Fig 1.
Morphology of Hemitrichia serpula: a. mature fruiting body, b-c. capillitium of var. serpula (specimen M754) as seen in (b) light microscope and (c) scanning electron microscope (SEM), d. spore morphology of var. serpula, e-f. SEM micrograph of spores for (e) var. serpula (LE297865) and (f) var. parviverrucospora (sc28101), g. SEM of the internal linings of the peridium, var. parviverrucospora, h. close-up, showing the internal warts between the reticulations of var. parviverrucospora (sc28065).
Fig 2.
Rooted consensus tree based on the 50% majority rule of Bayesian interference for partial SSU sequences for 40 ribotypes from 135 specimens of Hemitrichia serpula.
Shown are Bayesian posterior probabilities >0.70 and support values >50 for a corresponding tree calculated with RAxML (all branches indicated by a dot). Colored squares indicate the origin of the specimens. The ribotype number and the morphology of the respective specimens are indicated by smooth (var. serpula) and spiny circles (var. parviverrucospora). Question marks indicate the two specimens with undetermined spore morphology. Scale bars represent evolutionary distance as changes per site.
Table 1.
Summary of the polymorphic site analysis for each clade (putative biospecies) generated from DNAsp v.5.10 (see Fig 2 for corresponding phylogeny)
Fig 3.
Phylogenetic analysis showing a mirrored image comparing tree topologies for partial SSU and EF1A sequences for 30 specimens.
Bayesian posterior probabilities >0.70 and RAxML support values >50 are indicated (nodes with dots). Scale bars represent evolutionary distance as changes per site. Ribotype (r) and EF1A genotype numbers (e) are shown for both markers. Dotted lines connect sequences from the same specimen, with symbols for var. serpula (smooth circles) and var. parviverrucospora (spiny circles) in the middle.
Fig 4.
Statistical parsimony ribotype network representing genealogical relationships among 40 ribotypes estimated by TCS superimposed on a Bayesian interference tree.
Grey triangles are sized relative to the number of specimens per network. Line segments represent mutational steps between alleles. Circles are scaled in proportion to the number of sequences represented by each ribotype. Small circles between ribotypes indicate hypothetical transitional ribotypes. Colors designate the origin of the specimen. Morphotypes displayed by specimens showing the respective ribotype are indicated by smooth (var. serpula) or broken lines (var. parviverrucospora).
Table 2.
Pairwise matrix showing the average number of nucleotide differences between clades (lower left) and the mean number of nucleotide substitutions per site between each clades (upper right)
Fig 5.
Hypothesized event-based (Vic = vicariance; Dis = dispersal) ancestral area reconstruction of H. serpula ribotypes as inferred by S-DIVA analysis of RASP.
Pie charts at the nodes give relative frequencies of the ancestral-area reconstruction. Grey triangles indicate ribotypes represented by multiple specimens.
Fig 6.
Probability-based environmental niche models for the three major clades in a ribotype phylogeny of Hemitrichia serpula calculated with the MaxEnt algorithm.
Circles are located over areas where specimens were collected; their size is scaled according to the number of specimens collected in an area. Black filling of the pie diagrams indicates the proportion of specimens belonging to the respective clade. The underlying heat map shows the likelihood of occurrence for the respective clade.
Table 3.
Analysis of molecular variance comparing each population among regions and among each clades