A plant geek visits southern Norway

a picture of Heddal stave church
Heddal stave church (Heddal stavkirke), built in the early 1200s.

How about a travelogue post? These photos were taken in 2019, and this post has been lurking, half-completed, in my drafts folder for several years. Luckily, flower and landscape pictures don’t become outdated, so I can still polish it up and post it.

Our last big adventure before the COVID pandemic was a trip to southern Norway in June of 2019. It was the first trip to that beautiful country for my wife and kids, and the first time I had been back since 1985. There were some cool plants to be seen.

Getting there and back again

Our plan was to fly Raleigh-Newark-Oslo, spend a couple of days in museums, and then drive across across to Stavanger on the west coast where I lived for a little over four years as a teenager. After about a week exploring southern Rogaland, we’d drive back to Oslo and fly home.

The flying part turned out to be not so easy. Thunderstorms on the east coast of the U.S. caused an unscheduled five-hour stopover at Dulles. We missed our connection and had to stay overnight in a ratty hotel in Newark before flying out the next day via Stockholm. On our return, storms again stranded us in Newark. With no hotel vacancies, not even ratty ones, and no flights available for days, we stood in line for about six hours to rent a car and then drove ten hours while jetlagged. Not fun.

On the other hand, renting a car in Norway was an inspired idea. In some countries (UK and Ireland, I’m looking at you), driving puts my blood pressure through the roof, but driving through southern Norway was thoroughly enjoyable. Speed limits were slow, drivers were civilized, and roads, tunnels, bridges, and ferries were in great condition…and the scenery was fantastic. We ended up with a hybrid RAV4 from Hertz that turned out to be the perfect size–big enough for our luggage and fishing rods, small enough to maneuver down narrow mountain roads.

Oslo and a road trip to the west

Due to the delay in Newark, we had only one afternoon in Oslo, just long enough to visit the Viking Ship Museum and the Vikingr exhibit at the Museum of Cultural History. The kids were suitably impressed by the thousand-year-old Oseberg and Gokstad ships. It never ceases to amaze me that norse mariners could cross the north Atlantic, the “old grey widow-maker”, in vessels like the Gokstad ship.

a picture of carvings on the prow of a viking longship
Interlocked animal carvings decorate the prow of the viking-era Oseberg Ship

The next day, we started our road trip to Stavanger. The drive can easily be made in a single day along the south coast, but we decided to take the inland route, following E134 through Viken and Vestfold og Telemark counties, with an overnight stop half-way.

Oslo-Stavanger

At lunch time, we stopped for a couple of hours to explore Heddal stave church (see top photo). Then we continued on to the Haukelifjell Guesthouse, where we spent the night (highly recommended: not fancy, but friendly, clean, and comfortable with good, simple food). After supper, we took advantage of the long-lit summer evening and explored the shore of Vågslivatnet, the lake adjacent to the guesthouse. In seeps along the shoreline, I found two species of carnivorous plants: Drosera intermedia (oblong-leaf sundew) and Pinguicula vulgaris (common butterwort), the latter in full bloom.

a picture of sundew leaves
Drosera intermedia
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Pinguicula vulgaris flowers
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Pinguicula vulgaris leaf rosettes

On drier ground the beautiful flowers of Silene dioica, red campion, were common:

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Silene dioica

The next day’s drive was one of the most enjoyable and scenic in my experience. Shortly after leaving Haukelifjell Gjestehus, our route took us up above the treeline, where there was still snow in late June. In the absence of trees, the plant life was mostly hardy grasses and low-growing ericaceous shrubs.

picture of a lake and windswept hillsides
View of Ulevåvatnet from the side of E134 near Røldal.

At Røldal, we left E134 and headed south on country road (Fylkesvei; Fv.) 520. At this point, we were on the Scenic Route Ryfylke. The narrow road took us up over the mountains and then down to sea level at Sauda, a little town at the north end of Saudafjorden. Just south of Sauda, we stopped at Svandalsfossen, a huge waterfall that tumbles down the hillside and cascades under the road just before it plunges into the fjord.

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A big waterfall (this is just the top half). There are lots of them in Norway.

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Valeriana officinalis (wild valerian) growing beside Svandalsfossen

Climbing the stairway beside Svandalsfossen was fun, but lets face it, waterfalls are dime-a-dozen in Norway. I was more interested in a side trip to Sand, a little south of where Saudafjorden merges with Sandsfjorden. The village of Sand sits on the banks of Suldalslagen, one of Norway’s salmon rivers, and just outside of town is Laksestudio Suldal, an underwater viewing window where you can watch wild atlantic salmon and sea trout (anadromous brown trout) make their way upstream to spawn. We were a few weeks early for the main salmon run, but there were still some impressive fish to be seen.

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Salmon and sea trout seen through the window of Laksestudio Suldal
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Suldalslagen. Just upstream of Laksestudio Suldal is Høsebrua, a pedestrian bridge with open mesh floor that allows you to watch the river flowing under your feet.

After Sand, our route took us along Sandsfjorden and Jøsenfjorden, and then across country to Tau. After a final ferry ride (replaced in 2020 by the new Ryfast tunnel system under the fjord), we were in Stavanger, almost exactly 34 years after I left.

Around Stavanger and a little further afield

In Stavanger, we visited with old friends, went fishing at my favorite spots along the fjord, and took in some of the great sights in the vicinity. One afternoon, we drove a few miles north of town to the island of Åmøy. The eastern part of the island, Austre Åmøy, is famous for its bronze age rock carvings. When I was a kid, visiting the carvings was an all-day school field trip involving a ferry ride, but now a bridge and undersea tunnel took us to the island in less than half an hour.

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Austre Åmøy shoreline

The carvings were a little tricky to find–down a narrow lane, through a farm gate, across a sheep pasture, and through a little wood–but were well worth the effort.

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Carved ships, approximately 3000 years old, with vertical lines representing rowers.
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Sedum anglicum (English stonecrop)on Austre Åmøy

South of Stavanger, we visited two sites in the Magma UNESCO Geopark: Gloppedalsura and Trollpikken. I had visited Gloppedalen and its giant scree many times as a child, but Trollpikken was new to me.

A picture of Gloppedalsura
A small part of Gloppedalsura. The scree fills the valley from mountain-side to mountain-side, and many of the boulders are the size of a house.  
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Big rocks with juvenile Homo sapiens for scale.

Trollpikken is a rock formation with interesting shape. In the United States, it would probably be named the Devil’s Finger, or something similar. Youngest offspring asked if Trollpikken means “the troll’s nose.” Nope:

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The land around Trollpikken is a fascinating combination of barren rocks and lush green. The soil in the little valleys and crevices among the rocks is sphagnum peat, and it harbors a number of interesting plant species.

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A view from the hiking trail to Trollpikken. Norway gets more than 90% of its electricity from hydroelectric installations, but clearly the wind blowing across these barren hills was worth harnessing.
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Echium vulgare (viper’s bugloss) adjacent to the Trollpikken parking lot
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Echium vulgare
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Dactylorhiza sp. (marsh orchid) growing in a small bog beside a stream
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Dactylorhiza sp.
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Drosera rotundifolia (spoonleaf sundew)
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Eriophorum sp. (cotton grass)
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Trollpikken in all its glory

Preikestolen

When in Rogaland, you must hike up to Preikestolen (the Pulpit Rock) to enjoy the amazing views of Lysefjorden and the complete lack of safety barriers. I had fond memories of childhood scrambles to the top and was eager to introduce my children to the joys of peeking over the edge. On the way up, I spotted more Drosera intermedia and Pinguicula vulgaris, and some nice clumps of Cornus suecica (bunchberry). The latter species is very similar to Cornus canadensis, which we often find in Maine, but Cornus suecica is more of a bog or heath species, while C. canadensis prefers woodland.

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Cornus suecica (bunchberry)
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Lysefjorden seen from 600 m above sea level.
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The kids celebrating their arrival on top of Preikestolen.

A friend’s garden

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Primula vialii (orchid primrose) in Morten’s garden

One of the high points of the trip was meeting up with my childhood friend Morten and seeing his  garden in Sandnes. As teenagers, Morten and I both kept aquarium fish.  My aquarium was usually stuffed with every oddball fish that I could lay my hands on, the stranger-looking the better, while Morten’s aquariums were beautifully aquascaped, with plants and fish always in perfect harmony.  Our gardens follow along the same lines.  In Morten’s lovely garden, I was very interested to see plants that I could never grow successfully through a hot North Carolina summer.  Paradoxically, North Carolina is also too cold for several South American species that can be grown in the mild climate of coastal Norway, where temperatures are buffered by the surrounding sea and gently warmed by the Gulf Stream.

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Araucaria araucana, the famous monkey puzzle tree from Chile.

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Candelabra primrose (probably Primula x bulleesiana)

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I was completely amazed to see a Gunnera sp. (giant rhubarb) growing in Norway.

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Gunnera inflorescence.  Morten told me that he mulched the rhizome with its own leaves to protect it in winter.

Heading home

Stavanger-Oslo

Sooner than we would have liked, it was time to head for home. We had planned to stick to the coast, passing through Kristiansand on our way back to Oslo, but heavy traffic induced us to try a less crowded inland route starting near Egersund. I am glad we did, because we stumbled across Terland Klopp, an early-19th century stone bridge surrounded by gorgeous foxgloves.

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Terland Klopp

And then vacation was over, and it was just a matter of catching our flight back to the U.S.

Six on Saturday #78 (October 7, 2023)

Six on Saturday two weeks in a row! I haven’t managed that since May of 2020.

Temperatures are forecast to drop into the mid 40s (~7 C) for the next couple of nights, so I’ll be busy moving plants back into the greenhouse this afternoon. Things like vireyas and neotropical blueberries will be fine outside for a few more weeks, but lowland tropicals like Medinilla and bonsai Ficus are not happy much below 55 F (12.5 C).

1. Habranthus ruber (red rain lily)

photo of Habranthus ruber flowers

Habranthus ruber, an amaryllid from southern Brazil, is uncommon in cultivation. Its rarity is somewhat surprising given its spectacular red flowers (unusual in a genus dominated by various shades of pink and white). I obtained a bulb in 2020, but this is the first time it has flowered well. I can’t say I have mastered its cultivation at this point, but I think it prefers cool (not cold) growing conditions and, like many of its congeners, flowers after heavy rain–hence the name rain lily. Over the last couple of years, the original bulb has split into a small clump. They grew leaves early this spring, went dormant shortly after the pot was moved outside in early summer, and flowered after temperatures began to cool and Tropical Storm Ophelia gave us a good soaking. Some of the subtropical Habranthus and related Zephyranthes are hardy in my garden, but I haven’t risked this plant. It over-winters in the greenhouse.

Update: The Kew plant list accepts the merger of Habranthus with Zephyranthes, in which case this species would be Zephyranthes rubra (note different spelling of species name)

2. Crocosmia aurea (falling stars)

photo of Crocosmia aurea flowers

First bloom for another bulb. Crocosmia aurea is a member of the Iridaceae, the iris family, from southern Africa, and unlike many of its relatives it will grow well and flower in shade. I first saw it blooming about five years ago at Daniel Stowe Botanical Garden near Charlotte, NC, but I found plants very difficult to obtain. Eventually, I got hold of some seed, grew the seedlings in the greenhouse for about two years, and planted them out last year. The plants at Daniel Stowe BG, were fairly tall, with nodding flowers on elegant inflorescences, so I was a little disappointed by the compact, almost dwarf plants that I have grown. The seed came from a reliable vendor, and the flowers look right, so perhaps this is a variable species. It remains to be seen if my plants get any taller as they mature.

3. Macleania stricta

photo of macleania stricta flowers

Like Macleania pentaptera and Macleania sp. aff. smithiana, Macleania stricta is one of the relatively few neotropical ericads which grow at low altitude (down to 350 m above sea level in the case of M. stricta) and therefore has a reasonable chance of surviving a summer in the NC piedmont. I obtained this rooted cutting last January. It flowered twice over the summer and produced healthy looking new growth, so I am optimistic about its long-term survival. When I first saw the flowers of this species, I was a little disappointed by the size–they are significantly smaller than those of the other two species I grow. The color is good though, and I think the plant will be very attractive as it matures and (hopefully) has multiple inflorescences at once. It will stay outside for a few more weeks, but I’ll move it back into the greenhouse before first frost.

Another view of Macleania stricta

comparison of macleania flowers
Comparison of Macleania flowers: (left to right) Macleania stricta, Macleania pentaptera, and Macleania sp. aff smithiana H.B.G. 89922.  Scale is centimeters.

4. Isodon effusus

photo of Isodon effusus flowers

For most of the spring and summer, the nondescript stems of Isodon effusus lurk almost invisibly in the shade garden. Then, in early autumn, the plants are suddenly covered with purple flowers on airy inflorescences. This member of the mint family, Lamiaceae, is endemic to Japan (Honshu and Kyushu) and like many Japanese plants does very well in our climate. It produces some volunteer seedlings but is not obnoxious about it.

closup of Isodon effusus flowers

I have considered including I. effusus in a Six on Saturday post several times over the years but could never get a satisfactory picture. It is almost impossible get a good focus on the three-dimensional cloud of little flowers without many being blurred. I’m still not really satisfied with these ones, but I don’t think I can do any better.

5. Cestrum ‘Orange Peel’

Photo of cestrum flowers

‘Orange Peel’ is supposed to be a hybrid of Cestrum diurnum x Cestrum nocturnum, but Plant Delights Nursery (where I bought my plant) says it is actually a cultivar of the Chilean species Cestrum parqui. I bought it on a whim, not really expecting it to be hardy in the garden, and then never got round to planting it out. It’s too late in the year now, so it will have to stay in its pot and spend the winter in the greenhouse. Maybe I’ll find a sunny spot for it in the garden when weather warms up next year.

6. Tagetes patula ‘Orange Flame’ (French marigold)

orange-and-red marigold flowers

My wife grows marigolds from seed and plants them around her vegetable garden to deter any rabbits that slip through the fence. I’m not sure if it is an effective strategy, but the marigold flowers certainly are bright and cheerful.

Jim at Garden Ruminations is the host of Six on Saturday. Head over there to see his Six for this week and find links to the blogs of other participants.

Six on Saturday #76 (September 16, 2023)

photo of an eastern spadefoot
Regular walks at night are proving that the population of eastern spadefoots (Scaphiopus holbrookii) in the garden is larger than I thought. Here’s another adult, not as large as the last one I found. After our last evening thunderstorm, Youngest Offspring and I found several recently metamorphosed juveniles which were not so cooperative about photographs.

It is getting more and more difficult to find new plants and animals to feature in a Six on Saturday, but I’m determined to avoid repetition as much as possible.

1. Hedychium deceptum

photo of Hedychium deceptum flowers

This hardy ginger from Assam is probably the closest the genus Hedychium comes to a true red. The inflorescence isn’t as large as that of Hedychium ‘Applecourt’, but the individual flowers really are lovely. In overall appearance, this species is very similar to the more commonly grown H. greenii. I have H. greenii as well, but it failed to flower this year–I think it may need to be moved to a new location with more sun and water.

2. Bessera elegans, red form

photo of Bessera elegans, red form
The flowers of Bessera elegans resemble brightly colored little umbrellas.

Like the orange and purple forms of the species, these little bulbs from Mexico require a warm, dry winter dormancy and would rot if grown in the ground here. I keep them in terracotta pots, stored in a dry corner of the greenhouse over winter. This color form is very similar to the common orange form, but it appears slightly more red and flowers about two weeks earlier. The purple form consistently flowers at least 6-8 weeks earlier, suggesting that it could be reproductively isolated from the other forms if they occur in the same geographic range.

photo of the underside of a Bessera elegans flower

3. Rudbeckia laciniata (cutleaf coneflower)

photo of Rudbeckia laciniata flowers

This vigorous species is native to western North Carolina. About 15 years ago, I obtained a small packet of seed from the North Carolina Botanical Garden. The plants, which can grow to more than 6 ft (2 m) tall, have since spread twenty or thirty feet along the edge of the woods at the back of our house. The inflorescences are somewhat sparsely flowered, but they make an attractive backdrop for smaller plants.

4. Arisaema triphyllum (jack-in-the-pulpit)

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At this point in the growth cycle, the stems of A. triphyllum have mostly died back, and the berries often lie flat on the ground or draped across other plants.

The native Arisaema triphyllum has two seasons of interest in the garden: spring, when the unusual flowers pop up among the other woodland wildflowers (see photo 4 here), and early autumn, when the red berries produce splashes of color in the undergrowth. This particular plant has volunteered more than 40 or 50 feet from the nearest deliberately planted specimen, so the seed was presumably transferred in the gut of a bird or small mammal.

5. Anayxrus americanus (American toad)

photo of an American toad, Anaxyrus americanus

Our native American and Fowler’s toads can be difficult to tell apart. Based on the morphology of the postorbital ridges, large warts on its legs, and speckled belly, I believe this supercilious-looking fellow (or lady) is an American toad.

6. Katydid (Tettigoniidae)

photo of a katydid

For most of the summer, the nocturnal serenade has been primarily the work of katydids (family Tettigoniidae) high in the trees. As the weather starts to cool into autumn, true crickets (Gryllidae) and mole crickets (Gryllotalpidae) are taking over. I spotted this katydid at night, after rain. Unfortunately, I have no idea which of the various native genera and species it is.

Jim at Garden Ruminations is the host of Six on Saturday. Head over there to see his Six for this week and find links to the blogs of other participants.

Six on Saturday #74 (April 22, 2023)

Happy Earth Day! This would be an obvious day for working in the garden, but unfortunately we will have thunderstorms rolling through for most of the day (though luckily the potential for tornadoes seems to be southeast of our location). Here are a few pictures taken this morning before the rain, rounded out with a couple taken earlier this week.

1. Paeonia ‘America’

Photo of Peaonia 'America' flower

I planted this herbaceous peony about three years ago. It produced its first buds last year, but they all froze and aborted. This year, two buds survived, and I finally have the first flower. Each day, the flower starts to open after I leave for work and closes before I get home, so it was tricky to get a photo. The flower is already closing in this picture, and I only saw it partially open because I left work early to catch eldest offspring’s last high school tennis match.

2. Paeonia obovata (Japanese woodland peony)

photo of white Paeonia obovata flower

This peony does well the shade under a dogwood, where it grows among trilliums and Calanthe orchids. The white-flowered form sometimes goes by Paeonia japonica, but Kew lists that name as a synonum of P. obovata.

3. Calycanthus floridus (eastern sweetshrub, Carolina allspice)

Photo of Calycanthus floridus flowers and leaves

This native woodland shrub is famed for its fragrance, which is often compared to fresh strawberries. My plant smells more like overripe fruit–not horrible, but not something I’d seek out. If buying one to grow close to the house, it’s probably best to shop for plants in flower and give them a sniff test before laying down your money.

4. Actias luna (luna moth)

Luna moth with damaged wings

Luna moths only live for a few days after completing metamorphosis, and this one was at the end of its lifespan. It could no longer fly, and was fluttering weakly across the lawn this morning.

5. Quercus phellos (willow oak) growing on Juniperus virginiana (eastern red cedar)

photo of willow oak growing from the trunk of a red cedar tree

Not in my garden, but local, are two of my favorite individual trees. The pale green leaves are a small willow oak which is growing epiphytically on a red cedar. The oak must have grown from an acorn that fell or was deposited by a squirrel into a crack in the trunk of a red cedar. Enough water and organic debris sifts down to keep the oak alive, and I have been watching it grow slowly for almost a decade. Each spring, it’s always encouraging to see that the little oak has survived another year.

6. Allium schoenoprasum (chives)

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Garlic chives, Allium tuberosum, seem to be more vigorous in this climate, but this little clump of chives is doing fairly well. It’s in a raised bed shared with walking onions and garlic chives, which are permanent residents of the bed, and two varieties of garlic (softneck and hardneck), which will be harvested in June.

Jim at Garden Ruminations is the host of Six on Saturday. Head over there to see his Six for this week and find links to the blogs of other participants.

Six on Saturday #70 (April 23, 2022)

Now that spring is well under way, it is a little easier to find interesting pictures for a Six on Saturday post. Here are five from the outdoor garden and one from the greenhouse.

1. Trillium grandiflorum (great white trillium)

photo of Trillium grandiflorum

Trilliums are, notoriously, very slow to grow from seed or from rhizome divisions. It seems that someone must have mastered the procedure on a commercial scale, though, because mass produced rhizomes have started showing up in garden centers beside the spring bulbs. The packages come from the Netherlands, which probably precludes the possibility that they are wild-collected. I have tried boxes from Durham Garden Center and Costco which both claimed to contain Trillium grandiflorum (white) and Trillium erectum (red). The packages from Costco actually contained Trillium luteum and a red-flowered sessile species, but the box from Durham Garden Center seems to be correct.

2. Trillum luteum (yellow trillium)

photo of Trillium luteum

I planted this species in 2010 or 2011 and featured it once before in 2018. In rich soil, it would probably be a large clump by now. In very poor dry soil under pine and oak trees, it only has two stems, but they return faithfully every spring. Since it spends much of the year hidden under ground, I have left a small eastern red cedar seedling to help mark its location.

3. Clematis ochroleuca (curlyheads)

photo of Clematis ochroleuca

I could have sworn that I had already shown this native plant, but I can’t find it in a search of the blog. In any case, C. ochroleuca, is somewhat unusual for a Clematis, growing as a clump of short, upright stems rather than as a vine. The small flowers and fuzzy stems have a certain understated elegance, but it is the seeds, which look like heads of curly golden hair, that are the main reason for giving it space in the perennial border. I’ll have to remember to photograph them later this year.

4. Taraxacum pseudoroseum (pink dandelion)

photo of Taraxacum pseudoroseum

I wanted to grow some dandelions intentionally for chicken treats and occasional salad greens , and I thought that this would be more interesting than the standard yellow flowers that pop up in the lawn. So far, the pink color has been very faint, most noticeable when the flower first opens, but I think the overall effect is very attractive. My wife has included a second species, Taraxacum albidum (Japanese white dandelion) in her seed trays this year, and the first two seedlings were visible this morning.

5. Tulipa linifolia

photo of Tulipa linifolia flower

After several years of testing, I am convinced that a number of the smaller tulip species (Tulipa clusiana, T. whittalii, T. sylvestris, and T. linifolia) grow well in our climate. Unfortunately, rodents love to eat the bulbs, and this year about 90% of my tulips vanished. There was a concomitant increase in the number of pine vole tunnels in the flowerbeds, so I am fairly sure who the culprits are. The survivors, like this T. linifolia, are the ones that were planted in soil amended with permatill or in naturally gravelly soil.

6. Columnea schiedeana

photo of Columnea schiedeana flowers

Columnea schiedeana is an epiphytic gesneriad from Mexico. The hummingbird-pollinated flowers have fairly standard shape for a Columnea, but the color is amazing–each one looks hand-painted.

The Propagator is the host of Six on Saturday. Head over there to see his Six for this week and find links to the blogs of other participants.