, minor), Nuphar (lutea, pumila), Nymphaea (alba, candida), Nymphoides peltata, Persicaria amphibia var. natans, Potamogeton (acutifolius, alpinus, berchtoldii, coloratus, compressus, crispus, filiformis, friesii, gramineus, lucens, natans, nodosus, obtusifolius, pectinatus, perfoliatus, praelongus,pusillus, trichoides), Ranunculus (aquatilis, circinatus,fluitans, hederaceus, peltatus, penicillatus, rionii), Stratiodes aloides, Trapa natans, Utricularia vulgaris, Zannichellia palustris. Note: The oldest valid name for the Potametalia is the "Potametales'" suggested by KLIKA (in KLIKA & NOV~,K 1941: 58). The name Nymphaeetea coined also by KLIKA (in KLIKA ~,~ HADAt~ 1944) is also validly published (having validly published Potametalia with the author's citation as the automatic holotype), however, it is a superfluous nomen novum, thus illegitimate. Lit.: KUKA & NOV.~K (1941), KLIKA & HADAd (1944), SCHAMINI~Eet al. (1990). 122 L. Mucina Ruppietea madtirnae J. Tx. 1960 Communities of radicant submerged macrophytes of brackish waters Eleocharitetea parvulae SEGAL 1968 (art. 3a) Species: Althenia filiformis, Eleocharis parvula, Ranunculus peltatus subsp, baudotii, Ruppia (cirrhosa, maritima, spiralis). Note: The name Eleocharitetea parvulae was suggested by SEGAL (1968) as a synonym (in brackets) of the Eleocharitetalia parvulae, thus invalidly published according to art. 3a of the CPN. Lit.: TOXEN (1960), SEGAL (1968), DEN HARTOG(1983), VERHOEVEN(1980), GI~ltU (1994). Zosteretea S. PIGNATTI 1953 Communities of radicant submerged macrophytes of shallow seas Halodulo-Thalassietea DEN HARTOG 1976* Posidonietea DEN HARTOG 1976" Halophilo-Cymodocetea KNAPP 1968" Species: Cymodocea nodosa, Halophila stipulacea, Posidonia oceanica, Zostera (marina, noltii). Lit.: PIGNATrI(1953), DEN HARTOG(1983), GflHU (1994). Vegetation of fresh-water marshes and fens Iso~to-Littorelletea BR.-BL. el VLIEGER in VLIEGER 1937 Dwarf amphibious vegetation of oligotrophic water-bodies, dystrophic lakes and bog hollows "'lso#to-LittoreUetales'" BR.-BL. et VLIEGERin VLIEGER 1937 (original form) Littorelletea BR.-BL. et R. TX. 1943 (art. 8) Littorelletea BR.-BL. et R. TX. ex WESTHOFFet al. 1946 (syntax. syn.) Utricularietea DEN HARTOG& SEGAL 1964 (syntax. syn.) Utricularietea interrnedio-minoris PIETSCH 1965" Iso~tetea PIETSCH 1966 p.p.* Juncetea bulbosi R. Tx. et DIERSSEN 1972 (syntax. syn.) Species: Apium inundatum, Baldellia (ranunculoides, repens), Callitriche brutia, Deschampsia setacea, Elatine hydropiper, Eleocharis (acicularis, multicautis), Eriocaulon aquaticum, Hypericum elodes, lso#'tes (azorica, boryana, brochonii, echinospora, lacustris), Juncus (bulbosus, heterophyllus), L#torella uniflora, Lobelia dortmanna, Luronium natans, Marsilea quadrifolia, Myosotis rehsteineri, Pilularia globulifera, Potamogeton (gramineus, polygonifolius), Ranunculus (hyperboreus, ololeucos, omiophyllus), Scirpus fluitans, Sparganium (angustifolium, hyperboreum, minimum, natans), Subularia aquatica, Utricularia (bremii, ochroleuca). Lit.: VLIEGER(1937), DEN HARTOG & SEGAL (1964), DIERSSEN(1975), PIETSCH (1977), SCHAMINI~Eet al. (1992). Iso#to-Nanojuncetea BR.-BL. el R. Tx. ex WESTHOFF et al., 1946 Dwarf amphibious vegetation of banks and bottoms of mesotrophic (and eutrophic) temporary water-bodies lso#to-Nanojuncetea BR.-BL. et R. TX. 1943 (art. 8) Isoe'tetea velatae DE FOUCAULT1988 (syntax. syn.) Juncetea bufonii DE FOUCAULT1988 (art. 29) Species: Agrostis pourretii, Anthoceros punctatus, Blackstonia acuminata, Botrydium granulatum, Carex bohemica, Centaurium pulchellum, Centunculus minimus, Cerastium dubium, Cicendia filiformis, Coleanthus subtilis, Corrigiola linoralis, Crassula (tillaea, vaillantii), Crypsis (alopecuroides, schoenoides), Cyperus (flavescens, fuscus, glomeratus, michetianus, pannonicus), Damasonium alisma, Elatine (als#mstrum, hexandra, macropoda, triandra), Eleocharis (carniolica, obtusa, olivacea, ovata), Eryngium (corniculatum, galioides), Exaculum pusillum, Fimbristylis annua, Fossombronia wondracekii, Glinus lotoides, Glyceria declinata, Gnaphalium uliginosum, Gypsophila muralis, Heliotropium supinum, Hypericum humifusum, lllecebrum verticillatum, lsodtes (durieui, histrix, velata), lsolepis setacea, Juncus (articulatus*, bufonius, capitatus, hybridus, minutulus, pygmaeus, ranarius, sphaerocarpus, tenageia), Limosella aquatica, Lindernia Classes of European vegetation 123 (dubia*, procumbens), Lotus (angustissimus, conimbricensis), Lythrum (borysthenicum, hyssopifolia, portula, thymifolia, tribracteatum), Marsilea (aegyptiaca, strigosa), Mentha (cervina, pulegiura), Myosotis sicula, Myosurus minimus, Ophioglossum lusitanicum, Phaeoceros laevis, Phyla nodiflora, Physcomitrella patens, Physcomitrium sphaericum, Pilutaria minuta, Pleuridium alternifolium, Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum, Radiola linoides, Ranunculus (lateriflorus, relivieri), Riccia bifurca, Sagina nodosa, Scirpus (cernuus, supinus*), Solenopsis (laurentia, minuta), Trifolium cernuum, Verbena supina, Veronica acinifolia. Lit.: DIEMONTet al. (1940), DEN HARTOG& SEGAL (1964), PIETSCH (1973), DE FOUCAULT(1988). Montio-Cardaminetea BR.-BL. et R. TX. e x KUKA 1948 Moss- and herb-rich vegetation of springs and edges of fast-running high-mountain rapids Montio-Cardaminetea BR.-BL. et R. TX. 1943 (art. 8) Montio-Cardaminetea BR.-BL. et R. Tx. ex KLIKA et HADAC 1944 (art. 8) Aconito-Cardaminetea HADAC 1956 (art. 29) Species: AlchemiUa glomerulans, Arabis soyeri subsp, subcoriacea, Blindia acuta, Brachythecium (glaciale, rivulare), Bryum (cryophilum, schleicheri, weigelii), Cardamine (amara subsp, amara and subsp, opicii, flexuosa, pratensis subsp, polemonioides, raphanifolia ), Catoscopium nigritum, Chrysosplenium (alternifolium, dubium, oppositifolium), Cinclidotus fontinaloides, Cratoneuron (commutatum*, decipiens, filicinum*), Dermatocarpon rivulorum, Dicranella palustris, Epilobium (alsinifolium, davuricum, hornemannii, nutans, obscurum), Eucladium verticillatum*, Hygrohypnum (luridum, smithii), Hymenostylium recurvirostre, Juncus biglumis, Jungermannia (exertifolia, obovata), Koenigia islandica, Lereschia thomasii, Marsupella (emarginata, sphacelata), Montia fontana, Myosotis soleirolii, Nardia compressa, Pellia epiphylla, Philanotis (calcarea, fontana, seriata, tomentella), Poa alpigena, Pohlia (ludwigii, wahlenbergii), Ranunculus marschlinsii, Saxifraga (aizoides*, aquatica, hirculus, stellaris), Scapania (paludosa, uliginosa, undulata), Sedum villosum, Sibthorpia europaea, Silene (pudibunda, pusilla), Soldanella (calabra, villosa), Trichocolea tomentella, Veronica montana. Lit: KLIKA & HADA~ (1944), KLIKA (1948), MAAS (1959), HADA(~ (1981, 1983), DIERSSEN (1992), ZECHMEISTER& MUCINA (1994). Phragmito-Magnocaricetea KUKA in KLIKA et NOVAK 1941 Vegetation of reeds and sedge-dominated fresh-water and brackish swamps "'Phragmitato-Magnocaricetales" KLIKAin KLIKA et NOVAK 1941 (original form) Phragmitetea R. TX. et PREISING 1942 (syntax. syn.) Bolboschoenetea maritimi R. TX. et VICHEREKin R. TX. et HOLBUSCH 1971 (syntax. syn.) Nasturtietea officinalis ZOHARY 1973 (art. 8) Glycerio-Nasmrtietea officinalis GflHU et GflHU-FRANCK1987 (art. 8) "Phragmiti australis-Caricetea elatae KLIKA 1941" sensu JULVE 1993 (phantom) Species: Acorus calamus, Alisma (gramineum, lanceolatum, plantago-aquatica), Apium nodiflorum, Barbarea stricta, Berula erecta, Bolboschoenus maritimus, Butomus umbellatus, Calamagrostis (canescens, pseudophragmites), Calla palustris, Carex (acuta*, acutiformis, appropinquata, aquatilis, circumalpina, elata, gracilis, oenensis, otrubae, paniculata*, pseudocyperus, rhynchophysa, riparia, vesicaria, vulpina*), Cicuta virosa, Cladium mariscus, Eleocharis (uniglumis, palustris), Equisetum fluviatile, Galium palustre*, Glyceria (fluitans, maxima), Iris pseudacorus, Juncus subulatus, Leersia oryzoides, Lycopus europaeus, Lysimachia thyrsiflora, Myosotis palustris*, Oenanthe (aquatica, fistulosa), Peucedanum palustre, Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites australis, Poa palustris, Ranunculus lingua, Rorippa (amphibia, microphylla, nasturtium-aquaticum, palustris), Rurnex (aquaticus, hydrolapathum), Sagittaria sagittifolia, Scirpus (lacustris, radicans, tabemaemontani, triqueter), Scrophularia umbrosa*, Scutellaria galericulata, Sparganium (emersum, erectum), Typha (angustifolia, domingensis, latifolia, laxmannii), Veronica (anagallis-aquatica, beccabunga, catenata). Lit.: KLIKA& NOV.A,K(1941), TUXEN& PREISING (1942), TOXEN & HOLBUSCH (1971). Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae R. Tx. 1937 Vegetation of transitional mires, fens and bog hollows "Caricetales uliginosae" BR.-BL. et VLIEGERin VLIEGER 1937 (art. 34) Sphagno-Cariceteafuscae DUVIGNEAUD1943 (art. 29) 124 L. Mucina Sphagno-Drepanocladetea DU RIET'Z 1954 (art. 29) Caricetea limosae MALMER 1968 (syntax. syn.) Scorpidietea MALMER 1968 (syntax. syn.) Tofieldietea MALMER 1968 (art. 8) Parvocaricetea WESTHOFFin WESTHOFFet DEN HELD 1969 (art. 35) Scheuchzerietea palustris DEN HELD et al. in WESTHOFFet DEN I--IEI.I~1969 (art. 35) Trichophoretea TRASS 1963" Caricetea nigrae sensu auct. (art. 29) Scheuchzerio-Caricetea nigrae sensu auct. (art. 30) Species: Agrostis canina, Blysmus compressus, Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Calycocorsus stipitatus, Calliergon (giganteum, sarmentosum, stramineum, trifarium), CaUiergonella cuspidata, Campylium (polygamum, stellatum), Carex (aquatilis, atrofusca, bicolor, chordorrhiza, curta, dacica, davalliana, diandra, dioica, disticha,flava, frigida, fusca, hartmanii, heleonastes, hostiana, lasiocarpa, laxa, lepidocarpa, limosa, livida, magellanica subsp, irrigua, microglochin, nigra, panicea, parallela, pulicaris, rostrata*, saxatilis, stellulata, trinervis), Cinclidium stygium, Cladopodiella fluitans, Dactylorhiza (incarnata, majalis, traunsteinerii subsp. curvifolia), Drepanocladus (exannulatus, fluitans*, lycopodioides, revolvens), Drosera anglica, Eleocharis quinqueflora*, Epilobium palustre, Epipactis palustris, Equisetum variegatum, Eriophorum (angustifolium, gracile, latifolium, scheuchzeri), Euphrasia frigida, Fissidens (adianthoides, osmundioides), GentianeUa amarella subsp, uliginosa, Hammarbya paludosa, Hypocotyle vulgaris, Juncus (anceps, arcticus, articulatus*, castaneus, filiformis, stygius, subnodulosus), Kobresia simpliciuscula, Liparis loeselii, Menyanthes trifoliata, Narthecium scardicum, Pallavicinia lyellii, Parnassia palustris, Pedicularis (palustris, sceptrum-carolinum), Pinguicula (balcanica, leptoceras, vulgaris), Potentilla palustris, Primula (auriculata, deorum, farinosa, stricta), Pseudorchis frivaldii, Ranunculus (cordiger, flammula), Rhynchospora (alba, fusca), Riccardia (chamaedryfolia, multifuta), Salix rosmarinifolia, Scheuchzeria palustris, Schoenus (ferrugineus, nigricans* ), Scirpus cespitosus subsp, germanicus, Sesleria uliginosa, Silene asterias, Sphagnum (balticum, cuspidamm, denticulatum, fallax, fimbriatum, inundatum, lindbergii, majus, obtusum, riparium, squarrosum*, subfulvum, subnitens, subsecundum, teres, warnstorfii), Thalictrum alpinum, Tofieldia (calyculata, pusilla), Triglochin palustris, Typha (minima, shuttleworthii), Valeriana (dioica, simpliciuscula), Viola palustris. Lit.: TOXEN(1937), DU RIETZ (1954), MALMER(1968), SUCCOW(1974), DIERSSEN(1982, 1992). Oxycocco-SphagneteaBR.-BL. et R. Tx. ex WESTHOFF et al. 1946 Vegetation of ombrogenic raised bogs and wooded boreal bogs Oxycocco-Sphagnetea BR.-BL. et R. Tx. 1943 (art. 8) Vaginato-Sphagnetea DUVIGNEAUD1949 (art. 29) Ombrosphagnetea DU RIETZ 1954 (art. 29) Vaccinietea uliginosi LOHMEYERet R. Tx. in R. TX. 1955 (art. 8) Vaccinio uliginosi-Pinetea PASSARGEet HOFMANN 1968 (syntax. syn.) Molinio-Betuletea pubescentis PASSARGEet HOFMANN 1968 (syntax. syn.) Eriophoro-Betuletea PASSARGE1973* Species: Andromeda polifolia, Aulacomnium palustre*, Betula (hU~nilis,nana*, pubescens subsp, carpatica and subsp, pubescens), Calypogeia sphagnicola, Carex pauciflora, Cephalozia connivens, Chamaedaphne calyculata, Drosera rotundifolia, Erica tetralix, Eriophorum vaginatum, Gymnocolea inflata, Juncus squarrosus,, Kurzia pauciflora, Ledum palustre, Lophozia laxa, Lycopodiella inundata, Mylia anomala, Odontoschisma sphagni, Oxycoccos (microcarpus, palustris), Pinguicula villosa, Pinus rotundata, Polytrichum stricture, Rubus chamaemorus, Sphagnum (angustifolium, balticum, compactum,fuscum, magellanicum, moUe, papillosum, rubellum, tenellum), Vaccinium uliginosum. Lit.: DUVIGNEAUD(1949), DU RIET'Z(1954), MOORE(1968), PASSARGE& HOFMANN(1968), DmRSSF~ (1980, 1982), TOXEN (1980a, b). Classes of European vegetation 125 Coastal vegetation Note (relating to Thero-Salicornietea, Salicornietea fruticosae and Juncetea maritimO: the name "Salicornietea" was suggested by BRAUN-BLANQUET& TOXEN (1943), but is, however, like the two orders (Salicornietalia and Juncetalia maritimi) classified in this paper within the Salicornietea, invalidly published (art. 8: no author citation is given and there is also no references list to be consulted for a valid diagnosis of all the syntaxa mentioned above). The validation of "Salicornietea" was performed by BRAUN-BLANQU~ et al. (1952: 101) who attributed the name to BRAUN-BLANQU~ and R. TOXEN. Here also the order Juncetalia maritimi was validated. The name Salicornietalia was validated earlier by BRAUN-BLANQUET(1933). In the latter work, as well as in BRAUN-BLANQUETet al. (1952), it is still heterogeneous as it contains the "Thero-Suaedion" (recte: Thero-Salicornion BR.-BL. 1933) comprising therophyte-dominated communities, and the Salicornion fruticosae BR.-BL. 1933 comprising salt-marshes dominated by perennial (shrubby) Salicornia (subgenus Sarcocornia) and Arthrocnemum species. TOXEN & OBERDORFER(1958) divided the Salicornietea into the Thero-Salicornietea and coined the name "Salicornietea fruticosae (BR.-BL.)" for the remainder of the former "Salicomietea". The name of the class of the salt-marsh perennial (shrubby) vegetation ("Salicornieteafruticosi BR.-BL. et R. TX. in BR.-BL., ROUSSINEet NEGRE 1952") is often used in unsanctioned (art. 30), mutated forms such as "Arthrocnemeteafruticosg' or"Sarcocornieteafruticosae". The author's citation of "R. TOXEN 1954" as the author of the name "Thero-Salicornietea", as done for instance by TOXEN & OBERDORFER (1958) or by BEEFTINK (1962: 330) lacks any bibliographic justification. It merely means R. TOXEN might have suggested that name in 1954 in verbal or other ineffectively published form. The Salicornieteafruticosae, as understood by BRAUN-BLANQUETet al. (1952), underwent further changes by including the order Juncetalia maritimi within the "Juncetea maritimi BR.-BL. 1931" by TOXEN & OBERDORFER(1958: 98). The citation of BRAUN-BLANQUETas the author of the Juncetea maritimi is unjustified as there is no name of a class used in his 1931 list of syntaxa. The valid name of the class (if syntaxonomicaily accepted on its own) should be "'Juncetea maritimi R. TX. et OBERD. 1958". The next step was the creation of the class of Asteretea tripolii by WESTHOFF and BEEFlrlNK(in BEEFrINK 1962: 334) containing (in the original description) only one order - the "Glauceto-Puccinellietatia", which was explicitly non-identified with the "Juncetalia maritimi BR.-BL. 1931". Still, the "Juncetea maritimi BR.-BL. 1931" was equalised (in p.p. extend) with the Asteretea tripolii. This implicitly means that the Juncetea maritimi and Asteretea tripolii are synonymous and at least for priority reasons the Juncetea maritimi should be used if both Atlantic and Mediterranean salt-meadows are meant. Cakiletea maritimae R. Tx. et PREISING ex BR.-BL. et R. Tx. 1952 Stxandline-dwelling, short-lived nitrophilous vegetation Cakiletea maritimae R. TX. et PREISlNG in R. TX. 1950 (art. 8) "'Cakileto-Therosalicomietea" S. PIGNATH 1953 p.p. Thero-Suaedetea RlVAS-MARTfNEZ1972" Cakiletea integrifoliae R. TX. et PREISING in R. Tx. 1950 corr. RIVAS-MAR'IffNEZet al. 1992 (corr. illeg., art. 43) Species: Atriplex (calotheca, deltoidea, glabriuscula, laciniatar longipes, prostrata*, tatarica*), Bassia hirsuta, Beta vulgaris subsp, maritima*, Cakile ( edendula subsp, islandica, maritima subsp, aegyptiaca, subsp. baltica, subsp, euxina and subsp, maritima), Cenchrus incertus, Centaurea (seridis subsp, maritima, sphaerocephala subsp, polyacantha), Chamaesyce (peplis, polygonifolia), Crambe maritima, Cressa cretica, Echinops spinosissimus*, Glaucium flavum, Lepidium latifolium, Matthiola tricuspidata*, Mertensia maritima, Polygonum (maritimum, oxyspermum subsp, raii), Raphanus raphanistrum (subsp. landra, subsp, maritimus), Salsola kali (subsp. kali and subsp, tragium, soda), Suaeda splendens, Tripleurospermum maritimum, Xanthium italicum. Lit.: T13XEN(1950), BRAUN-BLANQUET& TI~XEN (1952), HADA(~(1970), GI~HU(1994). Saginetea maritimae WESTHOFF et al. 1962 Dwarf pioneer vegetation populating loamy and sandy soils in habitats under salt-spray influence Frankenietea pulverulentae RIVAS-MARTtNEZin RIVAS-MARTfNEZet COSTA 1976* 126 L. Mucina Species: Aizoon hispanicum*, Anthemis rigida*, Catapodium marinum, Chenopodium chenopodioides*, Cochlearia danica, Crypsis aculeata*, Evax rotundata, Frankenia (hirsuta, pulvet'ulenta), Hordeum (hystrix*, marinum), Hymenolobus procumbens, Isolepis cernua, Limonium (avei, grosii), Medicago ciliata, Mesembryanthemum (crystallinum*, nodiflorum*), Parapholis ([iliformis, incurva, strigosa), Plantago (coronopus*, weldenff), Polypogon subspathaceum, Romulea columnae subsp, rollii, Sagina maritima, Sedum litoreum*, Spergularia (bocconii, heldreichff), Sphaenopus divaricatus, Suaeda splendens*, TorteUa flavovirens*, Valantia muralis*. Lit.: WESTHOFFet ai. (1962), Tt3XEN et al. (1963), GI~HU(1994). Agropyreteapungenti$J.-M. G~HU 1968 Coastal, salt-sprayed grasslands on soft rocks and related vegetation of inland salt-laden heavy loamy soils Agropyretea pungentis J.-M. GI]HU et J. GI~HU-FRANCK1969 (art. 31) Species: Beta vulgaris subsp, maritima*, Crithmum maritimum*, Daucus carota subsp, maximus*, Elymus athericus*, Scorzonera cana*. Note 1: The Agropyretea pungentis is floristically a very poorly defined class mediating between the Crithmo-Stuticetea and Cakiletea maritimae. None of the diagnostic species listed above is exclusively found in the communities of this problematic class. Note 2: This class was suggested as new in two different papers in 1968 by GI]HUand in 1969 by GI~HU & GI~HU.The former source should be recognised as the original description for priority purposes. Lit.: GI~HU(1968, 1994), GI~HU& GI~HU(1969). Crithrno-Staticetea BR.-BL. in BR.-BL. et al. 1952 Chasmophytic coastal vegetation under salt-spray influence Crithmo-Staticetea BR.-BL. in BR.-BL. et al. 1947 (art. 8) Crithmo-Limonietea sensu auct. (art. 30) Species: Allium (commutatum*, cornutum, horvatiO, AnthyUis (aegea, barba-jovis), Arenaria leptoclados subsp, peloponnesiaca, Argyranthemum frutescens subsp, succulentum, Armeria (ruscinonensis, soleirolii), Asperula staliana, Asplenium maritimum, Asteriscus maritimus, Astydamia latifolia, Aurinia leucadea, Azorina vidali, Beta patula, Brassica (botteri, cazzae, oleracea subsp, oleracea and subsp, robertiana), Carlina tragacanthifolia, Caralluma europaea subsp, europaea, Centaurea (cineraria, crithmifolia, dalmatica, diomedea, friderici subsp, jakubensis, paxorum, spinosa), Chiliadenus lopadusanum, Cichorium spinosum, Crithmum maritimum, Crucianella rupestris, Daucus carota (subsp. drepanensis, subsp, hispanicus), Dianthus multinervis, Dorycnium fulgurans, Echinops spinosus, Elymus farctus subsp, rechingeri, Erodium corsicum, Euphorbia (pithyusa, segetalis subsp, pinea), Femeniasia balearica, Frankenia ericifolia, Goniolimon collinum, Helichrysum (decumbens, litoreum, saxatile subsp, errerae), Hymenolobus procumbens subsp, revelieri, Hypericum aegypticum, Kunkeliella subsuculenta, Launaea cervicornis, Lavatera bryonifolia, Limonium (album, ampuriense, anfractum, antipaxorum, apulum, arcuatum, articulatum, balearicum, biflorum, binervosum, bocconei, bolosii, bosanum, calabrum, cancellatum, capraiense, carpathum, carregadorense, cephalonicum, circaei, connivens, contortiramei, cordatum, coronense, corsicum, cosyrense, creticum, cumanum, damboldtianum, diomedeum, dodartii, ebusitanum, escarrei, florentinum, gougetianum, graecum (subsp. graecum, subsp, divaricatum), gymnesicum, hierapetrae, imbricatum, inarimense, ithacense,jagypicum, kardamylii, lacinium, lausianum, lopadusanum, majoricum, marisolii, merxmulleri, meyeri, minutum, multiforme, obtusifolium, occidentalis, ocymifolium, ovalifolium subsp, pyramidatum, ovalifolius, papillatum, patrimoniense, pectinatum (var. corculum, var. divaricatum, var. solandri), phitosianum, pontium, pseudebusitanum, pseudoarticulatum, pseudodictyocladon, pylium, remotispiculum, runemarkii, saracinatum, sieberi, sommerianum, strictissimum, tenuiculum, tharrosianum, tremolsii, vestitum, virgatum*, zacynthium), Lotus (cytisoides*, loweanus, maculatus, tenella), Matthiola ( incana, maderensis), Parietaria cretica, Plantago macrorhiza, Reichardia crystallina, Scilla dimartinoi, Senecio (cineraria, leucanthemifolius*, rodriguezii), Seseli praecox, Silene (sedoides, thyrrhenia), Sonchus radicatus, Spergularia (azorica, macrorhiza, rupicola), Teucrium polium subsp, aureum, Zygophyllum album. Lit.: BRAUN-BLANQUETet al. (1952), BARTOLOet al. (1988), BARTOLO& BRULLO(1993), GI~HU(1994), GI]HU & BIONDI(1994), MAYER(1995). Classes of European vegetation 127 Thero-Salicornietea (S. PIGNATTI 1953) R. TX. in R. TX. et OBERD. 1958 Vegetation of maritime salt-marshes dominated by annual succulents "Therosalicornietea'" S. PIGNATH 1953 (as subclass) Cakileto-Therosalicornietea S. PIGNATTI1953 p.p.* Species: Halopeplis amplexicaulis, Microcnemum coralloides, Salicomia europaea group (brachystachya, europaea, obscura, patula, prostrata, pusilla, ramasissima, simonkaiana, stricta ), Salicornia procumbens group (dolichostachya, emerici, fragilis, lutescens, hires, veneta), Suaeda maritima (subsp. mar/t/ma, subsp, salsa). Lit.: PIGNATH(1953), TUXEN & OBERDORFER(1958), GI~HU(1994). Spartinetea maritimae R. Tx. in BEEFTINK 1962 Maritime pioneer salt-marsh swards dominated by Spartina Spartinetea R. TX. 1961 (art. 1) Coeno-Spartinetea R. TX. 1964 (art. 29) Species: Spartina (alterniflora, anglica, densiflora, maritima, xtownsendii, versicolor). Note: All forms of the name Spartinetea containing authors' citation such as "R. TX. 1961" or "BEU.PT~IK, GI~HU, OHBA, TOXEN 1971" are phantoms. The date 1961 originated on the basis of a manuscript submitted by R. T0XEN at the 1961 Rinteln symposium for discussion - it was published later (in a changed form) by LOHMEYER et al. (1962) in the journal Melhoramento. Here "Spartinetea" is suggested as a name, but it is invalidly published (art. 8). The actual validation of the name Spartinetea was done by BEEFrlNK in 1962. Lit.: BEEFHNK (1962, 1968), BEEFI'INK& GflHU (1973), GflHU (1994). Salicornietea fruticosae BR.-BL. et R. TX. ex A. DE BOLOS Y VAYREDA1950 Mediterranean and thermo-atlantic perennial salt-marsh scrub Salicornieteafruticosae BR.-BL. et R. Tx. 1943 (art. 8) Salicornietea BR.-BL et R. TX. in BR.-BL. et al. 1952 (art. 31) Arthrocnemeteafruticosi sensu auct. (art. 30) Sarcocornieteafruticosae sensu anct. (art. 30) Species: Aeluropus lagopoides, Artemisia caerulescens subsp, gallica, Arthrocnemum macrostachyum, Atriplex (portulacoides*, verrucifera), Bupleurum gracile, Cistanche phelypaea, Frankenia corymbosa, Gypsophila perfoliata, Halocnemum strobilaceum, Lepidium cardamines, Limoniastrum monopetalum, Limonium (auriculae-ursifolium, bellidifolium, brevipetiolatum, caesium, catalaunicum, compactyonis, costae, delicatulum (subsp. delicatulum, subsp, angustibracteatum), densissimum, dichotomum, diffusum, erectum, etruscum,ferulaceum,formenterae,furfuraceum, gerardianum, gibertii, intermedium, latibracteatum, legrandii, ramosissimum subsp, siculum, retusum, ruizii, supinum, viciosoi, virgatum*), Petrosimonia (brachiata*, oppositifolia*), PuccineUia festuciformis (subsp. convoluta, subsp, festuciformis), Salicornia (fruticosa, perennis subsp, perennis and subsp, alpini), Senecio auricula, Suaeda vera*. Lit.: DE BOLOS Y VAYREDA (1950), BRAUN-BLANQUETet al. (1952), RIVAS-MART[NEZet al. (1984), RIVAS-MARTfNEZ& COSTA (1984), GI~HU(1994). Juncetea maritimi R. Tx. et OBERD. 1958 Perennial maritime meadows and related herb-rich salt-marshes Astero-Salicornietea DIJK et al. 1942 (art. 1, 3c) "PuccineUio-Salicornietea" sensu WESTHOFFet al. 1946 non TOPA 1939 (pseudonym) Asteretea tripolii WESTHOFFet BEEFTINKin BEEFTINK 1962 (art. 29) Plantagini-Triglochinetea GI~HUet R. Tx. ex J.-M. G~I-IUet GI~HU-FRANCK1992 (art. 29) Species: Aeluropus littoralis, Armeria maritima, Artemisia (caerulescens, maritima), Aster tripolium*, Blysmus rufus, Carex (divisa*, extensa, halophila, mackenziei, paleacea, salina, subspathacea, ursina, vacillans), Elymus elongatus, Erianthus ravennae, Frankenia laevis, Gentianella detonsa, Glaux maritima*, lmperata cylindrica*, Juncus (acutus, gerardii*, heldreichianus, littoralis, maritimus), b'mbarda crithmoides*, Limonium (densiflorum, dictyocladum, humile, latifolium, lychnidifolium, narbonense, serotinum, sinuatum, vulgare), Plantago crassifolia, Poa subcaerulea, Potentilla anserina subsp, egedii, Primula nutans, PuccineUia (distans subsp, borealis, festuciformis*, maritima, phryganodes), Schoenus nigricans*, Scirpoides holoschoenus*, Sonchus maritimus, Spergularia marina, Stellaria humifusa, Triglochin (barrelieri, maritima). 128 L. Mucina Note: Especially Dutch authors (e.g.J.H.J. SCHAMINI~E,p~r$. comm.) suggest separation of the Atlantic Asteretea tripolii and the Mediterranean Juncetea maritirai as classes of their own right. This question is pending a large-scale syntaxonomic revision. Lit.: TOXEN & OBERDORFER(1958), BEEFTINK(1962, 1968), TOXEN (1991), GI~HU& GflHU-FRANCK (1992), G~HU (1994), GI~ItU& BIONDI (1994). Honckenyo-ElymeteaR. TX. 1966 Vegetation of embryonic shifting dunes of Atlantic, North Sea and Baltic coasts Elymetea arenarii GI~HU1964 (art. 8) Honckenyo-Leymetea arenarii (R. Tx. 1966) JULVE 1993 (art. 30) Species: Crambe maritima*, Elyrnus farctus subsp, boreati-atlanticus, Festuca richardsonii, Honckenya peploides, Lathyrus japonicus, Leymus arenarius, Petasites spurius, Silene maritima subsp, islandica. Note: Some authors (e.g. Po'rr 1995) doubt the status of this class, in particular for the plant communities of the German coasts. The concept in its original form (TOXEN 1966) can probably hold only for the coasts of Boreal and Arctic Europe (as well as North America and Japan). Lit.: TUXEN (1966), HADAC(1970), GI~HU(1994). Ammophiletea BR.-BL. et R. TX. ex WESTHOFF et al. 1946 Vegetation of white and grey coastal sand dunes of Atlantic-Mediterranean distribution Ammophiletea R. TX. in KNAPP 1943 (art. I) Ammophiletea BR.-BL. et R. TX. 1943 (art. 8) Helichryso-CrucianeUetea maritimae J.-M. GI~HUet al. in BON et J.-M. GI~HU1973" Helichryso-CrucianeUetea maritimae J.-M. GI~HUet al. in J.-M. GI~HU1975" Euphorbio-Ammophiletea arundinaceae J.-M. GI~HUet J. G~HU 1988 (art. 29) Species: Aetheorhiza bulbosa*, Ammocalamagrostis baltica, Ammophila (arenaria subsp, arenaria*, arundinacea), Androcymbium rechingeri, Anthemis peregrina*, Armeria pungens, Artemisia campestris subsp. maritima, Astrodaucus littoralis, Aurinia uechtritziana, Calystegia soldanella, Carex (arenaria*, ligerica), Centaurea (arenaria, kilaea, megalophila, pumilio, sonchifolia, sphaerocephala), Crucianella latifolia, Cyperus capitatus, Echinophora spinosa, Elymus (farctus suhsp, farctus, repens subsp, elongatiformis), Ephedra distachya*, Eryngium maritimum, Euphorbia paralias, Helichrysum (italicum *, stoechas*), Iberis procumbens, lpomoea stolonifera, Leymus racemosus (subsp. racemosus, subsp, sabulosus), Lobularia maritima*, Lygos raetam subsp, gussonei, Medicago marina, Ononis (crispa, natrix subsp, ramasissima, variegata), Otanthus maritimus, Pancratium (illyricum, maritimum), Pycnocomon rutifolium, Rouya polygama, Scrophularia ramossissima, Silene (succulenta subsp, corsica, thymifolia), Sporobolus pungens, Stachys (maritima, spinosa). Lit.: WESTHOFFet al. (1946), GI~HU(1994), G~riu & BIONDI(1994). Chasmophytic vegetation Asplenietea trichomani$(BR.-BL in MEIER el BR.-BL 1934) OBERD. 1977 Chasmophytic vegetation of rock faces, fissures and ledges Asplenietea rupestria BR.-BL. in MEIER et BR.-BL. 1934 (art. 34) Parietarienea muralis RIVAS-MARTfNEZet RIVASGODAYet at. 1954 (art. 34) Parietarietea rupestria RIVASGODAY 1955 (art. 34) Polypodietea JURKO et PECtAR 1963 (art. 8) Parietarietea RIVAS-MARTfNEZex RIVASGODAY 1964 (syntax. syn.) Cymbalario-Parietarietea diffusae OBERD. in OBERD.et al. 1967 (art. 8) "Asplenietea septentrionalis GAMS 1933" sensu SCHUMACKER1971 (phantom) Phagnalo saxatilis-Rumicetea indurati (RIVAS GODAY et ESTEVE 1972) RIVAS-MARTfNEZet al. 1973 (syntax. syn.) Anomodonto-Polypodietea RIVAS-MARTINEZ1975 (syntax. syn.) Parietarieteajudaicae (OBERD. in OBERD. et al. 1967) OBERD. 1977 (art. 29) Petromaruletea pinnatae ZAFFRAN ! 990 (art. 5, 8) Classes of European vegetation 129 Rupicapro-Cheilanthetea maderensis LACOURTin J.-M. Gl~rlU 1992 (art. 5, 8) Umbilico-Cheilanthetea LOVRI~ 1994 (art. 3c, 5, 8) Species: AchiUea (abrotanoides, ageratifolia, fraasii, lucana, oxyloba subsp, mucronulata), AUium bourgeaui, Alyssoides utriculata, Amphoricarpus neumayeri (subsp. murkeckii, subsp, neumayeri), Androsace (hausmannii, helvetica, lactea, vandellii), Andryala ragusina*, Anogramma leptophylla, Anthirrhinum (siculum, hispanicum, majus, sempervirens), Aquilegia (dinarica, ottonis), Arabis (bryoides, hornungiana, stellulata), Arenaria (balearica, gracilis, halacsyi, humifusa, huteri), Artemisia eriantha, Asperula (baldaccii, calabra, capitata, doerfleri, gussonii, rupestris, scutellaris), Asplenium (adiantum-nigrum, aegaeum, ceterach subsp. bivalens and subsp, ceterach, cret&um,fontanum,jahandiezii, lepidum subsp, haussknechtii and subsp, lepidum, majoricum, obovatum subsp, lanceolatum and subsp, obovatum, petrarchae, ruta-muraria subsp, dolomiticum and subsp, ruta-muraria, scolopendrium, seelosii subsp, glabrum and subsp, seelosii, septentrionale, toreziense, trichomanes, viride), Astragalus rupifragus, Athamanta (hispanica, macedonica, sicula), Aubreta (deltoidea, columnae, gracilis), Aurinia saxatilis subsp, orientalis, Ballota rupestris, Bellium bellidioides, Bolanus graecus, Brassica (cretica, incana, macrocarpa ), Bupleurum (dianthifolium, petraeum, stellatum ), Campanula (carnica, cespitosa,fenestrellata subsp, fenestrellata and subsp, istriaca,fragilis subsp, cavolinii, garganica, herzegovina, hispanica, lingulata, morettiana, pollinensis, poscharskyana, praesignis, pyramidalis, raineri, scheuchzeri, tanfani, thessala, velebitica, zoysii), Capparis spinosa (subsp. rupestris, subsp, spinosa), Carex (brachystachys, ornithopodioides*), Centaurea (alba subsp, caliacrae, cuspidata, incompta, nicolai, ornata subsp, saxicola, ragusina, rechingeri), Centranthus ruber (subsp. sibthorpii, subsp, ruber), Cerastium thomasii, Cerinthe tristis, Chaenarrhinum origanifolium subsp, origanifolium, Cheilanthes (acrostica, catanensis, guanchica, hispanica, maderensis, persica, pulcheUa, tinei), Convolvulus cneorum, Cosentinia vellea, Crepis (jacquinii, triasii), Cryptogramma stelleri, Cymbalaria (aequitriloba, muralis, pallida), Cystopteris (alpina, dickieana, fragilis), Daphne (alpina subsp, scopoliana, malyana), Dethawia tenuifolia, Dianthus (fruticosus, knappii, lusitanicus, rupicola), Draba (dedeana, dubia, incana, sauteri, tomentosa), Edraianthus (dinaricus, pumilio, serpyllifolius, wettsteinii), Epilobium collinum, Erigeron (gaudinii, karwinskianus), Erinus alpinus, Eritrichium nanum, Erodium reichardii, Erysimum (cheiri, corinthium, rhaeticum), Festuca (alpina, stenantha), Fibigia triquetra, Frangula rupestris, Galium firmum, Haberlea rhodopensis, Helichrysum (nebrodense, rupestre*), Hieracium (amplexicaule, bupleuroides, humile, montenegrinum, plumosum, portanum, symphytifolium), Hippocrepis balearica, Hylotelephium maximum, Hymenophyllum tunbringense, Hyoscyamus aureus, Hypericum (amplexicaule, hircinum ), lberis semperflorens, lnula verbascifolia (subsp. aschersoniana, subsp, heterolepis, subsp, methanea, subsp, verbascifolia), Iris (illyrica, reichenbachii), Jankea heldreichii, Jasione foliosa, Jovibarba heuffelii, Kernera saxatilis (subsp. boissieri, subsp, saxatilis), Lafuentea rotundifolia, Lapiedra martinezii, Leucanthemum chloroticum, Limonium todaroanum, Linurn montanum, Lithodora rosmarinifolia, Lomelosia crenata subsp, dallaportae, Melica minuta, Micromeria (cristata,filiformis, kernerii, microphylla), Minuartia (cherlerioides, graminifolia subsp, clandestina and subsp, graminifolia, saxifraga), Moehringia (bavarica, dielslana, diversifolia, glaucovirens, markgrafii, muscosa, papulosa, villosa), Moltkla petraea, Mucizonia hispida, Murbeckiella boryi, Naufraga balearica, Notholaena marantae, Onosma frutescens, Parietaria (judaica, lusitanica, mauretanica), Petrocallis pyrenaica, Petrocoptis (crassifolia, grandiflora, pyrenaica subsp, glaucifolia), Phagnalon (saxatilis subsp, graecus and subsp, saxatilis, sordidum), Physoplexis comosa, Phyteuma scheuchzeri, Picris hispidissima, Polygonum icaricum, Polypodium (cambricum, interjectum, macaronesicum, vulgare), Portenschlagiella ramosissima, Potentilla (alchimiUoidis, apennina subsp, apennina and subsp, stojanovii, caulescens, cluslana, doerfleri, haynaMiana, nitida, speciosa, visianii), Primula (hirsuta, kitaibeliana, tyrolensis, villosa), Pseudofumaria lutea, Ptilostemon (chamaepeuce, gnaphaloides), Ptychotis saxifraga, Putoria calabrica, Ramonda (myconi, nathaliae, serbica), Ranuneulus spicatus, Rhamnus (intermedia, orbiculata, pumila), Sarcocapnos (crassifolia, enneaphylla), Saxifraga (arachnoidea, burseriana, callosa subsp, callosa, canaliculata, continentalis, corsica subsp, corsica and subsp. cossoniana, corymbosa, cotyledon, crustata, cuneata, exarata subsp, ampullacea, facchinii, federici-augusti subsp, federici-augusti and subsp, grisebachii, juniperifolia, marginata, media, mutata subsp, demissa, nevadensis, paradoxa, pentadactylis subsp, willkommiana, porophylla, presolanensis, sancta, spruneri, squarrosa, stribrnyi, tombaenensis, trifurcata, trifurcata, vandeUii), Scabiosa limonifolia, Scilla hughii, Sedum (dasyphyllum, hispanicum), Seseli (bocconii, gummiferum), Sibthorpia africana, Silene (fruticosa, lerchenfeldiana, macrantha, parnassica, rupestris, saxifraga, veselskyi), Spiraea decumbens subsp, tomentosa, Stachys canescens, Streptorhamphus tuberosus, Tanacetum cinerariifolium, Teucrium buxifolium, Thymus 130 L. Mucina richardii subsp, nitidus, Trinia crithmifolia, Trisetum (alpestre, bertolonii, velutinum), Umbilicus (chloranthus, gaditanus, horizontalis, rupestris), Valeriana (saxatilis, tripteris), Viola kosa~inii, Woodsia (alpina, ilvensis, pulchella), Wulfenia baMaccii, Xerolekia speciosissima. Note: The name "Onosmetea frutescentis" cited by Q ~ l . (1964:299 & 305) should be considered a misspelling as the author uses the rank order with that name. He uses this name in correct form (Onosmetalia frutescentis) on p. 311 of the same paper. Lit: MEIER & BRAUN-BLANQU~ (1934), JURKO& PECIAR (1963), QU~7~l (1964), IOVAS-MARTtNEZ (1978a), DmRSS~.N(1992), VALACHOVlCet al. (1995), DIMOPOULOSet al. (1997). Adiantetea BR.-BL. 1 Chasmophytic, fern- and moss-rich communities of water-sprayed and water-flushed rocky surfaces of Mediterranean Europe Adiantetea BR.-BL. et R. TX. 1943 (art. 8) Adiantetea BR.-BL. et al. 1947 (art. 8) Adiantetea LEBRUNet al. 1949 (art. 8) Adiantetea BR.-BL. ex BR.-BL. et al. 1952 (art. 31) Species: Adiantum (capillus-veneris, reniforme),Asplenium (sagittatum, scolopendrium* ), Calypogeia fissa, Cardamine caldeirarum, Conocephalum conicum*, Cratoneuron (commutatum*, filicinum*), Didymodon tophaceus, Eucladium verticillatum*, Homalia lusitanica, Hydrogonium ehrenbergii, Hype ricum nummularium, Lithodora oleifolia, Lyperia canariensis, Pellia endiviifolia, Pinguicula (coenocantabrica, longifolia*, vallisneriifolia), Pohlia wahlenbergii var. calcarea, Ptetis vittata, Samolus valerandi*, Soleirolia soleirolii, Thamnobryum alopecurum, Woodwardia radicans*. Lit.: BRAUN-BLANQUET(1948), BRAUN-BLANQUETet al. (1952), BRULLOet al. (1989). Thlaspietea rotundifolii BR.-BL. 1948 Vegetation of screes, gravel river-banks and related habitats Seslerio-Arabidetea alpinae HADACet KLIKA in KLIKAet HADAC 1944 nora. ambig, propos. (art. 36) "Thlaspeetea rotundifolii'" BR.-BL. in BR.-BL. et al. 1947 (art. 8) Myricario-Thlaspietea rotundifolii OBERD. 1949 (art. 8) Epilobio-Thlaspietea MOOR 1958 (art. 29) Violetea calaminariae R. TX. in LOHMEYERet al. 1962 (art. 8) Drypetea spinosae QU~7_~L1964 (syntax. syn.) Salicetea retusae-serpyllifoliae LAKU~I~ 1968" Galeopsio-Achnatheretea calamagrostis LACOURTin J.-M. GI~HU 1992 (art. 5, 8) Epilobietea dodonaei-fleischeri LACOURTin J.-M. GI~I-IU1992 (art. 5, 8) Species: Achillea (abrotanoides, atrata, chamaemelifolia, ctusiana, erba-rotta subsp, moschata, nana, oxyloba subsp, mucronulata and subsp, oxyloba, subsp, schurii), Achnatherum calamagrostis, Adenostyles alpina, Adonis distorta, Aethionema (saxatile subsp, oreophilum and subsp, saxatile, thoma~ianum), Atchemilla (decumbens, incisa), Allium (narcissiflorum, palentinum), Alopecurus alpinus*, Alyssum (bertolonii subsp. bertolonii and subsp, scutarinum, cuneifolium, diffusum, handelii, lapeyrousianum, ovirense, repens, scardicum, wulfenianum), Anarrhinum bellidifolium, Androsace (alpina, ciliata, pubescens, wulfeniana), Andryala ragusina, Anemone baMensis, Anthemis carpatica subsp, pyrethriformis, Anthriscus fumarioides, Aquilegia (bertolonii, einseleana, pyrenaica subsp, guarensis and subsp, pyrenaica), Arabis alpina subsp. alpina and subsp, caucasica, caerulea,ferdinandi-coburgi),Arenaria (bertolonii, ciliata subsp, pseudofrigida, conferta subsp, conferta and subsp, serpentini, grandiflora*, norvegica, rotundifolia), Arrhenatherum elatius subsp, sardoum*, Artembcia (genipi, norvegica), Asperula muscosa, Asplenium fissurn, Athamanta cretensis, Berardia subacaulis, Biscutella (]lexuosa, intermedia), Borderea pyrenaica, Brassica repanda subsp, repanda, Braya (alpina, linearis, purpurascens), Bunium (alpinum subsp, macuca, montanum), Calamagrostis pseudophragmites*, Calamintha nepeta subsp, glandulosa, Campanula (albanica subsp, albanica, alpestris, carpatica, cenisia, cochlearifolia*, hawkinsiana, pulla, speciosa, velebitica, willkommii), Cardamine (beUidifolia, glauca, maritima, resedifolia), Carduus (aurosicus, carlinoides), Carex parviflora, Carum heldreichii, Centaurea (parlatoris subsp, nigra, prolongi, rupestris subsp, ceratophylla), Centranthus (angustifolius, lecoqii, longiflorus subsp, kellereri), Cerastium (alpinum, arvense subsp, glandulosum, subsp. Classes of European vegetation 131 lerchenfeldianum and subsp, molle, carinthiacum, dinaricum, illyricum, latifolium, nigrescens subsp, arcticus, pedunculatum, thomasii, tomentosum, uniflorum), Chaenarrhinum glareosum, Chlorocrepis staticifolia, Chondrilla chondriUoides, Chrysosplenium tetrandrum, Cirsium glabrum, Cochlearia aragonensis, Coincya recurvata subsp, nevadensis, Conopodium bunioides, Crambe filiformis, Crepis (aurea, pygmaea subsp. pygmaea, terglouensis), Cryptogramma crispa, Cystopteris montana, Degenia velebitica, Delphinium oxysepalum, Dianthus (integer subsp, minutiflorus, waldsteinii), Doronicum (carpetanum, columnae, glaciale, grandiflorum), Draba (dovrensis, fladnizensis, glabeUa, hoppeana, incana, nivalis), Dryopteris (expansa, oreades, submontana, tyrrhena, villarii), Drypis (jacquiniana, spinosa), Echium albicans, Epilobium (dodonaei, fleischeri, lanceolatum, latifolium), Erigeron acer subsp, angulosus, Erucastrum nasturtiifolium, Eryngium glaciale, Erysimum humile, Euphorbia (capitulata, deflexa, myrsinites, rigida, spinosa), Euphrasia lapponica, Festuca (alpina subsp, briquetii, borderi, dimorpha, glacialis, intercedens, laxa, pulchella subsp, jurana, pyrenaica, spectabilis), Galeopsis (angustifolia, ladanum, pyrenaica, segetum), Galium (baMense, cespitosum, cometerhizon, cyllenicum, fleurotii, magellense, megalospermum, noricum, obliquum, pyrenaicum, stojanovii, timeroy, truniacum), Gentiana frigida, Geranium (aristatum, dalmaticum, macrorrhizum), Geum reptans, Gnaphalium (hoppeanum, pichleri), Grafia golaka, Gymnocarpium robertianum, Gypsophila repens, Heracleum sphondylium (subsp. alpinum, subsp, orsinii, subsp, pyrenaicum), Hemiaria alpina, Hieracium porrifolium, Holcus caespitosus, Hypochaeris robertia*, Iberis (aurosica, bernardiana, ciliata, linifolia subsp. linifolia and subsp, violetii, spathulata subsp, spathulata), lsatis (allionii, tinctoria), Lactuca graeca, Lamium garganicum*, Laserpitium gallicum, Leontodon (berinii, carpetanus, montaniformis, montanus), Leucanthemum (atratum subsp, ceratophylloides and subsp, halleri, laciniatum), Ligusticum (albanicum, ferulaceum), Linaria (alpina, badalii,faucicola, glacialis, glauca subsp, bubanii, propinqua, purpurea, repens, saxatilis, simplex, supma), Lomelosia crenata subsp, crenata, Microrrhinum minus, Minuartia (austriaca, biflora, cerastifolia, rubella), Moehringia ciliata, Murbeckiella pinnatifida, Myosotis (ambigens, suaveolens), Myricaria germanica*, Nepeta nepetella, Onosma stellulata, Oxyria digyna, Papaver (alpinum - all subsp., lapeyrousianum, radicatum), Paronychia polygonifolia, Pedicularis asplenifolia, Peltaria alliacea, Petasites paradoxus, Pimpinella tragium, Platycapnos saxicola, Poa cenisia subsp, cenisia, subsp, contracta and subsp. sardoa, flexuosa, laxa, minor, pirinica, psychrophila), Polemonium boreale, Polygonum alpinum, Polystichum lonchitis*, Potentilla (brauniana, hyparctica), Pritzelago alpina (subsp. alpina, subsp, auerswaldii, subsp. brevicaulis), Pseudofumaria alba subsp, leiosperma, Ptilostemon (afer, niveus), Ptychotis saxifraga, Ranuneulus (alpestris subsp, alpestris and subsp, traunfellneri, brevifolius, curinthiacus, glacialis, gouanii, hayekii, oreophilus, pamasifotius subsp, favargerii and subsp, heterocarpus, seguieri subsp, montenegrinus and subsp. seguieri), Reseda (complicata, glauca, gredensis), Rhodiola rosea*, Rumex (nivalis, scutatus, suffruticosus), Sagina saginoides subsp, nevadensis, Salix (reticulata, retusa), Santolina oblongifolia, Saponarla calabrica, Satureja cuneifolla, Saussurea alpina subsp, depressa, Saxifraga (androsacea, aphylla, biflora, blavii, bryoides, carpatica, cemua, cespitosa, depressa, exarata subsp, exarata, glabella, hirsuta subsp, paucicrenata, hypnoides, oppositifolia subsp, blepharophylla, subsp, oppositifolia, subsp, rudolphiana and subsp, speciosa, pedemontana subsp, cymosa, praetermissa, pubescens subsp, iratiana, rivularis, rosacea subsp, sponhemica, sedoides subsp. hohenwartii, subsp, prenja and subsp, sedoides, seguieri, spathularis, tenuis, wahlenbergii), Scrophularia (canina subsp, bicolor, subsp, canina and subsp, hoppii, crithmifolia, heterophylla subsp, laciniata, myriophylla), Sedum (atratum, grisebachii subsp, flexuosum, magellense), Senecio (ambiguus, carpetanus, leucophyllus, pyrenaicum, rupestris, siculus, thapsoides), Seseli malyi, Sesleria (ovata*, robusta*, tenerrima* ), Silene (caesia, foetida, hausknechtii, herminii, inaperta, multicaulis, tatarica, uniflora subsp, glareosa and subsp, prostrata), Soldanella (alpina subsp, pyrolaefolia, austriaca), Spergula viscosa, Taraxacum pacherii, Teesdaliopsis conferta, Teucrium botrys, Thlaspi (beUidifolium, cepaeifolium, rotundifolium subsp, minimum and subsp, rotundifolium, stylosum), Thymus (comosus, pulcherrimus, serpyllum subsp, tanaensis), Trifolium (pallescens, saxatile, wettsteinii), Trisetum (argenteum, distichophyllum, hispidum, spicatum), Valeriana (bertiscea, elongata, montana, saliunca, saxatilis subsp, pancicii), Veronica (aragonensis, baumgartenii, mampodrensis, nummularia, satureoides), Vincetoxicum hirundinaria (subsp. lusitanicum, subsp. hirundinaria*), Viola (calcarata subsp, zoysii, cenisia, crassiuscula, diversifolia, dubyana, grisebachiana, magellensis), Vitaliana primuliflora, Xatardia scabra. Lit: BRAUN-BLANQUET (1948), QUI~ZEL (1964), RIVAS-MARTiNEZ et al. (1991), DIERSSEN (1992), DIMOPOULOSet al. (1997), VALACHOVld et al. (1997). 132 L. Mucina Arctic and alpine vegetation Loiseleurio-Vaccinietea EGGLER ex SCHUBERT 1960 Dwarf-shrub alpine and subalpine heathland of boreal and arctic Europe Loiseleurio-Vaccinietea EGGLER 1952 (art. 8) Loiseleurio-Cetrarietea SUZUKI-TOKIOet UMEZUin SUZUKI-TOK101964 (syntax. syn.) Vaccinio-Juniperetea communis PASSARGEet HOFFMANN 1968 (art. 8) Salici-Betuletea nanae KHUSAINOVin KHUSAINOVet al. 1989 (art i) Calluno-Vaccinietea myrtilli DE FOUCAULT1990 p.p. (art. 5, 8) Roso pendulinae-Pinetea mugo THEURILLAT1994 (art. 3b, 5, 8) Roso pendulinae-Pinetea mugo THEURILLATin THEURILLATet al. 1985 p.p. (syntax. syn.) Species: Alectoria ochroleuca*, Arctostaphylos alpina, Betula nana*, Bruckenthalia spiculifolia, Cetraria nivalis*, Cladonia (bellidiflora*, carneola, stellaris*, uncialis*), Diapensia lapponica, Dicranum fuscescens, Empetrum (hermaphroditum, nigrum*), Gymnomitrium concinnatum*, Hieracium (alpinum*, intybaceum), Hierochlo~" alpina*, Loiseleuria procumbens, Lycopodium clavatum subsp, monostachyum, Nephroma arcticum, Ochrolechia frigida*, Pedicularis lapponica, Phyllodoce caerulea, Pinus mugo*, Rhododendron (ferrugineum, myrtifolium), Salix (glaucosericea, helvetica, laggeri), Sempervivum wulfenii, Sphaerophorus globosus, Stereocaulon paschale, Tetralophozia setiformis, Thamnolia vermicularis*, Vaccinium gaultherioides. Note 1: The publication of the Loiseleurio-Vaccinietea by EGGLER(1952) is invalid as the author has not provided bibliographic references to any of the subordinate syntaxa (Loiseleurio-Vaccinietalia and 9 alliances). Note 2: DIERSSEN (1992: 221-223) suggested placing the Phyllodoco-Vaccinion NORDHAGEN 1936- an alliance of chionophilous scrub of the montane to lower alpine belts of southern Scandinavia - into the Vaccinio-Piceetea. Lit.: EGGLER(1952), SCHUBERT(1960), SUZUKI-TOKIO(1964), HADAC(1972), GUNNLAUGSD6~ ( i 985), DIERSSEN (1992), THEURILLATet al. (1995), KOROLEVA(1994), DIERSSEN(1996). Salicetea herbaceae BR.-BL. 1948 Snow-bed communities on siliceous substrates Salicetea herbaceae BR.-BL. et al. 1947 (art. 8) Species: Alchemilla pentaphyllea, Alopecurus alpinus, Anthelia juratzkana, Arenaria biflora, Athalamia hyalina, Cardamine bellidifolia (subsp. alpina, subsp, bellidifolia), Carex (foetida, pyrenaica, rufina), Cussiope hypnoides, Cephalozia ambigua, Cerastium (cerastioides, nigrescens subsp, arcticum, regelii), Conostomum tetragonum, Deschampsia cespitosa subsp, alpina, Draba (alpina, corymbosa, lactea), GentianeUa albanica, Gnaphalium supinum*, Gymnomitrium coralloides*, Kiaeria (falcata, starkei), Luzula (alpinopilosa*, arctica, arcuata, confusa), Marsupella brevissima, Minuartia rossii, Moerckia blyttii, Plantago gentianoides, Pleurocladula albescens, Poa (arctica, granitica subsp, disparis ), Pohlia drummondii, Polytrichum sexangulare, Psilopilum cavifolium, Racomitrium sudeticum*, Ranunculus (acris subsp, borealis, crenatus, glacialis, nivalis, pygmaeus, sulphureus), Sagina cespitosa, Salix (herbacea, polaris), Sauteria alpina, Saxifraga (flagetlaris, nivalis, rivularis), Sedum alpestre, Sibbaldia procumbens, Soldanella (carpatica, pusilla), Solorina crocea, Stellaria crassipes, Taraxacum croceum, Viola alpina. Lit.: BRAUN-BLANQUET(1948), DIERSSEN(1992), KOROLEVA(1994). Juncetea trifidi HADA(~ 1946 Siliceous alpine and boreal grasslands Juncetea trifuti HADA~ et KLIKAin KLIKAet HADA~ 1944 (art. 8) Caricetea curvulae BR.-BL. in BR.-BL. et al. 1947 (art. 8) Caricetea curvulae BR.-BL. 1948 (syntax. syn.) Species: Agrostis (mertensii, rupestris, schraderiana), Alchemilla alpina, Alopecurus gerardii*, Androsace (carnea, obtusifolia), Anthemis carpathica*, Asperula aristata subsp, condensata, Avenula versicolor, Barbilophozia binsteadii, Bellardiochloa violacea, Bupleurum stellatum, Campanula (alpina, barbata, ficaroides, radicosa, spathulata subsp, spathulata* ), Carex (aterrima, bigelowii, brunnescens, curvula subsp. curvula, fuliginosa, sempervirens*), Centaurea uniflora subsp, nervosa, Cetraria delisei, Cladonia (bellidiflora*, ecmocyna), Convolvulus libanoticus, Crocus (sieberi*, veluchensis), Dianthus (glacialis subsp. Classes of European vegetation 133 g elidus, multinervis, scardicus ), Diaphasiastrum alpinum, Eri geron alpinus, Euphrasia minima, Festuca ( eskla, halleri subsp, haUeri and subsp, rilo~nsis, nigricans, paniculata, picturata, pseudodura, supinu, varia, versicolor subsp, versicolor), Gentiana (acaulis, alpina, punctata, purpurea), Geum montanum, Herniaria parnassica subsp, parnassica, Hieracium (glanduliferum, piliferum), Hypochaeris uniflora, Jasione laevis subsp. orbiculata, Juncus trifidus, Koeleria hirsuta, Laserpitium haUeri, Leontodon (croceus subsp, rila~nsis, pyrenaicus subsp, helveticus and subsp, pyrenaicus), Leucanthemopsis alpina, Luzula (alpinu, lutea, nutans), Lychnis alpina, Minuartia (recurva, sedoides), Oreochloa disticha, Paradisea liliastrum, Pedicularis (kerneri, pyrenaica, recutita, tuberosa), Phyteuma (betonicifolium, confusum, hemisphaericum), Plantago serpentina, P oa media, PotentiUa ( aurea subsp, aurea and subsp, chrysocraspeda,frigida, grandiflora ), Primula (daonensis, integrifolia, minima*), Pulsatilla (alba, alpina subsp, apiifolia, vernulis), Ranunculus pyrenaeus, Saponaria pumila, Scleranthus perennis subsp, marginatus, Senecio (abrotanifolius subsp, carpaticus, incanus subsp. carniolicus), Sesleria comosa, Silene (roemeri, ventricosa), Trifolium (alpinum, ottonis, parnassi), Valerlana celtica, Veronica (bellidioides, kindlii). Lit.: KLIKA & HADAd (1944), HADA(~ (1946, 1972), QUl~ZEL (1964), DE FOUCAULT (1994), DIERSSF.N (1996). Ca#c/rupestris-Kobresietea bellardii OHBA 1974 Circumpolar cold-steppe and fjeld vegetation, and alpine wind-swept Kobresia grasslands Kobresio-Elynetea OBERD. 1957 (art. 3b) Species: Antennaria carpatica, Arenaria ciliata, Astragalus (alpinus, australis, norvegicus), Campanula uniflora, Carex (atrata, capillaris, curvula subsp, rosae, fuliginosa subsp, misandra, glacialis, nurdinu, parviflora, rupestris, scirpoidea), Cassiope tetragona, Chamorchis alpina*, Comastoma tenellum, Dianthus glaclalis, Draba siliquosa, Dryas octopetala, Eri geron uniflorus, Festuca pumila, Gentiana brachyphylla subsp. brachyphylla and subsp, favratii, nivalis, prostrata), Kobresia bellardii, Ligusticum mutellinoides, Lloydia serotina, Lomatogonium carinthlacum, Oxytropis (campestris subsp, tiroliensis, halleri, lapponica, triflora), Pedicularis (flammea, oederi*), Poa arctica*, Potentilla (nivea, prostrata subsp, floccosa), Rhododendron tapponicum, Salix serpyllifolia, Saussurea alpina, Silene uralensis, Viola rupestris subsp, relicta. Lit.: OBERDORFER(1957), OHBA (1974), DIERSSEN (1992, 1996). Elyno-Seslerietea BR.-BL. 1948 Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands Elyno-Seslerietea BR.-BL. in BR.-BL. et al. 1947 (art. 8) Festuco-Seslerietea BARBERO et BONIN 1969 (syntax. syn.) Seslerietea variae OBERD. 1978 (art. 29) Seslerietea albicantis OBERD. 1978 corr. 1990 (corr. superfl.; art. 29) Species: Achillea (clavenue, fraasii, holosericea, oxyloba), Acinos alpinus subsp, alpinus*, Alchemilla (anisiaca, hoppeana, nitida, pallens, plicatula), Allium (ericetorum, insubricum), Alyssum sca rdicum, Androsace (chamaejasme, viUosa), Anemone (baldensis, narcissiflora), Anthyllis (aurea, vulneraria subsp, alpestris), Arabis ciliata, Arenaria gracilis, Artemisia nitida, Asperula (aristata subsp, aristata, capitata, wettsteinii), Aster (alpinus*, bellidlastrum), Astragalus (alpinus, frigidus, penduliflorus, sempervirens subsp, gussonei), Astrantia bavarica, Athamanta turbith subsp, hungarica, Bartsia alpina, Betonica alopecuros, Biscutella laevigata*, Buphthalmum salicifolium, Bupleurum (longifolium, ranunculoides), Calamagrostis varia, Callianthemum kernerianum, Campanula (scheuchzeri*, thyrsoides), Carduus (crassifolius, defloratus, kerneri), Carex (austroalpina, baldensis, ferruginea, firma, kitaibeliana, macrolepis, mucronuta, ornithopoda, sempervirens*), Centaurea (atropurpurea, haynaldii, kotschyana, pinnatifida, scabiosa subsp, alpestris), Cerastium transsilvanicum, Coeloglossum viride, Crepis (mollis, pontana, praemorsa subsp, incarnata), Cytisus emeriflorus, Daphne striata, Dianthus (alpinus, arrostii, freynii, giganteus subsp, croaticus, haematocalyx subsp, pindicola, petraeus subsp, orbelicus, spiculifolius, sternbergii), Edraianthus graminifolius, Erigeron (atticus, candidus, glabratus), Eryngium spinualba, Euphorbia variabilis, Euphrasia salisburgensis*, Festuca (alpestris, bosniaca subsp, bosniaca and subsp, pirinica, calva, gautieri, nigricans, nitida subsp, flaccida, norica, panciciana, pulchella subsp, pulchella, quadriflora, rupicola subsp, saxatilis, versicolor subsp. brachystachys, subsp, dominii and subsp, pallidula, xanthina), Fritillaria tubiformis, Galium (anisophyllon, fatrense), Genista (holopetala, radiata), Gentiana (clusii, dinarica, froelichii, laevicalyx, terglouensis, 134 L. Mucina utriculosa, verna), Gentianella (anisodonta, aspera, crispata), Geranium cinereum subsp, subcaulescens, Globularia (cordifolia, nudicaulis, repens), Gymnadenia (conopsea, odoratissima), Helianthemum (numrnularium subsp, glabrum and subsp, grandiflorum, oelandicum subsp, alpestre and subsp, rupifragum), Helictotrichon (decorum, parlatorei, petzense, sedense, sempervirens), Heracleum austriacum (subsp. austriacum, subsp, siifolium), Hieracium (pilosum, villosum), Homogyne discolor, Horminium pyrenaicum, Hypericum richeri subsp, grisebachii, Iris reichenbachii, Juncus monanthos, Knautia (baldensis, velutina), Koeleria eriostachya, Laserpitium (nitidum, peucedanoides), Lathyrus laevigatus, Leontopodium alpinum subsp, nivale, Leucanthemum (adustum, atratum, heterophyllum), Leuzea centaureoides, Ligusticum lucidum, Lilium (carniolicum, pomponium), Linaria peloponnesiaca, Linum (capitatum, perenne subsp, alpinum and subsp, extraaxillare), Luzula glabrata, Minuartia (baldaccii, gerardii*, langii), Molinia arundinacea*, Nigritella (archiducis-joannis, lithopolitanica, nigra subsp, austriaca, rubra, stiriaca, widderi), Onobrychis montana (subsp. montana, subsp, scardica), Oxytropis (campestris subsp, campestris, carpatica, haUeri, jacquinii, prenja, pyrenaica, urumovii), Pedicularis (ascendens, brachyodonta, elegans, elongata, foliosa, gyroflexa, hoermanniana, julica, leucodon, oederi, portenschlagii, pyrenaica, rosea, rostratocapitata, rostratospicata), Peucedanum verticillare, Phleum hirsutum, Phyteuma (orbiculare, sieberi), Plantago atrata, Poa (molinieri*, rehmannii), Polygala alpestris, Potentilla (crantzii subsp, crantzii, thuringiaca), Primula (clusiana, glaucescens, spectab ilis, wulfeniana ), Pulsatilla alpina subsp, alpina, Ranunculus (gouanii, hybridus, thora), Rhinanthus glacialis, Salix pyrenaica, Saussurea (alpina, pygmaea), Saxifraga (caesia, discolor, ferdinandi-coburgi, paniculata subsp, paniculata and subsp, stabiana, tenella), Scabiosa (columbaria subsp. portae, silenifolia, vestita), Scorzonera (aristata, purpurea subsp, rosea), selaginella selaginoides, Senecio abrotanifolius, Senecio (doronicum subsp, doronicum and subsp, gerardii, papposus subsp, wagneri), Serratula nudicaulis, Sesleria (albicans, argentea, bielzii, coerulans, korabensis, sphaerocephala, tenerrimo, tenuifolia subsp, tenuifolia, wettsteinii), Silene (balcanica, sendtneri), Stachys albanica, Thesium (alpinum, kerneranum), Thlaspi dacicum, Traunsteinera globosa, Trifolium (badium, noricum, thalii), Tulipa sylvestris subsp, australis, Veronica (aphylla, fruticans* ), Viola jooi. Lit.: BRAUN-BLANQUET(1948), BARBERO & BONIN (1969). Mulgedio-Aconitetea HADA(: el KLIKA in KLIKA 1948 Subarctic-subalpine to alpine tall-grass and tall-herb grasslands and related kmmmholz Adenostyletea KNAPP 1943 (art. 1) Betulo-Adenostyletea BR.-BL. et R. TX. 1943 (art. 8) Mulgedio-Aconitetea HADAC et KLIKA in KLIKAet HADAC 1944 (art. 8) "Mugo-Alnetea viridis" EGGLER 1952 (art. 8) Aconito-Cardaminetea HADAC 1956 (art. 29) Stellario nemorum-Geranietea sylvatici NIEMANNet al. 1973 p.p.max. (art. 3b, 29) Betulo carpaticae-Alnetea viridis REJMANEK in HUML et ai. 1979 (syntax. syn.) Nardo-Calamagrost&tea villosae JENIK et al. 1980 p.p. (art. 29) Species: Achillea (distans, macrophylla, millefolium subsp, sudetica), Aconitum (lycoctonum subsp. lycoctonum, napellus subsp, napellus and subsp, tauricurn, toxicum, variegatum subsp, paniculatum and subsp. variegatum), Adenostyles (alliariae subsp, alliariae* and subsl~, hybrida, briquetii), Atchemilla (acutiloba, glabra, subcrenata), Allium victorialis, Alnus alnobetula (subsp. alnobetula, subsp, suaveolens), Angelica archangelica subsp, archangelica, Aquilegia aurea, Astrantia major, Athyrium distentifolium, Betonica jacquinii, Calamagrostis (arundinacea*, purpurea, villosa), Carduus (carduelis, personata), Carex vaginata, Centaurea montana, Cephalaria alpina*, Cerinthe glabra, Chaerophyllum (elegans, hirsutum*, vitlarsii), Cicerbita (alpina, pancicii, plumieri), Cirsium (carniolicum, spinosissimum, tenoreanum, tympheum, waldsteinii), Conioselinum tataricum, Cortusa matthioli, Crepis pyrenaica*, Dactylis glomerata subsp. slovenica, Delphinium (dubium, elatum, fissum), Doronicum (austriacum, cataractarum, corsicum, grandiflorum), Epilobium (alpestre, lactiflorum), Eryngium alpinum, Euphorbia austriaca, Festuca (carpatica, porcii, pratensis subsp, apennina), Gagea fistulosa, Gentiana lutea (subsp. symphyandra, subsp, vardjanii), Geranium sylvaticum*, Geum (bulgaricum, coccineum, molle, rivale), Heracleum (carpaticum, sphondylium subsp, elegans, subsp, ternatum and subsp, transsilvanicum), Hieracium prenanthoides, Hugueninia tanacetifolia, Hypericum maculatum*, Knautia maxima, Lactuca sibirica*, Laserpitium archangelica, Linaria peloponnesiaca, Luzula (desvauxii, parviflora), Milium effusum*, Oreopteris limbosperma, Petasites doerfleri, Classes of European vegetation 135 Peucedanum ostruthium, Phyteuma (ovatum, zahlbruckneri), Poa hybrida, Polemonium acutiflorum, caeruleum, Potentilla montenegrina, Pulmonaria (moUis subsp, alpigena, rubra), Ranunculus platanifolius, Rhodiola rosea*, Ribes (alpinum, petraeum, spicatum), Rosa pendulina, Rumex (acetosa subsp, lapponica, alpestris, alpinus), Salix (appendiculata, bicolor, caesia, daphnoides, foetida, glabra, glauca, hegetschweileri, meilichhoferi, waldsteiniana), Saxifraga rotundifolia subsp, rotundifolia*, Scrophularia scopolii*, Senecio (cacaliaster, cordatus, subalpinus), Sesleria tatrae, Silene dioica*, Sorbus (chamaemespilus, mougeotii), Stellaria (borealis, nemorum subsp, nemorum*), Streptopus amplexifolius, Tanacetum clusii, Thalictrum aquilegiifolium, Tozzia alpina, Valeriana (pyrenaica, sambucifolia), Veratrum (album, lobelianum), Verbascum longifolium, Viola (biflora*, selkirkii), Wulfenia carinthiaca. Lit.: KLIKA & HADA(~ (1944), KLIKA (1948), EGGLER (1952), HADAt~ (1956), NIEMANN et al. (1973), HUML et al. (1979), JENIK et al. (1980). Synanthropic vegetation Oryzetea sativae MIYAWAKI 1960 Weed communities of rice fields Species: Ammania (auriculata, baccifera, coccinea, verticillata), Cyperus (difformis, serotinus), Echinochloa (colona, crus-galli*, oryzoidis), Fimbristylis bisumbellata, Heteranthera reniformis, Lindera dubia*, Monochoria korsakowii, Rotala (filiformis, indica), Scirpus (mucronatus, supinus* ). Lit.: DE BOLOS & MASCLANS(1955), MWAWAKI(1960). Bidentetea tripartiti R. Tx. et al. ex VON ROCHOW 1951 Annual ruderal communities of periodically flooded, nutrient-rich riparian and related synanthropic habitats Ruderali-Secalietea cerealis BR.-BL. in BR.-BL. et al. 1936 p.p.min. (art. 3f, 36) Bidentetea tripartiti R. TX. et al. in R. TX. 1950 (art. 8) Species: Alopecurus aequalis, Bidens (cernuus, connatus, frondosus, radiatus, tripartitus), Chenopodium (ficifolium, glaucum, rubrum), Corrigiola litoralis, Persicaria (dubia, foliosa, hydropiper, lapathifolia subsp. brittingeri and lapathifolia, minor), Potentilla supina, Pulicaria vulgaris, Ranunculus sceleratus, Rorippa palustris, Rumex (maritimus, palustris), Tephroseris palustris, Xanthium (albidum, ripicola, saccharatum). Lit.: TUXEN (1950, 1979), YON ROCHOW(1951), POLl & TUXEN (1960), WISSKIRCHEN(1995). Polygono arenastri-Podtea annuae RIVAS-MARTiNEZ 1975 corr. RIVAS-MART|NEZ at al. 1991 Short-lived, trampled ruderal plant communities Coronopodo-Polygonetea avicularis LOHMEYER 1970 (art. 8) Polygono avicularis-Po~tea annuae RIVAS-MARTINEZ1975 (art. 43) Plantaginetea majoris sensu auct. (pseudonym) Species: Bryum argenteum*, Coronopus (didymus, squamatus), Gymnostyles stolonifera, Herniaria glabra*, Matricaria (aurea, discoidea), Plantago major*, Poa (anuua, infirma), Polycarpon tetraphyllum, Polygonum arenastrum, Sagina (apetala, procumbens), Sclerochloa dura, Spergularia rubra*, Trifolium suffocatum. Lit.: LOHMEYER(1970), RIVAS-MARTINEZ(1975c), RIVAS-MARTfNEZet al. (1991 ). Stellarietea mediae R. Tx. et al. ex VON ROCHOW 1951 Annual, herb-rich ruderal and agrestal communities Ruderali-Secalietea cerealis BR.-BL. in BR.-BL. et al. 1936 p.p. (art. 3f, 36) Stellarietea mediae R. TX. et al. in R. TX. 1950 (art. 8) Chenopodietea BR.-BL. 1951 (art. 8) Secalietea BR.-BL. 1951 (art. 8) Chenopodietea BR.-BL. in BR.-BL. et al. 1952 (syntax. syn.) Secalietea BR.-BL. in BR.-BL et al. 1952 (syntax. syn.) Onopordo-Sisymbrietea GORS 1966 (art. 3b) "Rudereto-Manihotetea pantropicalia" sensu O. DE BOLOS 1967 non LI~ONARDin TATON 1949 (pseudonym) Sisymbrietea G u l l ~ et HILBIG 1975 (syntax. syn.) 136 L. Mucina Chenopodietea albi RADKE 1980 (art. 5, 8) Capselletea bursae-pastoris RADKE 1980 (art. 3c, 5, 8) Species: Adonis (aestivalis, annua, flammula, micmcarpa), Aegilops (geniculata, neglecta, ventricosa), Aethusa cynapium (subsp. agrestis, subsp, cynapium, subsp, cynapioides), Agmstemma githago, Ajuga (chamaepitys, iva), Allium (nigrum, oleraceum, triquetrum, vineale), Alopecurus myosuroides, Althaea hirsuta, Alyssum (granatense, minus), Amaranthus (albus, blitoides, blitum, crispus, deflexus, graecizans, hybridus, muricatus, powellii, retroflexus, viridis), Ambrosia (artemisiifolia, trifida), Ammi majus, Anacyclus (clavatus, radlatus, valentinus), Anagallis arvensis (subsp. arvensis, subsp, latifolia), Anchusa arvensis, Andryala (arenaria, integrifolia), Anthemis (arvensis subsp, arvensis, austriaca, cotula), Anthoxanthum ovatum, Apera spica-venti, Aphanes (arvensis, australis, cornucopioides), Arctotheca calendula, Arenaria (cerastoides, hispanica), Arisarum vulgare*, Arnoseris minima, Artemisia annua, Arum italicum (subsp. italicum, subsp. neg lectum ), Asperula arvensis, Asphodelus fistulo sus, Astrag alus hamosus, Atriplex (oblongifolia, patula, rosea, sagittata, tatarica*), Avena (barbata, fatua, nuda, sterilis), Bartsia trixago, Bassia scoparia, Bifora (radians, testiculata), Biscutella auriculata, Borago officinalis, Brassica (barrelieri subsp, barrelieri and subsp. oxyrrhina, fruticulosa subsp, cossoniana and subsp, fruticulosa, nigra, rapa subsp, sylvestris, tournefortii), Bromus (arvensis, japonicus, lanceolatus, madritensis, rubens*, secalinus, squarrosus, sterilis, tectorum*, wilMenowii), Buglossoides (arvensis, splitgerberi), Bunias orientalis, Bunium bulbocastanum*, Bupleurum (lancifolium, rotundifolium), Calendula (officinalis, tripterocarpa), Camelina (microcarpa, rumelica, sativa), Cannabis ruderalis, Capsella (bursa-pastoris, grandiflora, rubella), Cardamine hirsuta, Carduus (argyroa, australis, pycnocephalus, tenuiflorus), Carrichtera annua, Catananche latea, Catapodium zwierleinii, Caucalis (bischoffii, platycarpos), Centaurea (cyanus, pullata), Centranthus (calcitrapae, macrosiphon), Cerastium (glomeratum, gracile), Ceratocapnos heterocarpa, Cerinthe (major, retorta), Chamaemelum fuscatum, Chamaesyce (canescens, humifusa, maculata, nutans, prostrata, serpens), Chenopodium (album subsp, album and subsp, borbasii, ambrosioides, botrys, giganteum, hybridum, murale, opulifolium, polyspermum, pumilio, schraderianum, stricture, suecicum, urbicum, vulvaria), Chrozophora tinctoria, Cirsium arvense*, Coincya transtagana, Conopodium capillifolium, Conringia orientalis, Consolida (ajacis, orientalis, pubescens, regalis), Convolvulus (arvensis*, meonanthus, tricolor), Conyza (albida, bonariensis, canadensis), Corispermum (canescens, leptopterum, marschallii, nitidum), Coronilla scorpioides, Crepis (capillaris, pulchra, tectorum, vesicaria subsp, vesicaria), Cuscuta campestris, Cynodon dactylon*, Cynoglossum (columnae, creticum), Cyperus (esculentus, longus, rotundus), Datura (metel, stramonium), Daucus muricatus, Delphinium staphisagria, Descurainia sophia, Digitaria (ischaemum, sanguinalis), Diplotaxis (catholica, erucoides, harra subsp, lagascana, muralis, siifolia, tenuifolia, viminea, virgata), Ecballium elaterium, Echinaria capitata, Echinochloa crus-galli*, Echium (italicum, plantagineum), Eleusine indica, Emex spinosa, Eragrostis (barrelieri, cilianensis, minor, papposa, pilosa), Erodium (laciniatum, malacoides), Eruca sativa (subsp. sativa, subsp, vesicaria ), Erysimum repandum, Euphorbia (dracunculoides, exigua, falcata, helioscopia, peplus subsp. peplus and subsp, peploMes, platyphyllos, segetalis, serrata), Evax carpetana, Fallopia convolvulus, Fedia (caput-jovis, cornucopiae, scorpioides), Filago congesta, Fumaria (agraria, bastardii, capreolata, densiflora, flabellata, gaillardotii, macrocarpa, macrosepala, officinalis subsp, o~cinalis and subsp, wirtgenii, parviflora,rostellata, schleicheri, sepium, vaillantii), Galactites tomentosa, Galeopsis bifuta, Galinsoga (ciliata, parviflora), Galium (minutulum, parisiense, spurium, tricormttum, verrucosum), Gastridium ventricosum*, Geranium (brutium, dissectum, molle, purpureum, pusillum, rotundifolium, tuberosum), Gladiolus italicus, Glaucium corniculatum, Glossopappus macrotus, Guiaraoa arvensis, Halogeton sativus, Hedysarum coronarium, Heliotropium (curassavicum, dolosum, europaeum), Hibiscus trionum, Holcus mollis*, Hordeum (leporinum, murinum ), Hyoscyamus (albus, niger), Hypecoum ( imberbe, pendulum), Hypericum triquetrif olium, lberis amara, lva xanthifolia, Kickxia (commutata, elatine, lanigera, spuria), Kundmannia sicula, Lactuca tatarica, Lamium (amplexicaule, purpureum), Lathyrus (angulatus, aphaca, cicera, clymenum, hirsutus, inconspicuus, ochrus, setifolius, tuberosus), Launaea nudicaulis, Lavatera (triloba, trimestris), Legousia (hybrida, speculum-veneris), Leontodon salzmannii, Lepidium (densiflorum, graminifolium, ruderale, virginicum), Linaria (amethystea, arvensis, hirta, latifolia, micrantha, spartea, viscosa), Lobularia lybica, Lolium rigidum, Lophochloa salzmannii, Lotus (ornithopodioides, subbiflorus, tetragonolobus), Lupinus angustifolius, Malcolmia africana, Malope trifida, Malva (empedoclis, neglecta, nicaeensis, parviflora, pusilla, sylvestris, verticillata), Matricaria chamomilla*, Medicago caput-medusae, Tanacetum microphyllum, Teesdalia coronopifolia, Teucrium spinosum, Theligonum cynocrambe*, Thlaspi arvense, Thymelaea passerina, Classes of European vegetation 137 Torilis (arvensis subsp, arvensis, subsp, neglecta and subsp, purpurea, leptophylla, nodosa), Tragus racemosus, Tribulus terrestris, Trifolium (clusii, glomeratum, nigrescens, physodes, striatum, tomentosum), Trigonella (esculenta, polyceratia), Triguera ambrosiaca, Tripleurospermum inodorum, Trisetum (ovatum, paniceum), Tulipa sylvestris subsp, sylvestris, Turgenia latifolia, Urospermum (dalechampii, picroides), Urtica (membranacea, pilulifera, urens), Vaccaria hispanica, Valerianella (discoidea, coronata, microcarpa), Veronica (agrestis, arvensis*, hederifolia, opaca, persica, polita, triloba), Vicia (benghalensis, hirsuta, hybrida, lutea, microphylla, monantha, pannonica subsp, pannonica and snbsp, striata, peregrina, sicula, tetrasperma, villosa subsp, pseudoviUosa, subsp, varia and subsp, viUosa), Viola arvensis, Volutaria lippii, Vulpia (alopecuros, geniculata ). Lit.: TUXEN(1950), VON ROCHOW(1951), RIVAS-MARTtNEZ& IZCO(1977), BRULLO& MARCEN0(1985), NEZADAL (1989), SOLOMAKHAet al. (1992), HOPPE & HOFMEISTER(1991), CANO CARMONA& GARCIA FUENTES(1994). Artemisietea vulgaris LOHMEYER el al. ex VON ROCHOW 1951 Perennial and thistle-rich (sub)xerophilous ruderal communities of temperate and mediterranean regions Ruderati-Secalietea cerealis BR.-BL. in BR.-BL. et aL 1936 p.p. (art. 3f, 36) Artemisietea vulgaris LOHMEYERet al. in R. Tx. 1950 (art. 8) Onopordo-Sisymbrietea G-ORS1966 p.p.min. (art. 3b) Onopordetea BR.-BL. 1964 (art. 8) Onopordetea acanthii FALI/(ISKI1965 (art. 8) Onopordetea BR.-BL. 1967 (syntax. syn.) Agropyretea repentis OBERD. et al. 1967 (art. 8) Agropyretea intermedii-repentis Mt3LLERet GORS 1969 (syntax. syn.) Onopordetea acantho-nervosi RIVAS-MARTfNEZ1975 (art. 29) Meliloto-Artemisietea absinthii ELIA] 1981 (syntax. syn.) Polygono-Artemisietea austriacae MIRKINet al. 1986 (art. 5, 8) Polygono-Artemisietea austriacae MIRKINet al. in ISHBIRDINet al. 1988 (syntax. syn.) Polygono-Artemisietea austriacae MIRKINet al. 1989 (art. 31) Species: AUium scorodoprasum, Anchusa (azurea, officinalis), Anthemis tinctoria, Arctium (lappa, minus, pubens, tomentosum), Armoracia rusticana, Artemisia (absinthium, austriaca*, scoparia*, verlotiorum, vulgaris), Astragalus cicer, Atractylis gummifera, Axyris amaranthoides, Ballota (hirsuta, nigra subsp,foetida, subsp, nigra and subsp, uncinata), Berteroa incana, Bonnania graeca, Bromus inermis, Cachrys'sicula, Calamagrostis epigejos*, Cardaria draba*, Carduncellus caeruleus, Carduus (acanthoides, bourgeanus, candicans, hamulosus, nigrescens, nutans), Carthamus lanatus (subsp. baeticus, subsp, lanatus), Centaurea (aspera, calcitrapa, iberica, melitensis, orientalis, ornata), Ceratocephala (falcata, testiculata), Cerinthe minor, Chenopodium (bonus-henricus, foliosum), Chondrilla juncea*, Cichorium intybus*, Cirsium (decussatum, echinatum, eriophorum, furiens, italicum, odontolepis, richteranum, scabrum, tenoreanum, vallis-demonii*, vulgate), Conium maculatum, Crepis (foetida subsp, rhoeadifolia, setosa), Cynara (cardunculus, humilis), Cynoglossum (nebrodense, officinale), Daucus carom subsp, carom, Dipsacus fuUonum, Dracocephalum thymifolium, Echinops (sphaerocephalus, strigosus), Echium (asperrimum, boissieri, pustulatum), Elymus (hispidus, repens*), Equisetum arvense*, Erigeron annuus (subsp. annuus, subsp, septentrionalis, subsp. strigosus), Falcaria vulgaris, Helminthotheca echoides, Hymenolobus pauciflorus, Krascheninnikovia ceratoides*, Lappula (deflexa, heteracantha, squarrosa), Lavatera thuringiaca, Leonurus (cardiaca, marrubiastrum), Linaria vulgaris, Linum tenue, Malva (moschata, sylvestris*), Mantisalca salmantica, Marrubium (incanum, peregrinum, vulgare), Medicago (lupulina, sativa, xvaria), Melica transsilvanica, Melilotus (albus, officinalis), Nepeta (apuleii, cataria), Notobasis syriaca, Odontites vulgaris, Oenothera (ammophila, biennis, erythrosepala, parviflora, rubricaulis, silesiaca), Onopordum (acanthium, acaule, corymbosum, iUyricum subsp, horridum and subsp, illyricum, macracanthum, nervosum, tauricum), Orobanche picridis, Peucedanum alsaticum, Phlomis herba-venti, Phytolacca americana, Picnonom acarna, Picris hieracoides subsp, hieracioides, Poa compressa*, Potentilla norvegica, Reseda (lutea*, luteola), Rumex patientia, Salvia (aethiopis, sclarea, verticillata), Saponaria officinalis, Scolymus (grandiflorus, hispanicus, maculatus), Senecio inaequidens, Silene latifolia subsp, alba, Silybum (eburneum, marianum), Sinapis pubescens, Stachys germanica, Tanacetum vulgare, Tragopogon dubius, Tussilago farfara, Tyrimnus 138 L. Mucina leucographus, Verbascum (densiflorum, macrurum, phlomoides, pulverulentum, rotundifolium, speciosum, thapsus*), Xeranthemum annuum. Lit.: TUXEN (1950), VOI,4ROCHOW (1951), BRAUN-BLANQUET(1967), OBERDORFERet al. (1967), G-ORS et MOLLER (1969), RIVAS-MARTINEZ(1975a), BRULLO et MARCEN0 (1985), MIRKIN et al. (1985, 1986), ISHBIRDINet ai. (I 988), KOROTKOVet al. (1991), SOLOMAKHAet al. (1992), LOID; et al. (1996). Galio-Urticetea PASSARGE ex KOPECK~ 1969 Nitrophilous synanthropic herb-rich communities of shaded woodland and riparian fringes, and Robinia dominated shrubbery and low-grown groves Ruderali-Secalietea cerealis BR.-BL. in BR.-BL. et al. 1936 p.p. (art. 3f, 36) Robinietea JURKO 1963 (art. 8) Galio-Urticetea PASSARGE 1967 (art. 3b) Stellario nemorum-Geranietea sylvatici NIEMANNet al. 1973 p.p. min. (art. 3b) Robinietea JURKOex HADAd et SOFRON 1980 (syntax. syn.) Filipendulo-Calystegietea sepium J.-M. GI~HUet Gi~Hu-FRANCK 1987 p.p.* Aegopodietea podagrariae RADKE 1980 (art. 5, 8) Species: Aegopodium podagraria, Alliaria petiolata, Anthriscus (caucalis, nemorosa, nitida, trichosperma), Barbarea bracteosa, Bryonia alba, Calystegia sepium, Carduus crispus, Cephalaria pilosa, Chaerophyllum (aromaticum, aureum, bulbosum, temulum), Chelidonium majus, Cruciata laevipes, Cucubalus baccifer, Cuscuta europaea, Cynanchum acutum, Cynoglossum germanicum, Echinocystis lobata, Epilobium (hirsutum, parviflorum), FaUopia (aubertii, dumetorum,japonica, sachalinensis), Galium aparine, Geranium (pyrenaicum, robertianum, aleppicum, urbanum), Glechoma hederacea, Heracleum mantegazzianum, Humulus lupulus, Impatiens (glandulifera, noli-tangere, parviflora), Lamium (album, bifidum, maculatum), Lepidium hirtum subsp, nebrodense, Melilotus altissima, Myosoton aquaticum, Parietaria officinalis, Petasites (albus, hybridus*), Robinia pseudacacia, Rubus caesius, Rudbeckia laciniata, Salvia glutinosa, Sambucus ebulus, Scrophularia umbrosa, Senecio sarracenicus, Sisymbrium strictissimum, Solenanthus apenninicus, Solidago (canadensis, gigantea, graminifolia), Sonchus palustris, Stachys sylvatica, Stellaria pallida, Taraxacum gasparrinii, Urtica dioica, Veronica sublobata. Lit.: JURKO (1963), PASSARGE(1967), KOPECKS'(1969), HADA~ & SOFRON(1980). Epilobietea angustifolii R. Tx. et PREISING ex VON ROCHOW 1951 Tall-herb and tall-grass communities of woodland clearings and related shrubbery Epilobietea angustifolii R. "IX. et PREISlNG in R. TX. 1950 (art. 8) Salici-Sambucetea OBERD. in OBERD. et al. 1967 (art. 8) Salicetea capreae RADKE 1980 (art. 5, 8) Galeopsio-Senecionietea sylvatici PASSARGE1981 (art. 3b) Species: Arctium nemorosum, Atropa bella-donna, Avenella flexuosa*, Betala pendula*, Calamagrostis epigejos*, Centaurium erythraea subsp, erythraea, Ceratocapnos claviculata, Digitalis (grandiflora*, purpurea), Epilobium angustifolium, Fragaria vesca, Galeopsis speciosa, Gentiana tutea subsp, montserratii, Orobanche rapum-genistae, Rubus (ammobius, arrhenii, camprostachys, flexuosus, gratus, hypomalacus, idaeus, lamprocaulos, langei, pedemontanus, plicatus, pyramidalis, schleicheri, sciocharis, silvaticus, sprengelii, vulgaris), Salix caprea, Sambucus racemosa, Senecio (germanicus, ovatus, sylvaticus), Sorbus (aucuparia*, meinichii, norvegica). Lit.: TOXEN (1950), VON ROCHOW (195l). Temperate heathlands and grasslands Calluno-Ulicetea BR.-BL. et R. Tx. ex WESTHOFF et al. 1946 Temperate and boreal heathlands and related grasslands on nutrient-poor soils Calluno-Ulicetea BR.-BL. et R. "IX. ex KLIKA et HADA(~ 1944 (art. 8) "Querceto-Ulicetea" BR.-BL. in BR.-BL. et al. 1947 p.p. (art. 8) Calluno-Ulicetea BR.-BL. et R. TX. ex I(LIKA 1948 (art. 31) Classes of European vegetation 139 Querco-Ulicetea LEBRUN et al. 1949 p.p. (syntax. syn.) Calluno-Vaccinietea myrtilli DE FOUCAULT1990 p.p. (art. 5, 8) Nardo-Callunetea PREISING1949 (syntax. syn.) Nardetea strictae RIVAS GODAYet BORJACARBONELL 1961 (syntax. syn.) Festucetea ovinae RADKE 1980 (art. 5, 8, 31) Species: Agrostis curtisii, Alchemilla wichurae, Antennaria dioica, Anthyllis vulneraria subsp, corbierei, Arnica montana, CaUuna vulgaris, Campanula (recta, rotundifolia), Carex (binervis, leporina, pallescens, pilulifera), Centaurea nigra, Cladonia portentosa*, Conopodium majus, Daboecia cantabrica, Danthonia decumbens, Diamhus (armeria, dettoides, seguieri), Dicranum spurium, Erica (ciliaris, cinerea, vagans), Euphorbia polygalifolia, Festuca (rubra subsp, pruinosa, tenuifolia), Galium (pumilum, saxatile), Genista (anglica, germanica, sagittalis), Gentiana (lutea subsp, lutea, pannonica), Hieracium (aurantiacum, lactucella), Hypnum jutlandicum*, Jasione laevis, Juncus squarrosus, Lycopodium clavatum, Meum athamaticum, Nardus stricta, Pedicularis sylvatica, Polygala (serpyllifolia, vulgaris), Potentilla erecta, Pseudorchis albida*, Salix starkeana, Thesium pyrenaicum, Thymus arcticus subsp, drucei*, Ulex (cantabricus, europaeus, gallii, minor), Viola (canina, lutea). Lit.: WESTHOFFet al. (1946), PREISING(1949), RIVASGODAY& BORJACARBONELL(1961), BRIDGEWATER (1980), DE FOUCAULT( 1990, 1994), SCHAMINI~.E(1993). Koelerio-CorynephoreteaKLtKA in KUKA et NOVAK 1941 Grasslands and related short-lived, herb-rich plant communities of sandy and skeletal, predominantly nutrient-poor and drought-stressed soils of temperate and boreal Europe "'Koelerio-Corynephoretales" KLIKAin KLIKAet NOVAK 1941 (original form) Corynephoretea canescentis BR.-BL. et R. TX. 1943 (art. 8) "Brometo-Corynephoretea" SEGALet WESTHOFFin WESTHOFFet al. 1946 p.p. nom. ambig, propos. (art. 36) Corynephoretea LEBRUNet al. 1949 (syntax. syn.) Bryo-Therograminetea PIGNATTI1953 (art. 3f) Sedo-Scleranthetea BR.-BL. 1955 (syntax. syn.) Festuco-Sedetea OBERD. 1957 (art. 8) Corynephoretea canescentis BR.-BL. et R. Tx. ex R. Tx. et OBERD. 1958 (art. 31) Species: Acinos arvensis, Agrostis vinealis*, Aira (caryophyllea, elegantissima*, praecox), Alyssum (alyssoides, arenarium, montanum subsp, gmelinii), Androsace (elongata, septentrionalis), Anthemis ruthenica, Anthoxanthum aristatum, Apera interrupta, ArabMopsis thaliana, Arabis recta, Arenaria (leptoclados subsp. leptoclados*, serpyllifolia subsp, marschlinsii and subsp, serpyllifolia), Armeria elongata*, Astragalus arenarius, Bassia (arenaria, laniflora*), Bombicylaena erecta, Brachythecium albicans*; Bromus hordeaceus (subsp. hordeaceus*, subsp, thominii), Campylopus introflexus, Carex (arenaria, ligerica, stenophylla), Centaurea diffusa, Cerastium (arvense subsp, stricture, brachypetalum subsp, brachypetalum, diffusum, pumilum, semidecandrum), Ceratodon purpureus*, Cladonia (chlorophaea*, foliacea*, furcata*, glauca), Clypeola jonthlaspi*, Coelocaulon aculeatum, Corynephorus canescens, Cruciata pedemontana, Dianthus sylvestris, Draba (incana, nemorosa), Elymus alaskanus subsp, scandicus, Equisetum ramosissimum, Erodium cicutarium subsp, bipinnatum and subsp, cicutarium, hoefftianum), Erophila (praecox, spathulata, verna), Erysimum diffusum, Festuca (ovina, polesica, psammophila, rubra subsp, arenaria), Filago (arvensis, lutescens, minima, pyramidata, vulgaris), Gagea (bohemica, saxatilis), Helichrysum arenarium, Herniaria glabra, Holosteum umbellatum, Hornungia petraea, Hypochaeris glabra*, Jasione montana, Jovibarba (arenaria, hirta, sobolifera), Jurinea cyanoides*, Koeleria g lauca*, Linaria simplex, Medicago minima, M ibora minima*, Micropyrum tenellum, Minuartia (glaucina, hybrida*, mutabilis, rubra, viscosa), Moenchia (erecta, mantica), Myosotis (discolor, rarnosissima*, stricta), Onosma arenaria, Ornithopus perpusillus, Papaver (albiflorum, dubium subsp, dubium and subsp, lecoqii), Peltigera rufescens*, Petrorhagia saxifraga, Phleum arenarium, Poa (bulbosa, glauca*, perconcinna), Polytrichum piliferum*, Potentilla argentea, Racomitrium canescens*, Reseda phyteuma, Rumex acetosella, Saxifraga (aspera, osloensis, tridactylites), Scleranthus annuus subsp. annuus, subsp, potycarpos and subsp, verticillatus, perennis subsp, perennis), Sedum (acre, album, anglicum subsp, anglicum and subsp, pyrenaicum, annuum, brevifolium, montanum subsp, montanum and subsp. stiriacum, rupestre, sexangulare, spurium, urvillei), Sempervivum (arachnoideum subsp, arachnoideum and subsp, tomentosum, tectorum), Sideritis montana, Silene (chlorantha, conica*, rupestris*), Spergula morisonii, 140 L. Mucina Teesdalla nudicaulis, Thlaspi perfoliaaun, Thymus serpyllum, Tortula (ruraliformis, ruralis*), Trifolium (arvense, campestre*, scabrum*, striatum), Trisetaria loeflingianum, Tuberqria guttata, Valerianella (carinata, locusta), Ventenata dubia, Veronica (arvensis, dillenii, fruticans*, praecox, triphyllos*, verna), Vicia (lathyroides, kitaibeliana, saxatilis subsp, saxatilis, tricolor subsp, curtisii and subsp, tricolor), Vulpia (bromoides, myuros). Note: In the present concept the Koelerio-Corynephoretea encompass also the Sedo-Poetalia glaucae DE MOLENNAR 1976 as suggested by DIERSSEN(1992: 212-213). Lit.: KLIKA& NOVAK(1941), PIGNAITI(1953), BRAUN-BLANQUET(1955), TUXEN& OBERDORFER(1958), DIERSSEN (1992), SCHAMINI~Eet al. (1996). Molinio-Arrhenatheretea R. TX. 1937 Nutrient-rich, mesic (pastures, hay meadows, lawns) and wet grasslands Arrhenatheretea BR.-BL. in BR.-BL. et al. 1947 (art. 8) Motinio-Juncetea BR.-BL in BR.-BL, et al. 1947 (art. 8) Molinio-Juncetea BR.-BL. ex A. DE BOL~ V VAYREDA1950 (syntax. syn.) Plantaginetea majoris R. TX. et PREISINGin R. TX. 1950 (art. 8) Plantaginetea majoris R. TX. et PREISINGex VON ROCHOW 1951 (syntax. syn.) Agrostietea stoloniferae GORS 1968 (syntax. syn.) Lathyro-Vicietea craccae PASSARGE1975 (syntax. syn.) Cynosuretea cristati RADKE 1980 (art. 5, 8) Filipendulo-Calystegietea sepium J.-M. GP,HU et G~HU-FRANCK 1987 p.p.min.* Agrostio stoloniferae-Arrhenatheretea elatioris (R. TX. 1937) DE FOUCAULT1989 (art. 29) Species: Achillea (millefolium, pratensis, ptarmica ), A grostis stolonifera, Ajuga reptans, Allium (angulosum, schoenoprasum, suaveolens), Alopecurus (geniculatus, pratensis, rendlei), Althaea officinalis, Angelica sylvestris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Anthriscus sylvestris*, Arrhenatherum elatius subsp, elatius, Avenula pubescens, BeUis perennis, Betonica officinalis, Blysmus compressus, Bromus racemosus, Caltha palustris, Campanula patula, Cardamine pratensis (subsp. matthioli, subsp, pratensis), Cardaminopsis halleri, Carex (acuta, buekii, cespitosa, hirta*, leporina, praecox*, tomentosa, vulpina), Carum carvi, Centaurea (carniolica, jacea subsp, jacea, phrygia subsp, pseudophrygia), Cerastium fontanum subsp, vulgare, Cirsium (canum, heterophyllum, oleraceum, palustre, rivulare, tuberosum), Clematis integrifolia, Cnidium dubium, Colchicum autumnale, Crepis (aurea, biennis, paludosa), Crocus albiflorus, Cynosurus cristatus, Dactylis glomerata*, Deschampsia (cespitosa*, media), Dianthus superbus, Duchesnea indica, Epilobium tetragonum, Equisetum palustre, Euphorbia palustris, Euphrasia (kerneri, rostkoviana), Festuca (arundinacea, nigrescens, pratensis, rubra subsp, rubra), Filipendula ulmaria, Galega officinalis, Galium (boreale, mollugo, palustre, uligmosum), Gentiana pneumonanthe, Geranium (palustre, phaeum subsp, lividum, pratense, sylvaticum*), Gladiolus palustris, Glycyrrhiza glabra*,Gratiola officinalis, Heracleum sphondylium subsp, sphondylium*, Holcus lanatus, lnula britannica, Iris sibirica, Juncus (acutiflorus, atratus, compressus, conglomeratus, effusus, inflexus, tenuis), Knautia arvensis, Laserpitium prutenicum, Lathyrus (palustris, pratensis), Leontodon (autumnalis, hispidus), Leucanthemum (ircutianum, vulgare), Lolium (multiflorum, perenne*), Lotus (corniculatus*, pedunculatus), Lychnis flos-cuculi, Lysimachia (nummularia, vulgaris), Lythrum virgatum, Melilotus dentata, Mentha (aquatica, arvensis*, longifolia, suaveolens), Molinia (arundinacea*, caerulea), Myosotis palustris, Oenanthe silaifolia, Ophioglossum vulgatum, Pastinaca sativa*, Persicaria bistorta, Phleum (pratense, rhaeticum), Pimpinella major, Plantago (alpina, altissima, lanceolata*, major subsp, intermedia, media), Poa (alpina*, palustris, pratensis, supina, trivialis subsp, trivialis), Potentilla (anglica, anserina subsp. anserina, reptans, supina), Primula elatior, Prunella vufgaris, Pseudolysimachion longifolium, Ranunculus (aconitifolius, acris subsp, acris, repens, sardous*, velutinus), Rhinanthus minor, Rorippa (kerneri, sylvestris), Rumex (acetosa, alpestris*, crispus, stenophyllus), Sanguisorba officinalis, Scirpus sylvaticus, Scorzonera humilis, Scutellaria hastifolia, Selinum (carvifolia, dubium), Senecio erraticus, Serratula tinctoria, Stellaria graminea, Succisa pratensis, Succisella inflexa, Symphytum officinale, Taraxacum Sect. Ruderalia, Tephroseris crispa, Teucrium scordium, Thalictrum flavum, Tragopogon (orientalis, pratensis), Trifolium (hybridum, micranthum, patens, pratense, repens, resupinatum*), Trisetum flavescens, Trollius europaeus, Valeriana (officinalis, repens), Verbena officinalis, Veronica (chamaedrys, filiformis, se rpyllifolia ), Vicia (cracca, sepium ), Viola (elatior, persicifolia, pumila ). Classes of European vegetation 141 Lit.: T0XEN (1937, 1950, 1970), VON ROCHOW (1951), DE BOLOS Y VAYREOA (1950), GORS (1968), DIERSCHKE(1995), SCHAMINI~Eet al. (1996). Trifolio-Geranietea MOLLER 1962 Herb-rich heliophilous and (sub)thermophilous fringe communities of temperate woodlands Trifotio-Geranietea MI3LLER 196l (art. 8) Origano-Geranietea sanguinei VAN LEEUWENet WESTHOFF 1961 (art. 8) Melampyro-Holcetea PASSARGE 1979 (art. 3b) Melampyro-Holcetea raollis PASSARGEex KLAUCK 1992 (syntax. syn.) Species: Agrimonia eupatoria, Anemone sylvestris, Anthericum (liliago, ramosum), Arrhenatherum elatius subsp, bulbosum, Artemisia pancicii, Aster amellus, Astragalus glycyphyUos, Bupleurum (affine, falcatum*, praealtum), Calamintha sylvatica, Campanula (baumgartenii, bononiensis, cervicaria, persicifolia, rapunculus), Centaurea (debeauxii subsp, nemoralis, triumfettii), Chamaecytisus ratisbonensis, Cirsium pannonicum, Clematis recta, Clinopodium vulgare*, Coronilla coronata*, Daphne cneorum*, Dictamnus albus*, Dracocephalum austriacum, Euphorbia (angulata, salicifolia), Ferulago (galbanifera, sylvatica), Fragaria moschata, Galium glaucum, Geranium sanguineum*, Hieracium (laevigatum, racemosum), Holcus mollis*, Hypericum montanum, Inula (conyza, germanica, hirta), Iris variegata, Knautia maxima, Laserpitium (latifolium subsp, asperum and subsp, latifolium*, nestled, siler), Lathyrus (heterophyUus, pannonicus subsp. collinus*, sylvestris, transsilvanicus), Lychnis viscaria*, Melampyrum (arvense, cristatum, nemorosum*, pratense*, sylvaticum*), Origanum vulgare, Orobanche (alsatica, bartlingii, laserpitii-sileris), Paeonia mascula, Peucedanum (alsaticum, austriacum, carvifolia, cervaria, gallicum, oreoselinum), Phlomis tuberosa, Polygonatum odoratum, Potentilla rupestris, Pseudolysimachion spicatum*, Pulmonaria longifolia, Ranunculus nemorosus, Rosa gallica, Scorzonera hispanica, Senecio adonidifolius, Serratula lycopifolia, Seseli ( libanotis*, peucedanoides), Silene nutans*, Stachys recta*, Tanacetum corymbosum*, Teucrium scorodonia, Thalictrum minus*, Thesium bavarum, Trifolium (alpestre, flexuosum, medium subsp, banaticum, subsp, medium and subsp, sarosiense, rubens), Valeriana wallrothii, Verbascum lychnitis, Veronica (teucrium, vindobonensis), Vicia (cassubica, dumetorura, pisiformis, sylvatica, tenuifolia), Vincetoxicum hirundinaria subsp, hirundinaria*, Viola hirta*. Lit.: MI3LLER(1961, 1962), DIERSCHKE(1974), PASSARGE(1979a, b), DE FOUCAULTet al. (1983), KLAUCK (1992). Festuco-Brometea BR.-BL. et R. TX. in BR.-BL. 1949 Steppes, rocky steppes and continental sandy grasslands of the temperate and subboreal regtons Festuco-Brometea BR.-BL. et R. TX. 1943 (art. 8) Festucetea ovinae KNAPP 1943 (art. 1) Festaco-Brometea BR.-BL. et R. TX. ex KLIKA et HADAC 1944 (art. 8) "Brometo-Corynephoretea" SEGALet WESTHOFFin WESTHOFFet al. 1946 p.p. nom. ambig, propos. (art. 36) Festucetea ovinae KNAPP ex WENDELBERGER1954* Brachypodio-Chrysopogonetea HORVATI~ 1958" Festucetea vaginatae SO6 1968 (art. 8) Brachypodio-Brometea B ARBEROet LOISEL 1971 * Festucetea vaginatae SO0 ex VICHEREK1972 (syntax. syn.) Species: Aceras anthropophorum, Achillea (clypeolata, collina, crithmifolia, nobilis, ochroleuca, pannonica, setacea, tomentosa), Aconitum anthora, Adonis (vernalis, volgensis), Agropyron (cristatum, dasyanthum, desertorum), Agrostis vinealis, Ajuga laxmannji, Alkanna tinctoria, Allium (albidura, atropurpureum, carinatum, flavum, moschatum, paniculatum, rotundum, senescens subsp, montanum, sphaerocephalon), Alopecurus vaginatus, Alyssum (calycocarpum, desertorum, hirsutum, montanum subsp, brymii, subsp, gmelinii and subsp. montanum, repens, rostratum, tortuosum), Anacamptis pyramidalis, Anchusa (barrelieri, ochroleuca ), Anthyllis .vulneraria (subsp. carpatica, subsp, polyphylla, subsp, pulchella, subsp, vulneraria), Arabis planisiliqua, Arenaria (grandiflora*, longifolia, procera ), Arraeria elongata*, A rtemisia (alba, austriaca, campestris, glauca, hololeuca, laciniata, latifolia, pancicii, pontica, salsoloides, scoparia, sericea, taurica, vaUesiaca), Asperula (cynanchica, graveolens, purpurea, setulosa, supina, tinctoria ), Asphodeline taurica, Aster linosyris, Astragalus 142 L. Mucina (albicaulis, asper, austriacus, danicus, dasyanthus, exscapus, glaucus, onobrychis, ponticus, publiflorus, sirinicus subsp, sirinicus, sulcatus, varius, vesicarius), Aurinia saxatilis subsp, saxatilis, Avenula (adsurgens subsp, adsurgens, mirandana, pratensis, schelliana ), Bellevalia sarmatica, Biscutella laevigata subsp, austriaca, Bothriochloa ischaemum, Brachypodium (pinnatum, rupestre), Brassica repanda, Briza media, Bromus (cappadocicus, erectus), Bupleurum longifolium, Cachrys (ferulacea, odontalgica), Campanula (glomerata, macrostachya, moravica, sibirica subsp, divergentiformis and subsp, sibirica), Carduus collinus, Carex (caryophyllea subsp, caryophyllea, hallerana, humilis, liparicarpos, montana, supina*), Carlina (acaulis, biebersteinii subsp, brevibracteata, vulgaris), Centaurea (arenaria, biebersteinii, jacea subsp, angustifolia, subsp, macroptilon and subsp, subjacea, leucophaea, maculosa, margaritacea subsp, breviceps, orientalis, rupestris, ruthenica, scabiosa subsp, badensis, subsp, sadteriana, subsp, scabiosa and subsp, tematinensis, stoebe, sumensis, trinervia), Cephataria (radiata, uralensis), Cerastium arvense subsp, suffruticosum, Ceratocarpus arenarius, Chamaecytisus (austriacus, blockianus, glaber, heuffelii, polytrichus, ratisbonensis, ruthenicus, spinescens), Chondrilla juncea, Chrysopogon gryllus, Cirsium (acaule subsp, acaule, ciliatum, pannonicum, serrulatum), Cleistogenes serotina, Colchicum (arenarium, hungaricum), Convolvulus (cantabrica, lineatus), Crambe (koktebelica, tataria), Crepis (lacera, nicaeensis, pannonica, praemorsa subsp. praemorsa), Cuscuta epithymum, Cytisus procumbens, Dactylorhiza sambucina, Danthonia alpina, Dianthus (carthusianorum subsp, capillifrons, subsp, carthusianorum and subsp, vaginatus, collinus, diutinus, gratianopolitanus, lanceolatus, leptopetalus, moravicus, plumarius subsp, hoppei, subsp, lumnitzeri, subsp. neilreichii, subsp, praecox, subsp, pseudopraecox and subsp, regis-stephani, pontederae subsp, giganteiformis, pyrenaicus, serotinus, squarrosus, sylvestris, versicolor), Dorycnium (germanicum, herbaceum), Draba (aizoides subsp, beckeri, lasiocarpa subsp, klasterskyi and subsp, lasiocarpa), Echinops ritro subsp, ruthenicus, Echium maculatum, Ephedra distachya, Eryngium (amethystinum, campestre), Erysimum (andrzejowskianum, canum, crepidifolium, diffusum, marschallianum, sylvestre ), Euphorbia (cyparissias, nicaeensis subsp, glareosa, petrophila, seguieriana subsp, seguieriana), Euphrasia (pectinata, rostkoviana, stricta), Ferula (orientalis, sadleriana ), Festuca (beckeri*, brevipila, dalmatica, duvalii, heteropachys, pallens, pseudodalmatica, rupicola, stricta, vaginata, valesiaca, wagneri), Filipendula vulgaris, Fragaria viridis, Fumana procumbens, Gagea (pusilla, szovitzii), Galium (octonarium, vaMepilosum, verum subsp, verum and subsp, wirtgenii), Genista pilosa*, Gentiana cruciata, Gentianella (austriaca, germanica), Gentianopsis ciliata, Globularia (punctata, vulgaris), Goniolimon (graminifolium, tataricum* ), Gymnadenia conopsea, Gypsophila (fastigiata, paniculata), Helianthemum (canum, nummularium subsp, nummularium and subsp, ovatum, oelandicum subsp, laevigatum, subsp, oelandicum and subsp, stevenii), Helichrysum arenarium, Helictotrichon desertorum (subsp. basalticum, subsp, desertosum), Herniaria incana, Hesperis tristis, Heteropogon contortus, Hieracium (bauhinff, echioides, hoppeanum, peleteranum, schmidtii, vogesiacum ), Hierochloe"repens, Himantog lossum (adriaticum, hircinum), Hippocrepis comosa, Hyacinthella leucophaea, Hypericum (elegans, perforatum*), Hypochaeris maculata, Hyssopus officinalis, lnula (ensifolia, montana, oculus-christi, salicina subsp, aspera and subsp, salicina), Iris (aphylla, humilis subsp, arenaria, pumila), Jovibarba (hirta, sobolifera), Jurinea (albicaulis subsp. /axa, consanguinea subsp, arachnoidea, mollis, stoechadifolia), Knautia (arvensis subsp, pannonica, kitaibelii), Koeleria (eriostachya, lobata, macrantha, pyramidata, splendens, vaUesiaca), Lactuca (perennis, viminea), Leontodon incanus, Lilium bulbiferum (subsp. bulbiferum, subsp, croceum ), Linaria (angustissima, biebersteinii, genistifolia, odora), Linum (austriacum subsp, austriacum and subsp, euxinum, catharticum, dolomiticum, flavum, hirsutum subsp, glabrescens and subsp, hirsutum, leonii, tenuifolium, ucrainicum, viscosum), Listera ovata, Lotus borbasii, Malabaila graveolens, Marrubium pestalozzae, Matthiola (fragrans, fruticulosa subsp. vatesiaca), Medicago (falcata, prostrata), Melampyrum barbatum, Melica ciliata (subsp. citiam, subsp. monticola, subsp, taurica), Minuartia (glaucina, glomerata, setacea, viscosa), Muscari (comosum, neglectum, tenuiflorum), Nepeta (parviflora, ucrainica), Odontites luteus, Onobrychis (alba, arenaria, viciifolia), Ononis (pusilla, repens, spinosa subsp, austriaca and subsp, spinosa), Onosma (arenarium subsp, arenarium, helvetica subsp, austriaca, pseudarenaria, taurica, tinctoria, tornensis, tridentina, visianii), Ophrys (apifera, holoserica, insectifera, sphegodes), Orchis (coriophora, mascula, militaris, morio, tridentata, ustulata), Omithogalum pannonicum, Orobanche (alsatica, caesia, caryophyllacea, elatior, gracilis, loricata, lutea, purpurea, teucrii), Orostachys spinosa, Oxytropis pilosa, Paeonia tenuifolia, Paronychia (cephalotes, kapela ), Pedicularis comosa, Peucedanum (arenarium, rochelianum, ruthenicum), Phleum (ambiguum, phleoides), Phlomis (herba-venti subsp, pungens, tuberosa), Phyteuma (orbiculare*, tenerum), Pimpinella (nigra, saxifraga, tragium subsp. titanophylla), Plantago (media, urvillei), Pleurospermum austriacum, Poa (angustifolia, badensis, molineri*, Classes of European vegetation 143 stepposa), Polygala (amarella, calcarea, comosa, cretacea, major), Polygonum arenarium, Potentilla (arenaria, crantzii subsp, serpentini, humifusa, rigoana, supina, tabernaemontant), Prospero autumnalis, Prunella (grandiflora, laciniata), Pseudolysimachion (orchideum, pallens, spicatum*), Pulsatilla (grandis, pratensis subsp, nigricans and subsp, hungarica), Ranunculus (bulbosus, gramineus, illyricus, polyanthemos), Rapistrum perenne, Rhinanthus (alectorolophus, borbasii, minor), Rindera umbellata, Salvia (aethiopis, austriaca, dumetorum, nemorosa subsp, nemorosa and subsp, tesquicola, nutans, pratensis, scabiosifolia, transsylvanica), Sanguisorba minor, Satureja montana*, Saxifraga (bulbifera, granulata, hostii subsp, hostit), Scabiosa (argentea, canescens, columbaria, ochroleuca, triandra), Schivereckia podolica, Scorzonera (austriaca, hispanica, humilis, purpurea), Scrophularia cretacea, Secale sylvestre, Securigera varia, Sedum (rupestre, urvillei), Selaginella helvetica, Sempervivum pittonii, Senecio (borysthenicus, erucifolius, jacobea), Serratula radiata, Seseli (annuum, arenarium, austriacum, campestre, hippomarathrum, leucospermum, osseum, pallasii), Sesleria (albicans*, heufleriana, insularis subsp, italica, nitida*, rigida, sadleriana, tenuifolia subsp. kalnikensis), Sideritis syriaca, Silene (armeria, borysthenica, bupleuroides,flavescens, otites subsp, hungarica and subsp, mites), sendtneri, spergulifolia, viscosa, wolgensis), Spiranthes spiralis, Sternbergia colchiciflora, Stipa (austriaca, borysthenica, capillata, dasyphylla, eriocaulis, joannis, lessingiana, lithophila, pontica, pulcherrima, styriaca, tirsa, ucrainica, zalesskyi), Syrenia montana, Tanacetum millefolium, Taraxacum serotinum, Telephium imperati subsp, imperati, Tephroseris (integrifolia, serpentinO, Teucrium (chamaedrys, mantanum), Thalictrum (foetidum, minus), Thesium (arvense, humifusum, linophyllon, rostratum), Thlaspi (goesingense, jankae, montanum*), Thymus (kirgisorum, kosteleckyanus, longicaulis, odoratissimus, pallasianus, praecox subsp, praecox, striatus), Tragopogon (brevirostris subsp, brevirostris, floccosus), Trifolium (ambiguum, montanum, ochroleucum, pannonicum), Trigonella gladiata, Trinia (dalechampii, glauca subsp, camiolica and subsp, glauca, kitaibelit), Verbascum (phoeniceum, speciosum*), Veronica (austriaca, multifida, orientalis), Vinca herbacea, Vincetoxicum parmonicum, Viola (ambigua, rupestris), Xeranthemum cylindraceum. Lit.: KLIKA& HADAC (1944), BRAUN-BLANQUET(1949), VICHEREK(1972), KORNECK(1974), WlLLEMS (1982), ROYER (1991), MUCINA et al. (1993), ROMASHCHENKOet al. (1996). Puccinellio-Salicornietea TOPA 1939 Continental (inland) salt-marshes, salt-pans and salt-steppes Festuco-Puccinellietea SO0 1968 (art. 8) Thero-Suaedetea VICHEREK 1973 (art. 31) Crypsietea aculeatae VICHEREK 1973 (syntax. syn.) Festuco-Limonietea KARPOV et MIRKIN 1985 (syntax. syn.) Glycyrrhizetea glabrae GOLUB 1983 (art. 8) Glycyrrhizetea glabrae GOLUB et MIRKIN 1986 (art. 5) Glycyrrhizetea glabrae GOLUB et MIRKIN in GOLUB 1995 (syntax. syn.) Species: Achillea aspleniifolia, Acroptilon repens, Artemisia (nitrosa, santonicum ), Aster (canus, tripolium subsp, pannonicus), Atriplex (littoralis*, patens, pedunculata, verrucifera*), Bassia (hirsuta*, hyssopifolia), Beckmannia eruciformis, Bupleurum tenuissimum . , Camphorosma (annua, monspeliaca*), Carex (distans*, divisa*, hordeistichos, secalina), Centaurea jacea subsp, angustifolia, Cirsium (acaule subsp, esculentum, brachycephalum), Climacoptera crassa, Crypsis aculeata*, Cyperus pannonicus, Dodartia orientalis, Eremopyrum triticeum*, Eryngium planum, Festuca pseudovina, Frankenia hirsuta*, Galium humifusum, Geranium coUinum, Glycyrrhiza glabra*, Halocnemum strobilaceum*, Heleochloa (alopecuroides, schoenoides), Hordeum hystrix*, Iris spuria, Juncus gerardii*, Kalidium foliatum, Lactuca tatarica, Lepidium (cartilagineum, latifolium), Limonium (gmelinii, mayeri, sareptanum, suffruticosum, tomentellum), Lotus tenuis, Macroselinum latifolium, Petrosimonia (brachiata, oppositifolia*, triandra), Pholiurus pannonicus, Plantago (cornuti, major subsp, winteri, maritima*, schwarzenbergiana, tenuiflora), Polygonum (arenarium subsp. arenarium, bellardii), Potentilla bifurca, Puccinellia (distans subsp, distans and subsp, limosa, dolicholepis, gigantea, peisonis, tenuissima), Ranunculus pedatus, Rorippa brachycarpa, Salicornia prostrata, Scorzonera (cana, parviflora), Senecio doria, Silene viscosa, Spergularia media, Stemmacantha serratuloides, Suaeda (altissima, confusa, corniculata, heterophylla, maritima subsp, maritima . , subsp, pannonica and subsp, salsa*), Taraxacum bessarabicum, Trifolium OCragiferumsubsp, bonannii, retusum). 144 L. Mucina Lit.: TOPA (1939), VICHEREK (1973), KARPOV (1985), KARPOV & MIRKIN (1985), GOLUB & MIRKIN (1986), GOLUB & CORBADZE(1989), GOLUB (1986, 1994a, 1995). Temperate and boreal woodlands and scrub Rhamno-Prunetea RIVAS GODAY el BORJA CARBONELL 1961 Shrub mantle communities in regions of temperate deciduous woods Crataego-Prunetea R. TX. 1962 (syntax. syn.) Sambucetea DOING 1962 (art. 8) Sambuco-Prunetea JURKO 1964 (art. 29) Urtico-Sambucetea PASSARGEet HOFMANN 1968 (syntax. syn.) Violo-Berberidetea PASSARGEet HOFMANN 1968 (art. 3c, 8) Prunetea spinosae RADKE 1980 (art. 5, 8) Species: Amelanchier ovalis, Berberis vulgaris (subsp. seroi, subsp, vulgaris), Clematis vitalba, Comus sanguinea (subsp. australis, subsp, sanguinea), Corylus avellana, Cotoneaster (integerrima, nebrodensis), Crataegus monogyna, Cytisus sessilifolius, Juniperus communis subsp, communis*, Ligustrum vulgare, Lonicera xylosteum, Prunus (avium, cocomilia, fruticosa, spinosa, tenella, xeminens), Rhamnus cathartica, Rosa (agrestis, caesia, canina, corymbifera, micrantha, nitidula, pimpinellifolia, rubiginosa, squarrosa, villosa, vosagiaca), Rubus (bifrons, canescens, corylifolius, drejeri, elegantispinosus,fasciculatus, fioniae,franconicus, goniophorus, gothicus, grabowskii, gracilis, hadroacanthos, insulariopsis, insularis, lindebergii, lindleyanus, macrophyllus, maxiformis, montanus, orthostachys, radula, raduloides, rudis, sanctus, slesvicensis, vestitus, whalbergii, winte ri), Salix arenaria, Sambucus nigra, Spartium junceum, Spiraea (hypericifolia subsp, obovata, media), Hburnum (lanmna, opulus). Lit.: RIVASGODAY& BORJA CARBONELL(1961), TOXEN (1962), DOING (1962), PASSARGE& HOFMANN (1968), GI~HUet al. (1984), WEBER (1991). Salicetea purpureae MOOR 1958 Willow and poplar riparian woods and scrub of temperate Europe Tamarici-Platanetea orientalis I. KARP.~TIet V. KARP,~TI 1962" Rubo-Salicetea purpureae PASSARGEet HOFMANN 1968 (art. 29) Alno-Populetea FUKAREK 1968 (art. 8) Alno-Populetea FUKAREKet FABIJANIC 1968 (syntax. syn.) Species: Hippophaie" rhamnoides subsp, fluviatilis, Myricaria germanica*, Platanus orientalis, Populus (alba, nigra), Salix (alba, daphnoides, eleagnos, fragilis, lambertiana, phylicifolia, purpurea, triandra subsp. discolor et subsp, triandra, viminalis). Lit.: MOOR (1958), PASSARGE& HOFMANN(1968), FUKAREK& FABIJANI(~(1968), DIERSSEN(1992). Alnetea glutinosae BR.-BL. et R.Tx ex WESTHOFF el al. 1946 Alder and willow carrs Alnetea glutinosae BR.-BL. et R. TX. 1943 (art. 8) Alnetea glutinosae DE SO6 1945 (art. 8) Franguletea alni DOING 1962 (art. 8) Salici-Franguletea JURKO 1964 (art. 8, 29) Betulo-Franguletea PASSARGEet HOFMANN 1968 (art. 8, 29) Carici-Alnetea glutinosae PASSARGEet HOFMANN 1968 (art. 29) Carici-Salicetea cinereae PASSARGEet HOFMANN 1968 (syntax. syn.) Franguletea alni DOING ex WESTHOFFet DEN HELD 1969 (syntax. syn.) Species: Alnus glutinosa*, Carex (acutiformis*, elongata, laevigata), Dryopteris (carthusiana, cristata), Frangula alnus*, Galium elongatum, Myrica gale, Osmunda regalis, Ribes nigrum, Salix (aurita, borealis, cinerea, pentandra), Sphagnum squarrosum*, Thelypteris palustris, Trichocolea tomentella. Lit.: DOING (1962), PASSARGE& HOFMANN(1968), WESTHOFF& DEN HELD (1969), WEBER (1991). Classes of European vegetation 145 Querco-Fagetea BR.-BL. et VLIEGER in VLIEGER 1937 Deciduous mesic and subxerophilous woods of temperate and subboreal Europe Quercetea roboris-sessiliflorae BR.-BL. et R. TX. 1943 (art. 8) "Querceto-Ulicetea" BR.-BL. in BR.-BL. et al. 1947 p.p. (art. 8) Querco-Ulicetea LEBRUN et al. 1949 p.p. (syntax. syn.) Quercetea robori-sessiliflorae BR.-BL. et R. TX. ex BR.-BL. 1950 (syntax. syn.) Carpino-Fagetea JAKUCS 1960 (art. 3b) Carpino-Fagetea JAKUCS 1967 (art. 29) Carpino-Fagetea (BR.-BL. et VLIEGERin VLIEGER 1937) PASSARGEet HOFMANN 1968 (art. 29, 31) Deschampsio-Quercetea robori-petraeae PASSARGEet HOFMANN1968 (art. 10, 29) Geranio-Fraxinetea excelsae PASSARGEet HOFMANN 1968 (syntax. syn.) "Regionalklasse Carpino-Fagetea silvaticae" PASSARGE1968 (art. 3c) Fraxino-Fagetea sylvaticae MOOR 1976 (syntax. syn.) Tilietea platyphylli MOOR 1977 (syntax. syn.) "Fagetea silvaticae" RADKE 1980 (art. 5, 8) Quercetea robori-petraeae sensu auct. (art. 30) Species: Abies (alba, borisii-regis), Acer (campestre, heMreichii subsp, visianii, hyrcanum, lobelii, obtusatum, opalus, platanoides, pseudoplatanus), Actaea spicata, Adoxa moschateUina, Aesculus hippocastanum, Allium (pendulinum, ursinum), Alnus (cordata, glutinosa, incana), Anemone (nemorosa, ranunculoides, trifolia), Anthriscus tenerrima, Aposeris foetida, Aquilegia vulgaris, Arabis turrita, Ammonia agrimonoides, Arum (alpinum, maculatum), Asarum europaeum, Asparagus (tenuifolius, verticillatus), Asperula taurina (subsp. leucanthera, subsp, taurina), Asyneuma (canescens, trichocalycina), Athyrium filix-femina, Betula pendula, Blechnum spicant*, Botrychium virginianum, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Bromus benekenii, Campanula (latifolia, rapunculoides, trachelium), Cardamine (bulbifera, chelidonia, enneaphylla, glanduligera, graeca, heptaphylla, impatiens, kitaibelii, pentaphyUa, polyphyUa, quinquefolia, trifolia), Carex (alba, brevicollis, brizoides, depauperata, digitata, muricata, pendula, pilosa, remota, sylvafica, umbrosa), Carpesium cemuum, Carpinus betulus, Castanea sativa, Cephalanthera (damasonium, longifolia, rubra), Cerastium (fontanum subsp, lucorum, sylvaticum), Circaea (alpina, intermedia, lutetiana), Convallaria majalis, Corydalis (cava, intermedia, pumila, solida), Crataegus (laevigata, nigra, pentagyna), Crocus (banaticus, flavus, vittatus*), Cyclamen purpurascens, Cypripedium calceolas, Dactylis polygama, Daphne (/aureola, mezereum, pontica), Doronicum (hungaricum, orientale), Dryopteris (affinis,filix-mas), Epilobium montanum, Epimedium (alpinum, pubigerum), Epipactis (helleborine, leptochila, microphylla, muelleri, purpurata), Epipogium aphyUum, Equisetum (hyemale, sylvaticum, telmoteia), Erythronium dens-canis, Euonymus (europaea, latifolia, verrucosa), Euphorbia (amygdaloides, angulata, carniolica, dulcis), Fagus sylvatica (subsp. orientalis, subsp, sylvatica ), Festuca (altissima, drymeia, gigantea, heterophylla), Fraxinus (angustifolia subsp, danubMlis, excelsior subsp, coriariifolia and subsp, excelsior), Gagea (lutea, minima, spathacea), Galanthus nivalis, Galium (aristatum, laconicum, laevigatum, odoratum, schultesii, sylvaticum), Geranium (nodosum, versicolor), Glechoma hirsuta, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Hacquetia epipactis, Hedera helix, Hellehorus (niger, purpurascens), Hepatica (nobilis, transsilvanica), Hesperis matronalis (subsp. candida, subsp, matronalis), Hieracium (laevigatum, murorum, rotundatum, sabaudum, umbellatum), Homogyne sylvestris, Hordelymus europaeus, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Hypericum androsaemum, llex aquifolium, Inula spiraeifolia, lsopyrum thalictroides, Knautia drymela subsp, drymela, Laburnum alpinum, Lamiastrum (argenteum, flavidum, montanum), Lamium (flexuosum, orvala ), Lathraea (clandestina, squamaria), Lathyrus (aureus, hallersteinii, laxiflorus, niger, venetus, vernus), Leucojum (aestivum, vernum), Lilium martagon, Lonicera (alpigena, caprifolium, xylosteum), Lunaria rediviva, Luzula (divulgata, luzuloides*, nivea, pedemontana, pilosa, sylvatica subsp, sylvatica), Lysimachia nemorum, Matteuccia struthiopteris, Melampyrum bihariense, Melica (nutans, uniflora), Mercurialis perennis, Moehringia trinervia, Monotropa hypopitys subsp. hypophegea, Mycelis muralis, Myosotis sylvatica, Narcissus pseudonarcissus, Neottia nidus-avis, Omphalodes verna, Orchis purpurea, Ornithogalum pyrenaicum subsp, pyrenaicum, Orobanche hederae, Paeonia officinalis subsp, banatica, Paris quadrifolia, Phegopteris connectilis, Physospermum cornubiense, Phyteuma spicatum, Pinus nigra subsp, laricio, Piptatherum virescens, Poa (nemoralis, stiriaca, trivialis subsp, sylvicola*), Polygonatum latifolium, Polystichum (aculeatum, braunii, setiferum), Populus tremula, Potentilla sterilis, Prenanthes purpurea, Primula acaulis, Prunus (avium, padus), Pseudostellaria europaea, Pulmonaria 1"46 L. Mucina (longifolia, montana subsp, montana and subsp, porciusii, officinalis, saccharata, stiriaca), Pyracantha coccinea, Pyrola minor, Pyrus (communis, elaeagrifolia), Quercus (mas, pctraea*, pyrenaica, robur subsp. brutia and subsp, robur), Ranunculus (auricomus agg., brutius, carpaticus, cassubicus agg., ficaria, lanuginosus), Rhamnus alpinus subsp, fallax, Rhododendron ponticum, Ribes (alpinum*, uva-crispa*), Rosa arvensis, Rubus glandulosus, Ruscus hypoglossum, Sanicula europaea, Scilla bifolia subsp, bifolia, subsp. danubialis and subsp, drunensis, lilio-hyacinthos, spetana, subnfi~alis, vindobonensis), Scopolia carniolica, Scrophularia (nodosa, scopolii), ScuteUaria altissima, Senecio germanicus (subsp. glabratus, subsp. german&us), Soldanellapilia, Spiraea chamaedryfolia, Staphylea pinnata, Stellaria (holostea, nemorum subsp. glochidisperma and subsp, nemorum), Symphytum (bulbosum, cordatum, tuberosum), Taxus baccata, T~lia (cordata, platyphyllos), Ulmus (glabra, laevis, minor), Urtica galeopsifolia, Veratrum nigrum, Veronica urticifolia, Viburnum opulus, Vicia (oroboides, sparsiflora), Vinca minor, Viola (alba subsp, alba, mirubilis, reichenbachiana, riviniana, suavis), Viscum album subsp, album, Vitis vinifera subsp, sylvestris, Waldsteinia geoides. Note: The broadly-conceived class of Querco-Fagetea can be split into a series of smaller units such as Fraxino-Fagetea sylvaticae (major part of the deciduous woods) and Quercetea roboris-sessiliflorae (acidophilous oak and partly also beech woods with north-European distribution). This approach is followed particularly by SCAMONI& PASSARGE(1959), PASSARGE& HOFMANN(1968) and THEURILLATet al. (1995). Lit.: VLIEGER (1937), SCAMONI & PASSARGE (1959), JAKUCS (1967), HARTMANN & JAHN (1967), HARTMANN(1974), MOOR(1977), PASSARGE& HOFMANN(1968), HORVATetal. (1974), FEOU & LAGONEGRO (1982), THEURILLATet al. (1995). Quercetea pubescentis DOING-KRAFT ex SCAMONIet PASSARGE 1959 Thermophilous oak woods of subrnediterranean and east-European distribution Quercetea pubescentis OBERD. 1948 (art. 8) Quercetea pubescentis DOING-KRAFr 1955 (art. 8) Quercetea pubescentis OBERD. 1957 (art. 3b) Quercetea pubescenti-petraeae JAKUCS 1960" Quercetea pubescenti-petraeae SO0 1963" Peucedano-Quercetea PASSARGEet HOFMANN 1968 (art. 29) "Regionalklasse Peucedano-Quercetea" PASSARGE1968 (art. 3c) Species: Abies cephalonica, Acer (monspessulanus, tataricum), Anemone apennina, Arabis brassica, A ristolochia pallida, Buglossoides purpurocaerulea, Buxus sempervirens, Carex (fritschii, halleriana, michelii), Carpinus orientalis, Colutea arborescens, Comus mas, Cotinus coggygria, Crepisfraasii, Dictamnus albus*, Dioscorea balcanica, Euphorbia polychroma, Fraxinus ornus, Galanthus corcyrensis (subsp. corcyrensis, subsp, reginae-olgae), Geranium sanguineum*, Helleborus (cyclophyllus, dumetorum subsp, atrorubens, foetidus, odorus, viridis subsp, occidentalis ), Hierochlo~ australis, Hippocrepis emerus, Knautia drymeia subsp. tergestina, Laburnum anagyroides, Lactuca quercina, Limodorum abortivum, Luzula forsteri, Lychnis coronaria, Malus sylvestris, Melica (altissima, picta), Melittis melissophyllum, Mercurialis ovata, Orchis purpurea, Ostrya carpinifolia, Paeonia peregrina, Paliurus spina-christii, Philadelphus coronarius, Platanthera chlorantha, Potentilla (alba, micrantha), Primula veris, Prunus mahaleb, Pulmonaria (angustifolia, mollis subsp, mollis, murinii), Pyrus pyraster, Quercus (aegilops, cerris, dalechampii, frainetto, hartwisiana, pedunculiflora, petraea*, polycarpa, pubescens subsp, pubescens, trojana), Ruscus aculeatus, Scutellaria columnae, Sedum cepaea, Sesleria autumnalis, Sorbus (aria, domestica, torminalis), Syringa vulgaris, Tamus communis, Tanacetum corymbosum, Tilia tomentosa, Viburnum lantana, Hcia barbarizitae, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria subsp, hirundinaria*, Viola alba subsp, dernhardtii. Lit.: SCAMONI& PASSARGE(1959), JAKUCS(1960, 1961, 1967), HARTMANN& JAHN (1967), PASSARGE & HOFMANN(1968), HORVATet al. (1974). Erico-Pinetea HORVAT 1959 Relict pine woods of oreo-submediterranean and montane temperate distribution over limestone Pyrolo-Pinetea KORNECKin OBERD. et ai. 1967 p.p. (art. 8) Roso pendulinae-Pinetea mugo THEURILLATin THEURILLATet al. 1985 p.p. (syntax. syn.) Classes of European vegetation 147 Species: Aquilegia atrata, Asplenium cuneifolium*, Callianthemum anemonoides, Carex ericetorum, Cephalaria flava, Coronilla vaginalis, Crepis alpestris, Daphne (blagayana*, cneorum*), Epipactis atrorubens*, Erica carnea*, Euphorbia (kerneri, saxatilis), Euphrasia stiriaca, Festuca amethystina, Galium austriacum, Genista januensis, Knautia (carinthiaca, dinarica, slovaca), Laserpitium krapfii, Leucanthemum margaritae, Melampyrum hoermannianum, Peucedanum austriacum, Pinus (heldreichii, kochiana, mugo*, nigra subsp, dalmatica, subsp, nigra and subsp, pallasiana, sylvestris*), Polygala chamaebuxus, Potentilla carniolica, Pulsatilla (slovaca, styriaca), Pyrola (chlorantha, media), Rhododendron hirsutum, Rhodothamnus chamaecistus*, Sesleria (rigida*, robusta), Sorbus chamaemespilus*, Stachys scardica, Thesium rostratum, Thlaspi geosingense. Lit.: HORVAT(1959), HORVATet al. (1974), THEURILLATet al. (1995). Pulsatillo-Pinetea sylvestris OBERD. 1992 Continental thermophilous pine forests on sandy soils in eastern Europe (and western Siberia and northern Kazakhstan) and inner-alpine and inner-pyrennean steppic pine forests Pulsatillo-Pinetea OBERD. in OBERD. et al. 1967 p.p. (art. 8) Species: Alyssum turkestanicum, Artemisia scoparia*, Carex supina*, Cytisus ruthenicus, Dianthus arenarius, Festuca beckeri*, Gypsophila (altissima, paniculata), Jurinea cyanoides, Koeleria glauca*, Larix decidua*, Ononis rotundifolia, Oxytropis campanula, Pinus sylvestris*, Potentilla humifusa, Pseudolysimachion spicatum*, Pulsatilla patens, Silene (baschkirorum, chlorantha, repens), Viola pinnata. Lit.: BRAUN-BLANQUET(1961), KRAUSCH(1962), OBERDORFER(1992). Junipero sabmae-Pinetea RIVAS-MARTiNEZ 1964 nomen inversum propos. Oromediterranean dry juniper-pine woods Pino-Juniperetea sabinae RIVAS-MARTINEZ1964 (original form) Species: Arctostaphyllos uva-ursi, Astragalus monsspessulanus*, Daphne cantabrica, Echinospartum horridum*, Juniperus (communis subsp, alpina*, sabina, thurifera), Pinus (sylvestris*, uncinata*). Lit.: RIVAS-MART~NEZ(1964). Vaccinio-Piceetea BR.-BL. in BR.-BL. et al. 1939 Boreal coniferous woods "Piceetea (BR.-BL. 1939)" KLIKAin KL1KAet HADA(~ 1944 (art. 29) "Piceetea (BR.-BL. 1939)" EGGLER 1952 (art. 29, 31) Dicrano-Pinetea HARTMANN1957* Pyrolo-Pinetea KORNECKin OBERD. et al. 1967 p.p. (art. 8) Dicrano-Pinetea SO6 1968 (art. 3a) Pulsatillo-Pinetea OBERD. in OBERD. et al. 1967 p.p. (art. 8) Pyrolo-Pinetea KORNECK 1974 (syntax. syn.) Species: Abies sibirica, Adenosryles (alliarlae*, glabra*), Bazzania "trilobata, Betula pubescens subsp. tortuosa, Calamagrostis lapponica, Chimaphila umbellata, Cladonia (arbuscula*, cornuta, crispata, rangiferina*), Corallorhiza trifida, Comus suecica, Dicranum rugosum, Festuca eggleri, Galium (rotundifolium*, trifutum), Goodyera repens, Hylocomium splendens*, Knautia norica, Larix (decidua*, sibirica), Linnaea borealis, Listera cordata, Lonicera caerulea, Luzula (luzulina, sylvatica subsp, sieberi), Lycopodium (annotinum, complanatum), Melampyrum sylvaticum*, Moneses uniflora, Monotropa hypopitys subsp, hypopitys, Orthilia secunda, Peltigera aphthosa*, Picea (abies subsp, abies* and subsp, obovata, omorica), Pinus (cembra, mugo*,peuce, sibir.ica, sylvestris* ), Pleurozium schreberi*, Ptilium crista-castrensis, Rhytidiadelphus loreus*, Salix xerophila, Soldanella (hungarica subsp, major, montana), Stellaria longifolia, Trientalis europaea, Vaccinium (myrtillus*, vitis-idaea*). Lit.: BRAUN-BLANQUETet al. (1939), PASSARGE& HOFMANN(1968), KORNECK(1974), DIERSSEN(1992, 1996). 148 L. Mucina Oromediterranean grasslands and scrub Festucetea indigestae RIVAS GODAYel RIVAS-MART|NF.Zin RIVAS GODAYet MAYOR 1966 Oro-lberian siliceous Festuca indigesta grasslands Festucetea indigestae RIVASGODAYet RIVAS-MARTINEZ1965 (art. 8) Species: Agrostis nevadensis, Alyssum purpureum, Arenaria (aggregata, montana subsp, intricata, pungens, tetraquetra), Armeria splendens subsp, bigerrensis, Artemisia granatensis, Biscutella glacialis, Chaenarrhinum glareosum, Dianthus subacaulis, Erigeron frigidus, Erodium petraeum subsp, crispum, Eryngium glaciale, Festuca (clementei, frigida, indigesta subsp, aragonensis and subsp, indigesta, pseudoeskia), Galium (pyrenaicum, rosellum), Herniaria boissieri, Hieracium castellanum, Jasione crispa (subsp, amethystina, subsp. centralis), Jurinea humilis, Leontodon boryi, Leucanthemopsis radicans, Luzula hispanica, Poa laxa, Reseda complicata, Scabiosa turolensis, Scutellaria javalambrensis, Senecio boissieri, Sideritis glacialis, Silene boryi, Teesdaliopsis conferta, Thymus serpylloides subsp, serpylloides, Trisetum glaciale. Lit.: RIVAS GODAY & MAYOR (1966), MAYOR et al. (1982), P#A~,EZRAYA et al. (1990), DE FOUCAULT (1994). Saginetea piliferae GAMISANS 1977 Cymo-Sardian oromediterranean siliceous grasslands Species: Armeria multiceps subsp, multiceps, Hieracium lactucella subsp, micranthum, Luzula italica, Phleum parviceps, Sagina pilifera, Sesamoides pygmaea. Lit.: KLEIN(1972), GAMlSANS(1977), PIGNATrIet al. (1980). Festuco hystricis-Ononidetea striatae RIVAS-MARTINF.Zet al. 1991 Dry, basiphilous pasture communities dominated by caespitose hemicryptophytes and pulvinate chamaephytes of the submediterranean region of the Eurosiberian Fioristic Province and the supramediterranean and oromediterranean zones of the Mediterranean Ononido-Rosmarinetea BR.-BL. in BR.-BL. et al. 1947 p.p. (art. 8, 35) Ononido-Rosmarinetea BR.-BL. in A. DE BOLOSY VAYREDA 1950 p.p. (art. 35) Ononido-Rosmarinetea BR.-BL. in BR.-BL. et al. 1952 p.p. (art. 31, 35) Festucetea hystricis MAYOR 1980" Species: Arenaria (aggregata subsp, aggregata and subsp, erinacea, armerina, grandiflora*), Artemisia pedemontana, Asperula pyrenaica, Astragalus sempervirens subsp, catalaunicus, Brimeura amethystina, Carduncellus (mitissimus, monspeliensium), Carlina acanthifolia, Coronila minima*, Crepis albida, Cytisus ardomoi, Diunthus subacaulis subsp, brachyanthus, Echinospartum horridum, Euphorbia duvalii, Festuca (burnatii, gautieri, hystrix, indigesta subsp, aUezettei and subsp, molin&ri, pseudotrichophytla), Fumana procumbens*, Genista (hispanica subsp, occidentalis, lobelii*, pulchella), lnula montana*, Medicago suffruticosa, Onobrychis reuteri, Ononis (cristata, striata), Paronychia kapela*, Poa ligulata, Ranunculus gramineus*, Saponaria caespitosa, Sempervivum calcareum, Seseli (montanum, nanum), Sideritis hyssopifolia, Stipa iberica, Thymelaea nivalis, Thymus mastigophorus. Note: Many of the diagnostic species of the Festuco-Ononidetea are also found outside the distribution area of the class and occur either in the Festuco-Brometea (for instance on the Apennine Peninsula) or in the Seslerietalia tenuifoliae (Elyno-Seslerietea) communities. Lit.: DE BOLOS Y VAYREDA(1950), BRAUN-BLANQUETet al. (1952), RIVAS-MARTINEZet al. (1991). Carici-Genistetea Iobelii KLEIN 1972 Cymo-Sardian supra- and oromediterranean grasslands and phrygana Carlinetea macrocephalae GAMISANS1975 (art. 1, 29) Carlinetea macrocephalae GAMISANS1977 (art. 29) Species: Allium cupanii, Alyssum (nebrodense, robertianum), Anthyllis hermanniae*, Armeria canescens subsp, nebrodensis, Arrhenatherum elatius subsp, sardoum, Astragalus (depressus*, sirinicus subsp. genargenteus), Berberis vulgaris subsp, aethnensis*, Brimeura fastigiata, Bunium alpinum subsp, corydalinum, Bupleurum falcatum subsp, corsicum, Carduncellus pinnatus subsp, pinnatus, Carex caryophyllea subsp. insularis, Carlina macrocephala subsp, nebrodensis, Centaurea parlatoris, Cerastium (boissierianum, Classes of European vegetation 149 soleirolii), Crepis bellidifolia, Crocus corsicus, Daphne oleoides*, Dianthus arrostii, Erysimum bonannianum, Euphorbia spinosa, Evacidium discolor, Galium (aetnicum, corsicum, verticillatum), Genista (corsica, cupanii), Helianthemum (cinereum, croceum*), Hemiaria glabra subsp, nebrodensis, Hieracium crinitum, Hypochaeris robertia*, Juniperus communis subsp, hemisphaerica*, Jurinea humilis*, Knautia calycina, l_zuniumcorsicum, Odontites corsica, Peucedanum paniculatum, Plantago holosteum subsp, insularis, Poa balbisii, Prunus prostrata*, Rosa (serafinii, sicula), Ruta corsica, Saponaria (ocymoides subsp, alsinoides ), Scleranthusperennis subsp, vulcanicus, Scorzonera villosiformis, Silene (nodulosa, sicula), Stachys corsica, Thesium (corsalpinum, ital&um, kyrnosum), Thlaspi (brevistylum, rivale*), Thymus (herba-barona,spinulosus), Trifolium repens subsp. prostratum, Trisetum (flavescens subsp, splendens, gracile), Verbascum siculum, Vicia gtauca, Viola (aethnensis*, corsica, nebrodensis). Lit.: KLEIN(1972), GAMISANS(1977, 1991), PIGNAq'rlet al. (1980). Rumici-Astragaletea siculi E. PIGNATI'I et al. 1980 Sicilian oromediterranean scrub Cerastio-Carlinetea nebrodensis BRULLO 1983 (art. 29) Note: The Cerastio-Carlinetea nebrodensis is a superfluous name since BRULLO(1983) also included the Rumici-Astragaletalia siculi (the holotype of the Rumici-Astragaletea siculi). Species: Astragalus granatensis subsp, siculus, Galium aetnicum, Hypochaeris robertia*, Rumex aetnensis, Saponaria sicula, Senecio aethnensis, Tanacetum siculum, Viola aethnensis. Lit.: PIGNATTIet al. (1980), BRULLO(1983). Daphno-Festucetea QUEZEL 1964 Greek and Aegean oromediterranean calciphilous grasslands and phrygana Astragaletea cretici ZOHARYet ORSHAN 1965 (art. 8) Berberido-Asperuletea ZAFFRAN 1971 (art. 8) Astragaletea mediterranea ZOHARY 1973 (art. 34) Acantholimono-Astragaletea VOL1OTIS1973" Saturejetea spinosae ZAFFRAN 1990 (art. 5, 8) Species: Acantholimon echinus (subsp. echinus, subsp, creticus, subsp, lycaonicum), Acinos alpinus subsp. meridionalis, Alyssum (samium, sphacioticum), Anchusa cespitosa, Anthemis (cretica subsp, cretica, rigida*), Arenaria saponarioides, Asperula (boissieri, idaea, lutea subsp, lutea, samia), Aster alpinus*, Astragalus (angustifolius, creticus subsp, rumelicus, ptilodes, taygeteus, thracicus subsp, cylleneus and subsp, parnassi), Asyneuma limonifolium, Atraphaxis billardieri, Berberis cretica, Bufonia stricta, Bunium microcarpum, Campanula spatulata subsp, spatulata, Carduus tmoleus, Carum rupestre, Centaurea (affinis subsp, affinis, idaea, pichleri, raphanina subsp, mixta and subsp, raphanina), Centranthus sieberi, Cerastium candidissimum, Cicer incisum, Cirsium hypopsilum, Crepis sibthorpiana, Cynoglossum sphacioticum, Daphne oleoides*, Dianthus (biflorus, sphacioticus, zonatus), Draba (heterocoma subsp, archipelagi, lacaitae), Erodium (chrysanthum, sibthorpianum subsp, vetteri), Eryngium amethystinum*, Erysimum cephalonicum, Euphorbia (acanthothamnos*, herniariifolia), Festuca (jeanpertii, polita, sipylea), Galium (incanum subsp, incanum, incurvum, taygeteum, thymifolium), Genista pamassica, Geranium subcaulescens, Globularia stygia, Helianthemum hymettium, Helictotrichon compressum, Herniaria parnassica (subsp. cretica, subsp. parnassica), Hypericum (kelleri, trichocaulon), Juniperus (communis subsp, hemisphaerica*, foetidissima), Jurinea cadmea, Koeleria lobata, Lactuca alpestris, Leontodon graecus, Linum arboreum, Lysimachia serpyllifolia, Marrubium cylleneum, Minuartia (anatolica, hamata, stellata, verna subsp, attica), Morina persica, Muscari spreizenhoferi, Origanum sipyleum, Ornithogalum gussonii, Paracaryum (aucheri, lithospermifolium), Paronychia (albanica, macrosepala var. cretica, rechingeri), Peucedanum alpinum, Pimpinella tragium subsp, depressa, Poa (thessala, timoleontis), Polygonum idaeum, Prunus prostrata*, Pterocephalus (perennis subsp, perennis, pinardii), Ranunculus brevifolius, Rhamnus saxatilis subsp. prunifolius, Rosa (hackeliana, pulverulenta), Scabiosa sphaciotica, Scandix macrorrhyncha, Scutellaria (hirta, orientafis subsp, alpina, rupestris subsp, parnassica), Senecio fruticulosus, Sesleria (anatolica, tenerima, vaginalis), Sideritis (clandestina subsp, cyllenea and subsp, peloponnesiaca, sipylea, syriaca*), Silene (thessalonica subsp, dictaea, variegata), Stipa epilosa, Telephium imperati subsp, orientale, Teucrium alpestre, Thymus (leucotrichus subsp, creticus and subsp, leucotrichus, longicaulis subsp, chaubardii, samius, sipyleus 150 L. Mucina subsp, rosulans, thracicus), Trinia frigida, Verbascum (cylleneum, pycnostachyum, spinosum), Veronica (erinoides, glauca subsp, chaubardii, thymifolia), Vincetoxicurn canescens, Viola (cephalonica, fragrans, graeca, heldreichiana). Lit.: QUI~EL (1964), ZOHARY 8~; ORSHAN (1965), ZAFFRAN (1982, 1990), CHRISTODOULAKIS& GEORGIADIS(1990), GEORGIADIS& DIMOPOULOS(1993), DIMOPOULOS& GEORGIADIS(1995). Mediterranean vegetation Thero-Brachypodietea BR.-BL. ex A. DE BOLOS Y VAYREDA 1950 Mediterranean terrestrial plant communities dominated by annual low-grown herbs and grasses Thero-Brachypodietea BR.-BL. in BR.-BL. et al. 1947 (art. 8) Thero-Brachypodietea BR.-BL. ex BR.-BL. et al. 1952 (art. 31) Helianthemetea annul RJVASC,-ODAY1958 (art. 34) Helianthemetea guttati (RIVASGODAY 1958) RIVASGODAYet RIVAS-MARTINEZ1963 (syntax. syn.) Poetea bulbosae RlVASGODAYet RIVAS-MARTINEZin RIVAS-MART[NEZ1978 (syntax. syn.) "Stipo-Brachypodietea distachyae (BR.-BL. 1947)" BRULLO 1985 (art. 29) Tuberarietea guttatae sensu auct. (all. 30) Species: Airs (caryophyllea*, cupanhTna, elegantissima), Allium (chamaemoly, hirtovaginum, lopadusanum), Andrachne telephioides, Anthemis chia, Anthyllis tetraphylla, Arenaria (leptoclados subsp. teptoclados*, teucadia), Asterolinon linum-stellatum, Avellinia michelii, Braehypodium distachyurn, Brassica tournefortii, Briza (maxima, minor), Bromus (diandrus, hordeaceus*, rigidus, rubens*), Bupleurum semicompositum, Catapodium (hemipoa, rigidum), Cerastium (brachypetalum subsp, corcyrense, subsp. roeserii, subsp, tenoreanum, diffusurn, semidecandrum subsp, balearicum), Chaenarrhinum rubrifolium subsp. formenterae, Convolvulus lineatus, Corrigiola litoralis subsp, telephifolia, Corynephorus (divaricatum, fasciculatus), Crepis (neglecta, rubra), Cutandia maritima, Cynosurus (echinatus*, elegantissimus), Echium (arenarium, parviflorum), Erodium (botrys, chium, laciniatum), Erophila praecox*, Eryngium dichotomum, Evax asteriscifolia, Filago (aegaea, gallica, pygmaea, pyramid,am), Galium (murale, verrucosum), Gynandriria sisyrhinchium, Hedypnois rhagadioloides, Hedysarum spinosissimum, Herniaria hirsuta* subsp, cinerea, Hippocrepis (biflora, ciliata), Hyoseris scabra, Hypochaeris (achyrophorus, glabra), Lagurus ovatus, Leontodon taraxacoides subsp, longirostris, Linaria (pelbseriana, reflexa), Loeflingia hispanica, Lotus (edulis, longisiliquosus, subbiflorus), Lupinus angustifolius, Malcolmia (flexuosa, maritima, ramossissima), Maresia nana, Matthiola tricuspidata*, Medicago (littoralis, rugosa, truncatula), Mibora minima*, Ononis (diffusa, variegata, viscosa sabsp_ breviflora, subsp, sieberi, subsp, viscosa), Ornithogalum collinum, Ornithopus (compressus, perpusillus*, pinnatus), Paronychia arabica, Petrorhagia (dubia, illyrica, velutina), Phleum (echinatum, graecum), Plantago (afra, bellardi, holosteum, lagopus, psyllium, serraria), Poa bulbosa*, Polycarpon (polycarpoides subsp, catalaun&um, tetraphyllum subsp, alsinifolium and subsp, diphyllum), Prospero (autumnale, elisae), Pseudorlaya pumila, Psilurus incurvus, Romulea (columnae, ramiflora, requienii), Rumex bucephalophorus (subsp. aegeus, subsp, bucephalophorus, subsp, gallicus), Salvia viridis, Senecio leucanthemifolius*, Sesamoides purpurascens, Sideritis, romana, Silene (cambessedesii, cerastoides, colorata, gallica, littorea, niceettsis, nocturna subsp, neglecta, sericea), Spergularia diandra, Stipa capensis, Tordylium (apulum*, officinalis), Trifoliurn (angustifolium, Cherleri, dalmaticum, infamia-ponertii, lucanicum, scabrum*, stellatum), Trigonella maritima, Triplachne nitens*, Tuberaria guttata, Valantia (hispida, muralis*), Vulpia (ciliata, fasciculata, rnembranacea), Vulpiella tenuis. Note: There are no names such as "'Tuberarietea guttatae" or "Helianthemetea guttataf" in "BR.-BL. 1952" (most probably BRAUN-BLANQUETet al. 1952). Only the order Helianthemetalia gunati was described in BRAUN-BLANQUETet aI_ (I952) and classified within the Cisto-Lavanduletea in the Iatter paper. Lit.: DE BOLOS Y VAYREDA(1950), BKAUN-BLANQUETet al. (1952), BARTOLOeta[. (1988), GI~HU& BIONDI (1994). Lygeo sparti-Stipetea tenacissimae RIVAS-MAR~NEZ 1978 Mediterranean steppes, pseudo-steppes and related perennial grasslands "Dactylo glomeratae subsp, hispanicae-Brachypodietea retusg' JULVE 1993 (art. 5) Classes of European vegetation 151 Species: Allium pallens subsp, pallens, Ampelodesmos mauritanica, Aristida coerulescens, Asphodelus ramosus, Asteriscus spinosus, Bituminaria bituminosa, Brachypodium ramosum, Convolvulus (althaeoides, elegantissimus), Conyzanthus squamatus, Dittrichia viscosa*, Euphorbia pinea, Ferula communis, Foeniculum vulgare subsp, piperitum, Hyoseris radiata, Hyparrhenia hirta, Limonium calcarae, Lobularia maritima, Lygeum spartum, Magydaris pastinacea, Sanguisorba minor subsp, magnolii, Stipa (lagascae, tenacissima), Thapsia garganica, Verbascum sinuatum. Note: Lygeo-Stipetea was described by RIVAS-MARTINEZ(1978b), not in 1977 as is indicated on a reprint (it is the date of the symposium). For nomenclature see RIVAS-MAR'IJNEZ(1978b) and RIVAS-MARTINEZet al. (1993b). Lit.: RWAS-MARTINEZ(1978b), BARTOLOet al. (1988b), RIVAS-MARTINEZet al. (1993a, b), JULVE(1993). Cytisetea scopario-striati RIVAS-MART|NEZ 1979 Thermomediterranean broom heathlands (retamal) Species: Adenocarpus (complicatus, decorticans, hispanicus, lainzii), Cytisus (cantabricus, commutatus, grandiflorus, ingramii, multiflorus, oromediterraneus, scoparius, striatus), Erica lusitanica, Genista (falcata, florida, hystrix, obtusiramea, polygaliphylla), Lavandula stoechas subsp, sampaiana, Lygos (monosperma, sphaerocarpa*), Ulex europaeus subsp, latebracteatus. Lit.: RaVAS-MARTINEZ(1979), RIVAS-MARTfNEZ& BELMONTE(1987). Cisto-Lavanduletea BR.-BL. in BR.-BL. el al. 1940 Low-grown Mediterranean scrub (matorral, garrigue, tomillar, phrygana) over siliceous and ultramafic substrates Species: Adenocarpus complicatus, Astragalus lusitanicus, Armeria (macrophylla, pinifolia, rouyana, velutina), Avena longiglumis, Calicotome spinosa, Carex oedipostyla, Chamaespartium tridentatum, Cistus (albidus, crispus, ladanifer, laurifolius, libanotis, palhinhae, populifolius, salvifolius*), Corema album, Cytisus (baeticus, malacitanus subsp, catalaunicus), Erica (australis, scoparia), Genista (hirsuta, hystrix, polyanthos, triacanthos), Halimium (alyssoides, commutatum, halimifolium, ocymoides, verticillatum), Helianthemum origanifolium subsp, molle, lberis linifolia subsp, welwitschii, Lavandula (stoechas subsp, stoechas, subsp. luisieri and subsp, pedunculata, viridis), Lithodora diffusa (subsp. diffusa and subsp, lusitanica), Paeonia broteroi, Pinus pinaster, Serratula pinnatifida, Stauracanthus (boivinii, genistoides), Teucrium polium subsp. vincentinum, Thapsia viUosa, Thymelaea villosa, Thymus (camphoratus, mastichina, piperella), Tuberaria lignosa, Ulex (argenteus subsp, argenteus and subsp, subsericeus, boivinii, parviflorus). Lit.: BRAIJN-BLANQUETet al. (1940, 1964), BRAUN-BLANQUET(1974), RIVAS-MARTfNEZ(1968). Cisto-Micromerietea julianae OBERD. 1954 Low-grown calciphilous Mediterranean scrub (matorral, garrigue, tomillar, phrygana) Ononido-Rosmarinetea BR.-BL. in BR.-BL. et al. 1947 (art. 8) Ononido-Rosmarinetea BR.-BL. in A. DE BOLOS Y VAYREDA1950 p.p. (art. 35) Ononido-Rosmarinetea BR.-BL. in BR.-BL. et al. 1952 p,p. (art. 31, 35) Erico-Cistetea TRINAJSTIC1985" Rosmarinetea oJficinalis RIVAS-MARTINEZet al. 1991 (syntax. syn.) Species: Achillea cretica, Alyssum (borzaeanum, serpyllifolium, spinosum), Andryala agardhii, Anthyllis (cytisoides, hermanniae*, tejedensis, terniflora), Aphyllanthes monspelliensis, Arenaria armerina, Asparagus (albus, aphyllus), Astragalus (balearicus, granatensis subsp, granatensis, grossii, hispanicus, incanus, massiliensis, spruneri), Atractylis (cancellata, humilis), Ballota (acetabulosa, pseudodictamnus), Barlia robertiana, Bupleurum (fi'uticescens, spinosum*), Buxus balearica, Campanula fastigiata, Carlina corymbosa, Centaurea (granatensis, hyssopifolia, linifolia, spinosa*), Centaurium triphyllum, Cerastium boissierianum, Chaenarrhinum rubrifolium, Chamealeon gummifer, Chronanthus biflorus, Cistus (clusii, creticus, monspeliensis, parviflorus, salvifolius*), Clypeola eriocarpa, Convolvulus oleifolius, Coris monspeliensis, Ctenopsis gypsophila, Cytinus (hypocistis, ruber), Dianthus hispanicus, Dipcadi serotinum, Dorycnium (hirsutum, pentaphyllum), Echium flavum, Elaeoselinum tenuifolium, Erica (anthura, multiflora, terminalis), Erinacea anthyllis, Euphorbia (acanthothamnos, mariolensis, minuta ), Fumana (arabica, ericoides, ericophylla, laevipes, thymifolia), Genista (acanthoclada, corsica, dorycnifolia, pseudopilosa, ramosissima, scorpius, umbellata), Globularia alypum, Gypsophila struthium subsp, hispanica, Helianthemum (almeriense, asperum, 152 L. Mucina cinereum, croceum, hirtum, lavandulifolium, marifolium, origanifolium, pilosum, squamatum, syriacum), Helichrysum (decumbens, stoechas*), Herniaria fruticosa, Hippocrepis. glauca, Hypericum (balearicum, empetrifolium ), Jurinea (humilis, pinnata), Koeleria vallesiana subsp, castellana, Launaea (pumila, resedifolia), Lavandula (dentata, lanata, latifolia), Lepidium subulatum, Leuzea conifera, Limonium insigne, Linum (narbonense, pubescens, suffruticosum), Lithodora (fruticosa*, hispidula*), Lotus tetraphyllus, Micromeria (graeca,juliana, myrtifolia, nervosa ), Moricandia foetida, Odontites longiflora, Onobrychis stenorhiza, Ononis (minutissima, speciosa, tridentata), Ophrys (bombyliflora, helenae, lutea, mammosa, sicula, tenthredinifera, vernixia), Orchis (italica, lactea, quadripunctata), Origanum onites, Orobanche latisquama, Paronychia aretioides, Phlomis (crinita, fruticosa, lanata, purpurea*), Poa flaccidula, Reseda (stricta, suffruticosa), Rosmarinus officinalis, Ruta angustifolia, Salsola (genistoides, papillosa), Salvia (candelabrum, lavandulifolia, phlomoides, pomifera, triloba), Santolina (chamaecyparissias subsp, chamaecyparissias, rosmarinifolia, viscosa), Sarcopoterium spinosum, Satureja (obovata, thymbra), Sedum gypsicola, Serapias (ionica, lingua), Sideritis (foetans, hirsuta, ilicifolia, incana, leucantha, spinulosa), Stachys spinosa, Staehelina dubia, Teucrium (aragonense, brevifolium, capitatum, divaricatum, dunense, flavum subsp, hellenicum, gnaphalodes, libanitis, microphyllum, pumilum subsp, carolipaui, turredanum), Thapsia gymnesica, Thesium divaricatum*, Thymbra capitata, Thymelaea (hirsuta, myrtifolia, pubescens, sanamunda, tartonraira, tinctoria), Thymus (piperella, vulgaris, zygis), Ulex argenteus subsp, erinaceus, Urginea (maritima, numidica), Viola arborescens, Ziziphora hispanica. Note: This unit was traditionally classified within the broadly-conceived Ononido-Rosmarinetea. R[VAS-MA~TINEZet aL ( 1991 )split the Iatter class into the Rosmarb~etea officinalis and the Festuco-Ononidetea striati. The Cisto-Micromerietea (OBERDORFER 1954) comprises an ecologically analogous group of communities with an East-Mediterranean distribution. Since both Rosmarinetea and Cisto-Micromerietea share many physiognomic features, ecological characteristics and a high number of diagnostic species they are considered as one class, which, due to priority reasons, should bear the name Cisto-Micromerietea. This is a preliminary solution as a large-scale syntaxonomic synthesis is needed to clarify the floristic relations between the Rosmarinetea and the Cisto-Micromerietea. Lit.: BRAUN-BLANQUETet al. (1947), DE BOLOS Y VAYREDA (1950), OBERDORFER (1954), RIVAS GOOAY & RIVAS-MAR~NEZ (1967), RlVAS-MARTINEZet al. (1991, 1992a, b). Onosmo polyphyllae-Ptilostemetea KORZHENEVSKli"1990 KORZHENEVSKII (1990), in a manuscript deposited in the All-Union Institute for Scientific and Technical Information (VINITI) in Moscow has suggested a new class - the Onosmo polyphyllae-Ptilostemetea - for the Crimean mediterranoid macchia and related grasslands over flysch. The first effective publication of the name is found in KOROTKOV et al. ( t991), who also listed diagnostic species of this class, among others: Alyssum obtusifolium, Asperula supina, Cruciata taurica subsp, taurica, Erysimum cuspidatum, Melica ciliata subsp, monticola, Melilotus tauricus, Onosma polyphylla, Ptilostemon echinocephalus, Scutellaria orientalis, Seseli dichotomum, Thymus cherlerioides and Ziziphora tenuior. Virtually the same characteristics of the class were repeated by SOLOMAKHA (1995). The class of Onosmo-Ptilostemetea, however, remains invalidly published since neither a nomenclature type has been assigned to it, nor have any of the subordinate units been validly published to-date. Nerio-Tamaricetea BR.-BL. et O. DE BOLOS 1958 Mediterranean riparian gallery woods and related scrub Tamarici-Platanetea orientalis I. KARJ'ATI el V. KARPATI 1962 p.p.min.* Specieg: Arundo donax, Clematis campaniflvra, Gomphocarpus fruticosus, Nerium oleander, Periploca graeca, Prunus lusitanica, Pyrus bourgeana, Salix (atrecinerea, salvifolia), Securigera tinctoria, Tamarix (africana, canariensis, dalmatica, galtica, parviflora, smyrniensis, tetranda), Vitex agnus-castus. Lit.: BRAUN-BLANQUET& DE BOLOS (1958), IZCO et al. (1984). Quercetea ilicis BR.-BL. ex A. DE BOL(~SY VAYREDA 1950 Mediterranean evergreen woodland and macchia Quercetea ilicis BR.-BL. in BR.-BL. et al. 1947 (art. 8) Quercetea ilicis BR.-BL in BR.-BL. et al. 1952 (art. 31) Classes of European vegetation 153 Euphorbietea dendroidis ZOHARYet ORSHAN 1966 (art. 8) Aceretea orientalis ZOHARYet ORSHAN 1966 (art. 8) Paliutetea TRINAJSTI(~ 1978" Pino halepensis-Quercetea ilicis DE FOUCAULTet JULVE 1991 (art. 5, 8) Pistacio lentisci-Rhamnetea alaterni JULVE 1993 (art. 5) Species: Acer sempervirens, Amelanchier cretica, Anagyris foetida, Anemone palmata, Antirrhinum majus subsp, cirhigerum, Arbutus (andrachne, unedo), Arisarum vulgate (subsp. simorrhinum, subsp, vulgate*), Aristolochia (baetica, cretica, sempervirens), Asparagus (acutifolius, stipularis), Asplenium onopteris, Ballota pseudodictamnus, Biarum arundanum, Bryonia cretica, Bupleurum (foliosum,fruticosum, gibraltarium, rigidum subsp, paniculatum and subsp, rigidum), Calicotome spinosa, Carex (depressa, distachya, iUegitima,olbiensis), Celtis (australis, tournefortii), Ceratonia siliqua, Chamaerops humilis, Clematis (cirrhosa,flammula), Cneorum tricoccon, Colutea atlantica, Corema album, Cotoneaster nummularia, Cupressus sempervirens, Cyclamen (balearicum, creticum, hederifolium, repandam), Daphne gnidium, Doronicumplantagineum, Ephedrafoemina, Erica arborea*, Eryngium tricuspidatum, Euphorbia dendroides, Festuca triflora, Ficus carica, Galium (maritimum, scabrum), Gennaria diphylla, Hyacinthoides hispanica, Jasminumfruticans, Juniperus (oxycedrus subsp, macrocarpa, phoenicea), Laurus nobilis, Lonicera (etrusca, implexa), Luzula nodulosa, Lycium schweinfurthii, Maytenus senegalensis, Moehringia pentandra, Myrtus communis, Osyris alba, Paeonia (broteroi, coriacea), Periploca angustifolia, Phillyrea (angustifolia, latifolia), Pinus (halepensis subsp, brutia, subsp, halepensis and subsp, pithyusa, pinaster, pinea), Piptatherum paradoxum, Pistacia (atlantica, lentiscus, terebinthus), Prasium majus, Prunus webbii, Pyrus bourgaeana, Quercus (canariensis, coccifera, ilex subsp. ilex and subsp, rotundifolia, lusitanica, suber), Rhamnus (alaternus, lycioides subsp, lycioides, subsp, oleoides and subsp, velutinus), Rhus pentaphyUa, Rosa sempervirens, Rubia tenuifolia, Ruscus (aculeatus*. hypophyllum), Ruta chalepensis, Salsola webbii, Sanguisorba hybrida, Scilla monophyllos, Serratula alcalae, Smilax aspera, Sorbus umbellata, Styrax officinalis, Tetraclinis articulata, Teucrium (fruticans, salviastrum, scorodonia subsp, baeticum ), Viburnumtinus, Vincadifformis, Vincetoxicumnigrum, Zelkova abelicea, Ziziphus lotus. Lit.: DE BOLOSY VAYREDA(1950), BRAUN-BLANQUETet al. (1952), RIVAS-MART[NEZet al. (1984, 1995), JULVE (1993). Semideserts Pegano harmalae-Salsoletea vermiculatae BR.-BL. el O. DE BOLOS 1958 Thermomediterranean and Macaronesian halo-nitrophilous semidesert scrub Species: Artemisia (arborescens, herba-alba, ramosa, reptans, thuscula), Atriplex (glauca subsp, ifniensis, halimus, semibaccata), Ballota hirsuta, Capparis spinosa*, Fagonia cretica, Forsskalea angustifolia, Gonospermum fruticosum, Gymnocarpos decander, Herniaria fontanesii subsp, empedoclana, Launaea arborescens, Lavandula (buchii, canariensis), Lavatera acerifolia, Limonium opulentum, Lotus sessilifolius, Lycium intricatum, Malva arborea, Mesembryanthemum (crystallinum*, nodiflorum*), Messerschmidtia fruticosa, Nicotiana glauca, Peganum harmala*, Ricinus communis, Rumex lunaria, Salsola (divaricata, oppositifolia), Schizogyne (glaberrima, sericea), Suaeda (pelagica, vermiculata), Withania (aristata, somnifera), Zygophyllum fabago*, r Lit.: BRAUN-BLANQUET& DE BOLOS (1958), PEINADO& MARTfNEZ-PARRAS(1984). Artemisietea lerchianae GOLUB 1994 em. hoe Ioco Aralo-Caspian subhalophilous semideserts Artemisietea lerchianae GOLUB in GOLUBet SAVCHENKO1986 (art. 5, 8) Artemisietea lerchianae GOLUB 1987 (art. 1) Artemisietea lerchianae GOLUB in KOROTKOVet al. 1991 (art. 5, 8) Artemisietea tchernievianae GOLUB 1994 (syntax. syn.) Species: Alhagi pseudalhagi, Anabasis aphylla, Artemisia (lerchiana, tschernieviana), Astragalus physodes, Bassia prostrata*, Camphorosma monspeliaca*, Ceratocarpus arenarius, Eremopyrum orientale*, Euphorbia 154 L. Mucina seguieriana*, Ferula caspica, Peganum harma/a*, Petrosimonia oppositifolia*, Salsola dendroides, Stipagrostis karelinii, Trigonella arcuata, Zygophyllum fabago*. Note: Semideserts of the Kazakho-Djungarian Desert Region (sensu PETROV sec. WALTER 1968: 728) or Irano-Turanian Subregion of the Saharo-Gobian Desert Region (sensu SAFRONOVA1996) reach the European territory in the Caspian Lowlands, in regions of the western and nordleru rims of the Caspian Sea (incl. the Volga Delta). These communities can be seen as the north-westernmost outposts of extensive semideserts having their distribution centre in territories spanning the Caspian Sea and the Sea of Aral. The marginal character of this vegetation type in the Volga Delta is emphasised by the occurrence of numerous elements of the steppe (Festuco-Brometea) and salt-steppe (Puccinellio-Salicornietea) flora. GOLUB& SAVCHENKO(1986), GOLUB (1987), KOROTKOVet al. (1991) summarised the semideserts in syntaxonomic terms within a single class -Artemisitea lerchianae (however, this was invalidly described in all the above-mentioned papers). Later GOLUB (1994b) validly described two classes, such as the Artemisietea lerchianae and Artemisietea tschernievianae. An analysis of his synoptic table (Tab. 1 in GOLU/~& SAVCrmNKO1986) reveals a considerable number of species in common. Therefore [ suggest returning to the original concept of a broadly-conceived Artemisietea lerchianae. Solving the problem requires a large-scale analysis including data from the neighbouring regions of the semideserts of northern and western Kazakhstan.The emendation unifies two validly described classes - Artemisitea lerchianae and Artemisietea tschernievianae - and has been applied according to art. 25 of the CPN. Lit.: GOLUB & SAVCHENKO(1986), GOUda (1987, 1994b), KOROTKOVet al. (1991), SAFRONOVA(1996). Classes of the Macaronesian vegetation Zygophyllo fontanesii-Polycarpetea niveae SANTOS GUERRA 1977 Macaronesian halophilous coastal dune scrub Ammophiletea canariensis ESTEVE CHUECA 1968 (art. 3t, 34) Species: Androcymbium psaraophyllum, Astragatus mareoticus vat. handiensis, Chenoleoides tomen.tosa, Convolvulus caput-medusae, Frankenia capitata, Herniaria (canariensis, fontanesii), Lirnonium (ovalifolium subsp, canariense, papillatum var. callibotryum), Lotus (glaucus, kunkellii, lancerottensis, leptophyUus, sessilifolius), Matthiola fruticulosa vat. bolleana, Minuartia webbii, Ononis hebecarpa, Orobanche gratiosae, Polycarpaea nivea, Polygonum balansae var. tectifolium, Pulicaria burchardii, Traganum moquinii, Zygophyllum fontanesii. Lit.: ESTEVECHUECA (1968), SANTOSGUERRA(1977). Kleinio neriifoliae-Euphorbietea canariensis (RIVAS GODAY et ESTEVE CHUECA 1965) SANTOS GUERRA 1976 Macaronesian succulent scrub on lava beds (tabaibal and cardonal) Echino-Euphorbietea macaronesica RIVASGODAY 1960 (art. 8, 34) Diacanthie-Euphorbietea macaronesica RIVASGODAY et ESTEVE CHUECA 1965 (art. 34) Kleinio-Euphorbietea macaronesica SUNDING 1972 (art. 34) Species: Aeonium (arborescens, lancerottense, manriqueorum, percarneura), Amraodaucuafrutesc ens subsp. nanocarpus, Argyranthemum (frutescens subsp, canariae, subsp, foeniculaceum, subsp, graciliences, subsp. parviflorum and subsp, pumilum, hoaurytheum, thalasophyUum), Artemisia (ramosa, thuscula), Asparagus (arborescens, nesiotes subsp, nesiotes and subsp, pupuriense), Atractylis arbuscula, Arena canarienMs, Beta pat,da, Campylanthus salsoloides, Caralluma burchardii, Carduus (baeocephalus, bourgaei), Ceropegia (dichotoma, fusca, hians), Convolvulus scoparius, Echium (aculeatum, brevirame, decaisnei, triste subsp. nivariense and subsp, triste), Erucastrum (canariense, cardaminoides), Euphorbia (anachoreta, aphylla, balsamifera subsp, balsamifera, berthelotii, canariensis, handiensis, lamarckii), Forskaholea angustifolia, Helianthemum thymiphyllum, Kickxia scoparia, Kleinia neriifolia, Lavandula canariensis, Limonium fruticans, Lolium lowei, Messerschmidtia fruticosa, Misopates salvajensis, Neochamaelea pulverulenta, Odontospermum stenophyllum, Onopordum nogalesii, Parolinia (aridanae, capitata subsp, canariensis, intermedia, ornata, schizogynoides), Pelleteria wildpretii, Periploca laevigata, Phagnalon (purpurascens, umbelliforme), Plantago asphodetoides, Plocama pendula, Reichardia tingitana*, Reseda ( lancerotae, scoparia), Rubia fruticosa subsp. Classes of European vegetation 155 fruticosa, Rumex lunaria, Rutheopsis herbanica, Salsola marujae, Schizogyne (glaberrima, sericea), Scilla (haemorrhoidalis, latifolia), Senecio (boUei, flavus, incrassatus), Sonchus (arboreus, canariensis*, microcarpus), Todaroaaurea (subsp. aurea, subsp, suaveolens), Tolpis laciniata, Volutaria (bollei, canariensis). Lit.: RlVAS GODAY & ESTEVE CHUECA (1965), SUNDING (1972), SANTOS GUERRA (1976, 1977), RIVAS-MARTfNEZet al. (1993a, b). Oleo cerasiformis-Rhamnetea crenulatae SANTOS in RIVAS-MARTfNEZ 1987 Macaronesian matorral and related scrub Oleo-Rhamnetea crenulatae SANTOSGUERRA 1976 (art. 8) Cisto monspeliensis-Micmmerietea hyssopifoliae PI~REZDE PAZ et al. 1990 (syntax. syn.) Species: Anagyris latifolia, Androcymbium hierrense (subsp. hierrense, subsp, macarospermum), Andryala cheiranthifolia, Argyranthemum (eallichrysum, coronopifolium, disseetum, esearrei,filifolium,foeniculaeeum, frutescens subsp, frutescens, gracile, haemathomma, hierrense, maderense, sundingii, webbii, winterii), Asparagus (plocamoides, scoparius, umbellatus subsp, lowei and subsp, umbellatus), Beta procumbens, Bosea yervamora, Bryonia verrucosa, Bupleurum (handiense, salicifolium subsp, acyphyllum and subsp, salieifolium), Bystropogon (odoratissimum, plumosus), Calendula maderensis, Carduus clavulatus, Carlina salicifolia, Chamaemeles coriacea, Cheirolophus (arbutifolius, canariensis vat. canariensis, duranii, falcisectus, gomerythus, junonianus, massonianus, metlesicsii, santos-abreui, satarataensis subsp, dariasii and subsp. satarataensis, sventenii subsp, gracilis and subsp, sventenii, tagananensis, webbianus), Cistus monspeliensis*, Convolvulus (floridus, fruticulosus, glandulosus, lopezocasi, perraudieri, volubilis), Crambe arborea, Crepis (canariensis, divaricata, nonhaea, vesicaria subsp, andryaloides), Dactylis smithii, Descurainia (artemisioides, millefolia, praeuxiana), Dorycnium (broussonetii, erlaphthalmum), Dracaena draco, Dracuneulus canariensis, Echium (acanthocarpum, bethencourtii, callithyrsum, giganteum, handiense, hierrense, leucophaeum, nervosum, stricture, virescens vat. virescens), Erysimum (arbuscula, bieolor), Euphorbia (atropurpurea, lambii, piscatoria), Ferula (lacerottensis, linkii), Fumaria (coccinea, montana), Globularia salicina, Gonospermum (canariense,fruticosum, gomerae), Helianthemum (bramwelliorum, broussonetii, fruticosum, gonzales-ferreri, teneriffae, tholiforme), Helichrysum (alucense, devium, melaleucum, monizii, monogynum, obconicum), Hypericum (canariense, glandulosum), Jasminium odoratissimum, Justicia hyssopifolia, Kunkeliella (canariensis, psilotoclada, retamoides), Lavandula (buchii, pinnata), Lavatera (acerifolia, phoenicea), Limonium (arborescens, bourgaei, brassicaefolium, dendroides, imbricatum, preauxii, puberulum, redivivum, spectabile, sventenii), Lolium canariense, Lotus (eremiticus, macranthus), Lysimachia azorica, Marcetella (maderensis, moquiniana ), Maytenus (canariensis, dryandri, umbellata), M icromeria (lepida, rivas-martinezii), Olea europaea (subsp. cerasiformis, subsp, maderensis), Ononis angustissima subsp, angustissima, Onopordum carduelis, Osyris quadripartita vat. canariensis, Parolinia (filifolia, platypetala), Paronychia (canariensis, capitata subsp, canariensis), Phagnalon bennetii, Phalaris maderensis, Phoenix canariensis, Pimpinella (anagodendron,junoniae), Plantago (arborescens,famarae), Polycarpaeafilifolia, Pterocephalus dumetorum, Retama monosperma subsp, rhodorhizoides, Rhamnus crenulata, Rubia fruticosa subsp, periclymenum, Ruta (microcarpa, oreojasme, pinnata), Salvia (broussonetii, canariensis, herbanica), Scilla (latifolia, maderensis), Scrophularia calliantha, Senecio (teneriffae, webbii), SMeritis (barbellata, brevicaulis, candidans var. crassifolia and var. multiflora, cretica, cystosiphon, dendrochahorra, ferrensis, infernalis, kuegleriana, marmorea, nervosa, pumila, spicata), Sidemxylon (canariensis, marginata, marmulano), Solanum (IMii, vespertilio), Sonehus (congestus, fruticosus, gandogeri, hierrensis, palmensis, pinnatus, tubifer, wildpretii), Spartocytisusfilipes, Stachys germanica var. canariensis, Tanacetumoshanahani, Teline (maderensis, osyroides subsp, osyroides and subsp, serices, rosmarinifolia, stenopetala var. pauciovulata), Teucrium heterophyllum, Urtica stachyoides, Hcia (capreolata, cirrhosa, ferreirensis, filicaulis, pectinata), Visnea mocanera. Lit.: SANTOSGUERRA (1976, 1977), RIVAS-MARTfNEZ(1987), PI~REZDE PAZ et al. (1990). Pruno hixae-Lauretea azoricae OBERD. ex RIVAS-MART|NEZel al. 1977 Macaronesian laurisilva and related scrub Pruno-Lauretea OBERD. 1960 (art. 8) Species: Adenocarpus (foliolosus, ornbriosus), Agrostis obtusissimum, Ammi huntii, Andryala pinnatifida (subsp. pinnatifida, subsp, praeuxiana), Apollonias barbujana, Arachnoides webbianum, Arbutus canariensis, Arceutobium azoricum, Argyranthemum (adauctum subsp, adauctum, subsp, erythrocarpum, subsp. 156 L. Mucina jacobaefolium and subsp, palmensis, broussonetii subsp, broussonetii and subsp, gomerensis), Armeria maderensis, Arum italicum subsp, canariensis, Asparagus fallax, Asplenium (aethiopicum subsp, braithwaitii, hemionitis), Bencomia (caudata, sphaerocarpa), Bermeris maderensis, Bunium brevifolium, Bystropogon (canariensis, maderensis, punctatus, serrulatus), Canarina canariensis, Carduus squarrosus, Carex (canariensis, lowei,perrauderiana, pilulifera subsp, azorica, puncata var. laevicaulis), Cedronella canariensis, Cerastium azoricum, Chamaecytisus proliferus subsp, proliferus, Cheirolophus arboreus, Cirsium latifolium, Clethra arborea, Convolvulus (canariensis, massonii, Crambe santosii), Crambestrigosa, Cryptotaenia elegans, Culcita macrocarpa, Cystopteris diaphragma, Daboecia azorica, Dactylorhiza foliosa, Deschampsia maderensis, Diphasiastrum madeirense, Diplazium caudatum, Dryopteris (aitoniana, crispifolia, guanchica, intermedia subsp, azorica, maderensis, oligodonta), Ebingeria elegans, Echium (candidans, pininana), Elaphoglossum semicylindricum, Erica (maderensis, scoparia subsp, madearinicola and subsp, platycodon), Euphorbia (mellifera, stygiana), Euphrasia azorica, Ferula latipinna, Festuca donax, Frangula azorica, Galium (geminiflorum, productum), Gaudinia coarctata, Geranium (canariense, maderense, palmatum, rubescens), Gesnouiniaarborea, Goodyera macrophylla, Haberdenia excelsa, Holcus rigidus, Huperzia dentata, Hypericum (foliosum, inodorum), llex (canariensis vat. canariensis, perado subsp, azoriea, subsp, perado and subsp. platyphylla), lmperatoria lowei, lsoplexis (canariensis, chalcantha, sceptrum), Ixanthus viscosus, Juniperus brevifolia, Lactuca watsoniana, Laurus azorica, Leontodon (filii, ringens), Luzula (canariensis, elegans, purpureo-splendens, seubertit), Lycopodiella veijae,Melanoselinum decipiens, Melica (canariensis, teneriffae), Monizia edulis, Muschia wollastonii, Myosotis (azorica, discolor subsp, canariensis), Myrica (faya, rivas-martinezii), Normania (navae, triphylla), Ocoteafoetens, Odontites holliana, Oenanthe divaricata, Orchis scopulorum, Pericallis (appendiculatus, aurita, cruenta, echinata, hadrosomus, hansenii, malviflora, multiflorus, murrayi, papyraceus, steezii, tussilaginis, webbii), Persea indica, Phyllis nobia, Picconia (azorica, excelsa), Pittosporum coriaceum, Plantago subspathulata, Platanthera micrantha, Pleiomeris canariensis, Poa pitardiana, Polypodium (drepanum, falcinellum, webbianum), Prunus lusitanica (subsp, azorica, subsp, hixa), Pteris incompleta, Ranunculus cortusifolius, Rhamnus glandulosa, Rosa mandonii, Rubus (bollei, canariensis, concolor, grandiflorus, hochstetterorum, palmensis, vahli), Rumex (azoricus, maderensis), Ruscus streptophyllus, Salix canariensis, Sambucus (lanceolata, palmensis), Sanicula azorica, Scrophularia (hirta, racemosa, smithii subsp, hierrensis, subsp, langeana and subsp, smithii), Semele (androgyna, gayae), Sibthorpia peregrina, Sideritis (canariensis, candidans var. candidans, discolor, lotzii, macrostachys), Smilax (canariensis, divaricata, excelsa, mauritanica), Solarium patens, Sorbus maderensis, Teline (canariensis, splendens, stenopetala subsp, micropetala and subsp, stenopetala), Teucrium (abutiloides, betonium), Trichomanes speciosum, Urtica morifolia, Vaccinium cylindraceum, Vacciniumpadifolium, Viburnum tinus (subsp. rigidum, subsp, subcordatum), Vicia (scandens, anagae), Viola (kitaibeliana var. brevicalcarata, plantaginea), Woodwardia radicans. Lit.: OBERDORFER(1960), RIVAS-MART[NF_,Zet al. (1993a, b). Cytiso-Pinetea canariensis RIVAS GODAY et ESTEVE CHUECA ex SUNDING 1972 Canarian pine woods and related scrub Cytiso-Pinetea canariensis RIVASGODAYet ESTEVECHUECA 1965 (art. 8) Cytiso-Pinetea canariensis RIVASGODAYet ESTEVE CHV0ECAin ESTEVECHUECA 1969 (art. 8) Species: Adenoearpus viscosus (var. spartioides, var. viscosus), Andryala pinnatifida var. teydea, Argyranthemum (adauctum subsp, canariense, subsp, dugorii and subsp, gracile, haouatrytheum, sventenii, vincentii), Barlia metlesicsiana, Bencomia brachystachya, Bystropogon (canariensis var. smithianus, origanifolius, wildpreti~), Carlina canarienais, Chamaecytisus proliferus (subsp. angustifolius vat. calderae, subsp, angustifolius vat. perezii, subsp, meridionalis), Cicer canariensis, Cistus (chinamadensis subsp. chinamadensis and subsp, gomerensis, symphytifolius vat. leocophyllus and var. symphytifolius), Dentropoterium (menendezii, pulidoi), Descurainia (gilva, lemsii), Eehium (onosmifolium, sventenii, virescens var. angustissimum, webbii), Globularia ascanii, Helianthemum (bystropogophyllum, cirae, inaguae, lini), lsoplexis isabelliana, Lactuca palmensis, Lavandula minutolii, Lotus (berthelotii, eampylocladus, genistoides, hillebrandtii, holosericeus, pyranthus, spartioides), Micromeria (benthamii, hyssopifolia, lachnophylla, lanata, lasiophylla subsp, lasiophylla and subsp,palmensis, pineolens, tenuis), On:his eanariensis, Pimpinella eumbrae, Pinus canariensis, Plantago webbii, Polycarpaea aristata, Romulea grandiscapa, Scrophularia glabrata, Classes of European vegetation 157 Sideritis (dasygnaphala, eriocephala, oroteneriffae, soluta, sventeniO, Teline (microphylla, stenopetala vax. spachiana), Todaroa montana, Tolpis (lagopoda, webbiO. Lit.: RrVASGODAY& ESTEVECHUECA(1965), ESTEVECHUECA(1969), SUNDING(1972), VOGGENRErrER (1974), RIVAS-MARTINEZet al. (1993a, b). Spartocytisetea supranubii SCH6NFELDER et VOGGENREITER 1994 Canarian high-mountain volcanic semideserts Spartocytisetea nubigeni VOGGENREITER1974 (art. 3b, 8) Spartocytisetea nubigeni VOGGENRErrER1975 (art. 3b, 8) Violetea cheiranthifoliae VOGGENREITER1975 (art. 8) Species: Argyranthemum teneriffae, Arrhenatherum calderae, Bencomia exstipulata, Bromus madritensis subsp, kunkelii, Cheirolophus teydis, Descurainia (bourgaeana, gonzaleziO, Echium (auberianum, gentianoides, wildpretii subsp, trichosiphon and subsp, wildpretiO, Erigeron caMerae, Erysimum scoparium, Genista benehoavensis, Helianthemum juliae, Juniperus cedrus, Nepeta teydea, Polycarpaea tenuis, Pterocephalus lasiospermus, Pterocephalus porphyranthus, Sideritis eriocephala, Silene nocteolens, Spartocytisus supranubius, Stemmacantha cynaroides, Tolpis webbii, Viola (cheiranthifolia, palmensis). Lit.: VOGGENREITER(1974, 1975), SCHONFELDER& VOGGENREITER(1994). Aeonio-Greenovietea SANTOS GUERRA 1976 Macaronesian chasmophytic vegetation of exposed volcanic rocks Greenovio-Aeonietea SANTOSGUERRA 1976 nom. inv. illegit, sensu auct. (art. 42) Species: Aeonium (balsamiferum, canariense, citiatum, cuneatum, davidbramwelii, decorum, glandulosum, glutinosum, gomerense, goochiae, haworthii, hierrense, lindleyi, nobile, palmense, pseudourbicum, rubrolineatum, sedifolium, simsii, smithii, spathulatum, subplanum, tabuliforme, undulatum, urbicum, valverdense, virgineum, xbouchardii), Aichryson (bethencourtianum, bollei, divaricatum, dumosum, laxum, pachycaolon, palmense, parlatorei, porphyrogennetos, villosum), Allagoppapus (dichotomus, viscosissimus), Anthyllis lemmaniana, Asplenium parvifolium, Babcokia platylepis, Brachypodium arbuscula, Cerastium (sventenii, vagans), Ceropegia kainzii, Crambe (feuillei, fruticosa, gomerae, laevigata, scaberrima, sventenii), Crepis vesicaria subsp, andryaloides, Deschampsia (foliosa, maderensis), Dicheiranthus plocamoides, Echium simplex, Erysimum maderense, Festuca (agustini, petraea), Globularia sarcophylla, Greenovia (aizoon, aurea, diplocycla, dodrentalis, xrowleyO, Habenaria tridactylites, Helichrysum gossypinum, Hypericum reflexum, Hypochaeris oligocephala, Lotus (borzii, callis-viridis, dumetorum), Lugoa revoluta, Micromeria (glomerata, helianthemifolia, leucantha, platyphyUa, teneriffae), Monanthes (adenoscepes, anagaensis, brachycaulon, dasyphylla, icterica, laxiflora, lowei, minima, muralis, niphophylla, pallens, polyphylla, praegerii, purpurascens, silensis, subcrassicaulis, wildprea'O,Monyzia edulis, Muschia aurea, Ononis christii, Pancratium canariense, Parafestuca albida, Parietaria filamentosa, Pericallis lanata, Phyllis viscosa, Pimpinella (dendrotragium, rupicola), Plantago leiopetala, Polycarpaea (carnosa, smithi[), Prenanthes pendula, Pterocephalus virens, Reichardia (famarae, ligulata), Rhamnus integrifolia, Saxifraga (maderensis, portosanctana), Scilla maderensis, Scrophularia lowei, Sedum (brissemoretii, farinosum, nudum subsp. lacerottense and subsp, nudum), Senecio (hermosae, palmensis); Sideritis (gomerae, nutans), Silene (berthelotiana, bourgaei, lagunensis, pogonocalyx, sabinosae), Sinapidendron (angustifolium, frutescens, gymnocalyx, rupestre, sempervivifolium), Sonchus (acaulis, bornmuelleri, brachylobus, congestus, fauces-orci, gonzalez-padronii, gummifer, tectifolius, ustulatus), Sutera canariensis, Sventenia bupleuroides, Taeckholmia capillaris, Tanacetum (ferulaceum, ptarmiciflorum), Teline (pallida, stenopetala var. sericea), Thymus origanoides, Iinguarra cervariaefolia, Tolpis (azorica, calderae, crassiuscula, macrorhiza, succulenta), Urtica portosanctana, Vieraea laevigata, Viola paradoxa. Lit.: SANTOSGUERRA (1976, 1977), RIVAS-MARTINEZet al. (1993a, b). Acknowledgements:Thanks to Sandro Pignatti for the idea of compiling this Conspectus. Sandro Pignatti and Harald Niklfeld put their libraries at my disposal. Salvatore Brullo, Andra~ ~.ami, Jean-Marie G6hu, Valentin Golub, Salvador Rivas-Marffnez, Irina Safronova, Amoldo Santos, Vladimir Solomakha, Aizyk Solomeshch, Jean-Panl Theurillat and Milan Valachovi~ further provided less accessible literature sources. Milan Valachovi~, Karol Marhold and Panayiotis Dimopoulos corrected several check-lists of diagnostic species. 158 L. Mucina Special thanks to Amoldo Santos Guerra, who corrected and up-dated the lists of diagnostic species for the Macaronesian classes. Milan Chytr~, Xavier Font, Jean-Marie G6hu, Philippe Julve, Javier Loidi, Jaroslav Moravec, Sandro Pignatti, Joop Schamin6e, Jean-Paul Theurillat and Heinrich E. Weber criticised parts of the early versions of the Conspectus. 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(1994): Vegetation of European springs: High-rank syntaxa of the Montio-Cardaminetea. J. Veg. Sci. 5: 385-402. ZOHARY M. & ORSHANG. (1965): An outline of the geobotany of Crete. Israel J. Bot. 14: 1-49. Encl. Appendix (Tab. 1), pp. 169-172 Classes of European '• I ~ vegetation 169 I .'-~ "~ "P_ ~ ,= ~,= = , o.~ ,.~ r "9_ X .~ ~= X -~-9~ ~ .2= "= o ~ ~= '~_,~ ~ ~0~-~ o'~ 0 ~_~=~.~~ ~ ~ ---, .-~ O ~0 .~ ~ I .-~ ~,,F= >-, .~ ~ =i~.~,~ ~ ~ ~9 = ~ ~ ~ X ~ ~ =o 9~o o.~ .S.S -~ .S o .~ X o o ~ ox .E=,~ ~= .2~ ::z:: <;z:: ::z: ::x:: ::I:: 3::: "~o "~o .~.~ _= ,,~0o o r~ -,-n O ~ O r~ -- ~o ~ r ~,~ I ~ I~ ~ ~ • e~ x . ~.~ o.,..-..~ -~ --~ ~,~ = ~ = 0 ~'~ .,~ --,~ -~ ~ - ~ o ~ o eN _~ ~~, ~$ 170 L. Mucina '~ ,=1 e,O 0 & .s '" ~ ~ ,_,~ ~ .=-= -; ~-~ -= ~ ~'~ =~=o = ~- ~ ~ ."*-.~~:% "~ ~ ~ ~ = ,- ~.~ 0 0 vv ~ e~ ~ ~ x x x ~x x ~ x x x r~ ~ 0 0 0 X e- 171 Classes of European vegetation ~,,-a. ~s~s~ =~.= ~ =~=._- _.- ~_~ o 0 ~~!r ~ , ~ . ~ r ~ e~ ~ ~ ~.. -= . . . . . . . . . . - ~ ~~ "--" "~ ~ o ~'~" .a,~, ~ ~.o 6 K, .fl ~: .o x X ~ o ~ .o i 1 1 i X X X X ~ x~ 6 ~ ~ ~ ~o . x X~ ~ ~ o =o o~,.-, -~ = ~, x ~ x ~, ~, x~ ~ x xx =~ =~ ~ XX X X XX X X ~ v ~ ~d, ~ ~ ~,Z ,,. ~ ,,.9, o ,=t ~,,, ~- b ~', X ~ ~ ~ d X X X ~ X 172 L. Mucina p,., .2 ~ 7- ,.~ 7-- ~ ~- ~ 7- ~ ~ ~, ~ ~.'e, ~, ~ 'I", 7--, x x x x x x x xxx~ x c~ 9 ~_~ .~ .~ x • • • ~ .~ ~ i-~~