Abstract
Scopolia carniolica Jacq. is a perennial plant from the family Solanaceae. The study objective was to examine floral traits that may be important for interactions with floral visitors (i.e., blooming phenology, floral micromorphology, nectary characteristics, nectar quantity, nectar sugar composition, and pollen production). In S. carniolica, papillae, numerous non-glandular trichomes, and a few glandular trichomes were present on the inner corolla epidermal surface. Lipids, acidic lipids, tannins, and alkaloids were present in the non-glandular trichomes and in the corolla cells. The discoid-type nectary was located at the base of the ovary. Floral nectar was released through nectarostomata. The process of nectar release started in the bud stage (ca. 5–8 h before corolla opening) and continued to the 4th day of anthesis. The amount of secreted nectar peaked in 2-day-old flowers. The amount of produced nectar, nectar sugar concentration, and sugar mass varied significantly across years. On average, the total mass of sugars in the nectar was 0.54 mg/flower. S. carniolica produced sucrose-dominant nectar with no glucose. The sugar proportions did not differ during the flowering season. On average, 1.95 mg of pollen per flower was produced. Among floral visitors, bumblebees were most frequently noted, accounting for 79.7% of the total number of floral visitors to S. carniolica flowers. The species can be used in early spring ornamental arrangements to support the food supply for insects, mainly bumblebees.
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The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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We are grateful to Magdalena Kamińska, PhD for help with microscopic procedures. We would also like to express our gratitude to the Reviewers whose comments helped us to improve the manuscript.
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The research was financed from statutory activity of the University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland (grant no. LKR/S/49).
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BD contributed to conception and methodology of the study. KT and JJ made field observations and laboratory studies. MD carried out the microscopic sectioning and observations. MD and KT performed histochemical tests. JJ and BD made statistical analyses. BD, KT, JJ and MD prepared the first draft of the manuscript. BD supervised the study. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read, and approved the submitted version.
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Tymoszuk, K., Dmitruk, M., Jachuła, J. et al. Flower structure and floral reward in Scopolia carniolica (Solanaceae) – is it a plant that can support the bumblebee food base in early spring?. Arthropod-Plant Interactions (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-024-10059-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-024-10059-4