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Key to CaryophyllaceaeView taxon page for Caryophyllaceae
Jepson Manual glossary definitions can be seen by moving your cursor over words underlined with dots. 1. Fruit utricle  Mostly dry, dehiscent or indehiscent fruit from a generally compound pistil in which a balloon- or bladder-like ovary wall loosely encloses (or, in some Amaranthaceae, is adherent to) a single seed. (± dehiscent  Opening at maturity to release contents; usually pertaining to anthers or fruits. in Achyronychia, Scopulophila); petals 0 or < 0.6 mm, scale-like; stamens on hypanthium  Structure generally in the shape of a tube, cup, or bowl, derived from the fused lower portions of the perianth and stamens, from which these parts seem to arise, and to which the ovary wall is fused in an inferior ovary (to which the ovary wall is partially fused in a half-inferior ovary; from which the ovary is free in a superior ovary). rim; stipules present (except Scleranthus), scarious 2' Stipules present; hypanthium in fruit ± hard or not 3. Sepals widely ovate  Egg-shaped (i.e., widest below the middle) in two dimensions (i.e., in one plane), as a leaf. to reniform  Kidney-shaped; often pertaining to a leaf in which the blade base on both sides of the petiole is rounded and concave. or round, margin scarious, awns  1. Bristle-like appendage or elongation, generally terminal. 2. Stiff, needle-like pappus element in Asteraceae. 0; staminodes 14–19, thread-like, or 5, oblong  Longer than wide, with nearly parallel sides; wider than linear. , petal-like 4. Annual, base ± glabrous; stem prostrate  Lying flat on the ground. to ascending  Curving or angling upward from base, or about 30-60 degrees less than vertical or away from axis of attachment. ; staminodes 14–19, ± 0.5 mm, thread-like, not petal-like; nectaries 0; style 2-branched ..... ACHYRONYCHIA 4' Perennial herb, base densely woolly; stem erect  Upright; vertically oriented. ; staminodes (pistillate flowers only) 5, 1–1.5 mm, oblong, petal-like; nectaries 5, wide; style 3-branched ..... SCOPULOPHILA 3' Sepals lanceolate  Narrowly elongate, widest in the basal half, often tapered to an acute tip. to oblong (if ovate or obovate, margin scarious, awns present, or margin not scarious, awns 0), margins scarious or not; staminodes 0 or 4–5, thread-like 5. Stipules 0.4–1 mm; sepal awn 1. Bristle-like appendage or elongation, generally terminal. 2. Stiff, needle-like pappus element in Asteraceae. 0, hairs ± long, stiff, often hooked, margin green, not scarious ..... HERNIARIA 5' Stipules 1–8 mm; sepal awn 0.5–4 mm, hairs not as above, margin white, scarious, at least below 6' Sepal awn thread-like to ± stout, ± not spine-tipped, 0.5–1.5 mm; sepals not woolly ..... PARONYCHIA 1' Fruit capsule; petals generally present, > (0.6)1 mm, not scale-like; stamens on ovary base or disk surrounding ovary or ovary stalk; stipules generally 0 7. Sepals fused, tube prominent, lobes  1. A major expansion or bulge, such as on the margin of a leaf, sepal, or petal, or on the surface of an ovary. 2. The free tips of otherwise fused structures, such as sepals or petals; larger than teeth. or teeth < tube (except Agrostemma); petal claw generally > limb, generally appendaged adaxially near limb base 8. Styles 3–5; fruit valves or teeth 3–6 or 10 9. Calyx lobes > tube, generally 12–50 mm, linear  Elongate, with nearly parallel sides; narrower than elliptic or oblong. , tube strongly 10-ribbed, with long, ascending, appressed  Parallel or nearly parallel to and often in contact with surface of origin; used to describe the disposition of hairs, leaves, pedicels, etc. hairs ..... AGROSTEMMA 9' Calyx lobes or teeth < tube, < 13 mm, triangular to awl-like, tube not as above (except Lychnis with lobes 4–7 mm) 10. Styles (4)5, flowers bisexual  Both male and female reproductive parts occurring and functional in the same plant or structure (e.g., flower, spikelet, inflorescence). ; fruit teeth (4)5; plant densely silky-hairy to tomentose  Covered with densely interwoven, generally matted hairs. ..... LYCHNIS 10' Styles 3(4,5), if 5 then flowers unisexual (taxa dioecious); fruit teeth 6, 10; plant glabrous or variously hairy but not as above 11' Calyx tubular or widest in proximal half, not constricted to a narrow tube ..... SILENE 8' Styles 2; fruit valves or teeth generally 4 12. Flower or flowers subtended by 2–6 involucre  Group of bracts more or less held together as a unit, subtending a flower, fruit (acorn cup), or inflorescence. bracts 13. Calyx veins 20–45, tube not scarious between sepals; involucre bracts green, not scarious, linear to lanceolate, generally < 1 mm wide (ovate, 1.5–2.5 mm wide in Dianthus deltoides) ..... DIANTHUS 13' Calyx veins 15, tube scarious between sepals; involucre bracts red to brown, scarious, widely ovate, generally 5–12 mm wide ..... PETRORHAGIA 12' Flower or flowers not subtended by involucre bracts 14. Stamens 5; calyx narrowly cylindric  Elongate, with parallel sides and, at any point, round in transverse section. , 0.8–1 mm diam; flowers generally 1 in axils ..... Dianthus nudiflorus 14' Stamens 10; calyx cup-shaped to widely tubular, 1.5–9 mm diam; flowers few to many, in open to head-like, terminal cyme  1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae and some other groups, a branched inflorescence in which the central or uppermost flower opens before the peripheral or lowermost flowers on any axis. see 2. In Asteraceae and some other groups, a cyme-like inflorescence is one in which the central or uppermost inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae, umbels enclosed by involucres in Eriogonum), instead of individual flowers, develop and mature before the peripheral or lowermost inflorescence units on any axis. 15' Calyx tube 7.5–20 mm, lanceolate to oblong-cylindric or cylindric to urn-shaped  Widening more or less abruptly at the base and then gradually or abruptly narrowed toward the tip. , green, not scarious between sepals 16. Perennial herb; inflorescence dense; pedicels  Stalk of an individual flower in an inflorescence, or the corresponding structure in fruit. generally 0–3 mm; calyx angles or keels 0; petal appendages 2 ..... SAPONARIA 7' Sepals ± free; petal claw < limb or generally 0, unappendaged 17. Stipules 0.4–11 mm, widely triangular to bristle-like, scarious 18. Leaf blade  Expanded portion of a leaf, petal, or other structure, generally flat but sometimes rolled, cylindric, wavy, or cupped. oblanceolate to obovate, petiole  Leaf stalk, connecting leaf blade to stem; sometimes more or less indistinct. generally ± present; style 1, 3-branched, 0.1–0.3 mm (stipules not bristle-like) ..... POLYCARPON 18' Leaf blade awl-like to linear, petiole 0; styles 3–5, free, generally 0.3–3 mm (if shorter, then stipules bristle-like) 19. Leaves opposite  1. Arranged in pairs along an axis - e.g., two leaves per node. 2. Occurring in the same rank, directly above or below, as 'stamens opposite petals'. 3. Located directly across from. but appearing whorled  Arranged in groups of three or more at nodes or positions along an axis (e.g., three leaves per node). due to axillary  Pertaining to or within an axil, especially a leaf axil. clusters of 16–30 per node  Position on a stem from which one or more structures (especially leaves, buds, branches, or flowers) arise. ; styles, fruit valves 5 ..... SPERGULA 19' Leaves opposite, often with axillary clusters of < 16 per node but not appearing whorled; styles, fruit valves 3 20. Inflorescence axillary, flowers 1–2; sepals awned; petals 0 or vestigial; stipules bristle-like ..... LOEFLINGIA 20' Inflorescence terminal, flowers few to many; sepals not awned; petals present; stipules lanceolate to widely triangular ..... SPERGULARIA 21. Petals ± 2-lobed, generally > 1/2 to base (petals 0 in Engellaria, sometimes 0 in Stellaria, Cerastium; lobes < 1/5 to base in Hartmaniella, Torreyostellaria) 22' Fruit ± ovoid or spheric to cylindric-oblong, not curved in upper 1/2, opening by 6 (8 or 10) valves 23. Petals 0 or 2-lobed > 1/2 to base; fruit ± ovoid or spheric to cylindric-oblong, valves ascending to recurved  Gradually curved downward or backward. , not recoiled; seeds several to many; rhizomes with neither tuber-like thickenings nor vertical fleshy root 24. Sepals 4(5), ± obtuse  Having a short-tapered, blunt tip or base, the sides convex or straight and converging at more than a right angle. , ribs in fruit 1, obscure; petals 0; prostrate perennial  Completing life cycle (germination through death) in more than two years or growing seasons, generally non-woody (at least above ground) to woody; includes perennial herbs as well as subshrubs to trees; the abbreviation 'per' only refers to perennial herb, not to the word 'perennial' alone. herbs, generally glabrous ..... ENGELLARIA 24' Sepals 5(6), acute  Having a short-tapered, sharp tip, the sides convex or straight and converging at less than a right angle. to acuminate  Having a long-tapered, sharp tip, the sides concave. or obtuse, ribs in fruit 1–3, generally visible to prominent; petals 1–5 or 0; annuals or perennial herbs, erect to prostrate ..... STELLARIA 23' Petals 2-lobed < 1/5 to base; fruit spheric, valves ± 2–3 × recoiled; seeds 1–2; rhizomes with tuber-like thickenings 3–12 mm diam or with ± vertical fleshy roots 25. Pedicels, sepals glabrous; flowers 1, generally terminal; stamens 5, anthers yellow ..... HARTMANIELLA 25' Pedicels, sepals glandular-hairy, often densely so; flowers in leafy cymes 1. In flowering plants excluding Asteraceae and some other groups, a branched inflorescence in which the central or uppermost flower opens before the peripheral or lowermost flowers on any axis. see 2. In Asteraceae and some other groups, a cyme-like inflorescence is one in which the central or uppermost inflorescence units (e.g., heads in Asteraceae, umbels enclosed by involucres in Eriogonum), instead of individual flowers, develop and mature before the peripheral or lowermost inflorescence units on any axis. ; stamens 10, anthers purple ..... TORREYOSTELLARIA 21' Petals entire  Having margins that are continuous and smooth (i.e., without teeth, lobes, etc.). , irregularly toothed, or ± notched (sometimes 0 in Moenchia, Sabulina, Sagina) 26. Petals ± irregularly toothed; inflorescence umbel-like; fruit opening by 6 teeth ..... HOLOSTEUM 26' Petals 0 or entire or notched; inflorescence not umbel-like (except Eremogone congesta); fruit opening by 6 or 8 teeth or 3–6 valves 27. Fruit teeth 8; petals (0)4; plant erect; leaf  Organ arising from a stem, generally composed of a stalk (petiole) and a flat, expanded, green, photosynthetic area (blade); distinguished from a leaflet by the presence in its axil of a bud, branch, thorn, or flower; sometimes with lateral, basal appendages (stipules); either simple (toothed, lobed, or dissected but not divided into leaflets) or compound (divided into leaflets). blade ± linear, rigid, acute ..... MOENCHIA 27' Fruit valves or teeth 3–6; petals 0 or 5 (if 4 then plant not erect, leaf blade not linear, not rigid, not acute) 28' Styles 3; fruit valves 3 or 6 or teeth 6 29. Ovary sutures 3; fruit valves 3 30. Sepals obtuse to rounded; cespitose  Having a densely clumped, tufted, matted, or cushion-like growth form. to mat-forming perennial herb; c&s SNH ..... CHERLERIA 30' Sepals acute to acuminate; annual or cespitose to mat-forming perennial herb; CA-FP, GB ..... SABULINA 29' Ovary sutures 6; fruit teeth or valves 6 31. Leaf blades needle-like to narrowly linear, often congested at or near base of flowering stems, tips generally sharp-pointed ..... EREMOGONE 31' Leaf blades ovate to lanceolate (narrowly so or not), not congested at or near base of flowering stems, tips generally acute to acuminate 32. Seed appendage 0; rhizome  1. In seed plants, stem that is often elongate, more or less horizontal, usually underground; distinguished from roots by bearing of leaves, leaf scars, axillary buds, etc. 2. In ferns, stem that is located underground, embedded in leaf litter, on rocks or in rock crevices, or on trees or tree branches, often scaly or hairy; distinguished from roots by bearing of fronds (roots rarely bear fronds), and their greater diameter. 0 ..... ARENARIA 32' Seed appendage ± 0.7 mm, ± elliptic  In the shape of a flattened circle or ellipse; wider than linear , spongy; rhizome slender, branched ..... MOEHRINGIA
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