Table 1.
Taxa used in divergence time estimates, including information on provenance of specimens, vouchers, and herbarium where the voucher is deposited, as well as GenBank accession numbers.
Herbarium abbreviations: Göttingen University herbarium, Germany (GOET); East China Normal University herbarium (HSNU); National Museum of Nature and Science herbarium, Japan (TNS); University of British Columbia herbarium, Canada (UBC).
Fig 1.
The Eocene liverwort fossil Ptilidium sp. (A) and leaves of extant representatives of Ptilidium (B–F) (scale bars 200 μm).
(A) Baltic amber fossil. (B) Ptilidium pulcherrimum. (C) Ptilidium ciliare. (D–F) Ptilidium californicum.
Fig 2.
Holotype of Tetralophozia groehnii sp. nov. (GPIH 4575) from Baltic amber. The fossil was initially assigned to Ptilidium [43] but morphology is inconsistent with this genus (scale bars 100 μm).
(A) Upper portion of gametophyte in lateral view. (B, C) Deeply quadrified leaves, teeth at lobe base pointing towards the plant base. (D) Impressions of leaf lobes showing leaf cells with papillose cuticle in ventral view. (E) Densely ciliate, bifid underleaf (circle).
Fig 3.
Reconstruction of Tetralophozia groehnii based on the holotype.
(A) Portion of shoot with 3 quadrifid, succubous-subtransversely arranged leaves and partly canaliculate lobes. (B–D) Triangular to elongate-triangular, partly biseriate teeth extending from lobe margins. (E) Leaf cell pattern; papillae indicated in upper cells.
Fig 4.
Phylogenetic chronogram for Ptilidium plotted against the geological time scale (Pal = Paleocene, Oli = Oligocene, P = Pliocene; Ple = Pleistocene/Holocene).
Time scale shown in million years to present. Confidence age estimate intervals (split Ptilidium-Neotrichocolea, Ptilidium crown group, split Ptilidium ciliare/P. pulcherrimum) shown as grey horizontal bars. Vertical bar indicates time interval for Baltic amber [27–28].