European Robin

The European robin (Erithacus rubecula) is a small, insectivorous bird in the Old World flycatcher family. It is found across Europe to western Siberia and south to North Africa. The species is easily recognized by its orange-red breast and face, grey-brown upper parts, and white belly. Adult robins have a distinctive round shape, measuring 12.5–14.0 cm (4.9-5.5 in) in length and weighing 14–25 grams (0.5-0.9 oz). The sexes are similar in appearance, making them difficult to distinguish in the field. Juveniles are mottled brown, with an almost scaly appearance. The European robin has a melodious song, which can be heard throughout the year in many places, especially at dawn and dusk. There are no similar species or close relatives within its range, and the closest relatives are the forest robins and robin-chats of Africa.

European robins inhabit woodlands, gardens, and hedgerows, showing a particular fondness for areas with dense undergrowth for foraging and nesting. Their diet mainly consists of insects, spiders, worms, and berries. During autumn and winter they will also feed on seeds from bird feeders. They are known for their boldness in urban gardens, often approaching humans closely. Feeding occurs primarily on the ground as they search for invertebrates among leaf litter. 

The European robin exhibits partial migratory behavior; while many individuals in the northern and eastern parts of their range migrate to warmer areas during the winter, those in the western and southern regions tend to be sedentary. Migration is usually nocturnal, with birds flying at low altitudes to avoid predation.

Breeding season begins in April (late March in some areas), extending into June, with pairs forming territories that are defended vigorously. The red breast is used to challenge intruders and fend off rivals. Nests are typically constructed on the ground or near it in dense vegetation, using leaves, grass, and moss, lined with hair and feathers. Females lay 4-7 eggs, which are incubated for about 13-14 days. Chicks fledge 13-14 days after hatching but are fed by both parents for up to three weeks post-fledging.

The European robin is widespread and abundant across much of Europe, and the population is believed to be increasing. It is classified as least concern on the IUCN Red List. Although not globally threatened, habitat loss and severe winters can locally impact populations.