Abstract
Insects with a single pair of membranous wings, the hind pair modified into halteres. Mouthparts suctorial, usually forming a proboscis and sometimes adapted for piercing: mandibles rarely present: labium usually distally expanded into a pair of fleshy lobes. Prothorax and metathorax small and fused with the large mesothorax: tarsi commonly 5-segmented. Metamorphosis complete, larvae eruciform and apodous, frequently with the head reduced and retracted: tracheal system variable, most often amphipneustic, pupa either free or enclosed in the hardened larval cuticle or puparium, adecticous, primitively obtect but in higher forms exarate: wing-tracheation reduced.
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Literature on Diptera
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Richards, O.W., Davies, R.G. (1977). Diptera (Two-Winged or True Flies). In: Imms’ General Textbook of Entomology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0472-4_27
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