Lesser Spotted Eagle
(Aquila pomarina)
European Union Action Plans for 8 Priority Birds Species - Lesser Spotted Eagle
European Union Species Action Plan for Lesser Spotted Eagle
(Aquila pomarina)
Compiled by:
Bernd-Ulrich Meyburg (WWGBP)
Lászlo Haraszthy (MME/WWF Hungary)
Maris Strazds (LOB)
Norbert Schäffer (RSPB/BirdLife International)
with contributions from:
Alexey Tishechkin (Institute of Zoology of Academy of Science of Belarus)
Vladimir V. Ivanovski (Hunter’s Association of Belarus)
Petar Iankov (BSPB)
Tomas Belka (Czech Society of Ornithology)
Oldrich Sreibr (Czech Society of Ornithology)
Vojtech Mrlik (Czech Society of Ornithology)
Alexander Abuladze (Institute of Zoology of Academy of Sciences of Georgia)
Asko Lohmus (EOU)
Ulo Vali (EOU)
Wolfgang Scheller (Germany)
Joachim Matthes (Germany)
Christos G. Vlachos (Aristotelian University, Greece)
Ben Hallman (Greece)
S. Bourdakis (HOS/BirdLife Greece)
H. Alivizatos (HOS/BirdLife Greece)
Dan Alon (Israeli Ornithological Center, Society for the protection of nature in Israel)
Ugis Bergmanis (Teichi State Reserve)
Aivars Petrins (Museum of Zoology, University of Latvia)
Eugenijus Drobelis (Environmental Protection Department of the Republic of Lithuania)
Karol Zub (Mammals Research Institute, Poland)
Maciej Rodziewicz (Eagle Conservation Committee, Poland)
Ireneusz Mirowski (Biodiversity Programme Officer, ECOFUNDUSZ, Poland)
Jan Kowalski (Biebrza National Park)
Dan Munteanu (SOR)
Laszlo Kalaber (SOR)
Vladimir M. Galushin (RBCU)
Alexander Mishchenko (RBCU)
Alexander Khokhlov (Stavropol University)
Dusan Karaska (SOVS)
Stefan Danko (Slovakia)
Miroslav Dravecky (SOVS)
Ihor Horban (Lviv University)
Vitaly Vetrov (UTOP)
Milestones in production of action plan
Workshop:
14-18 November 1996 (Kemeri, Latvia)
First draft:
May 1997
Second draft:
August 1997
Final draft:
November 1997
Review
This action plan will be reviewed and updated every four years (first review due 2000). An
emergency review will be undertaken if sudden major environmental changes, liable to affect the
population, occur within the species’ range.
European Union Action Plans for 8 Priority Birds Species - Lesser Spotted Eagle
Geographical scope
This action plan is primarily targeted at those European countries where the Lesser Spotted Eagle
breeds or occurs on migration. However, given the significance of the Middle East for migration,
and the conservation problems which affect migratory birds of prey in that region, the geographical
scope of the action plan was extended to include the key countries of the Middle East as well.
The action plan needs active implementation in: Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, BosniaHerzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia
and Montenegro), Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
Israel, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovak Republic,
Slovenia, Syria, Turkey, Ukraine.
European Union Action Plans for 8 Priority Birds Species - Lesser Spotted Eagle
CONTENTS
Page
Threats and limiting factors
Conservation priorities
1
1
1
1.
INTRODUCTION
2
2.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
2.1 Distribution and population
2.2 LIFE History
2.3 Threats and limiting factors
2.4 Conservation status and recent conservation measures
2
2
4
5
5
SUMMARY
3.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Policy and legislation
Species and habitat conservation
Monitoring and research
Public awareness
4.
REFERENCES
5.
ANNEX
Recommended conservation actions by country
10
10
11
13
14
15
21
European Union Action Plans for 8 Priority Birds Species - Lesser Spotted Eagle
SUMMARY
The Lesser Spotted Eagle is classified as a ‘SPEC 3‘ rare species in Tucker & Heath
(1994), but according to current information it should be in SPEC category 2, indicating
that it is a species whose breeding population is concentrated in Europe, but which has
an unfavourable conservation status in Europe.
In Europe it occurs in the eastern part of central Europe, eastern and south-eastern
Europe from North-east Germany and Estonia in the north to Greece in the south. The
eastern border of the range in Russia and Ukraine is not well known and needs to be
studied. The total number of pairs of the nominate race A. p. pomarina is unknown but
has been estimated to be around 20,000 pairs (Meyburg 1996).
The number of pairs of the only other subspecies, A. p. hastata, is extremely low,
probably below 100 pairs (Prakash 1996), It is therefore one of the most threatened
raptors in the world.
The Lesser Spotted Eagle has shown major population declines in large parts of its
(former) western range, e.g. in Germany, former Yugoslavia etc. During the 19th century
it has disappeared or almost disappeared from several countries or areas where it bred,
e.g. former West Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, large parts of Greece, in some
cases only a few decades ago.
In many countries, data on Lesser Spotted Eagle breeding populations are still deficient.
Our knowledge of the species’ ecology also shows some gaps (e.g. definition of exact
ecological requirements for breeding, its variation in different regions and its adaptability
to changes in the environment). However, great advances have been made in recent
years to understand home range sizes and habitat utilisation during the breeding cycle
with the help of conventional telemetry. This extensive study still needs to be published.
A comprehensive study of the migration and wintering behaviour and ecology using
satellite telemetry has been started and some early results of this ongoing project have
already been published (Meyburg et al. 1993, 1995).
Threats and limiting factors
• Habitat alteration and loss of nest sites caused by forestry operations
• Habitat alterations by drainage and loss of feeding habitat.
• Shooting and other negative impacts during migration are also important factors.
Conservation priorities
Habitat conservation in the breeding areas.
Further research into limiting factors in the breeding range, and during migration and
wintering.
National surveys to clarify population status and breeding success and prevention of
destruction during migration.
European Union Action Plans for 8 Priority Birds Species - Lesser Spotted Eagle - 1
1.
Introduction
The Lesser Spotted Eagle is a migratory
species. In Europe it has suffered a major
decline in many countries, especially at the
western and southern borders of its range.
It is now very rare or extinct in many areas,
e.g. Austria, Czech Republic, Germany,
Serbia and large parts of Greece.
In November 1996, a second meeting of
the International Lesser and Greater
Spotted Eagle Working Group took place in
Kemeri (Latvia), hosted by the Latvian
Ornithological Society and organised by
BirdLife International and the World
Working Group on Birds of Prey
(WWGBP). Representatives from Belarus,
Bulgaria,
Czech
Republic,
Estonia,
Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
Israel, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russian
Federation, Slovak Republic, UK and
Ukraine were present. The Lesser and
Greater Spotted Eagles’ situation was
thoroughly discussed and the most
important actions to safeguard their future
in Europe were outlined.
This action plan is based on the information
gathered during that meeting, on the
literature and the comments of other
experts consulted. It is intended to provide
a framework of action for statutory
agencies, conservation organisations and
individuals responsible for, or interested in,
the conservation of the species.
Annual counts of the almost total
population migrating through Israel in
autumn have exhibited a sharp decline
since 1984, seeming to have declined by ca
30% or ca 30,000 birds (Alon 2000, Shirihai
et al 2000). Apart from modification of
habitat, the on-going hunting on the
migratory flyways (it is apparently the
favourite raptor hunted in Lebanon, where
local information suggests killing of 100s
and even 1,000s every autumn) has been
one of the causes attributed to the decline.
2.
2.1.
Background Information
Distribution and population
The Lesser Spotted Eagle is distributed
from central, eastern and south-east
Europe, eastwards to Iran. In Europe it
occurs as a breeding species in Albania,
Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and
Montenegro), Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia, Georgia, Germany, Greece,
Hungary,
Latvia,
Lithuania,
Poland,
Romania, Russian Federation, Slovak
Republic, Slovenia, Turkey, Ukraine.
A population estimate is given in Table 1. It
can be seen from this table, as well as from
Tucker and Heath (1994), that there
remains
considerable
variation
in
population estimates, reflecting a lack of
detailed
survey
data
(see
also
“Conservation
Status
and
Recent
Conservation Measures”, below).
Another very rare subspecies - A. p.
hastata - exists in parts of India and
Bangladesh.
The Lesser Spotted Eagle is a migratory
raptor, migrating through Turkey, Syria,
Lebanon, Israel, Egypt, Sudan, Uganda
and Tanzania to winter in Central and
Southern Africa: southern Zaire, northern
Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique,
southern Angola, Botswana and northern
South Africa (Meyburg et al. 1995, Danko
et al. 1996, Christensen & Sorensen 1989,
Van De Weghe 1978, Pearson & Meadows
1979).
In Turkey and Israel the Lesser Spotted
Eagle is a passage migrant. Counts of
numbers passing through Israel during the
autumn migration between 1982 and 1996
have ranged from 50,000 to 140,000 birds
(Dovrat 1980, 1982, 1986, Leshem & YomTov 1996).
Important concentration points during
migration (bottle-neck areas) include
Burgas (Bulgaria), the Bosphorus, the
Belen Pass (Turkey), Lebanon, Israel,
Suez, and Borcka/Arhavi (Caucasus,
Turkey).
.
European Union Action Plans for 8 Priority Birds Species - Lesser Spotted Eagle - 2
TABLE 1:
Breeding population estimates of the Lesser Spotted Eagle
Country
No. of Pairs
Meyburg (1996)
Armenia
35 - 40
(50)
Azerbaijan
100
Georgia
85
Belarus
3250 ± 100
Bosnia
10
Bulgaria
60 - 120 ??
Croatia
200
Czech Rep.
2-5
Estonia
375
FR of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)
23-26
FY Rep. of Macedonia
1-2
Germany
130
Greece
60-80
Hungary
150
Iran
no data
Latvia
2000 - 2800
Lithuania
500-730
Moldova
10
Poland
1660-1850
Romania
100???
Russia (European)
min. 300 ???
of which Kaliningrad
North Caucasus
(1300)
(500)
(2000)
20-200
(200)
50
(500)
Slovakia
more than 700
Slovenia
3
Turkey
300-500
(3000)
Ukraine
200-250
(800)
The population estimates have been based on data/estimates gathered during the workshop
held in Latvia in November 1996. Estimates have also been given by Meyburg (1996) and by
participants of the workshop at Zielonka (Poland, November 1991) (Meyburg et al. 1992). The
estimates by Meyburg (1996) are given in brackets in some cases.
European Union Action Plans for 8 Priority Birds Species - Lesser Spotted Eagle - 3
2.2.
LIFE history
Taxonomic Status
The Lesser Spotted Eagle is taxonomically
closely related to the Greater Spotted Eagle
(Aquila clanga) (Bergmanis 1996, Meyburg
1974 a, Wendland 1959, Zhezherin 1969). It
has been supposed that a separation
between the mitochondrial lineages of the
two species could have occurred slightly less
than one million years ago, assuming a
substitution rate of 2% per million years for
mitochondrial genes (Seibold et al. 1996).
Although there is a large area of overlap of
the two species there are only very few
cases known where members of both
species seem to have formed a mixed pair
(Bergmanis et al. 1997).
There exists another subspecies, A. p.
hastata, which breeds in parts of India and
perhaps Bangladesh, Pakistan and Burma. It
is extremely rare and little known. It is
separated from A. p. pomarina by a large
gap ranging from the Caspian Lowlands in
north-western Iran to somewhere in Pakistan
or India. Both forms have sometimes been
described as separate species but are
probably subspecies
(Meyburg 1994,
Prakash 1996).
Breeding
The Lesser Spotted Eagle builds a large nest
of sticks on trees below the canopy, mostly
in deciduous forest and only rarely in dry
pine forest (von Dobay 1934, Gentz 1965,
1967, Glodushko 1959, Haraszthy et al.
1969, Hoffmann 1938, Meyburg 1970, 1973,
1994, Vlachos 1989, Wendland 1932 1951,
1958, 1959. Very exceptionally nests are
built on rocks and on the ground (Pcola
1991, Reistetter 1991).
The clutch most often consists of 2, often of
only 1, and very rarely of 3 eggs (Wendland
1959, Meyburg 1970, 1994). Breeding
success is around 0.5 - 0.8 young per
breeding pair (average 0,69 in 265 breeding
attempts in Germany) (Meyburg 1970, 1973,
1994, Neubauer 1991, Rodziewiez 1996,
Svehlik & Meyburg 1979). Breeding starts at
laying of the first egg and takes 37-41 days
(Scheller & Meyburg 1996, Kalaber 1974).
After hatching chicks stay in the nest for 8
weeks (Meyburg 1970, Siewert 1932,
Sladek 1957, Wendland 1959). There is a
relatively high level of unsuccessful pairs.
The species’ breeding is characterised by
Cainism, whereby the older chick kills its
sibling within the first 1 - 14 days after
hatching (Wendland 1959, Meyburg 1970,
1974 a,b, 1978 a, Sladek 1959); only very
exceptionally do two young eagles fledge
from a brood (e.g. Danko 1986).
Adult plumage is acquired after several
(probably 3-4) years. Lesser Spotted Eagles
build their own nest, accept artificial nests or
those of other large birds (e.g. Common
Buzzard, Black Kite, Goshawk, Black Stork).
Nests are changed frequently from one year
to the other by most pairs but instances are
known when eyries where occupied in up to
ten consecutive years (Meyburg 1991).
Successful captive breeding is known only
from Riga Zoo (Matsone et al. 1996).
Feeding
The diet consists of small mammals
Apodemus, Microtus, Hamster Cricetus
cricetus and sometimes Suslik Citellus
citellus. Also common in the diet are some
species of frogs and other amphibians. In
Greece the most important food is snakes
and also lizards. Insects and several bird
species are also taken (Geyr von
Schweppenburg 1913, Golodushko 1958,
1959, 1961, Haraszthy et al. 1996, Palasthy
& Meyburg 1973, Scheller & Meyburg 1996,
Sladek 1959 b, 1993, Vlachos &
Papageorgiou 1996).
Habitat requirements
The Lesser Spotted Eagle breeds in forest
but feeds on adjacent pastures, cultivated
areas and wet meadows. The breeding
habitat consists of montane forest (in the
Caucasus), hills, and lowland floodplain
areas and also lowland forests. A very
important factor in the choice of nest sites is
the presence of open landscape near to the
nest. It hunts over open fields and
agricultural areas. Many types of open
landscape are important, but tall crops such
as maize or sunflowers inhibit access to
prey. In lowlands important features of the
feeding habitat are single standing trees or
tree groups, hay stacks, masts or other
vertical structures enabling successful
hunting for the eagle in unfavourable
weather conditions such as prolonged rain.
During migration and wintering a variety of
habitats is used - open landscapes,
shrubland, and wetlands - but very little is
known about habitat requirements and
European Union Action Plans for 8 Priority Birds Species - Lesser Spotted Eagle - 4
ecology during this period, which extends
over half of the year (Brooke et al. 1972,
Meyburg et al. 1995).
2.3.
Threats and limiting factors
Habitat alteration caused by forestry
Several types of forestry operation affecting
breeding areas are the most important threat
for reproduction. These consist of various
activities that cause nest disturbance:
• opening up of new roads by forestry
companies
• clear-felling or reafforestation with exotic
tree species
• selective cutting of old and large trees.
In several countries also:
• drainage of the forest
• disturbance during the breeding period by
logging.
Importance: critical
Agricultural sector
In several countries, recent privatisation has
led to intensive exploitation of feeding
habitat. Natural regeneration of abandoned
lands has caused the loss of important
feeding habitats.
In feeding habitats the most important
problems are:
• loss of landscape mosaic leading to loss
of feeding areas that has caused the
decline of the most important prey
(amphibians,
reptiles
and
other
vertebrates)
• loss of grassland
• natural regeneration
• afforestation
• loss of water meadows
• intensification / monoculture
• creation of reservoirs
• cultivation of unsuitable crops
Importance: critical
Human disturbance
In several countries privatisation has
resulted in many new landowners (many
more than before). Also in privately owned
forests and fields human activity is much
greater than before.
Importance: medium
Nest robbing and illegal trade
The theft of chicks or eggs and illegal trade
are only rare in the case of Lesser Spotted
Eagles, although this might sometimes be a
problem. There is no falconry interest in the
species.
Importance: low
Shooting
Shooting is a problem in the Czech Republic,
Slovakia, Romania and Greece; it also
occurs in Latvia and Yugoslavia (Serbia) and
perhaps other countries where the species
breeds. In the Mediterranean region during
migration, especially in Greece, north-east
Turkey, Lebanon and Syria, the shooting of
migrating birds of prey is a common practice.
Especially the shooting of Lesser Spotted
Eagles in Lebanon is one of the most serious
threats to the species (Meyburg et al. 1995).
Out of four young Lesser Spotted Eagles
fitted with satellite transmitters, only one
reached Africa during its first autumn
migration. One bird was definitely and
another probably shot in the Lebanon,
whereas the fourth one was probably shot in
Greece (Meyburg et al. 1993, 1995).
Importance: critical
2.4.
Conservation
status
and
recent conservation measures
Albania
The population size is estimated to be 5-20
pairs with a small decrease during 19701990. (Tucker & Heath 1994). No further
information is available.
Armenia
The Lesser Spotted Eagle is included in the
Armenian Red Data Book. There are only a
few breeding pairs, distributed in the
mountain forest of northern and central southern parts of the country. Information on
the species is very scant. The total number
European Union Action Plans for 8 Priority Birds Species - Lesser Spotted Eagle - 5
of the breeding pairs is unknown. A.
Abuladze estimated 35 - 40 pairs.
Azerbaijan
The Belorussian Ornithological Society has
had considerable success with artificial nests
in young forest in the northern part of the
country only.
The population is confined to western and
central parts of the country, mostly in
floodplain areas. Total number of breeding
pairs unknown. A. Abuladze estimated 100
pairs.
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
A large project has recently been started to
map the distribution of all large raptors,
including the Lesser Spotted Eagle, on a
national scale and to monitor their
populations in some regions such as the
Eastern Rhodopi, Eastern Balkan range etc.
Annual monitoring of eagles migrating along
the Black Sea coast has been carried out in
recent years. The maximum count of
migrating birds per year was 25,794 (1990).
The most important migration period is the
end of September.
The Lesser Spotted Eagle is protected under
the Law of Nature Protection of 1994. In
Croatia the most important breeding habitat
is floodplain forest with a mosaic of water
meadows and fields. The present status is
unknown, estimated to be about 200 pairs. In
recent years the species was not monitored
because of the armed conflict affecting the
country.
The breeding population was estimated at
60-120 pairs at the Kemeri meeting following
evident decline during the last five years, but
this is most probably far too low. The real
population may well be 500-1000 pairs
(Baumgart 1996) or even 1300 pairs
(Meyburg 1996) since the species breeds in
all parts of the country. The highest density
is on Strandzha mountain, where about 60
pairs breed on approximately 3,000 sq. km.
The eagle breeds from sea level up to 1,400
m, but mostly between 300 - 400 m.
The species is protected by the Law for the
Conservation of Nature (1962) and is listed
as threatened in the Red Data book of 1985.
Some breeding sites are under legal
protection, including the main breeding areas
on Strandzha Mountain, but law enforcement
is very weak.
Belarus
The Lesser Spotted Eagle is protected by the
nature conservation law, but this law is
regarded as too general. The Red Data Book
of Belarus in 1993 includes the Lesser
Spotted Eagle in category 3 (rare and
threatened). The species breeds in Belarus
in the wet lowland forests. (The highest point
of the country is 300 m). The population is
estimated at 3250 pairs (3000 -3500 pairs
according to Ivanovsky & Tishechkin 1993),
based on limited density data. The number
of breeding pairs is stable.
The breeding population is estimated at
about 10 breeding pairs. No monitoring takes
place in the country due to armed conflict.
Czech Republic
The Lesser Spotted Eagle is strictly
protected by law in the Czech Republic.
There are very few breeding birds. A small
isolated population of 3-4 pairs in the
Sumava mountains has recently not been
confirmed.
The maximum number of
breeding pairs is 5. The species must
formerly have been much more widespread.
Estonia
The Lesser Spotted Eagle and its breeding
sites are protected by the Nature
Conservation Law, but this law is regarded
as too general. It is included in the Red Data
Book of Estonia in Category 1 as a
vulnerable species. There is a possibility of
establishing protected zones of 100 m radius
around nests.
Estonia is on the northern border of the
species' breeding range. It breeds in Estonia
in the lowland forest (Volke 1996). The
highest point in the country is 312 m. The
average age of the breeding forest stands is
93 years. During the last 20-30 years the
number of Lesser Spotted Eagles is said to
have increased and today is perhaps higher
than 100 years ago. However, this
impression may be due to more intensive
research. The total number of breeding
pairs is estimated at 375, but is possibly two
times greater.
European Union Action Plans for 8 Priority Birds Species - Lesser Spotted Eagle - 6
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia
and Montenegro)
The Lesser Spotted Eagles is designated as
a Natural rarity in Serbia (1993) and
Montenegro. It is listed in the Preliminary
Red Data Book of Birds of Serbia (1991). A
permanent hunting prohibition is in force in
Serbia (1993).
The total breeding population is estimated to
be between 23 and 26 pairs, while 10 years
ago it was 30-35 pairs. There are 6-8 pairs in
Vojvodina and 17-18 pairs in the other
regions of Serbia. The species no longer
breeds in Montenegro. It probably became
extinct a few decades ago.
Georgia
In Georgia the Lesser Spotted Eagle breeds
between 200 - 1000 m, but most of the
population is in the lowlands. The eagles
breed mainly in old floodplain forest and on
the gentle slopes of low mountains
(Abuladze 1996). The breeding population is
estimated at 85 pairs. The population has
declined since 1930, due to loss of breeding
habitat and recreational pressure. In the
eastern part of the country there is a
monitoring project, but in the western part
there are no precise data.
Some of these pairs breed in recently
created nature reserves but many pairs are
now threatened by the construction of a new
motorway planned to come from Hamburg
along the Baltic coast to join the motorway
from Berlin to Szczecin.
The German population is well monitored
(Gentz 1975, Langgemach & Sömmer 1996,
Matthes & Neubauer 1977, 1987, 1989), with
today 130 pairs. The breeding area is now
restricted to north-east Germany (Scheller &
Meyburg 1995). The species has become
extinct in a large area of its former range
(Schleswig-Holstein,
Lower
Saxony,
Bavaria,
western part of MecklenburgWestern Pomerania, all of Brandenburg
except the north-east). The number of
breeding pairs decreased significantly in the
last 100 years. In earlier decades this was
due to direct persecution (shooting and eggrobbing). Loss of breeding and feeding
habitat is supposed to be the most important
factor in the recent decline, and also loss in
quality of both, due to intensification of
agriculture and loss of water meadows.
However, areas with good habitat remaining
are unoccupied today and losses during
migration due to shooting are certainly also
responsible for the lack of adult birds and
thus absence of a population pressure which
could lead to a re-colonisation of formerly
lost areas.
Germany
Greece
The Lesser Spotted Eagle in Germany is
legally protected by law as a strictly
protected species; it is also included in the
Red Data Book of Germany as an
Endangered Species. It nowadays breeds
only in lowland forest with fields, water
meadows and agricultural mosaic. Formerly
it also bred in mountains, e.g. in the
Bayrische Wald and Böhmerwald in Bavaria.
The majority of the breeding population (97
pairs) is found in a 7780 sq km area in the
east of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (average
1.28 pairs/100 sq km) east of the RostockBerlin motorway. Within this area there are
four key areas with densities of over 2 pairs
per 100 sq km: area 1 (mainly the valleys of
the rivers Recknitz and Trebel) (1310 sq km
in size) with 48 pairs (3.66 pairs/100 sq km),
area 2
(mainly the Mecklenburgische
Schweiz) (649 sq km in size) with 13-18
pairs (2.0-2.8 pairs/100 sq km), area 3
(south of the river Peene) (800 sq km in size)
with 28 pairs (3.5 pairs/100 sq km) and area
4 (river Randow basin) (275 sq km in size)
with 8 pairs (3 pairs/100 sq km).
Its breeding habitat range from sea level to
1200 m, but mostly between 50m and 300m.
The breeding population of Greece is 67-90
pairs, of which Evros prefecture holds 30-34
pairs including 15-17 pairs in the DadiáSoufli forest reserve; this reserve should be
extended to include all suitable habitat. In
the past there was a great decline of the
species population and range. The decline
may have slowed down recent years but it is
still apparent in the better known areas. In
some cases pairs were found present in
former areas after years of “absence” (eg
following the establishment of artificial waterreservoir in the Thessalian plain - former
Lake Karla).
Today the Lesser Spotted Eagle is protected
by the Joint Ministerial Decision 41
4985/1985, and listed as a vulnerable
species in the Greek Red Data Book. The
main threats to the species are forest
destruction and inappropriate management,
habitat changes, new agricultural practices
and the drastic decline of the most important
European Union Action Plans for 8 Priority Birds Species - Lesser Spotted Eagle - 7
food: amphibians and reptiles (Hallmann
1986, Vlachos 1989).
Hungary
The species has been in the highest
category of legal protection since 1954 and
included in the Hungarian Red Data Book. It
breeds in Hungary mainly in the northern
mountain area between 100 - 500 m. In this
region there are several protected areas,
eight of them Important Bird Areas: Börzsöny
004, Zemplen 012 and Matra 030 (all three
Landscape Protection Reserves) and Bükk
004 and Aggtelek 028 National Parks. As
breeding habitat the eagles prefer oak and
beech forests. They also breed in the
floodplain and lowland forests. The
population in the last 20 - 30 years has been
stable, but previously
(no exact data
available) was higher. In the 19th century,
after river control, Hungary lost over 2 million
ha. of floodlands.
In Bükk National Park and Zemplen
Landscape Protection Reserve the species
is monitored. In other parts of the country
only estimated numbers, based on the
general survey of birds of prey, are available
(Haraszthy et al. 1996).
Israel
The great majority of the population migrates
through Israel. Regular counts have been
taking place over many years, and these
suggest an overall decline in the breeding
population in Europe. However, European
data do not reflect this. On the other hand
nor do the breeding population estimates
reflect the size of the autumn migrant
population (143,000 individuals at Kfar
Qassem in 1983; over 74,000 there in 1989
(Tsovel 1990, Shirihai and Christie, 1992),
and it is possible that the European
population remains under-estimated or that a
significant population exists that has yet to
be documented.
The population is 2000-2800 pairs (Strazds
et al. 1997). This population is higher than
after the Second World War. Circa 100-120
pairs (4.6%) are estimated to breed in the
currently established local nest site
sanctuaries. The first list of sanctuaries
designated after independence in 1996
comprised 51 areas with a total area of
931.6 ha especially for this species, ranging
individually from 5.8 to 108.4 ha. Other pairs
are present in sanctuaries created for other
species (such as Black Stork), other types of
protected areas (National Parks, Nature
Reserves) or sanctuaries drafted for
designation in 1997.
The species is monitored in three large
areas in the country (Bergmanis et al. 1989,
Strazds et al. 1997), yet taking into account
the percentage of the population covered
this monitoring is not sufficient.
The most important breeding habitat is
various mixed and deciduous forest on rich
soils, with only a low density in the coastal
pine forest.
Lithuania
The Lesser Spotted Eagle is listed in the
national Red Data list of species (1976) as
rare, threatened
species (category 3).
Consequently, the species is under legal
protection in Lithuania - any kind of physical
intervention or destruction of nests is
prohibited by law. Penalties for nest site
destruction or killing the bird is up to 500
Litas (circa 110 US $). Between 1988 and
1994 local protection zones have been
created for 127 nests.
There is a survey covering a third of all forest
- 650,000 ha (Drobelis 1996). The total
population is estimated at 500 - 730 pairs.
The population in the last 20 years has been
stable. The species breeds throughout all the
country.
Moldova
Key sites for the migrant population include
the Jezre’el, Harod and Bet She’an valleys,
an Important Bird area subject to intensifying
agriculture and human disturbance.
Latvia
The Lesser Spotted Eagle is on the Red List
(1993) as a rare bird (category 3). It is on the
list of specially protected species.
Only a very small number of breeding birds,
estimated at 10 pairs. There are no more
concrete data from this country at present
and survey work may be required to
ascertain the current situation
Poland
The species is listed as protected with a
special form of protection for nest sites. The
population is estimated at 1650 - 1800 pairs.
European Union Action Plans for 8 Priority Birds Species - Lesser Spotted Eagle - 8
Breeding mostly in north-west, north, east,
and south-east Poland. The population is
stable if not slowly increasing. In other
regions also there are breeding pairs, but the
density is much lower. Since 1984 nest sites
have been protected by two zones around
the nest: the first 3-12.5 hectares are strictly
protected. The population is well monitored
(Rodziewiez 1996). There are annually more
than 400 nests under surveillance. Most of
the population breeds in the lowlands, with
only 20% in mountain areas.
Romania
The Lesser Spotted Eagle has been
protected by Hunting Law since 1976 and by
the Bern Convention, signed in 1994.
There is little information about the species
in Romania. According to the old literature
the eagle has formerly been common and
widespread. According to Uhlig (1996) The
Lesser Spotted Eagle is still widespread
throughout the country and inhabits primarily
deciduous woodlands in the mountains
between 300 and 1600 m a.s.l. It occurs
above all along the edge of the whole
Carpathian range and in the mountains of
Transylvania. Uhlig (1996) estimates 400600 pairs, Meyburg (1996) ca. 2000 pairs in
view of the large size (237,500 square km) of
the country.
Russian Federation
In Russia the Lesser Spotted Eagle is
included in the draft of the second edition of
the Red Data Book as a rare species with a
limited range (category 3). The total Russian
population is estimated at a minimum of 300
pairs including the Kaliningrad area and
North Caucasus, but there is no monitoring
in these very large areas. The eastern
border of the species range is not well
known and apparently further east than
formerly described in handbooks.
The most important breeding areas are the
lowland forests, maximum 500 m above sea
level. In the North Caucasus the species
breeds up to a maximum of 1100 m. The
monitored population is stable or showing a
slight increase. Some important breeding
areas are protected but it is necessary to
increase the number of local reserves
(“zakaznik”) in other important areas.
Slovakia
The Lesser Spotted Eagle is protected in the
country - it is considered a vulnerable
species in the list of endangered bird species
of Slovakia. Penalty for its killing depends
on the stage of development (egg, juvenile,
adult) and location of the act (differentiated
according to the site's degree of protection).
It ranges from 250 DM up to 4000 DM.
The breeding population is stable. The
number of breeding pairs is estimated to
exceed 700. Areas with the highest density
are located in the northern part of the country
(Danko 1990). Most important breeding
areas are lower than 500 m.a.s.l. The
highest breeding place was found at 850 m.
The population has been monitored since
1986 (Group of Protection of Birds of Prey
and Owls of Slovak Society for Ornithology)
mostly in north-western, northern and
eastern areas of the country.
Slovenia
The Lesser Spotted Eagle is a very rare
breeding bird in Slovenia. There are only
three known breeding pairs.
Turkey
Fully protected from hunting under
Terrestrial Hunting Legislation No. 3167.
There is no monitoring of the breeding
population in the country. Meyburg (1996)
estimated 3000 pairs and found high
concentrations in some areas in the northeast of the country. There is no information
about trends in the breeding population. This
compares with the estimate in Tucker and
Heath (1994) of 30-500 pairs; this range
could be revised to 300-500 pairs (G.
Magnin in litt.).
Meyburg (1996) found
concentrations of breeding pairs near large
wetlands. There are, however, many areas
destroyed by drainage so that a negative
population trend must be anticipated.
Turkey is also a very important migratory
area for this species. There are three
important bottleneck areas: the Bogazici
(Bosphorus), Dogu Karadeniz Daglari
(Borcka) in the Caucasus and the Nur
Daglari (Belen Pass) near Syria. Migrants
can probably occur anywhere across central
and south Anatolia but seem to follow a
narrow corridor from the Bosphorus to the
Belen
Pass, according to results from
satellite telemetry. There is some irregular
European Union Action Plans for 8 Priority Birds Species - Lesser Spotted Eagle - 9
monitoring of migrants in the bottleneck
areas, but no systematic collection and
analysis of all data.
It would be very
important to try to collect all observations
from the many different groups observing in
the bottleneck areas.
Ukraine
The Lesser Spotted Eagle population has
been estimated at 220-250 pairs for the
whole of the country and 60 - 70 pairs for
Western Ukraine (Gorban 1996). Taking into
account the size of the country and other
factors Meyburg (1996) estimated ca. 800
pairs for Ukraine.
The are no data from some breeding areas
but on monitored sites the population is
stable. The species breeds in humid forest
and also in the mountain area up to a
maximum of 1000 m a.s.l. (Bokotey &
Sokolov 1994). It is included in the Ukranian
Red Data Book.
International
An International Lesser & Greater Spotted
Eagle Working Group was founded several
years ago in Germany under the umbrella of
the WWGBP (World Working Group on
Birds of Prey). It has held several meetings.
The proceedings of the last international
meeting in Poland have been published in a
book “(Eagle Studies”) published by
WWGBP.
3.
Aims and Objectives
Aims
In short term, to halt the population decrease
and safeguard all existing breeding habitat.
In the medium to long term, to safeguard the
distribution and numbers of the European
population of the Lesser Spotted Eagle,
restoring the range to what it was in 1920.
Objectives
3.1. Policy and legislation
3.1.1
To promote policies which ensure
long-term
conservation
of
all
populations of the Lesser Spotted
Eagle
3.1.1.1. Forestry
Forest management has conflicted with
Lesser Spotted Eagle conservation in all
European countries. Governments should
review their forestry policies to ensure that
they are compatible with conservation of the
Lesser Spotted Eagle. It is recommended
that all national forest policies should include
the following important elements:
• Provision for the protection of globally
threatened, vulnerable and rare species
• Forestry activity should be prevented
from the end of March to the end of
September within 300 m of all active
nests of all large raptors including the
Lesser Spotted Eagle
• Precise guidelines for forest management
in areas where sensitive species breed
• Co-operation with forest owners to secure
successful breeding
• To restrict human activity in forests in
nesting habitat between April and
September
• Prevent any further loss of all kinds of
humid forest
Priority:
Timescale:
high
medium
3.1.1.2. Farming and agriculture
Since the Lesser Spotted Eagle breeds in
forest and open, agricultural-mosaic habitat,
all kinds of open-hunting areas up to 2 km to
the nest are very important, as are all kinds
of solitary trees. However, there can be
conflict with human activity leading to loss of
breeding habitat or decline in breeding
success. It is very important to create
guidelines for farming which are compatible
with the presence of this species as a
traditional breeding bird. It is recommended
that such policy should incorporate the
following elements:
• to stop loss of all kinds of grassland
• to stop all kinds of state support for
changes in breeding areas
• to prevent all kinds of intensive farming
methods in breeding areas and ensure
that this also applies to new EU countries
• to ensure the EU Common Agricultural
Policy includes adequate safeguards and
opportunities for the species and its
habitat
• to establish “Environmentally Sensitive
Areas“ in breeding areas.
European Union Action Plans for 8 Priority Birds Species - Lesser Spotted Eagle - 10
Countries that have embarked on the
process of accession to the European Union
(Bulgaria,
Czech
Republic,
Estonia,
Hungary,
Latvia,
Lithuania,
Poland,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia) should plan for
the incorporation of agri-environment
measures within their agriculture policies and
target these measures at Lesser Spotted
Eagle and other threatened species
dependent on agricultural habitats.
3.1.1.3. Protected areas policy
Protected areas policies and regulation
should promote the following:
• Conservation
management
of
all
Important Bird Areas where the Lesser
Spotted Eagle breeds
• Conservation of remaining original
forests, particularly all kinds of humid
forest in central Europe, and all kinds of
floodplain forest
Countries that have embarked on the
process of accession to the European Union
(Bulgaria,
Czech
Republic,
Estonia,
Hungary,
Latvia,
Lithuania,
Poland,
Romania,
Slovakia,
Slovenia)
should
consider what opportunities exist to use the
approximation process and any associated
funding support to establish and manage a
network of protected areas.
Priority:
Time-scale:
high
short/medium
3.1.1.4. International co-operation
Co-operation and information exchange
between conservationists working on the
Lesser Spotted Eagle and it habitats should
be promoted. As the species is relatively
widespread among several countries,
conservation successes and techniques
should be shared.
In particular, any
experience to be gained through the
approximation process leading to EU
enlargement (such as, for example,
development of Environmentally Sensitive
Areas), should be shared.
Priority:
Time-scale:
3.1.2.
medium
short
National strategies for conservation
of the species
3.1.2.1. To promote national legislation
which adequately protects the
species and its habitat
Where appropriate, a review and update of
national laws and regulations relating to
nature conservation should be encouraged,
especially where these may fall short of the
obligations contained in international treaties
and conventions, or, for EU enlargement
countries, in the “Birds” and “Habitats”
Directives.
In particular, any revisions
should ensure that:
• the Lesser Spotted Eagle enjoys the
maximum level of protection, and make it
a criminal offence to shoot, trap, take,
poison or disturb any member of that
species
• environmental impact assessments are
made
before
afforestation,
dam
construction, or any other infrastructure
which may have an impact on Lesser
Spotted Eagle habitat
• all kinds of poisoning are strictly
prohibited
• the national laws include protection of the
forest and feeding habitat, not only in the
breeding season but all year round.
Priority:
Time-scale:
high
short/medium
3.1.2.2. National Action Planning
For certain range states a detailed national
action plan may need to be prepared for the
species. An appropriate body should be
responsible
for
co-ordinating
the
implementation of the national action plan.
Preparation of such plans will provide an
opportunity to further develop objectives
involving
further
integrated
and
interdisciplinary work as well as specific
policies.
Priority:
Time-scale:
medium
short
3.2. Species
and
conservation
3.2.1.
habitat
To ensure that the Lesser Spotted
Eagle habitat is in good condition to
preserve all pairs
3.2.1.1. Prevention
of
disturbance
breeding areas near the nest
European Union Action Plans for 8 Priority Birds Species - Lesser Spotted Eagle - 11
in
• during the breeding season (April September), all kinds of human activity
should be prohibited within a 300 m
radius round the nest
3.2.1.5. Maintenance of the mosaic structure
of the habitat (particularly patches of
wetland)
in
the
agricultural
landscape
• to stop all kinds of human activity which
would change the mosaic of the breeding
and feeding habitat
Priority:
Time-scale:
• all kinds of human activity involving
disturbance of the groundwater system
should be restricted within 2000m.
surrounding a nest (Scheller et al 1996)
• large scale building such as new roads,
new powerlines, extension of towns etc.
should be prohibited within a 3000m.
radius around the nest (Scheller et al.
1997).
Priority:
Time-scale:
high
short
3.2.1.2. Forestry operation
Forest exploitation should not be allowed
from the end of March to the end of
September within 300 m of all nests. If
forest
management
operations
are
necessary around the nest, these should be
between early October and the end of
March; in the southern part of the range (e.g.
Greece) they should cease before the end of
February. Trees with nests should never be
cut down.
Priority:
Time-scale:
high
short/medium
3.2.1.3. Artificial nests
high
short/medium
3.2.1.6. Electrocution
This may be important in some areas, and
has been identified as a problem in Slovakia.
The companies responsible for the
powerlines need to adopt corrective
measures in areas of high incidence.
Priority:
Time-scale:
3.2.2.
medium
medium
Designation and management of
protected areas
3.2.2.1. Breeding areas
All main breeding concentrations should be
identified and protection measures taken.
These should include, as a minimum,
prevention of disturbance during the
breeding
season
and
any
relative
concentrations should be identified and
designated as protected areas, with
appropriate management. Such measures
should be taken alongside general habitat
measures outlined in 1.1 above.
Within the EU (Germany and Greece), the
IBAs of particular importance are SPAs or
proposed SCIs under the Habitats Directive.
In several areas artificial nests could be
important if feeding conditions are good and
if there are no natural nest sites available.
The artificial nests should be built before the
breeding season.
Priority:
Time-scale:
3.2.1.4. Prevention of mortality by poisoning
The Lesser Spotted Eagle often migrates in
large groups. Such groups annually follow
the same route and use the same resting
places. These should be identified and
catalogued and appropriate action taken to
ensure their integrity and freedom from
disturbance during the migration period.
The occurrence of poisoning must be
banned to ensure that secondary poisoning
does not affect the Lesser Spotted Eagle
and other birds of prey species.
No rodenticides should be used in the forest
sector.
Priority:
Time-scale:
low
short
high
short/medium
3.2.2.2. To protect roosting places on the
migratory route
Priority:
Time-scale:
3.2.3.
high
short
Species protection and management
European Union Action Plans for 8 Priority Birds Species - Lesser Spotted Eagle - 12
3.2.3.1. Control of hunting
In many countries Lesser Spotted Eagles are
still shot, especially on migration. Shooting
of large raptors must banned absolutely.
Priority:
very high
Time-scale:
long
3.2.3.2. Increase breeding success
saving the second chick
by
The Lesser Spotted Eagle has very strong
Cainism. In the ornithological literature there
have been described several methods of
saving the second eaglet (Meyburg 1968,
1971, 1978 a,b, Haraszthy et al. 1996 b,
Janossy 1985). Their application can be
useful in the case of endangered
populations. These otherwise lost chicks
could also be used to help small isolated
populations far away from the main
population or to carry out reintroduction
programmes without harming the wild
population, if all the other conditions (e.g.
food availability, suitable breeding habitat
etc.) are present.
Priority:
Time-scale:
low
long
3.3. Monitoring and research
3.3.1.
Surveys of breeding populations
In each country where the Lesser Spotted
Eagle breeds it is necessary to build up a
network
of
local
ornithologists
or
conservationists to monitor the population.
National surveys are needed to clarify the
correlation of population trends and breeding
success with data from migration routes.
Priority:
Time-scale:
3.3.2.
high
medium/ongoing
Study of migration and wintering
The species is a long-distance migrant
spending more than half of the year outside
the breeding area. Almost all losses of adult,
immature and juvenile birds occur during
their absence from the breeding grounds. It
has further recently become apparent that
breeding success may be very low because
of late arrival in the breeding area. Although
the study of migration and wintering has well
advanced in recent years due to the use of
satellite telemetry, much remains still to be
learnt about this important phase of the
annual cycle and the dangers encountered
by the species. It is therefore important to
continue the study of migration and wintering
which should include the use of satellite
telemetry.
Priority:
Time-scale:
3.3.3.
high
medium/ongoing
Research into limiting factors
More research is necessary on the factors
limiting Lesser Spotted Eagle populations,
especially habitat
requirements,
food
diversity and losses during migration. This
research should take place in areas currently
populated by Lesser Spotted Eagles as well
as in areas which have been abandoned. It
is also important to carry out research and
monitoring on habitat management to ensure
that the appropriate measures are being
taken.
It is important to start a programme to study
the losses during migration due to shooting
and other factors. This project should aim to
find out where the shooting occurs and how
it could be stopped. Once this has been
achieved measures should be taken to stop
this shooting which may well be the most
important negative factor for the species’
survival.
Priority:
Time-scale:
3.3.4.
high
medium
Monitoring
migration
the
numbers
during
Over 99 % of the population migrates
through Israel during autumn, a unique
opportunity to monitor the entire population.
In view of the recent decline in numbers
counted here it is important to continue to
study the numbers of adult, immature a
juvenile birds on migration in this country.
Priority:
Time-scale:
3.3.5.
high
medium
Roosting places
It is important to identify all major roosting
places on migration, especially in Syria,
Lebanon, and Turkey and to study means of
their protection.
Priority: high
Time-scale:
short
European Union Action Plans for 8 Priority Birds Species - Lesser Spotted Eagle - 13
3.3.6.
Migration in Greece
A study of the number of migrating birds in
Greece and their migration routes is needed.
Some birds do not migrate over the
Bosphorus but take an unusual route
through southern Greece (Peleponnese,
Crete). This migration route is little known.
Priority:
Time-scale:
3.3.7.
low
long
Priority:
Time-scale:
medium
short/ongoing
Whereabouts of non-breeders
Very few birds in immature plumage are
observed in the breeding grounds during the
breeding season. It is therefore presumed
that most of these birds remain in Africa.
They are not seen, however, in the wintering
areas. It is therefore important to study the
movements of young birds before they start
to breed and the problems they may
encounter by means of satellite telemetry.
Priority:
Time-scale:
3.3.8.
Many groups count migrating Lesser Spotted
Eagles at concentration points such as the
Bosphorus, the Belen Pass etc. These
counts are, however, often conducted by
groups from many different countries and the
results buried in notebooks instead of being
published. It would be important to try to
systematically collect and analyse all these
data.
medium
long
3.4. Public awareness and training
The Lesser Spotted Eagle is little known
even in countries where it is a common
breeder. In several countries shooting of
raptors including the Lesser Spotted Eagle
still takes place. Therefore education of
landowners, farmers and foresters on priority
requirements of species and conservation
needs is very important.
Priority:
Time-scale:
medium
short/ongoing
Reintroduction and recolonisation
Reintroduction attempts should be carried
out only where conditions are suitable in
accordance with IUCN criteria. These
experiments could, however, provide a
unique opportunity to study the process of
recolonisation of empty areas formerly
inhabited and the establishment of new
populations.
Second-hatched
nestlings,
otherwise lost through Cainism, might
possibly be used for this purpose.
Priority:
Time-scale:
3.3.9.
low
long
Information exchange
Co-operation and information exchange
between research groups working on the
Lesser Spotted Eagle should be promoted,
as well as exchange of workers. Training on
research techniques and methodology
should be provided by those groups that are
carrying out intensive research programmes
with the Lesser Spotted Eagle. The ongoing
work of the International Lesser & Greater
Spotted Eagle Working Group within
WWGBP should be intensified and
supported by other organisations, and
international meetings should be held at
regular intervals.
European Union Action Plans for 8 Priority Birds Species - Lesser Spotted Eagle - 14
4.
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Abuladze, A. (2000) The Greater Aquila
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European Union Action Plans for 8 Priority Birds Species - Lesser Spotted Eagle - 20
5.
ANNEX
Recommended conservation actions by country
those sites where the Lesser
Spotted Eagle breeds.
Albania
3.1.
Assess the current situation of
the Lesser Spotted Eagle and
start a monitoring programme if
it as a breeding population.
Armenia
1.1.1.
Promote precise guidelines for
forest
management
and
establishment of buffer zones
around
nest sites for the
Lesser Spotted Eagle and other
sensitive species.
1.1.2, 2.2
Establish an IBA network
including all important breeding
areas of the Lesser Spotted
Eagle Promote designation as
Special Protection Areas of all
those sites where the Lesser
Spotted Eagle breeds.
2.3.1.
Undertake a campaign again
the shooting of the Lesser
Spotted Eagle and all other
birds of prey.
3.1.
Undertake a national survey of
the Lesser Spotted Eagle and
start a monitoring programme.
4.
Undertake
Education
Campaigns about the threats of
shooting birds of prey in
Azerbaijan.
Bulgaria
1.1.1
Promote precise guidelines for
forest management for areas
where the Lesser Spotted Eagle
breeds.
2.3.1.
Undertake a campaign against
shooting of the Lesser Spotted
Eagle and all other bird of prey
species.
1.1.3
Promote
protected
areas
covering all important breeding
areas of the Lesser Spotted
Eagles.
3.1.
Undertake a national survey of
the Lesser Spotted Eagle and
start a monitoring programme.
2.2
Promote
conservation
management plans in all
protected areas where the
Lesser Spotted Eagle breeds.
4.
Undertake
an
Education
Campaign about the threat of
shooting birds of prey in
Armenia.
3.1.
Carry out a population survey
and start regular monitoring.
3.4.
Continue and extend the
counting of migrating Lesser
Spotted Eagle and identifying
the most important roosting
sites and areas during the
migration period.
Azerbaijan
1.1.1.
1.1.2, 2.2
Promote precise guidelines for
forest management in areas
where the Lesser Spotted Eagle
and other sensitive species
breed.
Establish an IBA network
including all important breeding
areas of the Lesser Spotted
Eagle Promote designation as
Special Protection Areas of all
Belarus
1.1.1.
Prepare precise guidelines for
forest management in all areas
where the Lesser Spotted Eagle
breeds and ensure successful
breeding for all pairs.
European Union Action Plans for 8 Priority Birds Species - Lesser Spotted Eagle - 21
3.1.
Continue and expand
monitoring programme.
the
Bosnia - Herzegovina
3.1.
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia &
Montenegro)
1.2.
Promote legal protection of the
Lesser Spotted Eagle and all
other bird of prey species.
3.1.
Undertake a national survey of
the Lesser Spotted Eagle and
start a monitoring programme.
Undertake a national survey of
the Lesser Spotted Eagle.
Croatia
1.1.3, 2.2
3.1.
Promote
appropriate
conservation management in all
protected areas where the
Lesser Spotted Eagle and other
sensitive birds of prey breed.
Georgia
1.1.1.
Prepare precise guidelines for
forest
management
and
establishment of buffer zones
around nest sites of the Lesser
Spotted Eagle.
2.1.1.
Promote restriction of human
activities around nests.
Undertake a national survey of
the Lesser Spotted Eagle and
start a monitoring programme.
Czech Republic
1.1.1.
Prepare precise guidelines for
management in areas where
the Lesser Spotted Eagle
breeds.
2.3.1.
Undertake a campaign against
shooting the Lesser Spotted
Eagle and all other birds of
prey.
4.
Mobilise public awareness to
support protection of the Lesser
Spotted Eagle.
3.1.
Continue and expand the
existing monitoring programme
for the Lesser Spotted Eagle.
4.
Raise public awareness to
support protection of the
migratory passage of the
Lesser Spotted Eagle.
Estonia
1.1.1.
1.1.2.
Establish regular contact with
new private landowners and
ensure that human activity
harmonises
with
habitat
protection
and
with
the
successful breeding of the
Lesser Spotted Eagle.
Prepare precise guidelines for
management in areas where
the Lesser Spotted Eagle
breeds, to preserve the mosaic
of the breeding habitat.
2.1.1.
Use the nest protection zone
provision to promote restriction
of human activities around
nests.
4.
Raise public support for the
protection of the Lesser Spotted
Eagle.
Germany
1.1, 1.2
Large scale protection of
extensively
managed
wet
meadow landscapes, floodplain
forests (“Bruchwälder”) as well
as short grass meadows within
forests as feeding sites.
1.1, 2.1
Maintenance of breeding sites
through large scale protection
of an appropriate percentage of
ancient forest stands; retention
of individual large trees within
managed forests; protection of
semi-natural riverine forests.
2.1, 2.2
Prevention of disturbance in
breeding
areas
through
declaration of “Eyrie Protection
Zones” and restriction of public
access to the most important
feeding areas.
European Union Action Plans for 8 Priority Birds Species - Lesser Spotted Eagle - 22
campaign for new landowners
and foresters.
Greece
1.1.1.
Establish regular contact with
private landowners and prepare
precise guidelines for forest
management in the breeding
areas, and establish buffer
zones around nests and reduce
all human activity in the
breeding period.
2.2.1
Extend the protected area of
Dadiá-Soufli
to
include
appropriate management for all
suitable habitat.
3.1.
Continue and expand
existing monitoring.
4.
Increase public awareness to
reduce illegal hunting on the
migration route of the Lesser
Spotted Eagle.
Lithuania
1.1.3
Design a specific methodical
approach for conservation of
old forest patches to establish a
network of potential breeding
sites.
2.2.
Designate
protected
areas
specifically for this species in
Labunava, Kedainiai district.
3.1.
Renew and continue the
existing monitoring programme.
4.
Undertake
an
education
campaign for new landowners.
the
Moldova
3.1.
Undertake a national survey of
the Lesser Spotted Eagle and
start a monitoring programme.
2.2
Identify
an
IBA
network
including all breeding habitats of
the species, and designate
protected areas accordingly.
Hungary
1.1.1., 2.1.1 Prepare precise guidelines for
forest management in the
breeding areas, establish buffer
zones around nests and ensure
reduction of all kinds of feeding
habitat degradation.
Poland
3.1.
Continue and expand the
existing monitoring programme
for the Lesser Spotted Eagle.
Latvia
1.1.1, 2.1.1 Establish regular contacts with
new
private
landowners,
prepare precise guidelines for
forest management in the
breeding areas and reduce all
kinds of human disturbance in
the breeding habitat.
2.1.5.
Promote
agricultural
management in harmony with
conservation on the feeding
habitat of the Lesser Spotted
Eagle.
3.1.
Continue and expand the
existing monitoring programme
for the Lesser Spotted Eagle.
4.
Raise public awareness and
support for the protection of the
Lesser
Spotted
Eagle;
undertake
an
education
1.1.1. 2.1.1 Establish contact with new
landowners to prepare precise
guidelines
for
forest
management in areas where
the Lesser Spotted Eagle
breeds and to preserve the
mosaic of all Lesser Spotted
Eagle habitat.
3.1.
Continue national monitoring
and the breeding success
control programme.
Romania
1.2.
Promote
strengthening
of
existing legislation for the
protection of rare birds of prey.
2.1.4.
Promote a complete ban on use
of poisoned bait.
3.1.
Undertake a national survey of
the Lesser Spotted Eagle and
start a monitoring programme.
European Union Action Plans for 8 Priority Birds Species - Lesser Spotted Eagle - 23
4.
Raise public awareness and
support for protection of the
species.
Turkey
2.2
Promote
designation
as
protected areas of those IBAs
where the Lesser Spotted Eagle
breeds.
3.1.
Undertake a national survey of
the status of the Lesser Spotted
Eagle and start a monitoring
programme.
3.2, 3.4
Monitor migrants regularly at
three bottleneck IBAs.
3.5
Identify major roosting places,
particularly
at
Bogazici
(Bosphorus), Dogu Karadeniz
Daglari (Borcka) and Nur
Daglari (Belen Pass) IBAs.
4.
Undertake
an
education
campaign about the shooting of
migratory birds of prey.
Russian Federation
1.1.1.
2.1.4.
3.1.
4.
Prepare guidelines for forest
management in all areas where
the Lesser Spotted Eagle
breeds.
Promote a complete ban on use
of poisoned bait in open places.
Undertake a national survey of
the Lesser Spotted Eagle and
start a monitoring programme.
Raise public awareness and
support for saving breeding and
feeding habitat of the Lesser
Spotted Eagle.
Slovakia
1.1.1.
Prepare precise guidelines for
forest management in all areas
where the Lesser Spotted Eagle
breeds.
Ukraine
1.1.1.
Promote
designation
sanctuaries around nests.
of
Raise public awareness and
support for protection of the
Lesser Spotted Eagles and its
breeding habitat.
2.1.1.
Encourage restriction of human
activities during the breeding
period within 300 m. of nest
sites.
1.2, 4
3.1.
Undertake a national survey
and follow up the monitoring
programme with inclusion of a
breeding success record.
2.1.1, 2.1.2 Encourage restriction on human
(forestry) activities during the
breeding period (April-June)
within 300 m of nest sites.
2.1.6
Identify critical
areas
for
electrocution of birds of prey
and urge the companies
responsible for the powerlines
to adopt corrective measures.
2.1.4.
Promote a complete ban on the
use of poisoned bait.
2.2.
Promote
designation
as
protected areas if those IBAs
where the Lesser Spotted Eagle
breeds.
1.2.2
Initiate a long-term conservation
programme based on a national
action plan for the species.
3.1.
Undertake a national survey of
the Lesser Spotted Eagle and
start a monitoring programme.
3.1.
Undertake a national survey of
the status of the Lesser Spotted
Eagle and start a monitoring
programme.
4.
Undertake
an
education
campaign about the shooting of
the Lesser Spotted Eagle and
other migratory birds of prey.
Slovenia
European Union Action Plans for 8 Priority Birds Species - Lesser Spotted Eagle - 24