Determined according to the botanical key provided by Stace in Tutin et al. (1968).
Lifeform: Annual; therophyte according to the Raunkiær system.
Distribution: Native to Tropical and Subtropical America, introduced in the rest of the world according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal. In the Osogovo region it is found as a garden escape and ruderal plant.
Habitat: Ruderal plant and garden escape found in and near settlements, roadsides, orchards, hedges and other ruderal areas. Cultivated as ornamental.
Determined according to the botanical key provided by Tutin in Tutin et al. (1976).
Lifeform: Perrenial; hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.
Distribution: Native from Europe to Central Asia and Iran, Northwest Africa according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).
Taxonomy: Fam. Moraceae// Genus: Ficus// Species: Ficus carica L.
Determined according to the botanical key provided by Micevski (1993).
Lifeform: Perrenial, small tree; microphanerophyte according to the Raunkiaer system.
Distribution: Native from the East Mediterranean to Central Asia and Afghanistan according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew). Native to a broader area of the Mediterran according to The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Uotila, 2011+).
Habitat: Rocky terrains and river gorges in the lower parts of the Osogovo region.
Flowering andfruiting period: Late spring – early fall: MAY, JUL, AUG, SEP, AUG.
Synonyms: Calamintha alpina subsp. hungarica (Simonk.) Hayek; Acinos alpinus subsp. hungarica (Simonkai) Hayek. The accepted name in The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, 2010) is Clinopodium alpinum subsp. hungaricum (Simonk.) Govaerts.
Literature used for determination: Matevski in Matevski (2021), Diklić in Josifović (1974) and Ball and Getliffe in Tutin et al. (1972).
Note: A polymorphic taxon that is distinguished from the other subspecies of C.alpinum by the prominent leaf veins all the way to the margin on the abaxial side. High variation within the taxon is observed regarding habit, internode length, indumentum of stem and leaves, leaf shape, calyx hairiness etc. Plants from the subalpine belt generally have lower, more procumbent- prostrate habit with larger number of stems and shorter, appressed calyx hairs. Plants from the lower part of the Osogovo range tend to be of higher and more upright habit, more hairy and with calyx with longer crispate hairs.
Distribution: Native from Southeast Europe to Ukraine and Turkey according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).
Habitat: Open habitats- grasslands, pastures, rocks and rocky terrains, river gorges, edges and clearings of forests from the lowest parts of the mountain up to the subalpine belt.
Lifeform: Perennial, hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiaer system.
Acinos Miller. Ball, P. W. and Getliffe F. M. in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1972). Flora Europaea. Volume 3: Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 165 – 166.
Rod Calamintha Adans. Diklić, N. in Josifović, M. (1974). Flora SR Srbije VI. Srpska Akademija Nauka i Umetnosti, Beograd, pp. 462 – 472.
Rod Clinopodium L. Matevski, V. in Matevski, V. The Flora of the RN Macedonia. Vol II, Book 2. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje 324 – 344.
Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Matevski in Matevski (2021) as Thymus pseudoatticus Ronniger ex Hayek, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 45(2): 317 (1928). In Flora Europaea (Tutin et al., 1972) this taxon is included within Thymus striatus Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 78 (1794). The accepted name in The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, 2010) is Thymus striatus Vahl.
Habitat: Hill pastures, rocky terrains, on limestone substrate.
Distribution:Thymus striatus is native from Italy to the Balkan Peninsula according to The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, 2010.
Lifeform: Perennial – hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.
Flowering period: Spring -summer: MAY, JUN.
References:
Rod Thymus L. Matevski, V. in Matevski, V. The Flora of the RN Macedonia. Vol II, Book 2. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje 353 – 388.
Thymus L. Jalas, J. in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1972). Flora Europaea. Volume 3: Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 172 – 182.
Taxonomy: Fam. Compositae// Genus: Chamomilla// Species: Matricaria chamomilla L.
Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Kay in Tutin et al., 1976 (Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert) and Gajić in Josifović, 1975 (Matricaria chamomilla L.) The accepted name in The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Greuter, 2006+) is Matricaria chamomilla L.
Lifeform: Annual; therophyte according to the Raunkiær system.
Distribution: Native to Temperate Eurasia to Indo-China; North Africa according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Habitat: Disturbed ground – roadsides, footpaths, cultivated land, wasteland, in and near settlements and other ruderal areas.
Flowering period: Late spring- early summer: MAY, JUN.
References:
Chamomilla S. F. Gray. Kay, Q. O. N. in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1976). Flora Europaea. Volume 4: Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 167.
Matricaria chamomilla. Source: Greuter, W. (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore). – In: Greuter, W. & Raab-Straube, E. von (ed.): Compositae. Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published on the Internet https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/d9f8a7fa-8f44-4a2e-b869-f809a0cfec44 [Accessed 21.12.2022].
Rod Matricaria L. Gajić, M. in Josifović (1975). Flora SR Srbije VII. Srpska Akademija Nauka i Umetnosti, Beograd, pp. 110-113.
Determined according to the botanical key provided in Flora Europaea (Tutin et al., 1976).
Lifeform: Biennial.
Distribution:Campanula patula L. subsp. patula is native from Europe to West Siberia according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens Kew).
Habitat: Mountain grasslands and pastures, meadows, clearings and edges of European beech forests.
Campanula L. Fedorov, A. A. (spp. 1-104) and Kovanda, M. (spp. 105-143) in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1976). Flora Europaea. Volume 4: Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 74-93.
Taxonomy: Fam. Urticaceae// Genus: Parietaria// Species: Parietaria officinalis L.
Determined according to the botanical key provided by Micevski (1993).
Lifeform: Perennial, hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiaer system.
Distribution: Native from Central Europe to South Europe, Ukraine, Iran and Turkmenistan according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).
Habitat: Edges and clearings of forests, near rivers, ruderal areas.
Flowering period: Late spring – summer: MAY, JUN, JUL, AUG.
References:
Micevski, K. (1993). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 1, Book 2. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
Taxonomy: Fam. Lamiaceae// Genus: Mentha// Species: Mentha longifolia (L.) L.
Determined according to the botanical keys provided in Flora Europaea (Tutin et al., 1972) and Janković in Josifović (1974) as Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson, FI. Angl. 221 (1762). The accepted name in The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, 2010) is Mentha longifolia (L.) L., Fl. Monsp.: 19. 1756.
Distribution: Native to Macaronesia; Temperate Eurasia – Europe to West Siberia, South-Central China, West Himalaya, Pakistan and Arabian Peninsula; Africa-North Africa to Chad and East Africa; South Africa according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).
Habitat: Streams, banks of rivers and water channels, grasslands.
Lifeform: Perennial, hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiaer system.
Flowering period: Summer – fall: JUL, AUG, SEP.
References:
Mentha L. Harley, R. M. in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1972). Flora Europaea. Volume 3: Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 183-186.
Taxonomy: Fam. Zygophyllaceae// Genus: Tribulus// Species: Tribulus terrestris L.
Determined according to the botanical key provided in The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia (Micevski, 1998).
Lifeform: Annual; Therophyte according to the Raunkiær system.
Distribution: Native to the Old World – Africa, Europe and Asia according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).
Habitat: Open and habitats – grasslands, rocky terrains, river gorges, ruderal areas.
Flowering period: Summer – early fall: JUN,JUL, AUG.
References:
Micevski, K and Matevski, V. (2005). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 6. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.