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Crowberry (Empetrum): A Chief Arctic Traditional Indigenous Fruit in Need of Economic and Ecological Management

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Abstract

The genus Empetrum (Ericaceae) is controversially classified taxonomically. It is conservatively treated as comprising one variable widespread circumboreal/circumarctic species, E. nigrum, usually known as black crowberry (although there are other fruit colors), and a comparatively localized circumantarctic species, E. rubrum, called red crowberry. For millennia in the Northern Hemisphere crowberries have been a valuable source of berries for Indigenous Peoples, and indeed Empetrum is one of the most important berry crops of the Arctic. It has recently begun to be marketed as a commercial processed fruit crop, with increasing evidence of possessing phenolic compounds of high value for nutrition and medicine. Ecologically, Empetrum is a keystone species, sustaining numerous birds and mammals, and dominating many tundra and heathland ecosystems through allelopathic toxins that exclude competitive plants. With climate change expected to greatly alter the northern world in the near future, there is considerable concern about the welfare of Empetrum.

Résumé

Le genre Empetrum (Ericaceae) est classifié par taxonomie, ce qui suscite la controverse. Il est prudemment traité comme comprenant une espèce circumboréale ou circumpolaire variable répandue, E. nigrum, appelée habituellement camarine noire, et une espèce circumantarctique, E. rubrum, appelée camarine rouge. Pendant des millénaires, les camarines de l’hémisphère septentrional ont été une source précieuse de petits fruits pour les peuples autochtones, en effet, Empetrum est l’une des espèces fruitières les plus importante de l’artique. On a commencé récemment à la commercialiser pour sa grande valeur en composés phénoliques, la nutrition et la médecine. Sur le plan écologique, Empetrum est une espèce clé de voûte dont se nourrissent un grand nombre d’oiseaux et de mammifères et qui domine de nombreux écosystèmes de la toundra et de la lande en produisant des toxines allélopathiques qui font obstacle aux plantes concurrentes. Comme il est prévu que les changements climatiques modifieront grandement le paysage nordique dans un proche avenir, le sort d’Empetrum est très préoccupant.

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Acknowledgements

This article benefitted considerably from the criticism of the anonymous reviewers. We thank providers of figures (individually acknowledged in the captions), and B. Brookes for preparing figures for publication. Creative Commons Licenses employed in this article: CC BY 2.0 (Attribution 2.0 Generic): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/; CC BY 4.0 (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en; CC BY SA 3.0 (Attribution ShareAlike 3.0 Unported): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. CC BY SA 4.0 (Attribution ShareAlike 4.0 International): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en. CC0 1.0 (Universal Public Domain Dedication): https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en.

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Lorion, J., Small, E. Crowberry (Empetrum): A Chief Arctic Traditional Indigenous Fruit in Need of Economic and Ecological Management. Bot. Rev. 87, 259–310 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-021-09248-0

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