Abstract
Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L.) is a monocarpic perennial typically grown as a biennial crop. A member of the Apiaceae family, it can be found throughout northern temperate regions and is grown for both human consumption and livestock feed. Today, parsnip maintains a niche position within the vegetable market, with demand growing year on year. Described as a sweet and starchy root crop, it contains a number of health-promoting compounds such as carbohydrate, sugar and fiber as well as essential vitamins and minerals including calcium, potassium, vitamin C, thiamine and riboflavin etc. In addition to these beneficial compounds, parsnip leaves also contain furanocoumarins; these secondary plant metabolites not only play a role in predator and disease defense but are also highly toxic. The cause of phytophotodermatitis, these compounds can bind with DNA and absorb energy in the presence of UVA light. It is for this reason parsnip foliage and wild parsnips are often considered invasive noxious weeds. Parsnips are propagated by seed, typically in spring, with root harvest occurring from 5 months after sowing. Although cultivated and wild parsnip are not considered genetically distinct, modern agriculture practices have led to a dependence on a small selection of domesticated species. With increasing challenges from pests and disease as well as changing habitats and global warming, there is a need to develop new parsnip varieties. In this chapter, we present an overview of the origin, distribution, economic importance, taxonomic position, crop cultivation practices and challenges as well as recent developments in molecular breeding and biotechnology and how these new technologies can be used to develop improved, sustainable parsnip varieties.
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Appendices
Appendices
1.1 Appendix I: List of Major Institutes Engaged in Research on Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa )
Institute name | Research activities | Website |
|---|---|---|
Warwick Crop Centre, The University of Warwick | Characterisation of parsnip pathogens and breeding for disease resistance | |
Abteilung Pharmakognosie, Institut für Pharmazie der Universität Innsbruck | Polyacetylenes from the Apiaceae vegetables | |
Tiroler Krebsforschungsinstitut | Polyacetylenes from the Apiaceae vegetables | |
Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Innsbruck | Polyacetylenes from the Apiaceae vegetables | |
Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (AHDB) | Levy funded research including variety testing, disease resistance | |
Department of Entomology, University of Illinois | Furanocoumarin chemistry in wild parsnips and effects on insects | |
Biology Department, Worcester State University | Parsnip regeneration from cultured callus cells in mixed cocultures | |
Balikesir University, Balikesir | Identification of new species of Pastinaca L. from Turkey | http://www.balikesir.edu.tr/index.php/baun_eng/birim/fen_bilimleri_enstitusu |
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University | Wild parsnip as an invasive weed | |
National Research Council, Saskatoon | Wild parsnip | |
CABI, Bakeham Lane, Egham | Parsnip as an invasive species | |
Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere | Functional genomics of furanocoumarin pathway | |
Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement, INRA | Parsnip genome and microarray |
1.2 Appendix II: Parsnip Germplasm Resources
1.2.1 Parsnip Germplasm Resources in North America
Cultivar | Important traits | Cultivation location |
|---|---|---|
Pastinaca sativa | Wild type, origin Slovakia (PI 652097) | NC7 –Iowa State Univ |
P. sativa | Wild type, origin Georgia (PI 652098) | NC7 –Iowa State Univ |
P. sativa | Wild type, North Korea (PI 0652099) | NC7 –Iowa State Univ |
P. sativa | Wild type, Poland (PI 652112) | NC7 –Iowa State Univ |
P. sativa | Wild type, origin Georgia (PI 652113) | NC7 –Iowa State Univ |
P. sativa | Wild type, origin Georgia (PI 652114) | NC7 –Iowa State Univ |
P. sativa | Wild type, United States (PI 652115) | NC7 –Iowa State Univ |
P. sativa | Wild type, Romania (PI 652116) | NC7 –Iowa State Univ |
1.2.2 Parsnip Germplasm Resources in Europe
Institute name | Institute code | Country | Number of accessions |
|---|---|---|---|
Arche Noah Association, Schiltern | AUT046 | Austria | 6 |
Genetic Resources Institue, Baku | AZE015 | Azerbaijan | 3 |
Gembloux agro-biotech, Université de Liège | BEL002 | Belgium | 1 |
Institute for Plant Genetic Resources ‘K. Malkov’, Sadovo | BGR001 | Bulgaria | 9 |
Institute of Rose and Essential-oil plants, Kazanlak | BGR005 | Bulgaria | 2 |
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb | HRV041 | Croatia | 4 |
College of Agriculture at Križevci | HRV044 | Croatia | 1 |
Gene Bank, Prague 6-Ruzyne | CZE122 | Czech Republic | 14 |
Botanical Garden Berlin-Dahlem, Berlin | DEU022 | Germany | 7 |
Genebank, Liebniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben | DEU146 | Germany | 48 |
Botanical Garden of the University of Osnabrück | DEU502 | Germany | 17 |
Botanischer Versuchs- und Lehrgarten der Univeritaet Regensburg | DEU515 | Germany | 7 |
Pädagogische Hochschule Karlsruhe | DEU626 | Germany | 10 |
Institute for Agrobotany, Tápiószele | HUN003 | Hungary | 44 |
Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Liexlip | IRL029 | Ireland | 1 |
Nordic Genetic Resource Centre, Alnarp | SWE054 | Sweden | 5 |
Faculty of Agriculture, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje | MKD001 | Macedonia | 4 |
Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, Blonie | POL003 | Poland | 26 |
Portuguese Bank of Plant Germplasm, Braga | PRT001 | Portugal | 1 |
Suceava Genebank, Suceava | ROM007 | Romania | 15 |
Gobierno de Aragón, Centro de Investigación y Technología | ESP027 | Spain | 17 |
Junta de Castilla y León | ESP109 | Spain | 1 |
Agroscope Changins, Nyon | CHE001 | Switzerland | 1 |
Institute of Volatile Oil Bearing and Medicine Crops, Crimea | UKR018 | Ukraine | 1 |
Research Station of Medicinal Crops, Crimea | UKR019 | Ukraine | 1 |
Institute of Vegetable and Melon Growing, Kharkivs’ky r-n | UKR021 | Ukraine | 6 |
Nikitskyi Botanical Gardens, Yalta | UKR036 | Ukraine | 2 |
Kolomyia Experimental Station, Kolomysi’kyi r-n | UKR075 | Ukraine | 1 |
Experimental Station ‘Maiak’, Kruty | UKR81 | Ukraine | 1 |
Millennium Seed Bank Project, Royal Botanic Gardens, Wakehurst Place, UK | GBR004 | United Kingdom | 8 |
Warwick Genetic Resources Unit, Warwick | GBR006 | United Kingdom | 57 |
1.2.3 Parsnip Genetic Resources Worldwide
DNA bank | Number of accessions | DNA bank accession numbers |
|---|---|---|
Royal Botanic Garden Kew DNA Bank, Richmond, England | 1 | 11559 |
Botanic Garden and Botanic Museum (BGBM) DNA Bank, Berlin, Germany | 1 | DB13256 |
National Herbarium Netherlands DNA Bank (NHNDB), The Netherlands | 4 | L0893497, L0894890, L0894975, L0896535 |
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Chappell, L.H.K., Dunford, A.J. (2021). Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L.) Breeding for the Future. In: Al-Khayri, J.M., Jain, S.M., Johnson, D.V. (eds) Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Vegetable Crops. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66965-2_6
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