Introductory Plant Biology

Presentation on theme: "Introductory Plant Biology"— Presentation transcript:

1 Introductory Plant Biology
Art/Science/Knowledge of Plant Biology Introductory Plant Biology Introduction to the major divisions of plant kingdom, Seed Plants/Flowering Plants: Angiosperms (4) Textbook: Chapter 22, pp Notes for Botany (B), Chapter 14, pp Lecture 9 Kris Pruski

2 Art/Science/Knowledge
Angiosperms Art/Science/Knowledge of Plant Biology Learning objectives: Understand the differences between angiosperms and gymnosperms Diagram the life cycle of a flowering plant, indicating shifts from haploid to diploid cells Compare two types of female gametophytes and learn how a male gametophyte develops Know characteristics of flowers associated with specific types of pollinators Specialization trends in flowering plants. Selected families of flowering plants

3 Art/Science/Knowledge
Angiosperms Art/Science/Knowledge of Plant Biology The name angiosperms from Greek: Angion (vessel) and Sperma (seed) A vessel is a carpel, an inrolled leaf with seeds along its margins , green peas for example A seed develops from an ovule within a carpel and it is part of an ovary that becomes a fruit.

4 Gymnosperms have exposed ovules and seeds
Angiosperms have ovules and seeds in the fruit All Angiosperms are in phylum Magnoliophyta（被子植物门） Like Gymnosperms, the angiosperms are heteresporous (produce two kinds of spores) an sporophytes are even more dominant than in gymnosperms. Female gametophytes are enclosed within sporophyte tissue and reduced only to a few cells; male gametophyte consists of germinated pollen with three nuclei.

5 Life cycle of a typical ANGIOSPERM:
Angiosperms Life cycle of a typical ANGIOSPERM: Initiation of seed: 1) POLLINATION, 2) FERTILIZATION – double fertilization (transmitting cells, tube nucleus, generative nuclei) Zygote2n (embryo) = egg + one sperm nucleus Endosperm3n = two polar nuclei + second sperm nucleus Seed (seed maturation, drying) Ripening Dissemination Germination juvenile mature Flower

6 Angiosperms Development of seeds
心皮

7 Art/Science/Knowledge
of Plant Biology

8 Art/Science/Knowledge
of Plant Biology

9 Angiosperms Development of seeds
Male microsporocyte

10 Angiosperms Development of seeds
Female mecrasporocyte

11 Angiosperms Development of seeds
Pollination

12 Angiosperms Development of seeds
Double Fertilization

13 Angiosperms Development of seeds
Double Fertilization

14 Double Fertilization B C A AN PN E SP PT N PG PN 2 1 E PT PT OVY OVL
Figure Idealized diagrammatic representation of pollination, pollen tube growth and double fertilization. A. Pollen grain (PG) germinates on the stigma of the pistil and grows via a pollen tube (PT) toward an ovule (OVL) containing a mature female gametophyte. OVY = Ovary. B. The pollen tube (PT) grows through the micropylar end of the ovule toward the egg (E). AN = antipodal nuclei; PN = polar nuclei; SP = sperm nuclei. C. Double fertilization occurs when one sperm nucleus (1) fuses with the egg and the other sperm nucleus (2) unites with the polar nuclei. N = nucellus. D. Double fertilization results in the zygote (ZY), which is diploid (2n), and the primary endosperm nucleus (PEN), which in our example is triploid or 3n. C OVY OVL A

15

16 Germinating pollen tube

17 Double Fertilization B C A AN PN E SP PT PG PN E PT OVY OVL RAF
Figure Idealized diagrammatic representation of pollination, pollen tube growth and double fertilization. A. Pollen grain (PG) germinates on the stigma of the pistil and grows via a pollen tube (PT) toward an ovule (OVL) containing a mature female gametophyte. OVY = Ovary. B. The pollen tube (PT) grows through the micropylar end of the ovule toward the egg (E). AN = antipodal nuclei; PN = polar nuclei; SP = sperm nuclei. C. Double fertilization occurs when one sperm nucleus (1) fuses with the egg and the other sperm nucleus (2) unites with the polar nuclei. N = nucellus. D. Double fertilization results in the zygote (ZY), which is diploid (2n), and the primary endosperm nucleus (PEN), which in our example is triploid or 3n. C OVY OVL A RAF

18 Double Fertilization B C D A AN PN E SP PT N PG PN 2 1 E PT PT OVY PEN
Figure Idealized diagrammatic representation of pollination, pollen tube growth and double fertilization. A. Pollen grain (PG) germinates on the stigma of the pistil and grows via a pollen tube (PT) toward an ovule (OVL) containing a mature female gametophyte. OVY = Ovary. B. The pollen tube (PT) grows through the micropylar end of the ovule toward the egg (E). AN = antipodal nuclei; PN = polar nuclei; SP = sperm nuclei. C. Double fertilization occurs when one sperm nucleus (1) fuses with the egg and the other sperm nucleus (2) unites with the polar nuclei. N = nucellus. D. Double fertilization results in the zygote (ZY), which is diploid (2n), and the primary endosperm nucleus (PEN), which in our example is triploid or 3n. C OVY PEN ZY OVL D A RAF

19 Angiosperms Development of seeds
Flower parts vs seed parts Fusion of f/m gametes occurs in the flower Ovary Fruit tissue Ovule Mature seed Embryo sac Inner part of the seed 2 Polar nuclei (f) + 1 sperm nucleus (m) Endosperm3n Egg cell(f) + sperm nucleus(m) Embryo2n Integuments Testa (seed coat)

20 Angiosperms Development of seeds

21 Angiosperms- classification

22 angiosperms

23 Angiosperms - classification

24 Angiosperms - classification

25 Angiosperms - classification

26 Angiosperms - classification
Position of the ovary in the flower

27 Angiosperms - classification
Monoecious （雌雄同株）– when both male and female imperfect flowers occur on the same plant; examples: cucumber, pumpkin

28 Angiosperms - classification
Monoecious （雌雄同株） (corn, squash, watermelon) Andromonoecious（雄花两性花同株）: complete and incomplete staminate flowers on one plant (muskmelon) Gynomonoecious（雌花两性花同株）: complete and incomplete pistillate flowers on one plant (cucumber)

29 Angiosperms - classification
Dioecious （ 雌雄异株）- when a plant bears only male flowers and other plants of the same species bears only female flowers; example: Sea Buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L. ) male female 沙棘

30 Angiosperms – selected families

31 Angiosperms – selected families
Dicots: Mustard family (Brassicaceae) Legume family (Fabaceae) Nightshade family (Solanaceae) Carrot family (Apiaceae) Pumpkin family (Cucurbitaceae) Sunflower family (Asteraceae) Rose family (Rosaceae) Monocots: Grass family (Poaceae) Lily family (Liliaceae) Orchid family (Orchidaceae) 茄科 伞形科 葫芦科 菊科

32 Family Brassicaceae – Mustard Family
COLE CROPS 十字花科 甘蓝类蔬菜

33 COLE CROPS - Brassicaceae
十字花科

34 Brassicaceae Cole crops, at a basic level, are plants that belong to the mustard (Brassica) family and are all descendants of wild cabbage! Agriculturally, a very important family. Many uses: oil, animal feed, condiments, ornamental, vegetables Growth habit: annual, biennial and perennial herbs, some woody species primarily upright growth

35 Brassicaceae Common Name Edible Part Description Broccoli Head
Inflorescence Cabbage Enlarged terminal bud Brussels Sprouts Sprout Enlarged axillary bud Kohlrabi Bulb Swollen stem Cauliflower Curd Undifferentiated stem apices (end) Kale Leaf Rutabaga Root Taproot Radish 球芽甘蓝 大头菜 羽衣甘蓝 芜菁甘蓝

36 Brassicaceae Brassica oleracea 甘蓝
B. oleracea var. botrytis Cauliflower B. oleracea var. gemmifera Brussels Sprouts B. oleracea var. italica Broccoli B. oleracea var. gongylodes Kohlrabi (or var. caulorapa) B. oleracea var. acephala Kale B. oleracea var. capitata Cabbage 球芽甘蓝 大头菜 羽衣甘蓝

37 Brassicaceae Brassica oleracea B. oleracea var. capitata Cabbage
B. oleracea var. capitata f. alba White B. oleracea var. capitata f. rubra Red B. oleracea var. capitata f. sabauda Savoy

38 Brassicaceae Other Brassica: Brassica napobrassica Rutabaga
(B. napus - napobrassica group) B. rapa (rapifera group) Turnip B. juncea Mustard Greens B. campestris Chinese Cabbage, Chinese Mustard, Pak Choi 芜菁甘蓝

39 Brassicaceae Other Brassica: Lepidium sativum Garden Cress
Rarippa nasturtium-aquaticum Water Cress Rhaphanus sativus Radish, Chinese, French Armoracia rusticana Horseradish Wasabia japonica Wasabi (syn. Eutrema japonica) 独行菜 Radish 豆瓣菜 小萝卜 辣根 芥末 Horseradish Wasabi

40 Brassicaceae Other Brassica: Armoracia rusticana Horseradish

41 Brassicaceae _ Root Crops
Radish – Raphanus sativus Turnip - Brassica rapa subsp. rapa Rutabaga – B. napus subsp. rapifera Horseradish – Armoracia rusticana Japanese horseradish – Wasabia japonica 小萝卜 芜菁 芜菁甘蓝 辣根 日本辣根

42 Brassicaceae _ Root Crops
Radish – Raphanus sativus

43 Family Fabaceae (Leguminosae) BEANS and PEAS

44 Fabaceae: Beans and Peas
Soybeans, Glycine max L. North China origin, 5000 years; vegetable type - immature seeds, agronomic type – mature dry seeds Growing importance in North America Peas, Pisum sativum L. The earliest, oldest cultivated crop – Neolithic era (what is today Turkey and Jordan); to America after Columbus Beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L. Date 7000 years ago Lima bean, Phaseolus lunatus L. Central America origin (Peru) 2500 years; important especially in south America 农艺型 菜豆 利马豆

45 Fabaceae: Beans and Peas
Pods 豆荚

46 Fabaceae: Beans and Peas
Botany – Lima bean: Pisum lannatus Small seed lima bean - Sieva type Large seed often called Butterbean or Madagascar bean A perennial plant or so called log-lived annual Grown commercially as an annual Roots develop nodules, Rhizobium 根瘤菌

47 Beans and Peas culture

48 Solanaceae Atropa belladonna Deadly nightshade Capsicum annuum
Capsicum frutescens Lycopersicon esculentum (Lycopersicon lycopersicum) Nicotiana tabacum Petunia spp. Physalis ixocarpa Solanum dulcamara Solanum melongena Solanum tuberosum 颠茄 Deadly nightshade Sweet pepper Hot pepper Tomato Tobacco Petunia Tomatillo Nightshade Eggplant(Aubergine) Potato 甜椒 辣椒 番茄 烟草 粘果酸浆 欧白英 茄子 马铃薯

49 Eggplant Tomato Hot pepper Tomato

50 SOLANACEAE - Potato

51 SOLANACEAE - Potato

52 Solanaceae – other approaches (pomato)

53 Apiaceae Carrot (& Parsnip)
Family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Daucus carota carrot (root) Pastinaca sativa parsnip (root) 防风草（欧洲萝卜）

54 Carrot Other important species: Apium graveolens celery (petiole)
Petroselinum crispum parsley (leaf-herb) Foeniculum vulgare fennel Coriandrum sativum coriander (seed-spice) cilantro (leaf-herb) Anethum graveolens dill (leaf-herb, seed-spice) 欧芹 茴香 芫荽子 芫荽 莳萝

55 Carrot Commercially, the most important member of Apiaceae is the Carrot Root: colours - white, yellow, orange, purple, deep purple purple - anthocyanins orange - carotenoids

56 Carrot

57 Carrot

58 Apiaceae - Carrots

59 Cucurbits Mainly food (few ornamental, utensils, feed, cosmetic)
瓜类蔬菜 Mainly annual, (few perennial) Mainly food (few ornamental, utensils, feed, cosmetic)

60 Cucurbits Species Cucumis sativus - cucumber
C. melo - melon, cantaloupe (muskmelon) C. anguria – Gherkin (West Indian Gherkin) (Generally smallest fruit of C. sativus) Citrullus lanatus - watermelon Cucurbita spp.: C. pepo, C. mixta, C. moschata, C. maxima 西印度香瓜 美洲南瓜 墨西哥南瓜 中国南瓜 印度南瓜

61 Cucurbits Cucurbitacins - bitter taste, more a problem with temperature extremes Nonfood: Cucurbita pepo - ornamental gourds Luffa cylindrica - sponge gourd, loofah 葫芦素 美洲南瓜 丝瓜

62 SALAD CROPS Family Asteraceae
菊科

63 Asteraceae Lactuca sativa L. Cichorium endiva L. Cichorium intybus L.
菊科 Lactuca sativa L. Cichorium endiva L. Cichorium intybus L. Cynara scolymus L. Cynara cardunculus L. Lettuce Endive Chicory Globe artichoke Cardoon 菊苣 欧洲菊苣 朝鲜蓟 刺菜蓟

64 Asteraceae A very large family of more than 23,000 species
Annual or perennial herbs Many are weeds Many are wild flowers A few are woody Also flowers: aster(紫菀), marigold(万寿菊), calendula(金盏花), daisy(雏菊), chrysanthemum, dahlia, zinnia(鱼尾菊) + medicinal: Echinacea (紫锥菊) and yarrow (西洋蓍草) Milk-like latex contained in tissues of Asteraceae (dandelion – rubber)

65 Salad Crops - Asteraceae
Speciality non-lettuce leafy salad crops include: Arugula - from the mustard family, peanutty flavour, changing to spicy-hot (芝麻菜) Sorrel - tart cool-weather, common in potato-based soups ( 酸模) Chicory (菊苣)- several: radicchio, witloof (Belgian endive 比利时菊苣), can be bitter flavoured if too old Corn salad - delicate nutty flavour 野苣 Oriental greens: members of the Asteraceae: Mizuna (水菜), tatsoi (瓢儿菜)

66 Asteraceae Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) Endive (Cichorium endive L.)
欧洲菊苣 菊苣

67 Rosaceae – Rose family Fruits Ornamentals

68 蔷薇科 苹果亚科 蔷薇亚科 梅亚科 榅桲属 苹果属 梨属 草莓属 悬钩子属 李属 唐棣属 枇杷 山楂 桃亚属 樱桃亚属 树莓

69

70 Grass family (Poaceae) - corn Lily family (Liliaceae) - lilies
MONOCOTS Grass family (Poaceae) - corn Lily family (Liliaceae) - lilies Orchid family (Orchidaceae) - orchids

71 Family Poaceae sweet corn, popcorn, ornamental corn

72 Poaceae: Zea mays - corn

73

74 Family Amaryllidaceae Liliaceae (old name)

75 Amarillidaceae A family of herbaceous, mainly perennial and bulbous flowering plants included in the monocot order Asparagales （天门冬目）. The family takes its name from the genus Amaryllis（ 朱顶红 ）, hence the common name of the amaryllis family A large family of 79 plant genera and more than 6,500 species

76 Amarillidaceae Vegetables: Onion Shallots 葱 Chives 韭黄
Garlic and garlic chives 韭菜 Leek 韭葱 Florence fennel 甘茴香

77 Orchidaceae – orchid family
Orchids

78 ORCHIDS

79 ORCHIDS

80 Art/Science/Knowledge
Angiosperms Art/Science/Knowledge of Plant Biology Questions ?