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Solidago virgaurea L. subsp. virgaurea

Taxonomy: Fam. Compositae// Genus: Solidago// Species: Solidago virgaurea L.// Species: Solidago virgaurea L. subsp. virgaurea.

Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Gajić in Josifović (1975) and McNeill in Tutin et al. (1976).

Lifeform: Perrenial; hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native from Europe to Central Siberia and Philippines (Luzon) according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Habitat: Clearings and edges of woods and forests.

Flowering period: Fall: SEP, OCT, NOV.

*Solidago virgaurea* subsp. virgaurea – habit. Osogovo, “Shtalkovicka” River near village of Shtalkovica, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Solidago virgaurea* subsp. virgaurea – synflorescence. Osogovo, “Shtalkovicka” River near village of Shtalkovica, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Solidago virgaurea* subsp. virgaurea – synflorescence with spent capitula. Osogovo, “Shtalkovicka” River near village of Shtalkovica, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Solidago virgaurea* subsp. virgaurea – capitula. Osogovo, “Shtalkovicka” River near village of Shtalkovica, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Solidago virgaurea* subsp. virgaurea – capitula with achenes. Osogovo, “Shtalkovicka” River near village of Shtalkovica, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Solidago virgaurea* subsp. virgaurea – achenes. Osogovo, “Shtalkovicka” River near village of Shtalkovica, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Solidago virgaurea* subsp. virgaurea – capitula and upper cauline leaves. Osogovo, “Shtalkovicka” River near village of Shtalkovica, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Solidago virgaurea* subsp. virgaurea – upper cauline leaves. Osogovo, “Shtalkovicka” River near village of Shtalkovica, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Solidago virgaurea* subsp. virgaurea – stem with cauline leaves. Osogovo, “Shtalkovicka” River near village of Shtalkovica, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Solidago virgaurea* subsp. virgaurea –adaxial side of leaf. Osogovo, “Shtalkovicka” River near village of Shtalkovica, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Solidago virgaurea* subsp. virgaurea –abaxial side of leaf. Osogovo, “Shtalkovicka” River near village of Shtalkovica, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Solidago virgaurea* subsp. *virgaurea* – habit. Hilly region near vilage of Beli, 20.09.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Solidago virgaurea* subsp. *virgaurea* – flowering stem. Hilly region near vilage of Beli, 20.09.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Solidago virgaurea* subsp. *virgaurea* – synflorescence. Hilly region near vilage of Beli, 20.09.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Solidago virgaurea* subsp. *virgaurea* – capitula. Hilly region near vilage of Beli, 20.09.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Solidago virgaurea* subsp. *virgaurea* – stem with cauline leaves. Hilly region near vilage of Beli, 20.09.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Solidago virgaurea* subsp. *virgaurea* – basal leaves. Hilly region near vilage of Beli, 20.09.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Rod Solidago L. Gajić, M. in Josifović (1975). Flora SR Srbije VII. Srpska Akademija Nauka i Umetnosti, Beograd, pp. 13-15.

Solidago virgaurea subsp. virgaurea. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77180811-1 [Accessed 26.11.2022].

Solidago L. McNeill, J. in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1976). Flora Europaea. Volume 4: Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 110 – 111.

Scabiosa triniifolia Friv.

Taxonomy: Fam. Dipsacaceae// Genus: Scabiosa// Species: Scabiosa triniifolia Friv.

Determined according to the botanical key provided in Flora Europaea Vol. 4 (Tutin et al., 1976).

Distribution: Native to the Balkan Peninsula according to The Euro+Med Plantbase (source: Domina, 2017+) and the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Habitat: Open and dry habitats- dry grasslands/ pastures, shrublands, clearings of oak forests, rocky terrains, river gorges.

Lifeform: Perrenial, hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiaer system.

Flowering period: Late spring – fall: MAY, JUN, JUL, AUG, SEP, OCT.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – habit. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – flowering stem with inflorescence. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – inflorescence. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – inflorescence with involucre. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – inflorescence with flower buds. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – inflorescence with fruits. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – stem with cauline leaves. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – stem and cauline leaves. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – stem with lower cauline leaves and basal leaves. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – lower cauline leaves. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – basal leaves. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – abaxial side of leaf. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – habit. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 17.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – inflorescence. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 17.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – developing inflorescence. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 17.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – fruiting inflorescence. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 17.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – upper cauline leaves. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 17.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – stem with cauline leaves. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 17.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – lower part of plant. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 17.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – basal leaves. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 17.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – adaxial side of leaf. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 17.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – abaxial side of leaf. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 17.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – habit. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 13.06.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – inflorescence. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 13.06.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – inflorescence. Mountain ridge between Gorge of “Kochanska” River and “Kochanski Dol”, 13.06.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – inflorescence with involucre. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 13.06.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – inflorescence with fruits. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 13.06.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – lower part of plant – stems with leaves. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 13.06.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia* – basal leaves. Mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 13.06.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia –* habit. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 06/2014. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia –* inflorescence. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 06/2014. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia –* inflorescence with fruits. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 06/2014. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia –* cauline leaves. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 06/2014. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Scabiosa triniifolia –* basal leaves. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 06/2014. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Scabiosa triniifolia. Domina, G. (2017+): Dipsacaceae. – In: Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published on the Internet https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/d38314b1-73ab-4bc8-b2fe-fedd9ebee220 [Accessed 26.11.2022].

Scabiosa triniifolia (Jacq.) Greuter & Burdet. Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:320209-1 [Accessed 26.11.2022].

Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1976). Flora Europaea. Volume 4: Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Polygonum arenarium subsp. pulchellum (Loisel.) Thell. (syn. Polygonum pulchellum Loisel.)

Taxonomy: Fam. Polygonaceae// Genus: Polygonum// Species: Polygonum arenarium Waldst. & Kit.// Subspecies: Polygonum arenarium subsp. pulchellum (Loisel.) Thell.

Determined according to the botanical key provided by Micevski (1995) as Polygonum pulchellum Loisel., Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris 6: 411 (1827). In The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Uotila, 2017+) this taxon is accepted as the subspecies rank- Polygonum arenarium subsp. pulchellum (Loisel.) Thell.,Fl. Adv. Montpellier: 186. 1912.

Lifeform: Annual; Therophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native from the Mediterranean to Ukraine, Caucasus and Iran according to the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Habitat: Dry and open habitats – grasslands, pastures, rocky terrains.

Flowering period: Late summer – fall: AUG, SEP, OCT.

*Polygonum arenarium* subsp. pulchellum – habit. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Polygonum arenarium* subsp. pulchellum – flowering stems. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Polygonum arenarium* subsp. pulchellum – flowering stem. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Polygonum arenarium* subsp. pulchellum – flowers. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Polygonum arenarium* subsp. pulchellum – stem with flowers and leaves. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Polygonum arenarium* subsp. pulchellum – stem with flowers and leaf. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Polygonum arenarium* subsp. pulchellum – stem with leaves and ochreae. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Polygonum arenarium* subsp. pulchellum – adaxial side of leaf. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Polygonum arenarium* subsp. pulchellum – abaxial side of leaf. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Polygonum arenarium* subsp. pulchellum – ochreae. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Polygonum arenarium* subsp. pulchellum – lower part of plant. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Polygonum arenarium* subsp. pulchellum – fruits. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Polygonum arenarium* subsp. pulchellum – fruit. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 22.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Polygonum arenarium* subsp. pulchellum – fruits. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 22.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Polygonum arenarium* subsp. pulchellum – habit. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.10.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Polygonum arenarium* subsp. pulchellum – flowering stems. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.10.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Polygonum arenarium* subsp. pulchellum – flowers. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 24.10.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Micevski, K. (1995). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 3. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

Polygonum arenarium subsp. pulchellum (Loisel.) Thell. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77250798-1 [Accessed 06.11.2022].

Polygonum arenarium subsp. pulchellum. Source: Uotila, P. (2017+): Polygonaceae. – In: Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/8c3982a3-e335-4794-83a2-094c6a1dc7b2 [Accessed 06.11.2022].

Centaurea benedicta (L.) L. (syn. Cnicus benedictus L.)

Taxonomy: Fam. Compositae// Genus: Centaurea// Species: Centaurea benedicta (L.) L.

Determined according to the botanical key provided in Flora Europaea Vol. 4 (Tutin et al., 1976) as Cnicus benedictus L. The accepted name in The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Greuter, 2006+) is Centaurea benedicta (L.) L.

Lifeform: Annual; therophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native from Central and South Europe to Xinjiang (China) and West Asia according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Habitat: Open habitats- grasslands/ pastures, edges of forests, rocky terrains, roadsides.

Flowering period: Late spring- early summer: MAY, JUN.

*Centaurea benedicta* – habit. Osogovo, ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Centaurea benedicta* – flowering stem with capitulum. Osogovo, ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Centaurea benedicta* – capitulum. Osogovo, ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Centaurea benedicta* – capitulum – florets and inner involucral bracts. Osogovo, ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Centaurea benedicta* – involucre of capitulum. Osogovo, ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Centaurea benedicta* – spent capitulum. Osogovo, ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Centaurea benedicta* – stem with leaves. Osogovo, ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Centaurea benedicta* – abaxial side of leaf. Osogovo, ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Centaurea benedicta* – achenes. Scale in mm. Specimen from Osogovo, ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Centaurea benedicta. Greuter, W. (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore). – In: Greuter, W. & Raab-Straube, E. von (ed.): Compositae. Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published on the Internet https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/58c7ee33-a8bd-4668-91b1-5a773a06478a [Accessed 05.11.2022].

Centaurea benedicta (L.) L. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:190024-1 [Accessed 05.11.2022].

Marrubium peregrinum L.

Taxonomy: Fam. Lamiaceae// Genus: Marrubium// Species: Marrubium peregrinum L.

Determined according to the botanical keys provided in Flora Europaea (Tutin et al., 1972).

Distribution: Native from East Central Europe to Caucasus and Turkey according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Habitat: Open and dry habitats – grasslands, pastures, shrubland, rocky terrains, river gorges.

Lifeform: Perennial, hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiaer system.

Flowering period: Summer – fall: JUL, AUG, SEP, OCT.

*Marrubium peregrinum* – habit. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 16.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Marrubium peregrinum* – flowering stem. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 16.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Marrubium peregrinum* – verticillasters with flowers. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 16.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Marrubium peregrinum* – spent flowers. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 16.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Marrubium peregrinum* – stem, branches and leaves. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 16.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Marrubium peregrinum* – stem with leaves. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 16.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Marrubium peregrinum* – leaves. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 16.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Marrubium peregrinum* – abaxial side of leaf. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 16.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Marrubium peregrinum* – lower part of stems. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 16.07.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Marrubium peregrinum* – habitat. Southern foot of Osogovo, hills near Kochani, 10.07.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Marrubium peregrinum* – habit. Hills near Kochani, 10.07.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Marrubium peregrinum* – habit. Hills near Kochani, 05.07.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Marrubium peregrinum* – flowering stems. Hills near Kochani, 05.07.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Marrubium peregrinum* – flowering stems with verticillasters. Hills near Kochani, 05.07.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Marrubium peregrinum* – verticillasters. Hills near Kochani, 05.07.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Marrubium peregrinum* – stem with leaves. Hills near Kochani, 05.07.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Marrubium peregrinum L. Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:449945-1 [Accessed 03.11.2022].

Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1972). Flora Europaea. Volume 3: Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Papaver dubium L.

Taxonomy: Fam. Papaveraceae// Genus: Papaver// Species: Papaver dubium L.

Determined according to the botanical key provided in The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia (Micevski, 1993).

Lifeform: Annual; Therophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native to Macaronesia, Europe, North Africa, West Asia to West Himalaya according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Habitat: Open habitats – grasslands, sparse woods, roadsides, footpaths.

Flowering period: Spring: APR, MAY.

*Papaver dubium* – habit. Hilly region near village of Beli, 14.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver dubium* – stem with leaves. Hilly region near village of Beli, 14.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver dubium* – flower. Hilly region near village of Beli, 14.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver dubium* – outer side of petals. Hilly region near village of Beli, 14.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver dubium* – fruit. Hilly region near village of Beli, 14.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver dubium* – stem with leaf. Hilly region near village of Beli, 14.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver dubium* – adaxial side of leaf. Hilly region near village of Beli, 14.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver dubium* – abaxial side of leaf. Hilly region near village of Beli, 14.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver dubium* – habit. Gorge of Kochanska “River”, 29.04.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver dubium* – flower and fruit. Gorge of Kochanska “River”, 29.04.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver dubium* – flowers. Gorge of Kochanska “River”, 29.04.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver dubium* – flowers. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 17.05.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver dubium* – flower- ovary and anthers. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 17.05.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver dubium* – stem with leaves. Gorge of “Kochanska” River, 17.05.2020. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Micevski, K. (1993). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 2. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

Papaver dubium L. Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:673488-1 [Accessed 01.11.2022]

Papaver rhoeas L. subsp. rhoeas

Taxonomy: Fam. Papaveraceae// Genus: Papaver// Species: Papaver rhoeas L.// Subspecies: Papaver rhoeas L. subsp. rhoeas.

Determined according to the botanical key provided in The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia (Micevski, 1993).

Lifeform: Annual; Therophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native to Macaronesia, Europe and the Mediterranean to Kazakhstan and West Himalaya according to the Plants of the World Online portal.

Habitat: Open habitats, usually on disturbed ground – cultivated land, roadsides, wastelands and other ruderal areas, sparse shrubland.

Flowering period: Late spring – early summer: MAY, JUN.

*Papaver rhoeas subsp. rhoeas* – habit. Ruderal area near Kochani, 14.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver rhoeas subsp. rhoeas* – flower. Ruderal area near Kochani, 14.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver rhoeas subsp. rhoeas* – outerside of petals. Ruderal area near Kochani, 14.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver rhoeas subsp. rhoeas* – ovary and anthers. Ruderal area near Kochani, 14.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver rhoeas subsp. rhoeas* – flower bud. Ruderal area near Kochani, 14.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver rhoeas subsp. rhoeas* – developing fruit. Ruderal area near Kochani, 14.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver rhoeas subsp. rhoeas* – pedicel with patent hairs. Ruderal area near Kochani, 14.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver rhoeas subsp. rhoeas* – stems with leaves. Ruderal area near Kochani, 14.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver rhoeas subsp. rhoeas* – stems with upper cauline leaves. Ruderal area near Kochani, 14.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver rhoeas subsp. rhoeas* – upper cauline leaves. Ruderal area near Kochani, 14.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver rhoeas subsp. rhoeas* – stem with middle vauline leaves. Ruderal area near Kochani, 14.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver rhoeas subsp. rhoeas* – stem with middle cauline leaf. Ruderal area near Kochani, 14.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver rhoeas subsp. rhoeas* – lower part of plant – basal and lower cauline leaves. Ruderal area near Kochani, 14.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver rhoeas subsp. rhoeas* – leaf segments. Ruderal area near Kochani, 18.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Papaver rhoeas subsp. rhoeas* – fruit. Ruderal area near Kochani, 18.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Micevski, K. (1993). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 2. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

Papaver rhoeas subsp. rhoeas. Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:305858-2 [Accessed 01.11.2022]

Leontodon biscutellifolius DC. (syn. Leontodon crispus subsp. asper (W. et K.) Rohl.)

Taxonomy: Fam. Compositae// Genus: Leontodon// Aggregate: Leontodon crispus Vill.// Species: Leontodon biscutellifolius DC.

Determined according to the botanical key provided by Gajić in Josifović (1975) as Leontodon crispus subsp. asper (W. et K.) Rohl. 1911. SBGW 1: 67. In Flora Europaea Vol. 4 (Finch & Sell in Tutin et al., 1976) this taxon is included within Leontodon crispus Vill. subsp. crispus. The accepted name in The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Greuter, 2006+) is Leontodon biscutellifolius DC., Prodr. 7: 103. 1838.

Lifeform: Perrenial; hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native from Southeast and East Europe to Transcaucasus and Turkey according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) and the The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Greuter, 2006+).

Habitat: Open and dry habitats- dry grassland/ pastures, rocky terrains.

Flowering period: Spring – summer: APR, MAY, JUN, JUL (-AUG).

*Leontodon biscutellifolius* – habit. Osogovo, hilly region near village of Beli, 30.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Leontodon biscutellifolius* – capitulum. Osogovo, hilly region near village of Beli, 30.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Leontodon biscutellifolius* – involucre of capitulum. Osogovo, hilly region near village of Beli, 30.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Leontodon biscutellifolius* – lower part of plant with scapes and leaves Osogovo, hilly region near village of Beli, 30.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Leontodon biscutellifolius* – leaves and scape. Osogovo, hilly region near village of Beli, 30.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Leontodon biscutellifolius* – leaves Osogovo, hilly region near village of Beli, 30.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Leontodon biscutellifolius* – adaxial side of leaf. Osogovo, hilly region near village of Beli, 30.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Leontodon biscutellifolius* – abaxial side of leaf. Osogovo, hilly region near village of Beli, 30.04.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Leontodon biscutellifolius* – habit. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Leontodon biscutellifolius* – capitulum. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Leontodon biscutellifolius* – involucre of capitulum. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Leontodon biscutellifolius* – fruiting capitulum. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Leontodon biscutellifolius* – achenes. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Leontodon biscutellifolius* – scape with cauline leaf. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Leontodon biscutellifolius* – leaves. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Leontodon biscutellifolius* – leaf lobes. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Leontodon biscutellifolius* – adaxial side of leaf. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Leontodon biscutellifolius* – abaxial side of leaf. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and “Orizarska” River, 04.07.2021. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Leontodon biscutellifolius DC. Greuter, W. (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore). – In: Greuter, W. & Raab-Straube, E. von (ed.): Compositae. Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published on the Internet https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/b976bd78-ecb1-4ec7-8c0c-28750caf1deb [Accessed 31.10.2022].

Leontodon biscutellifolius DC. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77180619-1 [Accessed 31.10.2022].

Leontodon L. (Micrоderis DC.). Finch & Sell in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1976). Flora Europaea. Volume 4: Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 309 – 315.

Rod Leontodon L. Gajić, M. in Josifović (1975). Flora SR Srbije VII. Srpska Akademija Nauka i Umetnosti, Beograd, pp. 274-279.

Plantago arenaria Waldst. & Kit.

Taxonomy: Fam. Plantaginaceae// Genus: Plantago// Species: Plantago arenaria Waldst. & Kit.

Determined according to the botanical key provided in Flora Europaea Vol. 4 (Tutin et al., 1976).

Lifeform: Perrenial; hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native from Europe to Siberia and Iran, North Africa according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (accepted as Plantago indica L.).

Habitat: Open habitats on gravel or disturbed ground, roadsides, from the lowland up to the subalpine belt.

Flowering period: Summer- fall: JUN, JUL, AUG, SEP.

*Plantago arenaria* – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 18.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Plantago arenaria* – inflorescences and leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva, 18.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Plantago arenaria* – fruiting inflorescences. Osogovo – Ponikva, 18.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Plantago arenaria* – fruiting inflorescence. Osogovo – Ponikva, 18.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Plantago arenaria* – leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva, 18.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Plantago arenaria* – habit. Osogovo, lake “Gradche”, 08.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Plantago arenaria* – fruiting inflorescence. Osogovo, lake “Gradche”, 08.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Plantago arenaria* – fruiting inflorescences. Osogovo, lake “Gradche”, 08.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Plantago arenaria* – leaf. Osogovo, lake “Gradche”, 08.09.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Plantago arenaria* – habit. Osogovo, lake “Gradche”, 06/2014. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Plantago arenaria* – stem with inflorescence and leaves. Osogovo, lake “Gradche”, 06/2014. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Plantago arenaria* – inflorescence. Osogovo, lake “Gradche”, 06/2014. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Plantago indica L. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:685262-1 [Accessed 30.10.2022].

Anthemis cotula L.

Taxonomy: Fam. Compositae// Genus: Anthemis// Species: Anthemis cotula L.

Determined according to the botanical key provided in Flora Europaea Vol. 4 (Tutin et al., 1976).

Lifeform: Annual; therophyte according to the Raunkiær system.

Distribution: Native to Madeira, from Europe to Central and West Asia, North Africa according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).

Habitat: Ruderal areas.

Flowering period: Summer – fall: JUN, JUL, AUG, SEP, OCT.

*Anthemis cotula* – habit. Osogovo, village of Shtalkovica, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Anthemis cotula* – capitulum. Osogovo, village of Shtalkovica, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Anthemis cotula* – involucre of capitulum. Osogovo, village of Shtalkovica, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Anthemis cotula* –spent capitulum. Osogovo, village of Shtalkovica, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Anthemis cotula* – stem with leaves. Osogovo, village of Shtalkovica, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Anthemis cotula* – adaxial side of leaf. Osogovo, village of Shtalkovica, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Anthemis cotula* – abaxial side of leaf. Osogovo, village of Shtalkovica, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Anthemis cotula* – capitulum. Scale in mm. Specimen from Osogovo, village of Shtalkovica, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Anthemis cotula* – receptacle with scalesin the upper half. Scale in mm. Specimen from Osogovo, village of Shtalkovica, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

*Anthemis cotula* – achenes. Scale in mm. Specimen from Osogovo, village of Shtalkovica, 29.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.

References:

Anthemis cotula L. Plants of the World Online portal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:177259-1 [Accessed 30.10.2022].