Pteropsida A large group of vascular plants characterized by having parenchymatous leaf gaps in the stele and by having leaves which are thought to have.

Presentation on theme: "Pteropsida A large group of vascular plants characterized by having parenchymatous leaf gaps in the stele and by having leaves which are thought to have."— Presentation transcript:

1 Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Pteropsida Class: Filicinae, Gymnospermae, Angiospermae

2 Pteropsida A large group of vascular plants characterized by having parenchymatous leaf gaps in the stele and by having leaves which are thought to have originated in the distant past as branched stem systems. Some botanists regard the Pteropsida as a natural group which they recognize as a class, subdivision, or division. Others regard it as an artificial assemblage of plants that have undergone certain similar changes from a rhyniophyte ancestry. The various components of the Pteropsida are here treated as three separate divisions under the names Magnoliophyta, Pinophyta, and Polypodiophyta.

3 FILICINAE (FERNS)

4 Filicinae or fern (also called monilophytes) is any one of a group of about 12,000 species of plants. Unlike mosses, they have xylem and phloem; making them vascular plants. They have stems, leaves, and roots like other vascular plants. Ferns do not have either seeds or flowers, they reproduce via spores. The largest group of ferns are the leptosporangiate ferns, but ferns as defined here include horsetails, whisk ferns, marattioid ferns, and ophioglossoid ferns. The term pteridophyte also refers to ferns, and possibly other seedless vascular plants. A pteridologist is a specialist in the study of ferns and lycophytes.

5 Ecology Fern species live in a wide variety of habitats, from remote mountain elevations, to dry desert rock faces, to bodies of water or in open fields. Many ferns depend on associations with mycorrhizal fungi. Many ferns only grow within specific pH ranges; for instance, the climbing fern (Lygodium) will only grow in moist, intensely acid soils, while the bulblet bladder fern (Cystopteris bulbifera), with an overlapping range, is only found on limestone.

6 Evolution Ferns first appear in the fossil record 360 million years ago in the Carboniferous but many of the current families and species did not appear until roughly 145 million years ago in the late Cretaceous. Economic uses Ferns are not of major economic importance, but some are grown or gathered for food, as ornamental plants, or for remediating contaminated soils. Some are significant weeds. They also featured in mythology, medicine, and art.

7 Gymnospermae

8 Gymnosperms are seed-bearing plants, whose seeds do not form inside fruits but outside the ovum.
The term "gymnosperm" comes from the Greek word gymnospermos, meaning "naked seeds", after the unenclosed condition of their seeds (called ovules in their unfertilized state). Their naked condition stands in contrast to the seeds or ovules of flowering plants (angiosperms) which are enclosed during pollination. Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scale- or leaf-like appendages of cones. The gymnosperms and angiosperms together comprise the spermatophytes or seed plants. By far the largest group of living gymnosperms are the : conifers (pines, cypresses, and relatives), cycads Gnetales (Gnetum, Ephedra and Welwitschia) Ginkgo (a single living species).

9 Diversity and Origin There are between 700 and 900 extant or currently living species of Gymnosperms. It is widely accepted that the gymnosperms originated in the late Carboniferous Period. Early characteristics of seed plants were evident in fossil progymnosperms of the late Devonian period around 380 million years ago. It has been suggested that during the mid-Mesozoic period, pollination of some extinct groups of gymnosperms were by extinct species of scorpionflies that had specialized proboscis for feeding on pollination drops. The scorpionflies likely engaged in pollination mutualisms with gymnosperms, long before the similar and independent coevolution of nectar-feeding insects on angiosperms.

10 Uses Gymnosperms have major economic uses. Pine, fir, spruce and cedar are all examples of conifers which we use for lumber. Some other common uses for them are as soap, varnish, paint, food and perfumes.

11 ANGIOSPERMAE

12 Angiosperm, from the Ancient Greek , angeíon (receptacle, vessel) and ,sperma (seed), was coined in the form Angiospermae by Paul Hermann in 1690, as the name of that one of his primary divisions of the plant kingdom. Also known as Flowering plants or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants. Together with gymnosperms, they are the only extant groups of seed-producing plants, but they can be distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of synapomorphies. These characteristics include flowers, endosperm within the seeds, and the production of fruits that contain the seeds. The characteristic feature of angiosperms is the flower. Flowers show remarkable variation in form and elaboration, and provide the most trustworthy external characteristics for establishing relationships among angiosperm species. The function of the flower is to ensure fertilization of the ovule and development of fruit containing seeds.

13 Angiosperm derived characteristics
The flowers, which are the reproductive organs of flowering plants. Stamens, are much lighter than the corresponding organs of gymnosperms and have contributed to the diversification of angiosperms through time with adaptations to specialized pollination syndromes, such as particular pollinators. The male gametophyte, in angiosperms is significantly reduced in size compared to those of gymnosperm seed plants. The closed carpel of angiosperms, allows adaptations to specialized pollination syndromes and controls. The reduced female gametophyte, like the reduced male gametophyte, allowing the flowering plants to fill even more niches. Endosperm, formation generally begins after fertilization and before the first division of the zygote.

14 Origin and Diversity The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from gymnosperms around 245–202 million years ago, and the first flowering plants known to exist are from 140 million years ago. They diversified enormously during the Lower Cretaceous and became widespread around 100 million years ago, but replaced conifers as the dominant trees only around million years ago The earliest known macrofossil confidently identified as an angiosperm, Archaefructus liaoningensis, is dated to about 125 million years BP; the Cretaceous period. The number of species of flowering plants is estimated to be in the range of 250,000 to 400,000.

15 Classification There are eight groups of living angiosperms: Amborella — a single species of shrub from New Caledonia Nymphaeales — about 80 species— water lilies and Hydatellaceae Austrobaileyales — about 100 species of woody plants from various parts of the world Chloranthales — several dozen species of aromatic plants with toothed leaves Magnoliidae — about 9,000 species, characterized by trimerous flowers, pollen with one pore, and usually branching-veined leaves — for example magnolias, bay laurel, and black pepper Monocotyledonae — about 70,000 species, characterized by trimerous flowers, a single cotyledon, pollen with one pore, and usually parallel-veined leaves — for example grasses, orchids, and palms Ceratophyllum — about 6 species of aquatic plants, perhaps most familiar as aquarium plants Eudicotyledonae — about 175,000 species, characterized by 4- or 5- merous flowers, pollen with three pores, and usually branching-veined leaves — for example sunflowers, petunia, buttercup, apples and oaks

16 Economic uses Flowering plants provide economic resources in the form of wood, paper, fiber (cotton, flax, and hemp, among others), medicines (digitalis, camphor), decorative and landscaping plants, and many other uses. The main area in which they are surpassed by other plants is timber production. Agriculture is almost entirely dependent on angiosperms, either directly or indirectly through livestock feed.

17 The End…. Reporter’s: Jonas Villanueva El-jedidiah Villacampa
Mark Arjay Ycon Extra The End….