Eberhard fischer, Liverworts and Hornworts of Rwanda, Part 2 by abctaxa

10.

Description of species from Rwanda

10.1. Leafy liverworts

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Fig. 38. Acanthocoleus chrysophyllus (Lehm.) Kruijt Synonym: Dicranolejeunea chrysophylla (Lehm.) Grolle. Plants epiphytic, dark-green to brown, irregularly branched, 1-1.5 mm wide. Leaves alternate, loosely imbricate. Lobes wide-spreading, ovate, 0.75-1.1x 0.5-0.7 mm, apex acuminate, margin entire or rarely dentate towards apex. Lobules about 0.35 of lobe length, often reduced, keel strongly arched, with 2 teeth, apical tooth often with 2 cells, second (proximal) tooth smaller, sometimes obscure. Underleaves undivided, 2.5-3.5 times as wide as the stem, margin entire. Autoicous. Perianths with narrow or almost lacking wing, laciniae, if present, only 1-3 on each side. Habitat: Epiphyte in montane forest, 2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Gisakura. Distribution in Africa: Cameroon, Nigeria, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa. Note: Very similar to A. madagascariensis and only distinguished by the antheridia in unspecialized bracts below gynoecium.

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Figs 39 and 40 (next page). Acanthocoleus madagascariensis (Steph.) Kruijt. Synonym: Dicranolejeunea madagascariensis Steph. Plants epiphytic, dark-green to brown, irregularly branched, 1-1.5 mm wide. Leaves alternate, loosely imbricate. Lobes wide-spreading, convolute when dry, ovate, 0.75-1.1 x 0.5-0.7 mm, apex acuminate, margin entire or rarely dentate towards apex. Lobules about 0.35 of lobe length, often reduced, keel strongly arched, with 2 teeth, apical tooth often with 2 cells, second (proximal) tooth smaller, sometimes obscure. Underleaves undivided, 2.5-3.5 x as wide as the stem. Autoicous. Perianths compressed, pyriform, 0.7-0.9 x 0.4-0.6 mm, the apex truncate or cordate, usually winged and ciliate-laciniate near apex. Habitat: On the stem of planted exotic trees at 1700 m, also in montane forest at 1800 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Central Rwanda: Butare. Nyungwe NP: Cyamudongo. Distribution in Africa: Sierra Leone, Burundi, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, South Africa. Also Comoro Islands, Madagascar, Mauritius, RĂŠunion.

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Fig. 41. Acrolejeunea emergens (Mitt.) Steph. Plants epiphytic, brownish-green to brown, about 1.5 mm wide, small, microphyllous shoots with tiny caducous leaves often present at the apex of main shoots. Leaves alternate, closely imbricate. Lobes subelliptic, entire, 0.8-1 x 0.4-0.8 mm, obtuse. Lobules ovate-triangular, 0.4-0.5 x length of the lobe, with (2-)3-4 small straight or curved teeth, each with 1-3 cells. Underleaves imbricate, reniform, entire, truncate at apex, about 3 x as wide as the stem. Autoicous or sometimes dioicous. Perianths hidden by involucral bracts, or only slightly exserted, pyriform, with 4-8(-10) keels all over its length. Habitat: Epiphytic in dry forests in savanna habitats, 1300-1500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Central Rwanda: N of Nyamata. Akagera: Lake Mpanga region, Lake Mihindi. Distribution in Africa: Senegal, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Benin, Nigeria, Rio Muni, Congo-Brazzaville, Central African Republic, DR Congo, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Malawi, Zambia. Also Cape Verde, Madagascar, Seychelles, Réunion, Mauritius, Rodriguez.

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Fig. 42. Adelanthus decipiens (Hook.) Mitt. Plants epiphytic or saxicolous, green to dark green. Stems erect to ascending, 5-15 mm long and 0.2-0.25 mm wide, unbranched. Leaves oval to rounded, about 1 mm long, dorsal margin entire, inflexed, decurrent, ventral margin typically with 2 teeth. Underleaves absent or rudimentary. Fertile plants not observed in Rwanda. Habitat: Epiphyte on bark of Hypericum and Erica and lithophyte on rocks between 2500 and 3700 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi, Karisoke, Sabinyo. Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Mt. Bigugu. Distribution in Africa: Bioko, Cameroon, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Malawi, South Africa. Also Europe, Azores, Madeira, St. Helena, Tristan da Cunha, Caribbean, Costa Rica to Bolivia, Galapagos, RĂŠunion, Mauritius.

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Fig. 43. Adelanthus lindenbergianus (Lehm.) Mitt. Plants epiphytic, reddish-brown to brownish. Stems erect, 20-100 mm long and 0.2-0.25 mm wide, unbranched or sparsely branched. Leaves oval to rounded, ventrally secund, imbricate, decurrent, about 0.9-1.4 mm long and 0.7-1 mm wide, dorsal margin entire, inflexed, decurrent, ventral margin dentate from base to apex. Underleaves absent. Fertile plants unknown. Habitat: Epiphyte on bark of Agauria and Erica, occasionally on ground between 2400 and 3200 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Lesotho, South Africa. Also Europe, Mexico, Costa Rica, South America, Tristan da Cunha, South Georgia, Falkland Islands, Tierra del Fuego, Juan Fernandez Islands, Madagascar, RĂŠunion, Mauritius.

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Figs 44 and 45 (next page). Amphicephalozia africana Váňa & Wigginton Plants minute, about 5-7 mm long and 0.25-0.35 mm wide. Stems procumbent. Leaves obliquely to subtransversally inserted and oriented, distant to imbricate, 0.15-0.43 x 0.250.49 mm, quadrate-rounded to ovate, bilobed to half of their length, the lobes triangular, subequal, 10-15 cells wide at base. Cells thick-walled, without trigones, 15-25 x 15-20 µm. Underleaves undivided, variable, 2-6 cells wide and 3-15 cells long, c. 0.3-0.5 the width of the stem. Asexual reproduction by 1-2-celled gemmae on leaf lobe tips. Autoicous. Perianths clavate, widest in upper third, 1.4-1.9 x 0.6-0.7 mm, deeply 3(-4)-plicate. Habitat: Dendrosenecio adnivalis-Lobelia stuhlmannii-paramo, on decaying stems of Dendrosenecio, 3570 m, also in Cyperus swamp at 2540 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi, E-slopes along trail to summit, foot of Mt. Gahinga.

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Figs 46 and 47 (next page). Anastrophyllum auritum (Lehm.) Steph. Synonyms: Anastrophyllum gambaragarae Gola; A. calcaratum Steph.; A. grossitextum Steph. Plants small to medium sized, dark reddish-brown or purple. Stems up to 0.5-4 cm long, creeping to erect. Leaves succubous, contiguous to imbricate, ± asymmetrically 2-lobed to 0.25-0.5 of their length, leaf lobes strongly incurved. Cells with wide trigones, 10-20 µm in diameter. Habitat: Epiphytic or on rocks, 3000-4450 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi. Distribution in Africa: Bioko, Cameroon, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Lesotho, South Africa. Also Réunion.

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Fig. 48. Anastrophyllum piligerum (Nees) Spruce Plants large, dark reddish-brown, rigid. Stems up to 3-4 cm long, forming a large compact tuft. Leaves densely imbricate, strongly secund dorsally, ± asymmetrically 2-lobed to 0.50.65 of their length, 1.8-2.2 x 1.8-2.2 mm, leaf lobes triangular-ovate, apices subacute. Cells with wide trigones, 10-20 (-35) µm in diameter. Habitat: Rocky slopes in ericaceous forest, 2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Karamba. Distribution in Africa: Tanzania, Zimbabwe. Also Ascension, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles, Cuba, Jamaica, Peru, Brazil, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Salomon Islands, New Caledonia, Samoa.

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Fig. 49. Andrewsianthus bilobus (Mitt.) Grolle Synonym: Lophozia ruwenzorensis S.W.Arnell. Plants epiphytic, c. 2 cm long and 0.110.18 cm wide, brownish. Leaves succubous, usually bilobed up to 1/3 of their length, margins edentate. Cells usually with distinct trigones, 20-25 Âľm in diameter. Habitat: Epiphyte in montane forest and ericaceous shrub, also on rocks and boulders, 25003300 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi. Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko. Distribution in Africa: Bioko, Cameroon, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda, Tanzania.

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Fig. 50. Apomarsupella africana (Steph. ex Bonner) R.M.Schust. Synonym: Marsupella africana Steph. ex Bonner. Plants in dense tufts or patches, brownish or blackish, shoots 10-30 x 1.2-2 mm. Stems prostrate to ascending. Leaves imbricate, spreading, decurrent on both sides, bilobed, leaf lobes obtuse. Cells thickwalled, trigones large, (10-)20 xt 15 Âľm. Habitat: Rocks and boulders in the alpine belt, 4200-4450 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania.

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Figs 51 and 52 (next page). Bazzania decrescens (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Trev. ssp. decrescens Plants bright green to olive-green, medium-sized to wide plants, shoot width (1.6-)2-3.6(4) mm. Leaves not caducous, 0.6-1.3 mm long, 1.8-2.5 x as long as wide, apex truncate and divided into 3 wide teeth. Underleaves shallowly 2- or 4-lobed. Habitat: Epiphytic or on dead wood in montane rainforests, 1900-2300 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi. Nyungwe NP: Karamba, Kamiranzovu, Uwinka, Gisakura. Distribution in Africa: Bioko, Congo-Brazzaville, Gabon, DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa. Also Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, RĂŠunion, Seychelles.

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Figs 53 and 54 (next page). Bazzania descrecens ssp. pumila (Mitt.) Pรณcs Synonym: Bazzania pumila Mitt. Similar to Bazzania decrescens ssp. decrescens. Leaves caducous, small to medium-sized plants, shoot width never exceeding 2 mm, underleaves usually 2-lobed. Habitat: Epiphytic or on dead wood, 1900-2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Karamba, Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: Bioko, DR Congo, Tanzania. Also Comoros, Madagascar.

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Fig. 55. Bazzania nitida (Web.) Grolle Plants green, glossy, shoots up to 1.8 mm wide. Leaves 0.9-1.3 x 0.5-0.7 mm, apex truncate, with 3 short decurved apiculi, with a vitta of 2-4 rows of wide rectangular cells extending nearly to leaf-apex. Underleaves not much wider than stem, 2-4-lobed to half of their length. Cell walls colourless. Habitat: Epiphytic or on dead wood, 1900-2100 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Karamba, Kamiranzovu, Uwinka, Gisakura. Distribution in Africa: Bioko, Cameroon, DR Congo, Burundi, Tanzania, Malawi, South Africa. Also Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, RĂŠunion, Seychelles.

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Fig. 56. Bazzania roccatii Gola Synonym: Mastigobryum laxifolium Steph. Plants brown, glossy, with soft slender shoots up to 2 mm wide. Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, apex narrow, with (2-)3(-4) teeth. Underleaves orbicular, usually 1.5-2.5 x as wide as the stem, cell walls with brown pigment. Habitat: Epiphyte on Erica and Hagenia, 2800-3300 m Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Mt. Bigugu. Volcano NP: Karisimbi, Karisoke, Sabyinyo. Distribution in Africa: Bioko, Cameroon, DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi.

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Figs 57 and 58 (next page). Blepharostoma trichophyllum (L.) Dumort. Plants pale- to yellowish green, prostrate to ascending. Stems sparingly branched, 3-16 mm long. Leaves distant to approximate, divided to 0.9-0.95 of their length into (2-)3-4 uniseriate lobes 160-620 Âľm long, each of 7-13 cells. Cells rectangular, equally thick-walled, 27-53 Âľm long, oil bodies usually 4-8 per cell. Underleaves similar to lateral leaves, only slightly smaller, 3-4-lobed. Asexual reproduction by gemmae at apices of upper leaf lobes. Habitat: On ground and rotten wood from 2000 to 2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Karamba, Uwinka. Distribution in Africa:. Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania. Widespread species found throughout the Northern Hemisphere.

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Figs 59 and 60 (next page). Calypogeia afrocaerulea E.W.Jones Plants usually terrestric, up to 2.5-3 mm wide, bluish when fresh. Leaves imbricate, alternate, ovate to broadly oblong-ovate, 1-1.5 x 1-1.3 mm, apex rounded, shortly bifid, the sinus 40-90 µm deep. Oil bodies compound (Calypogeia-type), blue, 2-8 per cell. Underleaves 1.5-2 x as wide as the stem, 0.35-0.45 mm wide, rounded, distinctly bilobed, sinus acute or obtuse, margin with few teeth. Autoicous. Habitat: Soil, along paths and roadcuts in montane forest, 2000-2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Pindura, Gisakura. Distribution in Africa: São Tomé, Bioko, Cameroon, DR Congo, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania. Also Réunion, Seychelles. Note: An easily distinguishable species in fresh state by the bright blue coloured oil bodies.

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Fig. 61. Calypogeia arguta Nees & Mont. Plants usually terrestric, shoots up to 20 mm long, up to 1-2.5 mm wide, gemmiferous shoots ascending. Leaves distant, alternate, obliquely ovate, 0.7-1.2 x 0.4-1 mm, apex bilobed with divergent lobes, the sinus wide, up to 0.2 mm deep, lobes ending in 1-2 uniseriate cells. Underleaves not much wider than the stem, distinctly bilobed to within 1-2 cells of rhizoid area, sinus acute or obtuse, margin with subulate teeth. Dioicous. Habitat: Soil, along paths and roadcuts in montane forest, 2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Burundi, Tanzania, Malawi, Swaziland, South Africa. Also in Europe, Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands, Asia, Madagascar, Mauritius, RĂŠunion.

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Fig. 62. Calypogeia bidentula (Web.) Nees Plants usually terrestric, up 3 mm long. Leaves imbricate, alternate, ovate to broadly oblong-ovate, 1 x 0.9-1.2 mm, triangular, apex rounded, rather narrow, shortly bifid to emarginate, teeth obtuse. Oil bodies colourless. Underleaves 2-3 x as wide as the stem, 0.3-0.7 mm wide, rounded, arcuate, always decurrent, insertion strongly distinctly bilobed to 0.5 of their length, lobes triangular, sinus acute or obtuse, V-shaped, outer margin with a broad marginal tooth. Habitat: On soil or occasionally epiphyllous in montane forest, 2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: Zimbabwe, Lesotho, South Africa. Also Madagascar, Mauritius, RĂŠunion.

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Fig. 63. Calypogeia fissa (L.) Raddi Plants usually terrestric, up to 1-4 mm wide. Leaves imbricate, alternate, ovate to broadly oblong-ovate, 1-1.8 x 0.9-1.4 mm, triangular, apex rounded, rather narrow, shortly bifid, the sinus sharp and narrow. Oil bodies colourless. Underleaves 1.5-2 x as wide as the stem, 0.3-0.7 mm wide, rounded, distinctly bilobed to 0.5 or more of their length, sinus wide, V-shaped, outer margin with one tooth. Habitat: On ground or on roadcuts, rarely as epiphyte, 2200-2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: Sierra Leone, Annobon, São Tomé, Bioko, Cameroon, DR Congo, Angola, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, South Africa. Also widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, Comoros, Réunion. Note: In fresh state easily to distinguish from Calypogeia afrocaerulea by the colourless oil bodies.

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Figs 64 and 65 (next page). Caudalejeunea lewallei Vanden Berghen Plants epiphyllous. Stems 1-3 cm long, sterile branches appressed to substrate, propaguliferous branches and branches with gametangia erect. Lobes ovate, with obtuse or rounded apex, (0.5-)0.6-0.8(-0.9) mm x (0.9-)1-1.3(-1.5) mm, margin entire or near apex irregularly dentate. Lobules fusiform, (0.10-)0.13-0.18(-0.25) x (0.27-)0.3-0.4(-0.48) mm, inflated, with acute apical tooth, often 2 cells wide at base and ending with a row of 2 cells, free margin of lobule often involute, with a 1-2 celled tooth and often a second obtuse tooth. Underleaves of appressed branches distant to imbricate, 3-6 x as wide as the stem, in erect branches densely imbricate, 5-8 x as wide as the stem, suborbicular or emarginate. Asexual reproduction with disciform propagules. Dioicous. Perianths obovateobcordate, 1-1.2 x 1.35-1.5 mm, compressed and trigonal, with acute ventral keel to base, lateral keels in upper half with irregularly laciniate wing, beak cylindrical. Habitat: Montane forest, epiphyllous, 2000-2100 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Gisakura. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Burundi, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe. Also Madagascar.

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Figs 66 and 67 (next page). Caudalejeunea yangambiensis (Vanden Berghen) E.W.Jones Plants epiphytic, sterile shoots prostrate, freely branching, the branches prostrate (sterile), or ascending-erect (gemmiferous or fertile). Leaves of sterile shoots imbricate. Lobes 0.9-1.3 x 0.7-0.9 mm, spreading, concave, elliptical, entire, rounded at apex. Lobules fusiform, inflated, the free margin incurved, apical tooth with 1-3 cells, Leaves of ascending gemmiferous shoots very different in form, strongly imbricate, conduplicate. Lobules small, Âą rectangular, not visible in situ. Underleaves imbricate, about 4-6 x as wide as the stem, 1.2 x 1.5 mm, suborbicular to elliptic, truncate or emarginate at apex, margins broadly reflexed. Asexual reproduction by propagules on upper leaves of erect stems. Probably dioicous. Perianths broadly ovate, obovate or pyriform, about 1 x 0.75-0.9 mm, with 3-4 sharp ventral keels and 2 lateral keels. Habitat: Epiphyte on exotic trees, 1700 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Central Rwanda: Butare. Distribution in Africa: Ghana, Cameroon, Congo-Brazzaville, DR Congo, Uganda.

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Figs 68 and 69 (next page). Cephalojonesia incuba Grolle & Vanden Berghen ssp. incuba Plants epiphytic and on rotten wood, pale green. Stems irregularly branched, 70-90(120) µm in diameter, 5-6 cells thick in section, cells thin-walled. Leaves cuneate with narrow base, bilobed to 1/3-3/5, sometimes 3-lobed, margin crenulate to irregularly dentate, 300-350 × 350-480 µm, incubous. Cells thin-walled, without trigones, 1522 × 18-23 µm. Underleaves distant, setaceous, 2-3 cells wide, 24-45 × 75-160 µm . Autoicous. Perianths subcylindrical, with mouth wide, truncate. Habitat: On rotten wood in montane forest, 1900 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Cyamudongo Forest. Distribution in Africa: Nigeria (Jos), DR Congo (Katanga), Kenya (Nandi). Note: Cephalojonesia incuba ssp. mexicana Burghardt, Gradst. & Váňa is known from Mexico.

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Figs 70 and 71 (next page). Cephalozia africana Váňa Plants medium-sized, pale green to brownish. Shoots procumbent to ascending, 1-1.6(-2) mm long. Leaves distant to contiguous, obliquely inserted, almost horizontally spreading, orbicular to ovate-quadrate, 0.5-0.6(-0.8) × 0.5-0.6 mm, bilobed to 0.3-0.4 of their length, slightly decurrent dorsally, lobes straight, not connivent, broad, triangular, terminated by 1-2 cells. Median leaf cells 40-45 µm in diameter. Autoicous. Perianth inflated, trigonous above, mouth ciliate-dentate. Habitat: On soil in swamps, 2300-2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rugera. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo (Kahuzi-Biega).

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Fig. 72. Cephalozia bicuspidata (L.) Dumort. Synonym: Cephalozia vulcanicola Steph. Plants slender, pale to dark green or brownish. Shoots procumbent to ascending, 2-2.5 mm long. Lower leaves distant, upper leaves approximate to subimbricate, broadly ovate to ovate-quadrate, concave, transversally inserted, 0.2-0.6 Ă&#x2014; 0.16-0.44 mm, bilobed to 1/2-2/3, lobes acute to acuminate, ending in 1-3(-4) uniseriate cells, lobes inflexed. Small underleaves sometimes present on fertile stems. Autoicous. Perianth fusiform, trigonous above, mouth ciliate-dentate. Habitat: On soil and dead wood, 2500-3600 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi. Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, South Africa. Also in Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Siberia, N Africa, Azores, Madeira, Tenerife, N America, Greenland, Mexico.

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Fig. 73. Cephalozia connivens (Dicks.) Lindb. ssp. fissa (Steph.) Váňa Synonym: Cephalozia crassicaulis Steph. Plants slender, pale green. Shoots procumbent, 2-2.5 mm long. Leaves approximate, broadly ovate to ovate-quadrate, concave, transversally inserted, 0.4-0.5 × 0.3-0.4 mm, bilobed to 1/2-2/3, lobes acute to acuminate, ending in 2-3 uniseriate cells, 3-5 cells wide at base. Autoicous. Perianth fusiform, trigonous above, mouth ciliate-dentate. Habitat: On soil or rotting wood, 1900 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Cyamudongo. Distribution in Africa: Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Bioko, São Tomé, Principe, Rio Muni, Gabon, DR Congo, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, South Africa. Also Madagascar, Réunion.

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Fig. 74. Cephaloziella kiaerii (Austin) S.W.Arnell Plants minute, usually green to reddish, about 0.4 mm wide. Stems procumbent, 80-100 µm in diameter. Leaves obliquely-subtransversally inserted and oriented, distant, 0.1-0.2 mm long, not reaching the mid-line of the stem, ovate, leaf margins entire, with projecting verrucae, bilobed to half of their length, lobes widely pointed, ending in 1-2 short cells, 7-9 cells wide at base. Cells in mid-leaf 8-10 x 8-15 µm, walls thick, trigones absent, cuticle rough, oil bodies Jungermannia-type, small, 1-7 per cell. Underleaves lacking. Asexual reproduction by 2-celled gemmae on leaf lobe tips. Autoicous. Perianths 1-1.4 x 0.4 mm, deeply 4-5-plicate, the mouth with hyaline, thick-walled cells, 35-40 x 6-8 µm. Habitat: Peaty soil, 2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko. Distribution in Africa: Bioko, Cameroon, DR Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Lesotho, South Africa. Also Madagascar, Réunion, Seychelles.

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Fig. 75. Cephaloziella vaginans Steph. Plants minute, about 0.4 mm wide. Stems procumbent. Leaves obliquely to subtransversally inserted and oriented, distant, 0.1-0.2 mm long, not reaching the mid-line of the stem, ovate, leaf margins entire, with projecting verrucae, bilobed to half of their length, the lobes widely pointed, ending in 1-2 short cells, 7-9 cells wide at base. Asexual reproduction by 2-celled gemmae on leaf lobe tips. Autoicous. Perianths 1-1.4 x 0.4 mm, deeply 4-5-plicate, the mouth with hyaline, thick-walled cells. Habitat: Mossy rocks in montane forest, 2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Karamba. Distribution in Africa: Sierra Leone, Cameroon, DR Congo, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Lesotho. Also RĂŠunion.

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Figs 76 and 77 (next page). Ceratolejeunea diversicornua (Steph.) Steph. Plants small to medium-sized. Leaves wide-spreading, 0.7-0.85 x 0.45-0.55 mm, ovate, the ventral margin straight, broadly rounded at apex, margins finely serrulate, with papilliform projecting cells, otherwise entire or with few teeth distally. Lobules inflated, 1/6 of lobe length, sometimes reduced, ovate to globose, with apical tooth 1-celled, the cell obtuse. Cells in mid-leaf 16-22 x 20-25 Âľm, ocelli 1-5 near the base of the lobe, solitary or in 2 groups. Underleaves bilobed, small, distant, ovate or round, 2-3 x as wide as the stem. Autoicous. Female bracts with obtuse dentate lobes and acute dentate lobules. Perianths with 4 keels extended above into 4 obtuse, horn-like and inflated projections, 0.1-07 mm long. Habitat: Epiphytic or epiphyllous in montane forest, 1900 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Karamba. Distribution in Africa: Ghana, Cameroon, DR Congo.

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Fig. 78. Cheilolejeunea cordistipula (Steph.) Grolle ex E.W.Jones Plants pale green, appressed to slightly pendent, shoots 0.8-1.5 mm wide. Leaves imbricate, lobes ovate, strongly convex, 0.57-0.87 x 0.35-0.45 mm, apex narrow, rounded to acute, strongly decurved. Lobule large, triangular-ovate, inflated proximally, 0.28-0.46 mm long, 0.5-0.6 as long as the lobes, distal free margin flattened, apical tooth 1-2(-3) celled. Cells with very large trigones, 18-30 x 13-24 Âľm. Underleaves 0.2-0.4 x 0.2-0.6 mm, usually wider than long, 3-5 x as wide as stem, rounded to obcordate, apex 2-lobed to 1/4 of their length. Autoicous. Perianth exserted, 0.8-1.3 x 0.3-0.8 mm, keels 5-10, rostrum 41-105 Âľm long. Habitat: Epiphyte in montane forest, 2500-3000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi, between Karisimbi and Bisoke. Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi.

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Fig. 79. Cheilolejeunea krakakammae (Lindenb.) R.M.Schust. Synonym: Strepsilejeunea brevifissa (Lindenb.) Steph. Plants yellowish green, shoots 0.61.25 mm wide. Leaves imbricate, lobes ovate, weakly to strongly convex, falcate, 0.42-0.7 mm long, apex subacute to sharply acute, recurved. Lobule ovate, inflated, 0.14-0.25 mm long, 1/5-2/5(-1/2) as long as the lobes, lateral free margin strongly incurved, keel arched, apical tooth 1(2-4) celled. Cells with small trigones, 17-28 x 11-19 µm. Underleaves 0.170.36 x 0.17-0.43 mm, usually slightly wider than long, 2-4 x as wide as stem. Autoicous. Perianth exserted, 0.47-0.86 x 0.3-0.58 mm, keels 3(4-5), rostrum 30-94 µm long. Habitat: Epiphyte in montane forest, 2000-3000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi. Nyungwe NP: Kamiranzovu, Rwasenkoko, Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Burundi, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, South Africa. Also Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion.

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Fig. 80. Cheilolejeunea montagnei (Gottsche) R.M.Schust. Plants pale green to glossy greenish-brown, 2-3(-7) cm long and 0.8-1.2 mm wide. Leaves imbricate, lobes broadly ovate, strongly convex with the rounded apices recurved, about 0.6-0.8 x 0.45-0.6 mm, dorsal base widely crossing stem. Lobules small, triangular, strongly inflated, 0.18-0.34 mm long, about 1/3-2/5(-1/2) of lobe length, the free margin incurved, with apical tooth 1(-4)-celled. Cells 20-26 x 16-22 µm, trigones large, often irregularly nodulose. Underleaves reniform, wider than long, about 0.38-0.6 x 0.4-0.7 mm, 3.5-5.4 x as wide as the stem, the base broadly cuneate, the apex entire, rounded to very shallowly retuse. Dioicous. Perianths not observed in material from Rwanda. Habitat: Epiphyte in montane forest and ericaceous shrub, 2000-2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Kamiranzovu, Karamba. Distribution in Africa: São Tomé, Bioko, DR Congo, Kenya, Tanzania. Also Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion.

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Fig. 81. Cheilolejeunea omphalogastria PĂłcs Plants pale green, pendent on twigs, shoots 0.9 mm wide. Leaves approximate, lobes ovate, strongly convex, 0.6-0.65 x 0.4-0.5 mm, apex subacute. Lobule small, triangular, entirely inflated, 0.17-0.2 mm long, 0.3 as long as the lobes, apical tooth 1-3 celled. Cells with very large trigones, occasionally nodulose, 8-26 x 8-19 Âľm. Underleaves large, 0.480.53 x 0.47-0.6 mm, wider than long, 5-6 x as wide as stem, orbicular, apex 2-lobed to 1/5- 1/4 of their length, sinus V-shaped, base cordate, with overlapping auricles. Dioicous. Perianth unknown. Habitat: Pendent on small branches in the canopy of montane rainforest, 2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Gisakura.

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Fig. 82. Cheilolejeunea pocsii E.W.Jones Plants yellowish green, shoots 0.7-1 mm wide. Leaves usually caducous, lobes ovate, strongly convex, 0.41-0.64 mm long, apex obtuse to subacute, strongly decurved. Lobule ovate, inflated proximally, contracted distally, 0.16-0.3 mm long, (1/3-)2/5-1/2 as long as the lobes, apical tooth 1-celled. Cells with very large trigones, nodulose, 20-24 x 14-17 Âľm. Underleaves 0.17-0.34 x 0.17-0.39 mm, usually wider than long, 1.8-4 x as wide as stem, sinus V-shaped. Dioicous or autoicous. Perianth exserted, pyriform, 0.7-0.85 x 0.45-0.49 mm, keels 3, rostrum 41-58 Âľm long. Habitat: Epiphyte in montane forest, 2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Gisakura. Distribution in Africa: Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, South Africa. Also Madagascar.

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Fig. 83. Cheilolejeunea trifaria (Reinw. et al.) Mizutani Plants epiphytic, green, up to 0.7-0.9(-1.0) mm wide. Leaves alternate, imbricate, moderately convex and deflexed or nearly flat. Lobes 0.45-0.7 x 045-0.55 mm, the dorsal base broadly rounded, often crossing the stem, rounded at apex. margins entire. Lobules inflated, triangular-quadrate, narrowed to the mouth, about 0.2-0.25 of lobe length, the keel strongly arched and forming an angle of about 90° with the arched ventral margin, with apical tooth straight, 1-celled, the cell short and obtuse. Cells in mid-lobe 15-22 x 20-30 µm. Underleaves ovate, wider than long, nearly as wide as the lobes, 0.4-0.65 x 0.35-0.5 mm, bilobed to 0.25-0.35 of their length, the sinus narrow, the base cordate, the insertion strongly arched. Autoicous. Perianths exserted from the bracts, with 5 smooth keels. Habitat: Epiphyte in montane forest, 2000m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Gisakura. Distribution in Africa: Sierra Leone, Ghana, Togo, São Tomé, Bioko, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Gabon, DR Congo, Uganda, Malawi, Zimbabwe. Also Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, Rodriguez, Seychelles.

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Figs 84 and 85 (next page). Cheilolejeunea xanthocarpa (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Malombe Synonym: Leucolejeunea xanthocarpa (Lehm. & Lindenb.) A.Evans. Plants pale glaucous to light green, shoots 0.9-1.8 mm wide. Leaves imbricate, lobes ovate, convex, 0.6-1 x0.46-0.85 mm, apex rounded, together with ventral margin strongly involute. Lobule oblong to rectangular or ovoid, inflated, 0.3-0.5 mm long, 2/5-1/2 as long as the lobes, lateral free margin involute, apical tooth 1-celled. Cells with very large trigones, 18-24 x 18-24 µm, oil bodies 1 per cell. Underleaves reniform, wider than long, 4-6 x as wide as stem, apex entire, base cordate. Autoicous. Perianth obovate, emergent, 0.8-1.3 x 0.3-0.8 mm, keels 5, rostrum 104-198 µm long. Habitat: Epiphyte in montane rainforest, 2000-2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Gishwati Forest: Gikungu. Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Karamba, Uwinka; Gisakura. Distribution in Africa: Bioko, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, South Africa. Also Cape Verde, St. Helena, Comoros, Madagascar, Réunion. Almost pantropical.

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Figs 86 and 87 (next page). Chiloscyphus coadunatus (Sw.) J.J.Engel & R.M.Schust. Synonyms: Chiloscyphus cuspidatus (Nees) Engel & R.M.Schust.; Lophocolea bidentata (L.) Dumort.; L. cuspidata (Nees) Limpr. Plants large, yellowish-green or green, shoots 2-4 mm wide. Leaves asymmetric, 1-2 mm long, alternate, dorsal margin decurrent, deeply bilobed at apex, the lobes longly acuminate, acumen up to 8 cells long. Cells thin-walled, 25-45 µm wide, trigones minute or absent. Underleaves bilobed, not connate with leaf base, with tooth on either side. Autoicous. Perianths longly emergent, trigonous above, keels winged, wings often with apical tooth, mouth wide, trilobed, lobes laciniiate. Habitat: From gallery forest to montane forest and alpine habitats, ground, on butresses of large trees, as epiphyte on bamboo and giant groundsels as well as on rocks, peat and rotten wood from 1300 to 3400 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi, Bisoke, Gahinga. Gishwati Forest: Gikungu. Central Rwanda: Butare. Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, waterfall ca. 3 km E of Pindura, Gisakura, Karamba, Pindura-Bweyeye, Mt. Bigugu, Mt. Muzimu. Akagera: Ibanda-Makera. Distribution in Africa: Cape Verde, Annobon, Bioko, Cameroon, DR Congo, Burundi, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, South Africa. Also in the Northern Hemisphere, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion. Note: The most frequent species of Chiloscyphus in Africa.

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Figs 88 and 89 (next page). Chiloscyphus concretus (Mont.) J.J.Engel & R.M.Schust. Synonym: Lophocolea concreta Mont. Plants medium-sized to small, yellowish-green, shoots 1.4-2.2 mm wide. Leaves asymmetric, ovate or oblong, scarcely contracted at base, 0.6-1 mm long, rounded or truncate to retuse at apex, rarely weakly bilobed. Cells thin-walled, 20-25(-30) Âľm wide, trigones usually distinct. Underleaves bilobed, not connate with leaf base, with coarse tooth on either side. Paroicous to autoicous. Perianths obconical, deeply lobed and laciniate. Habitat: In montane forest and plantations on soil and rotten wood, 1750-2100 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Uwinka. Central Rwanda: Butare, Arboretum Ruhande. Distribution in Africa: Sierra Leone, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Annobon, DR Congo, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Swaziland, South Africa. Also Madagascar, Mauritius, RĂŠunion, Rodriguez.

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Figs 90 and 91 (next page). Chiloscyphus difformis (Nees) J.J.Engel & R.M.Schust. Synonym: Lophocolea difformis Nees in Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees. Plants medium-sized to small, yellowish-green or green, shoots 1.5-2 mm wide. Leaves short and wide, 0.8-1 x 0.8-1 mm, alternate, shortly bilobed at apex, the lobes shortly and widely pointed, acumen lacking or up to 1-3 cells long, dorsal margin decurrent. Cells thin-walled, 25-34 µm wide, trigones present or absent. Underleaves bilobed, not connate with leaf base, lobes broad, lanceolate, with tooth on either side. Dioicous. Habitat: On rotten wood and occasionally as epiphyte on the bark of Agauria salicifolia, 1750-2100 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Karamba, Kamiranzovu, Uwinka. Central Rwanda: Butare. Distribution in Africa: Sierra Leone, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, São Tomé, Bioko, Cameroon, Central African Republic, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Malawi, South Africa. Also Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion.

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Figs 92 and 93 (next page). Chiloscyphus martianus (Nees) J.J.Engel & R.M.Schust. Synonyms: Lophocolea martiana Nees; L. congoana Steph. Plants medium-sized to large, shoots 2.5-3.5 mm wide. Leaves subsymmetric, trapezoid, 1-1.5 mm long, alternate, dorsal base shortly decurrent, truncate at apex, 2-lobed, the lobes shortly acuminate. Cells thin-walled, 30-45 Âľm wide, trigones absent. Underleaves bilobed, narrowly connate with leaf base, with tooth on either side. Autoicous. Perianths longly emergent, trigonous above, keels winged, mouth wide, trilobed, lobes laciniate. Habitat: On vertical rock, decaying wood and on ground in montane rainforest, 1800-2100 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Kamiranzovu, Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Principe, Bioko, Cameroon, Gabon, Rio Muni, Central African Republic, Congo-Brazzaville, DR Congo, Burundi, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, South Africa. Also Madagascar, Mauritius, RĂŠunion, Seychelles.

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Figs 94 and 95 (next page). Chiloscyphus muhavurensis S.W.Arnell Synonym: Lophocolea muhavurensis (S.W.Arnell) S.W.Arnell ex PĂłcs. Plants mediumsized to large, shoots up to 5 cm long and 1-3 mm wide. Leaves subsymmetric, trapezoid to orbicular, 0.5-1.8 x1-1.3 mm, alternate to subopposite, dorsal base shortly decurrent, 2-lobed, the lobes shortly acuminate, margin with several cilia up to 5-8 cells long. Cells thin-walled, 36-40 Âľm wide, trigones conspicuous. Underleaves deeply bifid, with long tapering segments and with one to several teeth or cilia on each side, 2-3 as wide as the stem, narrowly connate with leaf base, with tooth on either side. Probably dioicous. Perianths not known. Habitat: On soil and rotten wood in subalpine Erica and Dendrosenecio Forest, 3000-3400 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Sabinyo, Muhabura. Distribution in Africa: Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania.

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Figs 96 and 97 (next page). Chiloscyphus muricatus (Lehm.) Engel & R.M.Schust. Synonyms: Lophocolea muricata (Lehm.) Nees in Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees; L. spiniflora Steph. Plants small, yellowish-green, shoots 1-2 mm wide. Leaves decurved, 0.5-1 mm long, alternate, bilobed or 3-lobed at apex, the lobes denticulate on both sides with sharp teeth 1-2 cells long, similar teeth on ventral and dorsal margin, short setae on dorsal side of leaves and on perianths. Cells thin-walled, 10-20 Âľm wide, trigones minute or absent. Underleaves bilobed, not connate with leaf base, lobe ending in an acumen up to 4 cells long, base dentate or laciniate. Autoicous. Perianths cylindrical to ovate, keels lacking, with 1-2-celled setae on surface. Habitat: On rotten wood, as epiphyte on living trees (Agauria, Erica, Sinarundinaria) as well as on litter or on roadcuts from montane forest at 2000 to 3700 m in Dendrosenecio-Lobelia stuhlmannii paramo. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi, on the E-slopes along trail to summit. Nyungwe NP: Kamiranzovu, along road to Bweyeye ca. 2 km S of Pindura, Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: Bioko, Cameroon, DR Congo, Burundi, Ethiopia, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, South Africa. Also Comoros, Madagascar, RĂŠunion.

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Fig. 98. Clasmatocolea vermicularis (Lehm.) Grolle Plants small, pale green-brown. Stems prostrate, up to 3 cm long. Leaves imbricate, rounded, c. 0.3-1.5 mm long, dorsally concave, margin entire. Cells thin-walled, without trigones, 18-35 x 20-35 µm, cuticle smooth. Underleaves narrower than stem, usually bilobed. Dioicous. Perianths rare, campanulate, the mouth 3-lobed. Habitat: On open soil or roadcuts in montane forest, 2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Gishwati Forest : Gikungu. Nyungwe NP: Karamba. Distribution in Africa: Nigeria, Cameroon, DR Congo, Burundi, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Lesotho, South Africa. Also Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion.

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Fig. 99. Cololejeunea appressa (A.Evans) Benedix Plants small, shoots c. 0.5-0.7 mm wide. Leaves imbricate, spreading. Lobe ovate, 0.30.45 x 0.2-0.35 mm, margin crenulated, apex rounded. Cells papillose. Lobule 0.3-0.4 the length of the lobe, ovate, slightly inflated, apical tooth and distal tooth short, each consisting of 1 cell, hyaline papilla in the sinus between the teeth. Autoicous. Perianth obcordate, flattened. Habitat: Montane forest, epiphyllous, 2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Gisakura. Distribution in Africa: Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi. Also Comoros, Madagascar, RĂŠunion, Seychelles.

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Fig. 100. Cololejeunea augieri Tixier Plants small, up to 0.8 mm wide. Stems up to 1 cm long, branched. Leaves alternate, distant, with insertion at an angle of 60°. Lobes oblong, acuminate at apex, 0.5 mm long and 0.3 mm wide. Lobules saccate, inflated, more or less reduced, with 5-8 cells up to a lobular band, 150 µm long and 80 µm wide, with 1 unicellular tooth. Asexual reproduction with up to 16-celled gemmae. Dioicous. Perianths ovoid, apex rounded, without ventral keels, 0.5 mm long and 0.25 mm wide. Habitat: Montane forest, epiphyllous on Marattia fraxinea. 2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Karamba. Only known from the type locality. Note: In Geneva, the type bears a wrong label (Kahuzi-Biéga, loc. 126), but the correct collection number (8506 n°6).

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Fig. 101. Cololejeunea bolombensis (Steph.) Vanden Berghen Plants medium-sized, shoots up to 1.8 mm wide. Lobe ovate or obovate, broadly rounded or narrow, (0.5-)0.7-1.1 x (0.4-)0.5-0.8 mm, apex rounded, hyaline margin entire, 2-3(4) cells wide at apex of lobe, merging into a single row along the dorsal margin to the base, on ventral margin often abruptly ending. Chlorophyllose cells with papillose cuticle. Lobule narrow, lingulate, 2-7 cells wide at middle, 0.2-0.35 mm long, widest at base, tapering towards apex, hyaline papilla large, at or near apex. Autoicous. Perianth pyriform, compressed, 0.5-0.6 mm long, without dorsal or ventral keels. Habitat: Montane forest, epiphyllous, 1700 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Cyamudongo Forest. Distribution in Africa: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Bioko, Cameroon, Rio Muni, DR Congo, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe. Also Comoros, Madagascar.

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Figs 102 and 103 (next page). Cololejeunea capuronii Tixier Plants minute, stem 0.3-0.35 mm wide, fully developed leaves with lobule and reduced leaves present. Lobes ovate to lanceolate, 0.24-0.26 x 0.1 mm, in reduced leaves 0.060.1 x 0.02-0.05 µm, surface papillose, margin crenulated with rounded papillae, apex rounded. Mid-leaf cells of lobe 26 x 12 µm. Lobules inflated, 0.13 x 0.08 mm, with 1 apical tooth, the tooth 1-celled and often curved, 28 µm long, cells of lobule 16 x 11 µm. Asexual reproduction by disciform gemmae on leaf-lobe surface. Habitat: Montane forest, epiphyllous on Podocarpus, 1970 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Kamiranzovu. Also Madagascar.

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Fig. 104. Cololejeunea cardiocarpa (Mont.) R.M.Schust. Plants small, shoots 0.5-0.9 mm wide. Lobe ovate, 0.4-0.7 x 0.25-0.45 mm, base broadly rounded, apex usually narrow, hyaline cells variable, usually a sharply demarcated group of 2-12 cells at lobe apex, sometimes also a line of hyaline cells extending towards the dorsal base. Lobule inflated, c. 0.4 the length of the lobe, often also reduced, apical tooth of 2 cells, with small spherical hyaline papilla. Monoicous. Perianth pyriform, compressed, 0.4-0.5 x 0.35-0.45 mm, with 2 long ventral keels. Habitat: Montane forest, epiphyllous, 2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: Sierra Leone, Cameroon, DR Congo, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, South Africa. Also USA, Central and South America to Ascension, Madagascar.

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Figs 105 and 106 (next page). Cololejeunea cardiocarpoides Tixier Plants delicate, up to 0.8 mm wide, epiphyllous, densely appressed to substrate. Stems up to 0.5 mm long, more or less branched. Leaves alternate, distant, with insertion at an angle of 90°. Lobes ovate, 0.3 mm long and 0.2 mm wide, hyaline margin at lobe apex with cells 20 x 10 µm, sometimes absent, pseudovitta short, at base of lobe. Lobules discoid, about 1/3 of lobe, 150 µm long and 100 µm wide, with 2 teeth, apical tooth often unicellular, median tooth 2-cellular, hyaline papilla spherical. Asexual reproduction with up to 20-celled gemmae. Dioicous (?). Perianths pyriform, with 2 ventral keels, up to 0.35 mm long and 0.2 mm wide. Habitat: Montane forest, epiphyllous, 2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Uwinka.

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Figs 107 and 108 (next page). Cololejeunea clavatopapillata Steph. Synonyms: Cololejeunea fadenii Pรณcs; Aphanolejeunea fadenii (Pรณcs) Pรณcs. Plants small, shoots up to 5 mm long, 0.18-0.35 mm wide, epiphyllous. Lobes of lobulate leaves 0.30.35 x 0.15-0.18 mm, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, surface dorsally mammillate, elobulate reduced leaves few. Lobules inflated, as wide as lobe, and more than half the length of the lobe, with 1 apical tooth, 2-celled and strongly curved, proximal tooth very near, short, obtuse or lacking, cells smooth except the keel. Asexual reproduction by disciform gemmae on marginal cells of the lobe. Autoicous. Perianths inflated, broadly pyriform, about 0.4 x 0.3 mm, obscurely 5-keeled. Habitat: Montane forest, usually epiphyllous, 2250-2300 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania.

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Fig. 109. Cololejeunea cuneifolia Steph. Plants medium-sized, up to 1-1.5 mm wide. Leaves spreading. Lobes obovate, 0.60.8Â x 0.45-0.6 mm, margin irregularly crenulate with asymmetrical teeth. Lobules small, often reduced, 0.1-0.25 the length of the lobe, apical tooth usually of 2 long cells, hyaline papilla pyriform, on the side or apex of the apical cell. Autoicous. Perianth longly exserted, narrowly obcordate, apex truncate, concave to cordate, with distinct lateral keels. Habitat: Montane forest, epiphyllous, 1700 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Cyamudongo Forest. Distribution in Africa: Guinea, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Rio Muni, DR Congo, Uganda, Tanzania.

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Fig. 110. Cololejeunea distalopapillata (E.W.Jones) R.M.Schust. Plants robust, vivid green, shoots (0.8-)1.2-1.6(-1.8) mm wide and several mm long. Lobe reniform or ovate, 0.56-0.7(-0.75) x (0.75-)0.8-1(-1.2) mm, margin with hyaline cells in 1 or 2 rows, ending 4-10(-16) cells from lobule. Lobule inflated, with arched keel, 0.20.23Â xÂ 0.22-0.35 mm, apical tooth consisting of 2 cells at base, prolonged by 1-2 cells, hyaline papilla at base of distal side, distal and proximal tooth each 1-celled. Gemmae present, star-shaped. Paroicous. Perianth exserted, compressed, with 2 ventral keels, rounded, truncate or retuse at apex, 0.45-0.68 x 0.55-1 mm. Habitat: Montane forest, epiphyllous or corticolous, 2100-2250 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, Zimbabwe. Also Comoros, Madagascar.

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Fig. 111. Cololejeunea duvigneaudii E.W.Jones Plants robust, shoots 1.2-1.6(-1.8) mm wide. Lobe reniform or ovate, 0.45-0.63(-0.7)Â x (0.6-) 0.7-0.96 mm, margin finely and irregularly denticulate. Lobule inflated, ovate, 0.10.24 x 0.21-0.35(-0.42) mm, sometimes reduced, apical tooth consisting of (1-)2(-3) cells, hyaline papilla at apex or just below apical cell. Gemmae present, star-shaped. Monoicous. Perianth exserted, without keels, rounded, truncate or retuse at apex, 0.30.36 x 0.55-0.72 mm. Habitat: Montane forest, epiphyllous or corticolous, 1900-2100 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Karamba, Kamiranzovu, Uwinka, between Gisakura and Karamba. Distribution in Africa: Bioko, Rio Muni, Gabon, DR Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe. Also Comoros, Madagascar, RĂŠunion.

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Fig. 112. Cololejeunea fischeri Tixier Plants medium-sized, up to 1 mm wide. Stems up to 1 cm long, branched. Leaves alternate, distant, with insertion at an angle of 80°. Lobes obovate, apex rounded, 0.35 mm long and 0.35 mm wide. Lobules saccate, inflated, truncate at apex, 250 µm long and 150 µm wide, with 2 teeth, apical tooth unicellular, hardly visible, median tooth 2-cellular, hyaline papilla at median tooth. Asexual reproduction with up to 16-18-celled gemmae. Monoicous. Perianths ovate, apex truncate, with 2 ventral keels and short rostrum, 0.5 mm long and 0.3 mm wide. Habitat: Montane forest, epiphyllous, 2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Kamiranzovu. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo. Note: Tixier (1995) cites erroneously “DR Congo, Station Irangi” as type locality, but indicates the correct collection number from the type locality in Rwanda. Geissler (1996) published a correction of the type data.

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Fig. 113. Cololejeunea frahmii Tixier Plants small, up to 0.8 mm wide, with papillose cells. Stems up to 0.5 cm long, richly branched. Leaves alternate, distant, with insertion at an angle of 90°. Lobes lanceolateovate, apex acuminate, 150 µm long and 180 µm wide. Lobules saccate, inflated, keel rounded, crenulate, 80 µm long and 100 µm wide, truncate towards apex, with unicellular apical tooth, reduced lobules sometimes present. Synoicous. Androecia lateral. Perianths obovate, papillose, apex rounded, with ventral keels and short rostrum, 0.25 mm long and 0.15 mm wide. Habitat: Montane forest, epiphyllous on Saintpauliopsis lebrunii, 2100 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Uwinka.

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Figs 114 and 115 (next page). Cololejeunea grossepapillosa (Horik.) Pócs Synonyms: Cololejeunea capensis S.W. Arnell; Aphanolejeunea capensis (S.W. Arnell) S.W. Arnell; A. mammillata auct. non (Aongstr.) Steph. Plants minute, shoots 0.3-0.45 mm wide, epiphyllous. Lobes ovate to lanceolate, 0.09-0.18(-0.21) × 0.25(-0.3) mm, surface papillose, margin crenulated with rounded papillae, apex rounded to acuminate. Lobules inflated, 0.1-0.13 × 0.12-0.23 mm, with 1 apical tooth or 2 teeth, the teeth 1-2-celled and often curved, hyaline papilla at inner base of apical tooth. Asexual reproduction by disciform gemmae on leaf-lobe surface. Paroicous. Perianths inflated, 5-keeled, papillose, 0.2-0.28 × 0.3-0.53 mm. Habitat: Montane rainforest, epiphyllous, 1950-2300 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Gishwati Forest: Gikungu. tRwankuba, Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Burundi, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Malawi, South Africa.

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Figs 116 and 117 (next page). Cololejeunea harrisii Pรณcs Plants medium-sized, forming dense mats, shoots (0.9-)1-1.3(-1.6) mm wide. Lobe entire, asymmetrically ovate-reniform, apex rounded, (0.37-)0.4-0.6 x (0.48-)0.6-0.9 mm. Lobule variable, if well developed rather long, 0.14-0.22 x 0.2-0.35 mm, ovate, inflated, apical tooth with 2 cells, hyaline papilla at base of apical tooth, free margin of lobule usually with obtuse tooth, lobule sometimes reduced. Monoicous. Perianth exserted, heart-shaped, compressed, laterally with 2 rounded auricles, 0.4-0.5 x 0.5-0.6 mm, beak conical, with protruding cells. Habitat: Montane forest, epiphyllous on Marattia fraxinea, 1900-2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Kamiranzovu, Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: Burundi, Tanzania.

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Fig. 118. Cololejeunea heterolobula Tixier Plants small, epiphyllous, densely appressed to substrate, up to 0.8 mm wide. Stems up to 1 cm long, branched. Lobes ovate, apex rounded, 0.5 mm long and 0.3 mm wide, pseudovitta short, at base of lobe. Lobules saccate, inflated, keel straight, 0.2 mm long and 0.15 mm wide, with 2 teeth, apical tooth unicellular, hardly visible, median tooth 2-cellular, reduced lobules sometimes present. Asexual reproduction with up to 20-celled. Monoicous. Perianths ovoid, apex rounded, with ventral keels and short rostrum, 0.35 mm long and 0.2 mm wide. Habitat: Montane forest, epiphyllous, 2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Kamiranzovu. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo.

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Fig. 119. Cololejeunea hildebrandii (Aust.) Steph. Synonym: Cololejeunea filicaulis Steph. Plants small. Leaves distant. Lobes narrowly ovate or oblong, 0.3-0.6 x 0.12-0.2 mm, base cuneate, apex tapering to rounded or subacute point, margins entire to crenulate. Lobule about 0.3-0.5 the length of the lobe, sometimes reduced to few cells, inflated, apex flat, truncate, apical tooth of 2-3 cells, inserted in the middle of apex, hyaline papilla at base of apical tooth. Asexual reproduction by gemmae mainly from marginal cells. Autoicous. Perianths 0.5-0.7 x 0.3-0.4 mm, obconical, smooth or slightly mammillose. Habitat: Montane forest, epiphyllous, 19002500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Karamba, Kamiranzovu, Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: Cameroon, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania. Also Comoros, Madagascar, RĂŠunion.

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Fig. 120. Cololejeunea latilobula (Herzog) Tixier Synonym: Cololejeunea himalayensis (PandĂŠ & Misra) R.M.Schust. Plants medium-sized, shoots up to 1-1.6 mm wide. Lobe ovate, broadly rounded at dorsal base, 0.7-1 x 0.6-1 mm, apex broadly rounded, hyaline margin entire, 2-3 cells wide at apex of lobe, merging into a single row along the dorsal margin extending nearly to stem, on ventral margin often abruptly ending. Chlorophyllose cells without papillose cuticle. Lobule narrow, ovate to ovate lanceolate or ovate-triangular, 8-15 cells wide at middle, apex obtuse, hyaline papilla in a notch near apex. Gemmae on lobes. Autoicous. Perianth pyriform, compressed. Habitat: Montane forest, epiphyllous, 1700 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Cyamudongo Forest. Distribution in Africa: Nigeria, Cameroon, Rio Muni, DR Congo, Burundi, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia. Also Comoros, Seychelles extending to Asia (Himalaya, Japan).

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Fig. 121. Cololejeunea lobulilineata Tixier Plants small, up to 0.7 mm wide. Stems up to 0.5 cm long. Lobes rounded-ovate, apex rounded, 0.4 mm long and 0.35 mm wide, pseudovitta short, at base of lobe. Lobules reduced to an rectangular band of 5 cells length and 2 cells width, with apical tooth hardly visible. Asexual reproduction with up to 16-20-celled gemmae. Monoicous. Perianths ovoid, apex rounded, with ventral keels and short rostrum, 0.3 mm long and 0.2 mm wide. Habitat: Submontane rain forest, epiphyllous, 1950 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Gisakura. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo.

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Figs 122 and 123 (next page). Cololejeunea magna (Tixier) Infante & Heras Synonyms: Cololejeunea harrisii var. magna Tixier; C. harrisii sensu Vanden Berghen. Plants medium-sized, forming dense mats, shoots (0.9-)1-1.3(-1.6) mm wide. Lobe entire, asymmetrically ovate-reniform, apex rounded, (0.37-)0.4-0.6 x (0.48-)0.6-0.9 mm. Lobule variable, if well developed rather long, 0.14-0.22 x 0.2-0.35 mm, ovate, inflated, apical tooth with 1-2 cells, hyaline papilla at apex of apical tooth, free margin of lobule usually with obtuse tooth, lobule sometimes reduced to a rectangular-ovate row, 0.09-0.12 x 0.14-0.25 mm, distally prolonged into long apical tooth of 2-3 cells width at base, hyaline papilla at apex. Monoicous. Perianth exserted, heart-shaped, compressed, laterally with 2 rounded auricles, 0.7-0.9 x 0.7-1 mm, beak conical, lacking protruding cells. Habitat: Montane forest, epiphyllous on Marattia fraxinea, 1700-2300 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Karamba, Kamiranzovu, Uwinka, Rwankuba, km 22 Pindura-Bweyeye, Gisakura.

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Fig. 124. Cololejeunea malanjae Steph. Synonym: Cololejeunea grossidens (Steph.) Steph. ex E.W.Jones. Plants small. Leaves distant. Lobes narrowly ovate or oblong, 0.3-0.6 x 0.12-0.2 mm, base cuneate, apex tapering to rounded or subacute point, margins dentate. Lobule about 0.3-0.5 the length of the lobe, sometimes reduced to few cells, inflated, apex flat, truncate, apical tooth of 2-3 cells, inserted in the middle of apex, hyaline papilla at base of apical tooth. Asexual reproduction by gemmae mainly from marginal cells. Autoicous. Perianths 0.5-0.7 x 0.30.4 mm, obconical, smooth or slightly mammillose. Habitat: Montane forest, epiphyllous, 1900-2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Karamba, Kamiranzovu, Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Malawi.

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Figs 125 and 126 (next page). Cololejeunea microscopica (Taylor) A.Evans var. africana (Pócs) Pócs & Bernecker Synonyms: Aphanolejeunea exigua A. Evans var. africana Pócs; A.microscopica var. exigua (A.Evans) A.Lücking & Pócs. Plants minute, 0.18-0.35 mm wide, epiphytic or epiphyllous. Lobes of lobulate leaves 0.14-0.24 x 0.09-0.13 mm, ovate to ovatelanceolate, surface smooth, marginal cells of keel and lobe strongly conical, elobulate leaves few. Lobules inflated, as wide as lobe, and 0.65-0.75 the length of the lobe, with 1 apical tooth, 2-celled and strongly curved. Asexual reproduction by disciform gemmae on marginal cells of the lobe. Autoicous. Perianths inflated, broadly pyriform, about 0.25 x 0.25 mm, obscurely 5-keeled. Habitat: Ramicolous on ericaceous shrubs, at base of trees or epiphyllous, 2000-2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: Ivory Coast, DR Congo, Kenya, Tanzania.

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Figs 127 and 128 (next page). Cololejeunea minuscula PĂłcs Synonym: Aphanolejeunea minuta R.M.Schust. Plants extremely minute, resembling a terrestrial alga, 2-5 mm long and 0.13-0.19 mm wide, with remote linear-lingulate to lanceolate elobulate leaves, epiphyllous. Lobes of lobulate leaves 85-130 x 26-40 Âľm, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, surface smooth, marginal cells of keel and lobe strongly conical, elobulate leaves with lobule reduced to single cell. Lobules usually only on bracts, inflated, as wide as lobe, and 0.5-0.6 the length of the lobe, with a 1-celled apical tooth. Asexual reproduction by disciform gemmae on marginal cells of the lobe. Dioicous. Habitat: Montane forest, usually epiphyllous, 2250-2300 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Gisakura. Also USA (Florida).

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Fig. 129. Cololejeunea minutissima (Sm.) Schiffn. ssp. minutissima Plants very small, shoots 0.25-0.6 mm wide. Leaves distant to contiguous, complicate. Lobe 0.2-0.38 x 0.17-0.25 mm, strongly convex, apex rounded. Lobule inflated, 0.8-0.95 of lobe length, apical tooth prominent, long or short, with hyaline papilla at base. Autoicous. Female bracts with well developed lobule. Perianth exserted, pyriform, 0.3 x 0.27 mm. Habitat: Epiphyte on small twigs in montane rainforest and ericaceous shrub, 2500-2900 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko. Distribution in Africa: Ivory Coast, DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe, South Africa. Also Western Europe, North America, Cape Verde, Madagascar, RĂŠunion, Rodriguez.

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Fig. 130. Cololejeunea minutissima ssp. utriculifera Vanden Berghen Similar to Cololojeunea minutissma ssp. minutissima, but differs in the utriculiferous leaves where the leaf is transformed into a globose utricule with the lobule as large as the lobe, and the stipitate perianth. Habitat: Epiphyte on small twigs in montane rainforest and ericaceous shrub, 2000-2400 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Gishwati Forest: Gikungu. Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko. Distribution in Africa: Burundi, Tanzania.

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Fig. 131. Cololejeunea mocambiquensis S.W.Arnell Plants small, shoots 0.3-0.5 mm wide and 2 mm long. Lobe subquadrate, acute at apex, dorsal base truncate, densely denticulate at margin by acute papillose cells, 0.15-0.18 x 0.21-0.25 mm, dorsal cells with straight conical papilla. Lobule irregularly dentate, half the size of the lobe. Cells about 10 Âľm in diameter, trigones lacking. Dioicous. Male bracts similar to vegetative leaves. Habitat: Montane forest, epiphyllous, 1700 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Cyamudongo Forest. Distribution in Africa: Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa. Also Madagascar.

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Fig. 132. Cololejeunea nigerica (E.W.Jones) R.M.Schust. Plants medium-sized, shoots 1.4-1.8 mm wide. Lobe ovate, 0.7-1 x 0.45-0.7 mm, base auriculate, apex usually narrowed, hyaline cells in 2-3 rows, usually a sharply demarcated group at lobe apex, ending abruptly at the distal end of the ventral margin, on the dorsal margin either ending abruptly or extending as a single narrow line. Lobule narrow, lingulate, 8-9 cells wide proximally, 2-6 cells wide distally, often narrowed at a tooth near the narrower disal part, thus appearing sometimes bifid, stylus in the form of a papilla. Autoicous. Perianth pyriform, compressed, 0.6-0.75 mm long, without dorsal keels or with a short median keel on dorsal side, ventrally scarcely keeled. Habitat: Montane forest, epiphyllous, 1700 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Cyamudongo Forest. Distribution in Africa: Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, DR Congo, Uganda, Tanzania.

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Fig. 133. Cololejeunea obliqua (Nees & Mont.) Schiffn. Plants medium-sized, shoots up to 0.9-1.5(-2) mm wide. Leaves spreading at (45-)60-90° to the stem. Lobes ovate to oblong-ovate, 0.6-1.2 x 0.4-0.7 mm, base rounded or truncate, margin crenulated with papillate cells. Lobule 0.25-0.3 the length of the lobe, apical tooth of 2 short cells, with spherical hyaline papilla at the base or the middle of its proximal side, proximal tooth on free margin of lobule 1-celled, variable. Gemmae on both sides of the leaf. Autoicous. Perianths c. 0.7 x 0.5 mm, obcordate, compressed, ventrally inflated. Habitat: Montane forest, epiphyllous, 1700 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Cyamudongo Forest. Distribution in Africa: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, São Tomé, Bioko, Rio Muni, Cameroon, DR Congo, Burundi, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia. Also Comoros, Madagascar, Réunion, Mauritius, Seychelles.

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Figs 134 and 135 (next page). Cololejeunea obtusifolia (E.W.Jones) Tixier Synonym: Cololejeunea pusilla var. obtusifolia E.W.Jones. Plants small, shoots 0.5-0.8(1) mm wide. Leaves approximate, spreading at 50-80Â° to the stem. Lobe up to 0.4-0.6 mm long, ovate, with broad rounded apex. Lobule reduced to a few (4-8) cells, 36-55 x 22-40 Âľm. Gemmae on non-marginal lobe cells. Autoicous. Perianth pyriform and terete, 0.4-0.6 x 0.3-0.4 mm, with 5 keels. Habitat: Epiphyllous in submontane and montane forest, 1600-2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Cyamudongo Forest, Kamiranzovu, Uwinka, Gisakura. Distribution in Africa: Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Bioko, Cameroon, Rio Muni, DR Congo, Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania. Also Madagascar.

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Figs 136 and 137 (next page). Cololejeunea occidentalis (E.W.Jones) Vanden Berghen Plants medium-sized to large, shoots (1.5-)1.8-2 mm wide. Lobe ovate-reniform, c. 0.91.2 x 0.65-0.85 mm, apex broadly rounded, hyaline margin fimbriate, forming a border 1 row wide around most of the lobe, abruptly ending on ventral margin. Lobule ovate, 0.40.55 x 0.25-0.3, distal margin with 2 teeth, the apical tooth with a globose or clubshaped hyaline papilla at the side or base of the apical cell. Chlorophyllose cells with smooth cuticle. Habitat: Montane forest, epiphyllous, 1700 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Cyamudongo Forest. Distribution in Africa: Nigeria, Kenya, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Malawi, South Africa.

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Figs 138 and 139 (next page). Cololejeunea parva Vanden Berghen Plants small, shoots 0.38-0.53 mm wide. Lobe ovate, acute at apex, dorsal base truncate, densely denticulate at margin by acute papillose cells, 0.15-0.185 x 0.21-0.27 mm, dorsal cells with straight conical papilla. Lobule variable, often rather small, forming a few-celled row, 0.036-0.045 x 0.045-0.075 mm, ending in an acute apical tooth, consisting of 1 cell or 2 adjacent cells surmounted by 1 cell, hyaline papilla at apex of apical tooth. Monoicous. Perianth exserted, inflated, clubshaped, rounded or truncate at apex, with 2 ventral keels, papillose, 0.25-0.36 x 0.42-0.55 mm. Habitat: On mosses and epiphyllous in montane forest, 2000-2200 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Gishwati Forest: Gikungu, vallĂŠe Bikeneko. Distribution in Africa: Uganda.

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Figs 140 and 141 (next page). Cololejeunea platyneura (Spruce) S.W.Arnell Synonym: Cololejeunea usambarica E.W.Jones. Plants small, shoots 0.4-0.6 mm wide. Lobe convex, decurved, ovate, slightly falcate, 0.25-0.32 x 0.15-0.18 mm. Cells papillose, vitta 3-4 cells long, in 1-2 rows, usually not clearly demarcated, bordered by elongate papillose cells intermediate in size, vitta cells without papilla. Lobule 0.4-0.5 the length of the lobe, inflated, distal cell of free margin projecting as an acute tooth, apical tooth of 2 cells, usually overlapping with distal tooth. Monoicous (?). Perianth pyriform, ventrally inflated, papillose. Habitat: Epiphyllous in submontane forest, 2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Kamiranzovu. Distribution in Africa: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, DR Congo, Tanzania. Also Madagascar.

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Figs 142 and 143 (next page). Cololejeunea pseudo-obliqua Tixier Plants medium-sized, up to 0.8 mm wide. Stems up to 1 cm long. Lobes ovate, apex rounded, 0.5 x 0.3 mm. Lobules saccate, inflated, reaching middle of lobe, with 2 teeth, apical tooth unicellular, hardly visible, median tooth 2-cellular, hyaline papilla at median tooth. Asexual reproduction with up to 24-celled gemmae. Monoicous. Perianths ovoid, apex truncate, without ventral keels, 0.5 x 0.3 mm wide, papillose at apex. Habitat: Epiphyllous in montane forest, 2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Karamba, Kamiranzovu. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo. Note: Tixier (1995) cites erroneously DR Congo, Kahuzi-Biéga as type locality (misspelled as ‘Kahuzi Riega’), ‘forêt à Cootea ussambarica’ = Ocotea usambarensis), but indicates correctly the collection number of the type locality in Rwanda.

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Fig. 144. Cololejeunea pseudo-pusilla Tixier Plants small, up to 0.7 mm wide. Stems up to 0.5 cm long, up to 60 µm in diameter. Lobes ovate, acuminate at apex, 0.3 mm long and 0.2 mm wide. Lobules saccate, inflated, well developed or reduced, well developed lobule 150 µm long and 100 µm wide, with apical tooth hardly visible, median tooth 2-cellular, hyaline papilla at base of median tooth. Asexual reproduction with up to 22-24-celled gemmae. Monoicous. Perianths ovoid, apex rounded, without ventral keels, 0.4 mm long and 0.2 mm wide. Habitat: Submontane rain forest, 1950 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Gisakura. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo.

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Fig. 145. Cololejeunea pusilla Steph. Synonym: Cololejeunea pusilla Steph. var. pusilla. Plants small, shoots 0.5-0.8(-1) mm wide. Leaves approximate, spreading at 50-80Â° to the stem. Lobe up to 0.4-0.6 mm long, ovate-lanceolate, with acute apex. Lobule reduced to a few (4-8) cells, 36-55 x 2240 Âľm. Gemmae on non-marginal lobe cells. Autoicous. Perianth pyriform and terete, 0.4-0.6 x 0.3-0.4 mm, with 5 keels. Habitat: Epiphyllous in montane forest, 2000-2100 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Karamba, Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: Guinea, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Bioko, Cameroon, Gabon, Rio Muni.

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Figs 146 and 147 (next page). Cololejeunea runssorensis (Steph.) Pรณcs Synonyms: Cololejeunea leonardii Vanden Berghen; C. elegans auct. non Steph. Plants medium-sized, shoots 0.8-1.2 mm wide. Stem 2-5 mm long. Lobe elliptical, rounded at apex, crenulate at margin by papillose cells, 0.3-0.4(-0.5) x 0.54-0.64 mm. Lobule well developed, c. 1/3-2/5 of lobe length, 0.13-0.18 x 0.2-0.27 mm, sometimes inflated in basal part, with 2 teeth, apical tooth consisting of 1-3 cells, proximal tooth of 1 cell, sometimes lobule reduced to a few cells and then only 1 tooth developed. Cells of lobe each with papilla on dorsal side. Monoicous. Perianth exserted, compressed, obovate, 0.375 x 0.6 mm, lateral keels slightly auriculate, ventral keel obtuse, cells papillose. Habitat: Epiphyllous in montane forest, 1900-2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Karamba, Kamiranzovu, Rwankuba, Uwinka, Gisakura. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Malawi.

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Fig. 148. Cololejeunea sphaerocarpa Tixier Plants small, up to 0.5 mm wide. Stems up to 1 cm long, branched, up to 60 Âľm in diameter. Lobes rounded-ovate, apex rounded, pseudovitta short, at base of lobe. Lobules usually reduced, triangular, keel straight, with apical tooth unicellular, well developed lobules sometimes present. Asexual reproduction with up to 24-celled gemmae. Monoicous. Perianths spherical, apex rounded, with indistinct ventral keels and short rostrum, 0.25 mm long and 0.2 mm wide. Habitat: Epiphyllous in montane forest, 2100 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo.

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Figs 149 and 150 (next page). Cololejeunea tenuiparietata Tixier Plants medium-sized, up to 1.7 mm wide. Stems up to 1 cm long. Lobes elongate, slightly rectangular, apex rounded, 1 mm long and 0.6 mm wide, pseudovitta short, at base of lobe. Lobules saccate, about 1/5 of lobe length, keel straight, 0.2 mm long and 0.15 mm wide, with 2 teeth, apical tooth unicellular, hardly visible, median tooth 3-cellular, with 2 basal and 1 apical cell. Asexual reproduction with up to 20-22-celled gemmae. Monoicous. Perianths compressed, with wide and rounded wings, with ventral keels and short rostrum, 0.7 mm long and 0.35 mm wide. Habitat: Epiphyllous in montane forest on Marattia fraxinea, 2000-2100 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Uwinka, Gisakura. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo.

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Fig. 151. Cololejeunea zenkeri (Steph.) E.W.Jones Plants medium-sized, shoots up to 1-1.4 mm wide. Leaves approximate, in an angle of c. 60Â° to the stem. Lobe 0.55-0.8 x 0.4-0.55 mm, ovate, apex obtuse, margin irregularly serrate with conically protuberant cells. Lobule c. 0.35-0.5 the length of the lobe, sometimes reduced to a few cells, apical tooth with 2 short cells, hyaline papilla spherical, at base of apical tooth. Gemmae present. Autoicous. Perianth pyriform, strongly inflated, lateral keels narrow, at papillose apex. Habitat: Epiphyllous or epiphytic in montane rainforest, 2000-2300 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Gishwati Forest: Gikungu. Nyungwe NP: Karamba, Kamiranzovu, Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: Sierra Leone, Principe, Bioko, Cameroon, Rio Muni, DR Congo, Burundi, Uganda, Tanzania. Also Madagascar, RĂŠunion.

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Figs 152 and 153 (next page). Colura berghenii Jovet-Ast Plants pale green, resembling C. calyptrifolia. Leaves distichous, ascending to erect, 0.7-1.4 mm long, all possessing a claviform sac, dorsal lobe smaller than ventral lobe, ovate to orbicular, overlapping stem and decurved, ventral lobe ovoid, sac-like, abruptly narrowed into a beak of 1/4 to 1/3 of total leaf length. Cells of lobe 16-24 x 20 Âľm, each cell distinctly papillose, walls with large nodular trigones. Autoicous. Perianth densely papillose, narrowly pyriform with five spreading 0.15 mm long horns, 1.5 mm long and 0.5 mm wide. Habitat: Epiphyllous (?) or on small dead twigs of ericaceous shrub in montane forest, 2000-2950 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Gisakura, Mt. Bigugu, Rwasenkoko. Distribution in Africa: Ethiopia (Bale Mts.),Tanzania (Kilimanjaro, Rungwe). Note: First recorded by Tixier (1995) based on a depauperate and doubtful specimen from rather low altitude. On Mt. Bigugu at 2950 m and in Rwasenkoko Swamp at 2450 m the plant is well developed and fertile.

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Fig. 154. Colura calyptrifolia (Hook.) Dumort. Plants epiphytic on twigs of ericaceous shrubs or epiphyllous, pale green. Stems up to 4 mm long. Leaves distichous, ascending to erect, 0.7-1.4 mm long, all possessing a claviform sac, dorsal lobe smaller than ventral lobe, ovate to orbicular, overlapping stem and decurved, ventral lobe ovoid, sac-like, abruptly narrowed into a beak of 1/4 to 1/3 of total leaf length. Cells of lobe 16-24 x 20 Âľm, walls without nodular trigones Valve movable, ovate, bordered by c. 16-18 hyaline cells, the central tissue of c. 10-12 cells with uniformly thickened walls. Underleaves bilobed, about 0.5 mm long, with subulate lobes up to 2 cells wide at base. Autoicous. Perianth lateral on the main axis, narrowly pyriform with five weak papillose spreading 0.15 mm long horns, 1.5 mm long and 0.5 mm wide, rostrum short, 1-celled. Habitat: Epiphyllous or epiphytic on dead twigs of ericaceous shrubs in montane forest, 2000-2450 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Gisakura, Rwasenkoko. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Burundi, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe, South Africa. Also Central and South America, Western Europe, Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands, Mauritius, RĂŠunion.

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Figs 155 and 156. (next page) Colura digitalis (Mitt.) Steph. Plants epiphyllous, pale green. Stems up to 6 mm long. Leaves distichous, 1.1-1.8 mm long, lobe c. 0.65 the length of the leaf, 0.35-0.75 mm wide, sac about 0.3 the length of the leaf, apex rounded. Cells of lobe 20-30 x 35-40 µm, walls with nodular trigones and intermediate thickenings. Valve ovate, bordered by 15-18 hyaline cells, the central tissue of 16-18 cells with uniformly thickened walls. Underleaves bilobed, about 0.8 mm long, with acute lobes, 5-8 cells wide at base. Autoicous. Perianth 1.3 mm long and 0.8 mm wide, 3-winged distally. Habitat: Epiphyllous in montane forest, 1950-2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Karamba, Gisakura, Rwankuba, Kamiranzovu. Distribution in Africa: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Nigeria, Principe, Annobon, São Tomé, Bioko, Cameroon, Gabon, Rio Muni, Central African Republic, Congo-Brazzaville, DR Congo, Burundi, Uganda, Tanzania. Also Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles.

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Figs 157 and 158 (next page). Colura saroltae Pócs Plants epiphytic on twigs of ericaceous shrubs, pale green, in patches of 1.5-3 cm wide. Stems up to 15 mm long. Leaves distichous, 1.6-2 mm long, all possessing a claviform sac, free part 0.1 mm long and wide, with rounded apex. Lobe 0.6-1 mm wide, margin plane, crenulated towards apex. Cells of lobe 5 x 30 µm, walls with nodular trigones and intermediate thickenings. Valve not detachable, ligulate, up to 200 µm long and 150 µm wide, bordered by 27-30 hyaline cells, the central tissue of 64-73 cells with uniformly thickened walls. Underleaves bilobed, about 1 mm long, with acute lobes 10-12 cells wide at base. Dioicous. Perianth lateral on the main axis, narrowly pyriform with five weak keels, 1.5 mm long and 0.8 mm wide, rostrum lacking. Habitat: Ericaceous shrubs in swamp vegetation of montane forest, on small branches, 2000-2950 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Mt. Bigugu. Distribution in Africa: Tanzania (Kilimanjaro).

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Figs 159 and 160 (next page). Colura tenuicornis (A.Evans) Steph. Plants pale green. Stems up to 4 mm long. Leaves distichous, ascending to erect, 0.7-1.4 mm long, all possessing a claviform sac, dorsal lobe smaller than ventral lobe, ovate to orbicular, overlapping stem and decurved, ventral lobe ovoid, sac-like, abruptly narrowed into a beak of c. 1/2 of total leaf length. Cells of lobe 16-24 x 20 µm, walls without nodular trigones Valve movable, ovate, bordered by c. 12-15 hyaline cells, the central tissue of c. 8-11 cells with uniformly thickened walls. Underleaves bilobed, about 0.5 mm long, with subulate lobes up to 2 cells wide at base. Autoicous. Perianth lateral on the main axis, narrowly pyriform with 5 narrow acute papillose spreading 0.2-0.25 mm long horns, 1.5 mm long and 0.8 mm wide, rostrum short, 1-celled. Habitat: Epiphyllous or epiphytic on twigs of ericaceous shrubs in montane forest, 2000-2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Karamba, Uwinka, Kamiranzovu. Distribution in Africa: Sierra Leone, São Tomé, Cameroon, Gabon, DR Congo, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania, South Africa. Also Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles.

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Figs 161 and 162 (next page). Cylindrocolea atroviridis (Sim) Váňa Synonym: Cephaloziella atroviridis (Sim) E.W.Jones. Plants pale green to brown or reddish. Stems irregularly branched, 60-105 µm in diameter, 6-7 cells thick in section, cells thin-walled. Leaves obcuneate with narrow base to triangular-ovate, bilobed to 1/3-1/2, 250-380 × 200-320 µm, obliquely to nearly transversely inserted, insertion not reaching the dorsal midline of the stem, lobes with acute to somewhat obtuse apices. Cells thinwalled, without trigones, 15-18 × 20 µm. Underleaves lacking. Autoicous. Perianths conical to conical-cylindrical, with mouth wide, truncate. Habitat: On rotten wood in montane forest, 2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: Sierra Leone, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, DR Congo, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Lesotho, South Africa. Also Madagascar.

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Figs 163 and 164 (next page). Cylindrocolea gittinsii (E.W.Jones) R.M.Schust. Plants terrestrial, vivid green. Stems irregularly branched, 70-85 µm in diameter, 4-8 mm long. Leaves distant, subrectangular, bilobed to 1/3-2/5, 80-120 × 90-160 µm, obliquely to nearly transversely inserted, insertion not reaching the dorsal midline of the stem, lobes with acute to somewhat obtuse apices. Cells thin-walled, without trigones, 10-12 × 10-14 µm. Underleaves lacking. Monoicous. Perianths conical to conical-cylindrical, with mouth narrowed at apex. Habitat: On earth in Eucalyptus plantations and rock fissures in dry forest, 1650-1800 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Central Rwanda: Huye (Butare). Akagera: Nyarubuye. Distribution in Africa: Cameroon, Uganda, Kenya.

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Fig. 165. Diplasiolejeunea aulae E.W.Jones Plants medium-sized, 1.3-1.5 mm wide. Sterile leaves imbricate, alternate. Lobes ovate to obovate, rounded at apex, 0.9 x 0.6-0.7 mm, dorsal margin convex, ventral margin forming a wide but distinct angle with the weakly arched keel. Lobules inflated proximally and along the keel, ovate, c. 0.5 the length of the lobe, apical tooth 2-4 cells long, partly or entirely of 2 ranks of cells, proximal tooth of 1-2 cells on the angle, often incurved, usually also a small tooth at the base of the apex of the lobule close to its junction with the lobe. Underleaves bifid, 4-5 x wider than stem, lobes 0.3-0.35 Âľm long, 8-10 cells wide at base, apex obtusely pointed or rounded. Gemmiferous leaves of a shoot, 1.3-1.6 x 0.6 mm, dorsal and ventral margin usually deflexed, lobule long, narrow, fusiform. Habitat: Epiphyllous or epiphytic on small branches in montane forest, 2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe Forest: Gisakura. Distribution in Africa: Ghana, Uganda. Also Madagascar.

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Figs 166 and 167 (next page). Diplasiolejeunea cavifolia Steph. Synonym: Diplasiolejeunea brachyclada A.Evans. Plants epiphyllous, medium-sized, 2-2.5 mm wide, pale green. Leaves slightly imbricate, alternate. Lobes entire, ovate to subelliptic, rounded at apex, 0.85-1.25 x 1.2-1.6 mm, dorsal margin distinctly convex, ventral margin slightly convex. Lobules only slightly inflated, ovate, 0.28-0.4 x 0.45-0.68 mm, apical tooth terminated by one or two cells, median tooth 40-60 µm long, consisting of one cell or 2 cells in a row, bearing 1 larger cell (rarely 2-3) forming the letter T. Cells with small trigones, ocelli numerous, dispersed and isolated. Underleaves bifid, 4-5 x wider than stem, lobes 0.3-0.35 µm long, 9-10 cells wide at base, terminated by 1 or 2-3 adjacent cells. Dioicous (?). Perianths longly exserted, subcylindrical, with 5 keels, 0.7-0.12 x 0.375-0.6 mm, beak short, 15-30 µm long. Habitat: Epiphyllous or epiphytic in montane forest, 2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko. Distribution in Africa: Ghana, Nigeria, São Tomé, Rio Muni, DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, South Africa. Also Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius.

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Figs 168 and 169 (next page). Diplasiolejeunea cornuta Steph. Plants epiphytic or epiphyllous, small, 1.2 mm wide, pale green to pale brown. Leaves distant to slightly imbricate, alternate. Lobes entire, ovate, asymmetrical, rounded or slightly apiculate at apex, 0.55-0.73 x 0.35-0.54 mm. Lobules inflated, fusiform, 0.25-0.33 x 0.1-0.2 mm, generally with 2 teeth, apical tooth with 2 cells, median tooth arched, with 2 cells in a row, 25-50 µm long, hyaline papilla inserted at internal face of lobule. Cells thinwalled, with small trigones, central cells 20-26 x 18-24 µm, ocelli numerous, dispersed and isolated, basal ocelli often present, 40 x 60 µm. Underleaves bifid, 2-3 x wider than stem, lobes acicular, 0.08-0.11 mm long, 2-3 cells large at base, ending with a row of 2-6 cells. Monoicous. Perianths longly exserted, obovate to subcylindrical, 0.675 x 0.375 mm, with 5 keels, prolonged to horns, beak 50 µm long. Habitat: Epiphyllous or epiphytic in montane forest, 2000-2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Karamba, Kamiranzovu, Gisakura. Distribution in Africa: Ghana, DR Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe. Also Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles.

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Figs 170 and 171 (next page). Diplasiolejeunea cyanguguensis Tixier Plants epiphyllous, medium-sized, pale green to yellowish, up to 1 cm long, up to 1.6 mm large. Leaves densely imbricate, alternate, inserted at angle of 90Â°. Lobes entire, ovate, rounded at apex, not covering stem, up to 1 mm long and 0.8 mm large. Lobules large, only slightly inflated, reaching half of lobe length, 0.5 mm long and 0.3 mm wide, truncate at apex, with 2 teeth, apical tooth hardly visible, median tooth elongated, doubled at apex, both half-teeth 3-4 cells long, submedian tooth more or less arched, long or short, hyaline papilla not observed. Cells thin-walled, ocelli absent, marginal cells 15 Âľm in diameter, basal cells 40 x 15 Âľm. Underleaves at each lateral leaf, bifid, each lobe 0.3 mm long, obtuse at apex, up to 10 cells large at base and 3 cells large at apex. Habitat: Epiphyllous in montane forest, 1900-2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Gisakura.

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Figs 172 and 173 (next page). Diplasiolejeunea deslooveri Vanden Berghen Plants epiphyllous, shoots 1.2-1.8 mm wide. Leaves distant or contiguous. Lobe ovate, apex rounded or subtruncate, 0.35-0.55 x 0.65-0.9 mm. One basal ocellus and (2-)36(-10) single ocelli present. Lobule large, 0.18-0.24 x 0.3-0.42 mm, inflated, free margin arched, with obtuse tooth, apical tooth triangular, with 2-4 rows of cells, rows at base with 2-4 cells, the two ultimate rows usually unicellular, tooth sometimes ending with a cell bearing 2 joined cells at apex. Underleaves distant, 3-4 x as wide as the stem, 0.180.22 0.25-0.42 mm, sinus rounded, lobes 0.15 mm long, at base 6-8 cells wide, ending in 1-2 cells, obtuse. Monoicous. Perianth subcylindric, with truncate apex and 5 kells dilated to auricles, 0.4-0.6 x 0.9-1 mm. Habitat: Epiphyllous in montane forest, 1950-1970 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rwankuba, Kamiranzovu. Distribution in Africa: Tanzania. Also Madagascar, Mauritius.

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Figs 174 and 175 (next page). Diplasiolejeunea kraussiana (Lindenb.) Steph. Plants epiphytic or epiphyllous, small, 1.2 mm wide, pale green to pale brown. Leaves distant to slightly imbricate, alternate. Lobes entire, ovate, asymmetrical, rounded or slightly apiculate at apex, 0.55-0.73 x 0.35-0.54 mm. Lobules inflated, fusiform, 0.250.33 x 0.1-0.2 mm, generally with 2 teeth, apical tooth with two cells, median tooth arched, with two cells in a row, 25-50 µm long, hyaline papilla inserted at internal face of lobule. Cells thin-walled, with small trigones, central cells 20-26 x 18-24 µm, ocelli numerous, dispersed and isolated, basal ocelli often present, 40 x 60 µm. Underleaves bifid, 2-3 x wider than stem, lobes acicular, 80-110 µm long, 2-3 cells large at base, ending with a row of 2-6 cells. Monoicous. Perianths longly exserted, obovate to subcylindrical, 0.67 x 0.37 mm, with 5 keels, prolonged to horns, beak 50 µm long. Habitat: Epiphyllous or epiphytic in montane forest, 2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Karamba, Kamiranzovu. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Burundi, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe, South Africa. Also Madagascar.

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Figs 176 and 177 (next page). Diplasiolejeunea runssorensis Steph. Plants epiphytic or epiphyllous, medium-sized, 1.6-1.8 mm wide, olive green to pale brown. Stems 1-2 cm long. Leaves densely imbricate, alternate. Lobes entire, convex, ovate, rounded and incurved at apex, 0.9-1.4 x 0.8-1.15 mm. Lobules ovate, basal part inflated, fusiform, 0.42-0.5 x 0.25-0.3 mm, apical tooth acute to obtuse, median tooth acute, 40-60 µm long, ending with a row of 2-3 cells, obtuse submedian tooth distinct close to keel, hyaline papilla inserted at internal face of lobule. Cells with thin or uniformly thickened walls with small trigones, central cells 22-29 x 20-26 µm, ocelli absent Underleaves bifid, 3 x as wide as the stem, 0.315-0.5 x 0.3-0.4 mm, lobes rounded at apex, 9-12 cells wide at base, separated by a sinus of 60-100°. Asexual reproduction by gemmae inserted on dorsal face of lobe. Monoicous. Perianths longly exserted, obovate to clavate, 1-1.2x 0.6-0.75 mm, with 5 slightly winged keels, beak 25 µm long. Habitat: Epiphyllous or epiphytic on small twigs in montane forest, 1950-2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Karamba, Gisakura, Rwankuba. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania. Also Madagascar.

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Figs 178 and 179 (next page). Diplasiolejeunea symoensii Vanden Berghen Plants small, 1.2-1.8 mm wide, pale green. Leaves distant to slightly imbricate. Lobes entire, asymmetrical, ovate, rounded to truncate at apex, 0.65-1 x 0.3-0.6 mm. Lobules only slightly inflated, ovate to subrectangular, 0.42-0.45 x 0.27-0.3 mm, apical tooth 50-90 µm long, with two rows of 3-5 cells, ending in an isolated cell or 2 adjacent cells. Cells with small trigones, central cells 17-22 x 23-30 µm, 1-3 ocelli at base of lobe. Underleaves bifid, 3 x wider than stem, lobes 120-180 µm long, 3-5 cells wide at base, terminated by 1 or 2 uniseriate cells. Vegetative propagation by gemmae comprising c. 38 cells. Monoicous (?). Perianths longly exserted, stipitate, clavate, with 5 keels, 750 x 330-345 µm. Habitat: Epiphyllous or epiphytic in montane forest and HageniaHypericum forest,1950-3300 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi, in the saddle between Bisoke and Karisimbi. Nyungwe NP: Karamba, Kamiranzovu, Gisakura, Rwankuba. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi. Also Comoros, Madagascar.

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Figs 180 and 181 (next page). Diplophyllum africanum S.W.Arnell Plants small, rupicolous, pale green, in losse tufts. Stems prostrate to suberect, usually simple, to 1 cm long. Leaves about 0.39 x 0.84 mm, distant to subimbricate, bilobed, lobes conduplicate, margin slightly denticulate. Lobes of similar shape as ventral lobules, appressed to lobule, about 0.7 of its length, apex rounded except when gemmiferous, acute or obtuse and apiculate, keel curved. Cells isodiametric to slightly elongate in vitta region, 10 x 15 Âľm Underleaves absent. Asexual reproduction by brown, unicellular gemmae on deformed lobe apices of upper leaves, 25-33 Âľm long. Habitat: On rocks and moist ground in Paramo from 3500 to 3700 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Bisoke. Distribution in Africa: Kenya, Tanzania.

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Figs 182 and 183 (next page). Drepanolejeunea cultrella (Mitt.) Steph. Plants small, shoots 0.3-0.45 mm wide and several mm long. Leaves distant to contiguous, with short insertion line. Lobe lanceolate, distinctly convex on dorsal side and nearly straight on ventral side, entire on dorsal margin, ventral margin with strong triangular tooth at its base and occasionally some spiniform teeth, asymmetrical, slightly falcate, apex acuminate, 0.12-0.16 x 0.2-0.35 mm. Lobule inflated, fusiform, 0.3-0.5 the length of the lobe, apical tooth 1-celled, curved. 1-3 scattered ocelli present. Underleaves distant, with triangular lobes, 0.06-0.07 mm long, at base 2-3 cells wide, followed by a uniseriate lobe. Autoicous. Perianth obconical, dentate, the lobes acuminate, with 5 keels, 0.2 x 0.45 mm, short and acute horns present. Habitat: Epiphyllous or epiphytic in montane forest, 1900-2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Karamba, Gisakura, km 106 Butare-Cyangugu, Kamiranzovu. Distribution in Africa: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, SĂŁo TomĂŠ, Cameroon, DR Congo, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania. Also Comoros, Madagascar.

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Figs 184 and 185 (next page). Drepanolejeunea deslooveri Vanden Berghen Synonym: Drepanolejeunea hamatifolia auct. non (Hook.) Schiffn. Plants small, shoots 0.32-0.52 mm wide. Leaves slightly imbricate. Lobe distinctly concave on ventral side, forming an angle of 10-40Â° with the stem, entire or sinuate, asymmetrical, subtriangularlanceolate, slightly falcate, apex acuminate, 0.09-0.13 x 0.27-0.36 mm. Lobule inflated, fusiform, apical tooth 1-celled, hyaline papilla subglobose, 0.05-0.085 x 0.1-0.15 mm. 1-2 ocelli present. Underleaves distant, with subulate lobes, 0.05-0.07 mm long, at base 2 cells wide. Monoicous. Perianth turbinate, with 5 keels, 0.3-0.36 x 0.45-0.52 mm, horns absent. Habitat: Epiphyllous or epiphytic in montane forest, 2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, South Africa.

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Figs 186 and 187 (next page). Drepanolejeunea physaefolia (Gottsche) Steph. Synonyms: Drepanolejeunea friesii Vanden Berghen; D. vesiculosa auct. non (Mitt.) Steph. Plants yellowish to light-brownish green, 4-5.5(-7) mm long and 0.35-0.45 mm wide. Leaves mostly imbricate, (0.25-)0.28-0.29 x 0.22-0.25 mm, with strongly decurved acute pointed apex. Basal ocelli present in most leaves, 2 in a row, containing one large oil body. Lobules ± ovate in shape, 0.14-0.160 x 0.08-0.09 mm, 0.5 the length of the lobe, apical tooth 1-celled, curved towards lower margin of lobe. Underleaves 1.2-2 x as wide as the stem, 0.070-0.088 x (0.06-) 0.07-1 mm, with widely diverging, small triangular lobes ending in a one-celled apex. Perianths 0.5-0.55(-0.7) x 0.25-0.28 mm, obovoid with five long deep equal keels and a strong rostrum. Habitat: Epiphytic or epiphyllous in montane forest, 1900-2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Karamba, Kamiranzovu, Gisakura, Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: Guinea, Ivory Coast, Principe, Bioko, São Tomé, Cameroon, Rio Muni, DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa. Also Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles.

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Figs 188 and 189 (next page). Drepanolejeunea ruandensis Vanden Berghen Plants small, shoots 0.3-0.4 mm wide and several mm long. Leaves distant to contiguous, with short insertion line. Lobe lanceolate, distinctly convex on dorsal side and nearly straight on ventral side, irregularly dentate, asymmetrical, slightly falcate, apex acuminate, 0.1-0.15 x 0.2-0.37 mm. Lobule inflated, fusiform, 0.07-0.09 x 0.13-0.17 mm, apical tooth 1-celled, arched, keel convex and mamillate. 1-3 scattered ocelli present. Underleaves distant, with triangular lobes, 0.06-0.07 mm long, at base 2-3 cells wide. Monoicous. Perianth turbinate, with 5 keels, 0.3-0.37 x 0.5-0.6 mm, short horns present. Habitat: Epiphyllous or epiphytic in montane forest, 2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Karamba, Kamiranzovu. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo.

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Figs 190 and 191 (next page). Drepanolejeunea symoensii (Vanden Berghen) Grolle Synonym: Leptolejeunea symoensii Vanden Berghen. Plants small, shoots 0.32-0.52 mm wide and 2-4 mm long. Leaves distant or contiguous. Lobe lanceolate-rhombical, subsymmetrical, margin entire or with few teeth, apex acuminate, 0.16-0.26 x 0.45-0.67 mm. Lobule subquadrangular, 0.06-0.13 x 0.15-0.27 mm, apical tooth 1-2-celled, hyaline papilla subglobose. 1-3 scattered ocelli present. Underleaves distant, with basilar disc, and subulate lobes, 0.08-0.16 mm long, at base 2 cells wide, followed by a row of 1-5 cells. Dioicous. Perianth turbinate, with 5 keels, 0.45 x 0.75 mm, horns absent. Habitat: Epiphyllous in montane forest, 1950-2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Gisakura, Rwankuba, Kamiranzovu. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Burundi, Uganda.

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Figs 192 and 193 (next page). Drepanolejeunea vandenberghenii Buchbender & Eb.Fisch. Plants yellowish to light-brownish green, up to 14 mm long and 0.45-0.6 mm wide. Leaves mostly imbricate, (0.37-)0.4-0.45 x 0.37-0.4(-0.42) mm, with strongly decurved rounded to acute but rather widely pointed apex. Lobules Âą ovate in shape with the upper border being more straight than the lower, 0.16-0.175(-0.188) x 0.087-0.1 mm, 1/2 of the length of the lobe, with apical tooth curved towards lower margin of lobe. Underleaves 1.5-2Â x as wide as the stem, 0.087-0.1 x (0.112-)0.125-0.138 mm, obtrapeziform with widely diverging, small triangular lobes ending mostly in a two-celled apex, separated by a shallow to rectangulate sinus. Perianth 0.7(-0.9) x 0.35(-0.4) mm, obovoid with 5 long deep equal keels and a strong rostrum. Habitat: Quartzitic rocks with Sphagnum and Breutelia in montane forest, also epiphytic on small twigs of Symphonia globulifera in the canopy, 1900-2020 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Karamba, along old road to Ntendezi, between Gisakura and Karamba, E Karamba. Distribution in Africa: Malawi.

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Figs 194 and 195 (next page). Frullania angulata Mitt. Plants dark brown, laxly pinnate, forming pendent fronds up to 10-20 cm long. Leaf lobes 1-1.3(-2) x 0.7-0.9(-1.5) mm, spreading when moist, rolled around stem when dry, mucronate or apiculate at apex, auriculate at base. Lobules 0.2-0.35 mm long, 2.5-4 x as long as wide, mouth not projecting beyond lobe margin. Underleaves 2-3(-4) x as wide as the stem, bilobed for 0.3-0.4 of their length, lobes acute, margins revolute, auricled at base. Dioicous. Perianths claviform-cylindrical, trigonous, smooth. Habitat: Epiphyte on small branches in montane forest, 2000-2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Uwinka, Gisakura, Kamiranzovu, Ntendezi. Distribution in Africa: Nigeria, Annobón, São Tomé, Bioko, Cameroon, DR Congo, Burundi, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique. Also Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion.

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Fig 196. Frullania apicalis Mitt. Plants dark brown to black, irregularly pinnate. Leaves distant to almost imbricate. Leaf lobes 0.5-0.8(-1) x 0.4-0.65(-0.75) mm, rounded at apex, truncate to weakly rounded at base. Lobules 0.2-0.3 mm long, 1.6-2.5 x as long as wide, mouth projecting beyond lobe margin. Underleaves 2-3 x as wide as the stem, bilobed for 0.25-0.35 of their length. Dioicous. Perianths claviform or fusiform, trigonous in upper part, terete below, smooth. Habitat: Epiphyte, rarely on rocks, 2020-2650 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Sabinyo. Nyungwe NP: Karamba, Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Annobón, São Tomé, Bioko, Rio Muni, DR Congo, Burundi, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Mozambique. Also Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, Rodriguez, Seychelles.

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Figs 197 and 198 (next page). Frullania apiculata (Reinw., Blume & Nees.) Dumort. Plants dark brown to reddish, regularly pinnate-bipinnate, main axes forming fronds up to 2-5 cm long. Leaves imbricate. Leaf lobes oval, 0.5-0.8(-1) x 0.35-0.65(-0.8) mm, rounded and mucronate at apex, truncate at base. Lobules 0.18-0.25 mm long, 2-2.6 x as long as wide, on a stalk equalling or exceeding in length the diameter of the lobule, parallel to the stem, mouth projecting beyond lobe margin. Underleaves 2-3 x as wide as the stem, bilobed for 0.25-0.35 of their length. Autoicous. Perianths claviform, trigonous, smooth. Habitat: Epiphytic in montane forest, 2000 m. Distribution in RwandaÂ : Nyungwe NP: Karamba, Kamiranzovu, Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: Guinea, Ghana, Cameroon, Gabon, Rio Muni, DR Congo. Also Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, RĂŠunion, Seychelles.

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Figs 199 and 200 (next page). Frullania arecae (Spreng.) Gottsche Plants olive-green to reddish- or purplish brown, irregularly pinnate, main axes forming fronds up to 10 cm long. Leaves imbricate. Leaf lobes broadly ovate, 1-1.6 x 1.4-1.8 mm, convex, with basal auricle, rounded at apex, extending across stem. Lobules 0.551.5 x 0.2-0.5 mm, parallel to the stem, saccate portion helmet-shaped, rostrum large or small, decurrent, sometimes laminal portion longer than saccate part or lobule entirely laminal. Underleaves orbicular, 4-5 x as wide as the stem, bilobed for 0.1 of their length, base cordate or auriculate. Autoicous. Perianths cylindrical, with 8-10 long and smooth keels. Habitat: Epiphyte, e.g. on Sinarundinaria, Erica and Dendrosenecio erici-rosenii, occasionally on ground or roadcuts, 2330-3600 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi, in the saddle between Bisoke and Karisimbi, on the E-slopes along trail to summit. Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, along road from Butare to Cyangugu at border of Rusizi District. Distribution in Africa: Sierra Leone, Ghana, Nigeria, São Tomé, Bioko, Cameroon, DR Congo, Burundi, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, South Africa. Also Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion.

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Fig. 201. Frullania caffraria Steph. Plants olive-green to reddish- or purplish brown, large, irregularly pinnate, main axes forming lax mats. Leaves imbricate. Leaf lobes circular, 1-1.6(-2) x 1-1.25(-1.6) mm, convex, with basal auricle, rounded at apex. Lobules 0.4-0.65 mm long, helmet-shaped to widely bell-shaped, always with a curved apiculus. Underleaves suborbicular, 3-5 x as wide as the stem, very shortly bilobed. Dioicous. Perianths trigonous, claviform, smooth or with narrow verrucose keels. Habitat: Epiphytic in montane forest, also on planted trees. Distribution in Rwanda: Central Rwanda: Huye (Butare). Distribution in Africa: Nigeria, Bioko, Cameroon, Rio Muni, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa. Also Madagascar, Mauritius, RĂŠunion.

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Figs 202 and 203 (next page). Frullania capensis Gottsche Plants dark reddish- or purplish brown to black, regularly pinnately branched. Leaves distant to slightly imbricate. Leaf lobes concave, ovate-reniform, 0.4-0.6 x 0.6-0.75(0.8) mm, rounded at apex. Lobules clavate, attenuate at base, parallel to stem or, in branches, with apex directed to stem, 0.1-0.3 x 0.18-0.22 mm. Underleaves 1.2-2 x as wide as the stem, bilobed for 1/4-1/3 of their length, base cuneate. Monoicous. Perianths clavate, trigonous. Habitat: On quartzitic rocks in montane forest, 2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Karamba. Distribution in Africa: Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, South Africa. Also Madagascar, RĂŠunion.

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Figs 204 and 205 (next page). Frullania depressa Mitt. Plants brown to nearly purple-black, irregularly pinnate, main axes forming mats. Leaves imbricate. Leaf lobes oval or ovate, 0.8-1.4(-1.8) x 0.6-1(-1.25) mm, with basal auricle, rounded at apex. Lobules (0.35-)0.6-0.7(-0.8) x 0.3-0.4(-0.6) mm, diverging obliquely from the stem, inflated around apex, forming a rostrum on distal side, compressed towards mouth. Underleaves suborbicular, 3-5 x as wide as the stem, bilobed for 0.1-0.2 of their length, base rounded to cordate. Autoicous. Perianths subcylindrical, compressed, with 2 lateral and 2 ventral keels, dorsal face plane or with 1-3 low keels. Habitat: Epiphyte, e.g. on bark of Erica between 2330 and 2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Uwinka, along road from Butare to Cyangugu at border of Rusizi District. Distribution in Africa: Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Bioko, Cameroon, DR Congo, Burundi, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, South Africa. Also Comoros, Madagascar.

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Figs 206, 207 and 208 (next pages). Frullania ericoides (Nees) Mont. Plants dull green to dark brown, irregularly pinnate. Leaves laxly imbricate when dry, curved upwards and squarrose when moist. Leaf lobes oval to round, 0.9-1.1 x 0.6-0.7(0.95) mm, with basal auricle, rounded at apex, extending across stem. Lobules 0.20.38 mm long, very variable in size, well developed about as long as wide, sometimes lobule entirely laminal. Underleaves 2-4 x as wide as the stem, longer than wide, bilobed for 0.15-0.35 of their length, base cuneate. Dioicous. Perianths claviform or cylindrical, trigonous, sometimes with 1-2 weak supplementary keels, upper part with short processes. Habitat: On rocks and on bark of trees in montane forest, savanna and cultivated landscape, 1300-2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Gishwati Forest: W of Gakarara. Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko. Central Rwanda: Butare, Rubona, Songa. Akagera: Lake Ihema, Lake Mpanga region. Distribution in Africa: One of the most widespread species. Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Annobon, Bioko, Cameroon, Congo-Brazzaville, Central African Republic, Gabon, DR Congo, Burundi, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa. Also Canaries, Cape Verde.

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Fig. 209. Frullania imerinensis Steph. Plants brown, regularly pinnate or bipinnate. Shoots 2-4(-6) cm long and 0.9-1.1(-1.5) mm wide. Leaves imbricate. Leaf lobes 0.75-1 x 0.58-0.75 mm, rounded at apex, concave, ovate to reniform, obtuse to rounded at base, incurved at apex. Lobules clavate, 0.250.45 mm long, 2-2.5 x as long as wide, arranged parallel to the stem, mouth attenuate. Underleaves 2.5-3 x as wide as the stem, bilobed for 0.25-0.35 of their length. Dioicous. Perianths claviform or fusiform, trigonous, smooth, 2-2.1 x 0.6-0.8 mm. Habitat: Epiphytic in montane forest. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Recorded by De Sloover without precise locality. Distribution in Africa: Madagascar, Seychelles.

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Fig. 210. Frullania lindenbergii Lehm. Plants pale-green, yellow-brown to carmin-brown, regularly bipinnate. Leaves imbricate, squarrose when moist. Leaf lobes ovate, 0.6-0.9(-1.2) x 0.9-0.1.2(-1.5) mm, rounded to obtuse at apex. Lobules with distinct peduncle, cylindrical-clavate, attenuate at base, forming an angle of (20-)30-45° with stem, up to 90° in young branches, 0.1-0.2 x 0.240.45 mm. Underleaves (2-)3-5 x as wide as the stem, bilobed for 1/4-1/3 of their length, lobes acute, usually with 1-2 teeth at lateral side. Monoicous. Perianths clavate, trigonous. Habitat: Epiphytic in montane forest, 2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Gisakura. Distribution in Africa: Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, South Africa. Also Réunion.

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Figs 211 and 212 (next page). Frullania obscurifolia Mitt. Plants dark reddish- or purplish brown to black, irregularly branched. Leaves distant to slightly imbricate, squarrose when moist, sometimes caducous. Leaf lobes ovate, 0.3-0.6 x 0.28-0.45 mm, with basal auricle, rounded at apex. Lobules large relative to lobe, often 0.5 or more of lobe length, 0.2-0.3 x 0.12-0.2 mm. Underleaves 1.2-2 x as wide as the stem, bilobed for 0.5-0.75 of their length, base cuneate. Dioicous or autoicous. Perianths ovoid, with 5 principal keels. Habitat: Epiphytic, rarely rupicolous in montane forest, savanna, gallery forest and cultivated landscape, 1300-2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Lake Kivu: Rubavu (Gisenyi). Gishwati Forest: W of Gakarara. Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko. Central Rwanda: Lac Bulera. Akagera: Bugesera, Lake Ihema, Lake Mpanga region. Distribution in Africa: Sierra Leone, Ghana, Nigeria, AnnobĂłn, Cameroon, CongoBrazzaville, DR Congo, Burundi, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Lesotho, Swaziland, South Africa. Also Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, RĂŠunion, Rodriguez, Seychelles. Note: De Sloover 13548, cited by Vana et al. (1979) from Rwanda as F. variegata has numerous propagules and thus represents typical F. obscurifolia.

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Fig. 213. Frullania schimperi Nees in Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees Plants brown to nearly black, regularly or irregularly pinnate to bipinnate, 4-6 cm long. Leaves imbricate. Leaf lobes concave, ovate-reniform, 0.8-1 x 0.6-0.9(-1) mm, rounded or apiculate at apex. Lobules 0.2-0.3 mm long, 2 x as long as wide, claviform, nearly parallel to stem, narrowed at base. Underleaves suborbicular to oval, 3-5 x as wide as the stem, bilobed for 0.25 of their length. Dioicous. Perianths claviform or fusiform, trigonous. Habitat: Epiphytic on roadside trees, probably also in montane forest, 1400 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Lake Kivu: Rubavu (Gisenyi). Distribution in Africa: Cameroon, Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania. Also Madagascar.

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Figs 214 and 215 (next page). Frullania serrata Gottsche Synonym: Frullania mildbraedii Steph. Plants olive-green to dark brown, pinnate-bipinnate, fronds 5-10 cm long in loose tufts. Leaves imbricate. Leaf lobes concave, oval, 1-1.2 x 0.75-0.85(-1.2) mm, rounded and obtuse at apex, usually apiculate, auriculate at base. Lobules claviform-cylindrical, 0.24-0.36 mm long, 2.5-3.5 x as long as wide, often hidden by underleaves. Underleaves 4-5 x as wide as the stem, bilobed for 0.3 of their length. Autoicous. Perianths fusiform, trigonous, smooth. Habitat: Epiphyte on truncs of trees, on branches and occasionally on rocks, in montane forest and cultivated landscape, 2000-2700 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Lake Kivu: Rubavu (Gisenyi). Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, waterfall c. 3 km E of Pindura, Karamba, along abandoned road to Burundi. Distribution in Africa: São Tomé, Cameroon, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa. Also Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion.

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Figs 216 and 217 (next page). Frullania socotrana Steph. Plants small, greenish-brown, irregularly branched, main axes forming fronds up to 10 cm long. Leaves contiguous to imbricate. Leaf lobes ovate, 0.4-0.65(-0.75) x 0.3-0.5(0.65) mm, flat or concave, rounded at apex. Lobules large relative to lobe, 0.17-0.3(-0.4) mm long, usually contracted towards mouth, 1-1.4 x as long as wide. Underleaves small, 0.12-0.22 mm long, 1.5 x as wide as the stem, bilobed for 0.4 of their length. Autoicous. Perianths ovoid, with 2-3(-5) ventral keels, 2 lateral keels and 0-3 obscure dorsal keels. Habitat: Epiphytic on exotic trees, probably also in montane forest, 1750 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Central Rwanda: Huye (Butare). Distribution in Africa: Cameroon, Kenya, Tanzania. Also Cape Verde, Socotra, Madagascar.

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Fig. 218. Frullania spongiosa Steph. Plants green to light red-brown, complanate. Leaves imbricate, not squarrose when moist. Leaf lobes ovate, 0.9-1.2 x 0.7-0.9 mm, flat or weakly convex, with basal auricle, rounded at apex. Lobules 0.35-0.55 mm long, about as wide as long, with a strong rostrum that projects beyond ventral margin of lobe. Underleaves orbicular, 3-6 x as wide as the stem, wider than long, bilobed for 0.1-0.2 of their length. Dioicous. Perianths claviform, trigonous. Habitat: Epiphytic on exotic trees, probably also in montane forest, 1750 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Central Rwanda: Huye (Butare). Distribution in Africa: Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Rio Muni, Gabon, scattered in East Africa (Tanzania). Also Cape Verde, Madagascar.

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Fig. 219. Frullanoides tristis (Steph.) Slageren Synonym: Brachiolejeunea tristis Steph. Plants robust, blackish green, shoots 1.4-2.5 mm wide. Stem 0.15-0.2 mm in diameter. Leaves densely imbricate, 0.95-1.4 × 0.6-0.9 mm. Lobes ovate , entire, base arching across the stem, apex rounded to acute, ventral margin nearly straight. Lobules large, keel extending 0.5 the distance to lobe apex, apex and free margin arched, with 3-6 incurved papilla-like teeth of 2-3 cells. Underleaves imbricate, c. 4 x as wide as the stem, rounded, apex rounded to slightly retuse, base decurrent in narrow wings. Paroicous. Perianths 1.4-2 mm long, cylindrical to claviform, with 10 keels. Habitat: Epiphytic in montane forest, 2000-2200 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Gishwati Forest: Gikungu. Nyungwe NP: Cyamudongo. Distribution in Africa: Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, DR Congo, Burundi, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, South Africa. Also Madagascar, Réunion.

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Fig. 220. Gongylanthus ericetorum (Raddi) Nees Plants terrestrial, light-green, up to 3 mm wide. Stems prostrate. Leaves opposite, connate on dorsal side, imbricate, up to 1(-1.5) mm long. Cells thin-walled, 25-30 x 3045 µm, trigones distinct, with a band of elongate cells 15-25 x 40-90 µm, cuticle slightly papillose, oil bodies granular (Jungermannia-type), 2-4 per cell. Underleaves lacking. Asexual reproduction by buds in leaf-axils. Habitat: On soil in ericaceous forest, 3400 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Muhavura. Distribution in Africa: Sierra Leone, Cameroon, DR Congo, Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, South Africa. Also Western Europe, Azores, Madeira, Canaries, Madagascar, Réunion.

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Fig. 221. Gymnomitrium laceratum (Steph.) Horik. Plants greyish-green, whitish-green to glaucous, in dense tufts, 4-10 mm high and 0.2-0.4 mm wide. Stems ascending or erect. Leaves loosely imbricate-squarrose, with decolorate margin, ovate to oblong-ovate, bilobed to 0.3-0.45 of their length. Cells thickwalled, 15-22 x 12-16 Âľm, without trigones. Habitat: On rocks in the paramo, 3600-4300 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi, Bisoke. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo (Ruwenzori, Virunga), Uganda (Ruwenzori), Kenya, Tanzania, South Africa. Also North, Central and South America, Russia, Nepal, Japan, Borneo.

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Fig. 222. Haplomitrium blumei (Nees) R.M.Schust. Plants grass-green. Stems erect, more or less radially symmetrical, arising from horizontal rhizome lacking rhizoids. Leaves in 3 similar ranks, subrotund to obovate, up to 5 x 5 mm. Cells thin-walled, without trigones, 50-125 x 40-80 Âľm. Habitat: Lobelia mildbraediiCyperus denudatus bogs in montane forest, 2200-2300 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Gishwati Forest: Gakeri. Nyungwe NP: 1.5 km S of Pindura. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo (Kahuzi-BiĂŠga). Also South America (Caribbean, Ecuador, Peru), Asia (Java, Sumatra, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, China).

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Figs 223 and 224 (next page). Harpalejeunea fischeri Tixier Plants yellowish green, up to 3(-5) mm long and 0.3-0.4 mm wide. Leaves mostly imbricate, entire, (0.3-)0.35-0.4 mm long x (0.25-)0.3(-0.35) mm wide with acute apex. Ocelli present in most leaves, 2 in a single line at the base of the lobe or 3 with 2 adjacent ocelli at apex of line. Lobules ± ovate, 200-250 µm long x 95-100 µm wide, 0.4-0.5 x the length of the lobe, apical tooth 1-celled, curved towards lower margin of lobe. Median cells of lobe 22.5-30 µm x 15-17.5(-22.5) µm, walls thin without thickenings, with indistinct trigones. Underleaves 1.5-2 x as wide as the stem, 112.5-137.5 µm x 100-125 µm, with diverging, rounded-obtuse lobes ending often in a 2-celled apex, separated by a shallow to rounded sinus. Perianths 0.4(-0.5) mm x 0.2(-0.3) mm, obovoid with 5 long deep equal keels and a strong rostrum. Habitat: Epiphytic or epiphyllous in the Hagenia-Hypericum zone, 3000-3300 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisoke. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo (Mt. Kahuzi), Uganda side of Mt. Elgon.

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Figs 225 and 226 (next page). Herbertus dicranus (Tayl. ex Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees) Trev. Synonyms: Herbertus doggeltianus (Steph.) Demaret; H. lobatus (Steph.) Demaret; H. stuhlmannii (Steph.) Demaret. Plants slender to robust, shoots 3-20 cm long and 1-4 mm wide, orange-brown, green, olive or reddish. Leaves 1.5-4(-5) mm long and 0.4-2 mm wide, usually bilobed to 0.6 of total leaf-length. Leaf base 1-2 x longer than wide, lobes 0.75-2(-3) mm long, 2-4 x longer than wide. Vitta bifurcating less than half way up to basal disc and reaching up to 3/4 of the lobes, not excurrent. Lamina cells isodiametric to elongate, 14-40(-46) x 10-25(-27) µm, very thick-walled, with stellate lumina. Vitta cells 19-105 x 14-28 µm. Underleaves similar to lateral leaves but smaller, 1.2-3 x 0.3-1.2 mm. Dioicous. Habitat: Epiphytic or on rocks in montane forest and ericaceous forest, 27003500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Bisoke, Sabinyo, Gahinga. Nyungwe NP: Mt. Bigugu. Distribution in Africa: Liberia, São Tomé, Bioko, Cameroon, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Lesotho, South Africa. Also Comoros, Madagascar, Réunion.

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Fig. 227. Herbertus juniperoideus (Sw.) Grolle Plants medium-sized, robust, shoots up to 15 cm long and 1.5-4 mm wide, ochraceous to orange-brown. Leaves (1.5-)2-4 mm long and 0.7-1.3 mm wide, closely imbricate, distinctly decurrent ventrally and dorsally, usually bilobed to 0.6 of total leaf-length. Leaf base 1-2 x longer than wide, lobes 1.2-2.3 mm long, 3-5 x longer than wide. Vitta bifurcating just below sinus (or a little lower) and reaching up to 3/4 of the lobes, not excurrent. Lamina cells elongate, 20-40 × 10-27 µm, very thick-walled, with stellate lumina. Vitta cells 40-88 × 12-20 µm. Underleaves similar to lateral leaves but smaller, lobes 1.3-2 mm long, 5- x longer than wide. Dioicous. Habitat: Epiphytic or on rocks in montane forest and ericaceous forest, 2000-2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Gisakura, Karamba. Distribution in Africa: Cameroon (Mt. Kupe), Tanzania (Uluguru, Usambara). Also Madagascar, Central and South America.

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Figs 228 and 229 (next page). Isotachis aubertii (Schwaegr.) Steph. Synonyms: Isotachis conistipula Steph.; I. renistipula Steph.; I. aspera Steph. Plants terrestrial, whitish-green to red or brown. Stems with a thick-walled cortex, erect or creeping, 0.3 mm in diameter. Leaves transverse, strongly concave, 1-1.5 x 1-1.5 mm, amplexicaul, bilobed to 0.25-0.35 of their length, the lobe with 1-2-celled incurved apiculi, leaf margin entire except for 1-2 teeth towards base of ventral margin. Cells rectangular, 25-30 x 30-40 µm in mid-leaf, 20 x 60 µm near leaf insertion, thin-walled or slightly thickened, cuticle striate-verruculose. Underleaves similar to leaves, 0.6 x 0.6 mm, bilobed for 0.3-0.5 of their length, lobes acuminate, margins entire except for 1-2 teeth or laciniae. Habitat: on ground and on roadcuts, montane forest, Cyperus bogs (“Waldmoor” in Stephani,1914), to the Ericaceous belt, 2000-3500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi, Bisoke. Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, c. 7 km E of Pindura, Karamba, rocky slopes along abandoned road to Burundi. Distribution in Africa: Cameroon, DR Congo, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe, South Africa. Also Ascencion, Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Rodriguez, Réunion, Central and South America.

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Figs 230 and 231 (next page). Jamesoniella purpurascens Steph. Plants large, reddish brown to purple. Stems prostrate, up to 2.5 cm long. Stolons lacking. Leaves ovate-orbicular, 1.4 x 1.4-1.7 mm, apex broadly rounded, margins entire and usually somewhat incurved, bases decurrent. Cells elongate at the base, purple, usually with large trigones, 24-30 x 24-30 Âľm, cuticle smooth. Dioicous. Perianths indistinctly 3-4-plicate in upper half. Habitat: Quartzitic rocks in montane forest, 2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Karamba. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, South Africa. Also Madagascar, Mauritius, RĂŠunion.

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Figs 232 and 233 (next page). Kurzia capillaris (Sw.) Grolle Synonym: Kurzia tabularis (Steph.) Grolle. Plants minute to medium-sized, dull green to brownish. Stems up to 4 cm long, 1-2-pinnate. Leaves asymmetrically quadrate, up to 0.2 mm long, deeply 4-lobed, lobes incurved, at base almost 2 cells wide and with 3-44 cells long uniseriate end, dorsal lobe shorter. Cells thick-walled, without trigones. Underleaves smaller than lateral leaves, 3-4-lobed, 0.08-0.09 mm wide, as wide as the stem. Dioicous. Habitat: Terrestrial or on decaying wood, 2400 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rugege. Distribution in Africa: Tanzania, Malawi, South Africa. Also Madagascar, Mauritius, RĂŠunion, Seychelles.

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Figs 234 and 235 (next page). Kurzia irregularis (Steph.) Grolle Synonym: Lepidozia irregularis Steph. Plants minute to medium-sized, dull green to brownish. Stems up to 3-4 cm long, 1-2-pinnate. Leaves asymmetrically quadrate, up to 0.27 x 0.17 mm, deeply 4-lobed, lobes incurved, at base almost 3 cells wide and with long uniseriate end, up to 0.14 mm long and 0.04 mm wide at base, dorsal lobe shorter. Cells thick-walled, without trigones, 17-20 x 16-17 Âľm. Underleaves smaller than lateral leaves, 3-4-lobed, 0.1 x 0.11 mm, as wide as the stem. Habitat: On rocks and dead wood in the paramo, 3500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, South Africa.

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Figs 236 and 237 (next page). Lejeunea acuta Mitt. Synonyms: Stenolejeunea acuta (Mitt.) Tixier; Hygrolejeunea acuta (Mitt.) Vanden Berghen. Plants variable, up to 2-3 cm long and 1-1.8 mm wide. Leaves approximate or slightly imbricate, ovate, acuminate at apex, deflexed when dry. Lobes 1 x 0.65 mm, lobule when well developed c. 0.25 the length of the lobe, free margin of 4 cells, involute, apical tooth short. Underleaves large, ovate, cordate at base, 0.6 x 0.4 mm, c. 4 x as wide as the stem, bilobed to 0.65 into narrow acuminate lobes with wide sinus. Cells 18-22 x 21-28 µm, walls distinctly thickened, with large nodulose trigones and intermediate thickenings, oil bodies 2-6 per cell. Dioicous. Perianth clavate or fusiform, c. 1 mm long, 5-keeled. Habitat: Epiphytic in montane forest, also on rocky slopes in heath forest, 2000-2200 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Karamba, Kamiranzovu, Gisakura. Distribution in Africa: Annobón, São Tomé, Bioko, Cameroon, Rio Muni, DR Congo, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania.

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Fig. 238. Lejeunea amaniensis E.W.Jones Plants with a glossy metallic sheen, c. 1 mm wide. Leaves imbricate, 0.6-1 x 0.4-0.7 mm, convex, ovate, acuminate, acumen strongly decurved, dorsal base straight near insertion and then arched across stem. Lobules large, 0.4-0.5 the length of the lobe, the keel strongly arched and forming an angle of 90Â° or more with ventral margin of lobe, strongly inflated, almost globose, apical tooth short, free margin of 6 or more cells. Underleaves broadly ovate, 3-5 x as wide as the stem, wider than long, shallowly 2-lobed to about 0.2 of their length, obtusely pointed or rounded. Cells large, isodiametric, 20-30 Âľm wide, very thin-walled but often with sharp trigones and intermediate thickenings, oil bodies numerous. Autoicous. Perianth 0.8-0.9 mm long, exserted from bracts to 0.5 of their length, with 5 equal keels. Habitat: Epiphytic in montane forest, 2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Gisakura. Distribution in Africa: Cameroon, Kenya (Kakamega), Tanzania. Also Madagascar.

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Figs 239 and 240 (next page). Lejeunea caespitosa Lindenb. in Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees Plants very variable, shoots 0.5-0.7(-1.2) mm wide. Leaves approximate, ovate to oval, 0.3-0.5 mm long, dorsal base truncate, apex broadly rounded, ventral margins nearly in line with the weakly arched keel. Lobules often reduced or lacking, when well developed 0.25-0.35 the length of the lobe, inflated, free margin inrolled, of 3-4 cells, apical tooth short. Underleaves 2-3 x as wide as the stem, oval, 2-lobed for 0.5-0.65 of their length, lobes narrowly triangular, (2-)4(-5) cells wide at base, acute, diverging, sinus wide, base rounded. Cells nearly isodiametric, (19-)25-27 x 25-30 µm, walls thin, trigones and intermediate thickenings sharp or lacking. Autoicous. Perianths exserted to 0.5 of their length, compressed, obcordate, plane dorsally, with or without weak median keel, lateral keels wide around distal half of perianth, ventrally inflated, with 2 keels. Habitat: Epiphytic in montane forest, 2000-2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Karamba, Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: Sierra Leone, Ghana, Nigeria, Annobón, Princípe, São Tomé, Bioko, Cameroon, Rio Muni, Central African Republic, CongoBrazzaville, DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Angola, Malawi, Zimbabwe, South Africa. Also Cape Verde, Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, Rodriguez, Seychelles.

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Fig. 241. Lejeunea capensis Gottsche in Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees. Synonym: Inflatolejeunea capensis (Gottsche) S.W.Arnell. Plants green, densely caespitose. Stems up to 10 mm long, 0.05 mm in diameter, richly and regularly branched. Leaves densely imbricate, orbicular, slightly concave, overlapping and crossing the stem. Lobule medium-sized to small, keel slightly arched, apex with 1-cellular apical tooth. Underleaves small, patent, bilobed to 1/2 of their length, lobes triangular, acute, sinus wide, obtuse to subacute. Cells 24 x 24 Âľm, walls thin without or with small trigones. Monoicous. Perianth pyriform, inflated, not plicate. Habitat: Epiphytic in montane forest, 2600 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Sabinyo. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Lesotho, South Africa. Also Madagascar.

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Figs 242 and 243 (next page). Lejeunea confusa E.W.Jones Plants small, shoots 0.4-0.8 mm wide, little branched. Leaves uniform in size, distant to approximate, oval, lobe 0.2-0.25 x 0.13-0.2 mm, convex, hardly changed when dry, dorsal base slightly arched but hardly crossing the stem, apex broadly rounded, ventral margin forming a deep sinus with the ventral margin of the lobule. Lobule, when well developed, inflated, with strongly arched keel, free margin incurved, of 4 cells, apical tooth c. 3 x as long as wide, strongly curved. Underleaves small and delicate, 1-1.5 x as wide as the stem, bilobed to 0.5 or more, lobes 2-4 cells wide. Cells 20-24 x 22-28 Âľm, walls thin, trigones minute or absent. Dioicous. Perianths rare, 0.4-0.5 x 0.3-0.35 mm, oblong-oval, compressed, laterally with long narrow keels. Habitat: Epiphytic or epiphyllous in montane forest, 2000-2100 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Kamiranzovu, Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: Sierra Leone, Ghana, Nigeria, Bioko, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Gabon, DR Congo, Kenya, Tanzania. Also Comoros, Madagascar, Seychelles.

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Figs 244 and 245 (next page). Lejeunea cyathearum E.W.Jones Plants small, light green, shoots up to 0.75-1.2 mm wide. Leaves contiguous to imbricate, convex, spreading at right angles to the stem, lobe complanate, oval, 0.55-0.8 x 0.40.55 mm, apex broadly rounded, postical margin slightly arched. Lobules often lacking, when well developed with a keel arching through a quadrate and forming an angle of 90Â° with the postical margin of the lobe, 0.2-0.25(-rarely 0.3) of lobe length, apical tooth slightly incurved. Underleaves large, orbicular, convex, 3-6 x as wide as the stem, 0.3-0.6 mm wide, apex bilobed to 0.6 of the length, sinus V-shaped, lobes acute, base rounded to subcordate. Cells thin-walled, almost without trigones, or with small trigones and intermediate thickenings, 25-33 x 30-45 Âľm, oil bodies numerous. Monoicous. Perianth exserted for 0.3-0.5 of its length, pyriform, terete, 0.6-0.9 x 0.3-0.5 mm, equally 5-keeled, keels tuberculate or dentate. Habitat: Epiphytic in montane forest, usually on tree ferns (Cyathea manniana), 2000-2450 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Tanzania, Malawi. Also Comoros.

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Fig. 246. Lejeunea eckloniana Lindenb. Synonym: Taxilejeunea heterofolia Steph. Plants green. Shoots to 8 mm long and 0.81.4 mm wide. Leaves laxly imbricate, lobe ovate to orbicular, concave, apex rounded, ventral margin nearly straight, forming a wide angle with the keel or ± in line with it. Lobule variable, 0.2-0.25 as long as the lobe, apex with an obtuse 2-celled tooth. Cells 25-30 x 21-27 µm, walls thin, trigones small but distinct. Underleaves 2.5-3.5(-4) x as wide as the stem, 2-lobed to 0.4-0.5 of their length. Monoicous. Perianth pyriform, 0.5-0.75 mm long. Habitat: Epiphytic in montane forest, 2100-2450 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: Guinea, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Bioko, Cameroon, Congo-Brazzaville, DR Congo, Djibouti, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, South Africa. Also Canaries, Cape Verde, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion.

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Figs 247 and 248 (next page). Lejeunea flava (Sw.) Nees Synonym: Lejeunea flava ssp. flava . Plants similar to L. tabularis, medium-sized, shoots rarely more than 1 mm wide. Leaves 0.5-0.7 mm long, spreading nearly to right angle to the stem. Lobule 0.35 the length of the lobe, with free margin inrolled or incurved, of 4 cells, apical tooth short. Underleaves approximate to distant (not imbricate), ovate, truncate at the base (not cordate), 2.5-3 x as wide as the stem. Perianths pyriform, exserted from the bracts to about 0.35 of their length, keeled in the apical half, dorsal face usually plane with a low keel or without keel, lateral and ventral keels strong, rostrum variable in length. Habitat: Epiphytic in montane forest and ericaceous heath, 20002700 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Sabinyo. Gishwati Forest : Gikungu. Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Uwinka, Mt. Muzimu. Distribution in Africa: Sierra Leone, Ghana, Togo, Bioko, Congo-Brazzaville, Central African Republic, DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania. Also Cape Verde, Comoros, Madagascar, Réunion, Seychelles.

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Fig. 249. Lejeunea flavovirens Ångstr. Plants yellowish green. Leaves densely imbricate. Lobe 0.5 x 0.3-0.4 mm, apex rounded. Lobule inflated, 0.13-0.15 x 0.08-0.09 mm. Cells with trigones, 22-35 x 19-23 µm. Underleaves nearly round, 4-5 x as wide as the stem, 0.4 x 0.39 mm, sinus 0.14 mm long. Dioicous. Perianths terete, lacking keels. Habitat: Epiphytic in montane forest up to Hagenia-Hypericum forest and the Dendrosenecio-Lobelia stuhlmannii paramo, 2450-3600 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi, at park gate, S-slope of Bisoke, in the saddle between Bisoke and Karisimbi, on the E-slopes along trail to summit. Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko. Distribution in Africa: Sierra Leone, DR Congo, Uganda, Tanzania. Also Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion.

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Fig. 250. Lejeunea helenae Pears. Plants green, minute. Shoots to 8 mm long and 0.5-0.65 mm wide, subjulaceous. Leaves distant to approximate, erecto-patent, lobe slightly concave, 0.35 x 0.24 mm, asymmetrical, base rounded, covering the stem, apex obtuse and rounded, antical base arched, postical margin arched, forming a well defined sinus with the keel. Lobule often reduced to lacking, when well developed inflated, the keel extending c. 1/3 the distance from insertion to lobe apex, keel arching almost a quadrate, apical tooth curved, 2 x as long as wide. Underleaves oval, 2.5 x as wide as the stem, 0.1-0.12 x 0.17-0.2 mm, mostly longer than wide, 2-lobed to 0.5 of their length, lobes narrow triangular, acute, sinus acute. Dioicous. Perianth ovate to oblong, 5-keeled in upper half, rostrum short. Habitat: Epiphytic in montane forest, 2300-2450 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Malawi, Zimbabwe, South Africa.

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Figs 251 and 252 (next page). Lejeunea isophylla E.W.Jones Plants green. Shoots elongate, up to 4 cm long and 0.8-0.9 mm wide, shortly and irregularly pinnately branched. Leaves distant to slightly imbricate, 0.5-0.7 x 0.35-0.5 mm, forming an angle of c. 50° with the stem, convex, inrolled when dry, ovate, antical base broadly rounded, crossing the stem, apex rounded, postical margin arched forming a well defined sinus with the keel. Underleaves orbicular, imbricate, very large, nearly equalling the leaves in size, their length exceeding the width of the adjacent leaves, 4-5 x as wide as the stem, base deeply cordate with rounded auricles. Cells 18-21 x 20-25 µm, wall with large trigones and confluent intermediate thickenings. Dioicous. Perianth inflated, pyriform, dorsal surface plane with a weak keel, ventral and lateral keels distinct. Habitat: Epiphytic in montane forest, 2000-2700 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Karamba, Kamiranzovu, Uwinka, Mt. Muzimu. Distribution in Africa: Ivory Coast, DR Congo, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, South Africa. Also Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles.

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Figs 253 and 254 (next page). Lejeunea lyratiflora Steph. Synonym: Taxilejeunea lyratiflora (Steph.) Tixier. Plants with shoots up to 1-2 mm wide. Leaves approximate, directed upwards and forwards when moist, spreading from stem at an angle of c. 50Â°, lobes asymmetrically ovate, 0.5-0.7(-0.8) x 0.5 mm, base and dorsal margin strongly arched, apex narrow, obtuse to pointed or shortly apiculate, ventral margin incurved or nearly straight. Lobules often reduced, when well developed 0.25 x the length of the lobe, keel nearly straight, apex flat, apical tooth short, free margin of c. 8 cells. Underleaves rounded, 0.2-0.35 mm wide, 2.5-3.5 x as wide as the stem, bilobed to 0.5 of their length. Cells 24-30 x 24-33 Âľm, thin-walled with small but distinct trigones and intermediate thickenings. Autoicous. Perianth exserted, 0.75-1 mm long, half 5-keeled, keels abruptly expanded into spreading and inflated wings. Habitat: Epiphyllous or epiphytic in montane forest, 1900-2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Karamba, Kamiranzovu, Rwankuba, km106 Butare-Cyangugu. Distribution in Africa: Cameroon, Burundi, Uganda, Tanzania.

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Fig. 255. Lejeunea ramosissima Steph. Plants light green, pinnately branched. Shoots 0.8-1.2 mm wide. Leaves approximate, concave, decurved, broadly elliptic, lobe 0.6-0.7 x 0.4-0.5 mm, antical base broadly rounded, crossing the stem. Lobule when well developed 0.2 of lobe length, keel arched, forming a sinus of 90-100° with the lobe. Underleaves orbicular, 0.6 mm wide and 0.55 mm long, 4-5 x as wide as the stem, bilobed for half of their length, sinus narrow, lobes acute. Cells 18-24 x 20-26 µm, walls thick, trigones medium, intermediate thickenings frequent but weakly defined, usually confluent with the trigones. Dioicous. Perianth longly exserted, clavate, completely without keels, with short cylindrical rostrum. Habitat: Epiphytic in montane forest, 2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Gisakura. Distribution in Africa: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Togo, Annobon, Principe, São Tomé, Bioko, Cameroon, Congo-Brazzaville, DR Congo, Uganda, Tanzania. Also Seychelles. Note: Similar to L. tabularis but underleaves generally larger and round rather than ovate, 4-5 x as wide as the stem, strongly cordate at base.

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Figs 256 and 257 (next page). Lejeunea rhodesiae (Sim) R.M.Schust. Synonyms: Rectolejeunea rhodesiae (Sim) S.W.Arnell; Lejeunea letabaensis S.W.Arnell. Plants pale green. Stem up to 12 mm long, shoots 0.6-0.8 mm wide. Leaves laxly imbricate, caducuous, lobe 0.4-0.5 x 0.25-0.35 mm, flat, nearly complanate, apex rounded, base 10-12 cells wide, lobe margins crenulate by protruding cells. Lobule variable in size, well developed lobules inflated with strongly arched keel, 2/5-1/2 x as wide as lobe, making a wide sinus with the arched postical lobe margin, apical tooth short, up to 2 x as long as wide, sometimes lobule reduced to 1-2 rows of cells. Cells without trigones or intermediate thickenings, 16-20 x 16-24 Âľm, oil bodies 2-8 per cell. Underleaves usually wider than long, 1.5-2 x as wide as the stem, bilobed to 1/2, sinus wide. Dioicous. Perianth compressed, cordate, nearly equally 5-keeled, 0.5-0.7 x 0.30.46 mm. Habitat: Epiphytic savanna and gallery forest, also in cultivated landscape, 1300-1700 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Central Rwanda: Huye (Butare). Akagera: Lake Ihema, Lake Mpanga region. Distribution in Africa: Central African Republic, CongoBrazzaville, DR Congo, Uganda, Tanzania, Angola, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa. Also Socotra, Rodriguez, Seychelles.

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Figs 258 and 259 (next page). Lejeunea tabularis (Spreng.) Gottsche Synonyms: Lejeunea flava ssp. tabularis (Spreng.) S.W.Arnell; L. grossecristata (Steph.) E.W.Jones. Plants yellowish-green to pale yellow or yellowish-brown. Stem up to 2 cm long. Leaves imbricate, spreading in about 45-55°, lobe concave, 0.45-0.65(-0.75) mm long, overlapping and crossing the stem, apex rounded. Lobule variable in size, usually large, convex, free margin incurved, 1/2 x as wide in the apex as in the base, triangular, with an unicellular tooth at apex, keel slightly arched, in about 45° to the stem. Underleaves large, cordate to almost circular, 3-4 x as wide as the stem, longer than wide, base deeply cordate, bilobed to 1/2, sinus narrow, obtuse. Cells 16 x 20 µm, walls thin with small intermediate thickenings, trigones small to large. Monoicous. Perianth longly pyriform, 5-plicate, rostrum 40 x 50 µm. Habitat: Epiphytic in montane forest up to Hagenia-Hypericum forest, 2000-3300 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi, in the saddle between Bisoke and Karisimbi, Sabinyo. Gishwati Forest: Gikungu. Lake Kivu: Tea plantation near Cyongoroka. Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Karamba, Kamiranzovu, Uwinka, Gisakura, Mt. Muzimu. Central Rwanda: Lake Bulera Distribution in Africa: Guinea, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Princípe, Bioko, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo-Brazzaville, DR Congo, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa. Also Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion.

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Fig. 260. Lejeunea villaumei (Steph.) Grolle Synonyms: Ciliolejeunea capensis S.W.Arnell; Lejeunea arnelliana R.M.Schust. Plants yellowish green to dark bluish-green, up to 10 mm long. Leaves imbricate. Lobe 0.29 x 0.25 mm, apex rounded. Lobule 0.1 x 0.08 mm. Cells without distinct trigones, 27 x 24 µm. Underleaves small, 0.11-0.13 x 0.15 mm, lobes spreading, sinus 0.05 mm long. Ventral margin of leaf forming deep sinus (-90°) with strongly arched keel. Autoicous. Perianth tuberculate or irregularly dentate, sometimes with 2-3-celled processes, 0.48 x 0.31 mm. Habitat: Epiphytic in montane forest, 2000-2100 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Gisakura. Distribution in Africa: Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, South Africa. Also Madagascar, Réunion, Seychelles.

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Figs 261 and 262 (next page). Lepidozia cupressina (Sw.) Lindenb. in Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees Synonym: Lepidozia truncatella Nees. Plants forming mats and cushions to large swelling tufts. Shoots to 3-4 cm, procumbent, pinnately or occasionally bipinnately branched, branches sometimes becoming attenuate. Leaves closely imbricate, incubous, overlapping and concealing stem, markedly asymmetrical, very convex, insertion oblique, 0.48-0.84 x 0.5-0.88 mm, (2-)3-4-lobed to 1/4-1/3 of their length, lobes triangular, acute (4-)7-12 cells wide at base, ending in 1-4 uniseriate cells. Underleaves erect, concave, 0.28-0.48 x 0.3-0.56 mm, 4-lobed to 1/3. Dioicous. Habitat: Epiphytic in montane forest, 21003200 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Sabinyo. Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Uwinka, Mt. Bigugu. Distribution in Africa: Bioko, DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Lesotho, South Africa. Also Europe (Scotland, Ireland, France, Germany, Spain, SW Norway), Atlantic Islands (Azores, Madeira, Canaries), Jamaica, Yunnan. Note: Lepidozia cupressina ssp. quinquefida (Steph.) Pรณcs differs mainly in the leaves with 4-5 lobes. It is known from Ruwenzori and Kilimanjaro.

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Fig. 263. Lepidozia pearsonii Spruce Synonym: Lepidozia hyalina Steph. Plants pale or yellowish green. Shoots up to 6 cm long, stems procumbent, pinnate, branches usually becoming attenuate. Stem leaves usually distant, spreading to erecto-patent, not overlapping stem, plane to convex, asymmetrical, insertion oblique, 0.32-0.59 x 0.18-0.48 mm, (2-)3-lobed to 1/2-2/3 of their length, lobes narrowly triangular, acute, (2-)4-7 cells wide at base, ending in 1-2 uniseriate cells, branch leaves smaller, distant, mostly 3-lobed. Underleaves slightly concave, 0.20.4 x 0.26-0.4 mm. Dioicous. Habitat: Epiphytic in Paramo, 3800-4200 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Uganda, Malawi, South Africa. Also Europe (England, SW Norway).

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Figs 264 and 265 (next page). Lepidozia reptans (L.) Dumort. Plants small, dull dark green. Shoots up to 3 cm long, procumbent, stems pinnately branched, small-leaved flagelliform branches often arising from ventral side of stem. Stem leaves distant to imbricate, not overlapping stem, insertion oblique, 0.24-0.56 x 0.18-0.48 mm, 3-4-lobed to 1/4-1/3 of their length, lobes triangular, acute to obtuse, 4-7 cells wide at base, ending in 1-2 uniseriate cells, branch leaves smaller, imbricate, mostly 3-lobed. Underleaves somewhat concave, 0.2-0.4 x 0.26-0.4 mm. Autoicous. Perianths narrowly ellipsoid or fusiform, plicate above, mouth small, denticulate. Habitat: Epiphytic in montane forest, 2800 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Mt. Bigugu. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo (Mt. Kahuzi). Widespread in the Northern Hemisphere (Europe, Asia - China and Taiwan, N America).

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Figs 266 and 267 (next page). Lepidozia stuhlmannii Steph. Synonyms: Lepidozia stuhlmannii var. abyssinica (S.W.Arnell) Pรณcs; L. abyssinica S.W.Arnell; L. lacerata Steph. Plants forming loose mats. Shoots regularly pinnate or weakly bipinnate, usually 1-2 cm long, lateral branches distant, attenuate or flagelliform. Leaves approximate, 0.3-0.4 mm long, mostly 3-4-lobed, the lobes less than 0.5 of the leaf length, narrowly triangular, decurved or inflexed so that the whole leaf is convex, lobes 4-5 cells wide at base, with 1-2 uniseriate cells at apex, dorsal lobe often wider (7 cells), ventral lobe often narrower (3 cells). Underleaves usually narrower or only slightly wider than stem, 3-4-lobed. Autoicous. Habitat: Epiphytic in montane forest up to HageniaHypericum forest and Erica forest, 2000-3300 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi, in the saddle between Bisoke and Karisimbi, Bisoke, Sabinyo. Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Gisakura, Rwasenkoko, Kamiranzovu. Distribution in Africa: Bioko, Cameroon, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, South Africa.

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Figs 268 and 269 (next page). Lepidozia succida Mitt. Synonym: Sprucella succida (Mitt.) Steph. Plants deep green, often forming cushions, stems pinnate or bipinnate. Main stems 2-3 cm long, sometimes stoloniform, branches regularly spaced, complanate or ascending and secund. Stem leaves 3-lobed to 0.25 of their length, distant to approximate, 0.5-0.6 mm long, not much longer than wide, branch leaves 2-lobed to 0.25 of their length, oblong, much longer than stem leaves, 0.51 mm long, 1.5-2 x as long as wide, approximate, nearly longitudinally inserted, dorsal margin forming an angle of 45°-80° with the stem. Underleaves mostly 4-lobed, lobed to 0.5 of their length. Dioicous. Habitat: Forest floor in dense montane forest, 1800-2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Gisakura. Distribution in Africa: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, São Tomé, Bioko, Cameroon, Gabon, Rio Muni, Central African Republic, Congo-Brazzaville, DR Congo, Uganda, Angola. Also Madagascar.

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Fig. 270. Leptoscyphus expansus (Lehm.) Grolle Plants greenish to brownish, shoots 50 mm long and up to 4 mm wide. Leaves opposite to alternate, patent, convex, rounded or oblong, 1.3-1.8 mm long, ventral margin arched, dorsal margin less arched, shortly decurrent, margin entire. Underleaves free from the leaves or narrowly connate on one or both sides, deeply 2-lobed, the lobes longly acuminate, sinus V-shaped, with 2-4(-rarely 6) teeth or spines on each side. Cells hexagonal, 35-40 Âľm wide, walls thin, oil bodies 2-3 per cell. Dioicous. Perianths 3 x 2 mm, inflated at base, mouth bilaterally compressed, truncate. Habitat: Forest floor in dense montane forest, 2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Gishwati Forest: Gikungu. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, South Africa. Also Madagascar.

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Figs 271 and 272 (next page). Leptoscyphus hedbergi (S.W.Arnell) R.M.Schust. Plants greenish to brownish, shoots 50 mm long and up to 4 mm wide. Leaves opposite to alternate, patent, convex, rounded or oblong, 1.3-1.8 mm long, ventral margin arched, dorsal margin less arched, shortly decurrent, margin entire. Underleaves free from the leaves or narrowly connate on one or both sides, deeply 2-lobed, the lobes longly acuminate, sinus V-shaped, with 6-8 spines on each side. Cells hexagonal, (25-)35-40(50) Âľm wide, walls thin, oil bodies 2-3 per cell. Dioicous. Perianths 3 x 2 mm, inflated at base, mouth bilaterally compressed, truncate. Habitat: Hagenia-Hypericum forest, ericaceous belt and Dendrosenecio-Paramo, 2700-3400 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Sabinyo, Karisimbi, Bisoke. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo (Mt. Kahuzi, Ruwenzori), Uganda (Ruwenzori and Virunga Volcanoes), Kenya (Mt. Kenya),Tanzania (Kilimanjaro).

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Figs 273 and 274 (next page). Leptoscyphus infuscatus (Mitt.) E.W.Jones Plants brownish, shoots 2.5-3.5 mm wide. Leaves opposite to alternate, patent, convex, rounded or oblong, 1.3-1.8 mm long, ventral margin arched, dorsal margin less arched, shortly decurrent, apex with 1-3(-4) distant spiniform teeth, each tooth of 2-6 elongate cells. Underleaves free from the leaves or narrowly connate on one or both sides, deeply 2-lobed, the lobes longly acuminate, sinus V-shaped, with 1-4(-6) spinose teeth, short cilia or laciniae on each side. Cells hexagonal, 30-45 Âľm wide, walls thin, oil bodies 2-3 per cell. Dioicous. Perianths 3 x 1.5-2 mm, strongly inflated at base, mouth bilaterally compressed, truncate, shortly laciniate. Habitat: Epiphytic, on litter or on ground, 25003200 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Bisoke. Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Mt. Bigugu. Distribution in Africa: Bioko, Cameroon, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe. Also Madagascar, RĂŠunion.

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Figs 275 and 276 (next page). Lethocolea congesta (Lehm.) S.W.Arnell Plants green, sometimes with purple margins. Stems 5-10 mm long, basally with leafless stolons. Leaves lingulate-ellipsoid, larger towards apex of the shoot, alternate, hardly decurrent on dorsal face. Underleaves only present in top below female organs, entire to slightly dentate. Marginal cells in a distinct row, 16-22 x 30-40 Âľm, cells in the centre rounded. Paroicous. Habitat: On soil with poor vegetation cover, in swamps, on rocks, cliffs or roadcuts, from montane forest to Hagenia-Hypericum forest and DendrosenecioLobelia stuhlmannii paramo, 2000-3700 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi, in the saddle between Bisoke and Karisimbi, Karisimbi, on the E-slopes along trail to summit. Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Karamba, along abandoned road to Burundi. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Lesotho, South Africa. Also Comoros, RĂŠunion.

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Fig. 277. Lopholejeunea eulopha (Tayl.) Schiffn. Plants dark brown-olive to nearly black, shoots 2-3(-5) cm long and 1.4-2(-2.8) mm wide. Leaves imbricate. Lobe concave at ventral face, obovate-elliptic, rounded and often involute at apex, dorsal base truncate to rounded, (0.6-)0.7-0.9(-1.2) xÂ (0.7-)1-1.3(-1.6) mm, lobule with arched keel forming an obtuse angle with the ventral margin of lobe, 0.150.27 x 0.2-0.375 mm, lobule sometimes reduced. Underleaves imbricate to contiguous, large, 5-8 x as wide as the stem, reniform, wider than high, (0.4-)0.5-0.8 x 0.9-1.2(1.4) mm. Cells hexagonal, wall with non-nodulose trigones and nodulose-elongated intermediate thickenings, (22-)25-30(-35) x (28-)30-36(-45) Âľm. Monoicous. Perianth covered by female bracteoles or weakly exserted, obovate, rounded or subcordate at apex, 2 lateral and 2 ventral keels present, winged and with laciniae, 1.1-1.6 x 0.8-1 mm. Habitat: Epiphytic or epiphyllous in montane forest, 2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Karamba, Kamiranzovu. Distribution in Africa: Tanzania. Also Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, RĂŠunion, Seychelles.

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Fig. 278. Lopholejeunea nigricans (Lindenb.) Schiffn. Synonym: Lopholejeunea abortiva (Mitt.) Steph. var. fragilis (Steph.) Vanden Berghen. Plants brown to dark brown-green, shoots 1-3 cm long and 0.9-1.4(-1.6) mm wide. Leaves contiguous or imbricate. Lobe elliptic, subsymmetrical, entire, rounded, obtuse or apiculate at apex, plane or weakly concave, 0.4-0.6(-0.75) x 0.5-0.8(-1) mm, lobule well developed, large, 1/4-1/2 as long as the lobe, proximal part inflated, keel very convex forming an obtuse angle with the margin of the lobe, 0.13-0.15(-0.22) x 0.18-0.25(-0.38) mm, sometimes reduced. Underleaves distant to imbricate, (2-)3-4 x as wide as the stem, reniform to suborbicular, entire, 0.27-0.4(-0.6) x 0.3-0.6(-0.75) mm. Cells with small trigones and nodulose-elongated intermediate thickenings, 18-26(-30) x 20-30(-40) Âľm. Perianth shortly to longly exserted, compressed, obovate to obcordate, rounded, retuse or emarginate at apex, with 2 lateral and 2 ventral keels. Habitat: Epiphytic or epiphyllous in montane forest, 2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Karamba. Distribution in Africa: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Bioko, Cameroon, Rio Muni, Gabon, Central African Republic, Congo-Brazzaville, DR Congo, Burundi, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, South Africa. Also Madagascar, Mauritius, RĂŠunion, Rodriguez, Seychelles.

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Fig. 279. Lopholejeunea subfusca (Nees) Schiffn. Plants dark brown, shoots 1-3 cm long and (0.8-)1-1.3(-1.75) mm wide, sometimes microphyllous shoots present. Leaves weakly imbricate. Lobe subelliptic, falcate, subsymmetrical, rounded at apex, plane, 0.4-0.6(-0.75) x 0.5-0.8(-1) mm, lobule well developed, ovate, proximal part inflated, 0.15-0.2 x 0.2-0.26 mm. Underleaves distant to imbricate, 3-5 x as wide as the stem, reniform to elliptic, entire, 0.3-0.5 x (0.28-)0.450.6(-0.7) mm. Cells with small trigones and nodulose-elongated intermediate thickenings, 20-23 x (20-)23-27(-30) Âľm. Monoicous. Perianth often nearly entirely covered by female bracteoles, sometimes exserted to 1/5 of its length, compressed, obovate to obcordate, rounded to subtruncate at apex, with 2 lateral and 2 ventral keels bearing irregularly triangular laciniae. Habitat: Epiphytic or epiphyllous in montane forest, 2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Kamiranzovu. Distribution in Africa: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Annobon, Bioko, Cameroon, Rio Muni, Gabon, Central African Republic, DR Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, South Africa. Also Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, RĂŠunion, Seychelles

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Fig. 280. Lophozia jamesonii (Mont.) R.M.Schust. Synonyms: Andrewsianthus jamesonii (Mont.) Váňa; A. kilimanjaricus (S.W.Arnell) Grolle & Váňa. Plants pale green to brownish, stems 0.4-1.5 cm long, prostrate to ascending. Leaves distant to imbricate, erect-spreading, oblong, subequally 2-lobed, rarely 3-lobed. Underleaves subulate to reduced to 1-2 cells or absent. Cells thin-walled, with trigones, 25-30 x 30-45 µm. Habitat: Epiphyte on ericaceous shrubs, 3100-3400 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Sabinyo. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania.

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Figs 281 and 282 (next page). Marchesinia deslooveri Vanden Berghen Plants large, epiphytic, deep green to brown. Stems up to 3-4 cm long. Leaves alternate, imbricate, wide-spreading. Lobes concave, elliptic, 1.2-1.6 mm long, apex acuminate, margin entire. Lobules 0.4-0.52 x 0.58-0.6 mm, usually flat, apical tooth with 1-3 cells, free margin usually plane, with 2-4 small teeth. Cells with trigones 26-31 x 30-35 Âľm. Underleaves 3-5 times as large as stem, 0.9-1.3 x 0.98-1.5 Âľm. Monoicous. Perianths obcordate, truncate, flat and compressed, plane on both surfaces or with obscure keel on ventral surface, margins entire, 2-2.2 x 3.4-3.6 mm. Habitat: Epiphytic in montane bamboo forest, 2350 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rugera. Distribution in Africa: Tanzania.

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Fig. 283. Marchesinia excavata (Mitt.) Schiffn. Plants large, epiphytic, deep green to brown. Stems up to 4.5 cm long. Leaves alternate, imbricate, wide-spreading. Lobes concave, elliptic, 0.8-0.9 x 0.45-0.6 mm, apex rounded but usually with a sharp apiculus and also with few minute teeth. Lobules 0.4-0.52 x 0.580.6 mm, usually flat, with only 1 apical tooth consisting of 1-2 cells. Cells with trigones 20-25 x 20-30 µm. Underleaves 3-5 x as large as stem, 0.9-1.3 x 0.9-1.2 µm. Dioicous. Perianths obcordate, truncate, flat and compressed, keeled laterally but not winged, 1.6 x 0.9 mm. Habitat: Epiphytic in montane forest, 2000-2200 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Gisakura. Distribution in Africa: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Annobón, São Tomé, Bioko, Cameroon, Gabon, Rio Muni, DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia. Also Socotra, Madagascar.

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Fig. 284. Marsupella emarginata (Ehrh.) Dumort. Plants green to reddish-brown or brownish, in dense patches, shoots (10-)20-50 mm high and 1.6-2.4 mm wide, erect, simple or with few branches. Leaves contiguous to imbricate, round ate, bilobed to 0.2-0.3 of their length, lobes obtusely pointed to subacute. Cells with thin walls and large trigones, 17-30 Âľm in diameter. Dioicous. Perianth short, tubular, irregularly lobed, nearly ridde within bracts. Habitat: On rocks in Dendrosenecio paramo and in Alchemilla mats interrupted by boulders, 4200-4400 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi, on the E slope in the alpine belt. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Uganda, Tanzania. Also in the Northern Hemisphere and in high mountains of Central and South America and South East Asia.

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Fig. 285. Marsupella subintegra S.W.Arnell Plants reddish-brown or brownish, in dense patches, shoots 10-15 mm high and 1.2-2 mm wide, erect, simple or with few branches. Leaves contiguous to imbricate, roundate, bilobed to 0.2-0.3 of their length, lobes obtusely pointed to subacute. Cells with thin walls and large trigones, 17-30 Âľm in diameter. Dioicous. Perianth absent. Habitat: On rocks in Dendrosenecio paramo, 3700-4500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi. Distribution in Africa: Uganda, Malawi. Also RĂŠunion, Nepal, Borneo, Sumatra, Papua New Guinea.

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Figs 286 and 287 (next page). Mastigophora diclados (Brid. ex Web.) Nees Plants reddish to yellowish-brown. Stems procumbent to ascending or erect, up to 10 cm long, 1-2-pinnate, mature branches with attenuate apices with small leaves. Leaves, 2-3-lobed, 0.5-1.1 mm long, divided for 0.8-0.9 of their length, dorsal lobes large, ventral lobes much smaller, with triangular laciniae at both lobes. Cells with large trigones, walls pigmented, 20-25 x 25-35 µm. Underleaves 2-lobed, similar to lateral leaves. Habitat: Epiphytic in montane forest, 2000-2200 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rugege, Gisakura, Karamba, Kamiranzovu. Distribution in Africa: Annobón, São Tomé, Bioko, Cameroon, Gabon, Rio Muni, Ethiopia, Uganda, Tanzania. Also Ascension, Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles.

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Figs 288 and 289 (next page). Microlejeunea africana Steph. Synonyms: Lejeunea ulicina ssp. africana (Steph.) Vanden Berghen; L. ulicina ssp. ocellifera (S.W.Arnell) R.M.Schust. Plants very small, 2-5 mm long and 0.1-0.2 mm wide, epiphytic or epiphyllous, pale green to pure-green. Leaves dimorphous, distant to contigous, 0.15-0.22 mm long, in sterile shoots the portion of the lobe extending forward from the lobule about equal to the lobule, with ventral margin almost in line with keel. Lobes suberect, apex rounded, margins entire, ocelli 1-3. Lobules inflated, elongate ovate, apical tooth curved, spiniform. Cells thin-walled, 15-18 x 18-20 µm. Underleaves bifid to 1/3-2/5 of their length, longer than wide, 1.5 x stem width. Dioicous. Perianths inflatedpyriform, with 5 slightly crenulate keels. Habitat: Epiphytic or epiphyllous in montane forest up to Dendrosenecio-Lobelia stuhlmannii paramo, 2000-3600 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi, on the E-slopes along trail to summit. Gishwati Forest: Gikungu. Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Karamba, Kamiranzovu, Gisakura, Uwinka, Mt. Bigugu. Distribution in Africa: Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Benin, Togo, Nigeria, Principe, Annobón, São Tomé, Bioko, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo-Brazzaville, DR Congo, Burundi, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Lesotho, South Africa. Also Socotra, Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, Rodriguez, Seychelles.

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Figs 290 and 291 (next page). Microlejeunea kamerunensis Steph. Synonym: Lejeunea kamerunensis (Steph.) Vanden Berghen. Plants very small, 2-5 mm long and 0.35-0.6 mm wide, epiphytic or epiphyllous, pale green to pure-green. Leaves dimorphous, distant to contigous, 0.15-0.2 x 0.2-0.4 mm. Lobes ovate, asymmetric, spreading at right angle to the stem, leaves of sterile shoots with ventral margin arched, forming a distinct sinus with keel apex rounded, margins entire or crenulated, ocelli (1-)2-6(-8), in an irregular group. Lobules c. 1/2 of the length of the lobe, apical tooth falcate, acute, 40-50 µm long. Cells thin-walled, 15 x 17 µm. Underleaves bifid to 1/2 of their length, longer than wide, 1.5-2 x stem width, 0.06-0.1 x 0.09-0.13 mm. Dioicous. Perianths inflated-pyriform, 0.27-0.3 x 0.5-0.6 mm, conically obovate or narrow pyriform, with 5 slightly crenulate keels. Habitat: Epiphytic or epiphyllous in montane forest up to Hagenia-Hypericum forest and Dendrosenecio-Lobelia stuhlmannii paramo, 1950-3600 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi, in the saddle between Bisoke and Karisimbi, Karisimbi, on E-slopes along trail to summit. Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Gisakura, Karamba, Kamiranzovu, Rwankuba, Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Princípe, São Tomé, Bioko, Cameroon, DR Congo, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Mozambique. Also Mauritius, Réunion.

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Fig. 292. Microlejeunea nyandaruensis Pócs Plants very small, 2-5 mm long and 0.2-0.3 mm wide, epiphytic or epiphyllous, pale green to pure-green. Leaves dimorphous, distant to contiguous, 300-400 x 250-300 µm. Lobes suberect, apex rounded, margins entire or crenulated, ocelli (1)2-6(-8), in an irregular group. Lobules inflated, elongate ovate, apical tooth falcate, often hidden by the enrolled free margin, hyaline papilla distal. Cells thin-walled, 20 x 20-35 µm. Underleaves bifid to 1/3-2/5 of their length, longer than wide, 1.2-2.0 x stem width, 200 x 150 µm. Autoicous. Perianths inflated-pyriform, 350-700 µm long, conically obovate or narrow pyriform, with 5 slightly crenulate keels. Habitat: Epiphytic in Dendrosenecio-Lobelia stuhlmannii paramo, 3600 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi, on E-slopes along trail to summit. Distribution in Africa: Kenya.

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Figs 293 and 294 (next page). Mnioloma fusca (Lehm.) R.M.Schust. Synonym: Calypogeia fusca (Lehm.) Steph. Plants usually terrestric, small to mediumsized, pale-brown to dark-brown, 1-2 mm wide. Stems prostrate to ascending, 0.1-0.2 mm wide. Leaves imbricate, alternate, oblong-ovate to broadly ovate, 0.5-1.0 x 0.4-0.8 mm, apex rounded or slightly emarginate, ventral base decurrent. Cells thin-walled, with small nodulose trigones, subapical cells 20-30 x 30-40 µm, mid-leaf cells 25-30 x 34-50 µm, cuticle verrucose, oil bodies compound, finely granular (Jungermannia-type), colourless, 2-6 per cell. Underleaves 1.5-2 x as wide as the stem, rounded, apex minutely emarginate to rounded, base not decurrent, margin dentate or entire. Habitat: On soil, rotten wood and on roadcuts 1950-2100 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Gisakura, Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: Bioko, Cameroon, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda, Tanzania, Lesotho, Swaziland, South Africa. Also Azores, St. Helena, Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles.

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Fig. 295. Notoscyphus lutescens (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Mitt. Synonym: Notoscyphus belangerianus (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Mitt. Plants terrestrial, green to red, shoots 1-2 mm wide. Leaves alternate to subopposite, ovate-oblong, 0.4-1 x 0.3-0.6 mm, apex rounded or truncate. Cells usually with large trigones, rectangular, 20-35 x 2545 Âľm. Underleaves small, narrower than stem, divided into 2 subulate lobes. Dioicous. Habitat: Quartzitic rocks in montane forest, 2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Karamba. Distribution in Africa: Cameroon, DR Congo, Burundi, Malawi, South Africa. Also Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, RĂŠunion.

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Figs 296 and 297 (next page). Odontolejeunea lunulata (Web.) Schiffn. Plants large, forming dense mats of several cm², shoots (1.8-)2.5-3.2 mm wide. Lobe ovate, rounded and sometimes dentate at apex, 0.18-0.3 x (0.27-)0.3-0.45 mm. Lobule inflated, ovate, c. 0.22 x 0.32 mm, keel convex. Underleaves with disc-like paramphigastria for adhesion on leaf surfaces. Monoicous. Perianth compressed, obovate to oblong, dorsal face smooth, ventral face with obtuse keel, lateral keels dentate, 0.71 x 1-1.4 mm. Habitat: Epiphyllous in montane forest, 1970-2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Gisakura, Karamba, Kamiranzovu. Distribution in Africa: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Bioko, São Tomé, Cameroon, Rio Muni, Congo-Brazzaville, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique. Also Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion.

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Figs 298 and 299 (next page). Omphalanthus roccatii (Gola) R.M.Schust. Synonyms: Evansiolejeunea roccatii (Gola) Vanden Berghen; Acrolejeunea convexa Steph.; Omphalanthus renistipulus Steph. Plants robust, epiphytic, yellowish-green to brownish, shoots up to 3 cm long. Lobe ovate, rounded and obtuse at apex, decurved, 0.8 x 1 mm. Lobules subquadrangular, their free margins not incurved, apical tooth 1-celled. Cells thick-walled, trigones prominent and bulging, 18 x 27 Âľm. Underleaves entire, rounded, inserted on four or more rows of stem cells, insertion arched. Dioicous. Androecia not observed. Gynoecia without innovations beneath, immersed in the cucullate bracts. Perianths emerging from surrounding bracts, pyriform-cylindrical, inflated, with 5-6 acute keels (2 ventral keels, 2 lateral keels, 1-2 dorsal keels). Habitat: Epiphytic in ericaceous forest, 2900-3100 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Sabinyo. Nyungwe NP: Mt. Bigugu. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo (Uvira, Kahuzi, BiĂŠga, Ruwenzori), Uganda (Ruwenzori).

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Fig. 300. Plagiochila barteri Mitt. Plants up to 2-6(-10) cm long, shoots up to (2.4-)3-5(-7) mm wide, with intercalary ramifications. Leaves contiguous to imbricate, subtriangular-ovate, (0.8-)1.6-2.4 x 2-3.2 mm, ventral appendix well developed, convex, 0.8-1.2 mm high, dentate or entire-serrate at margin, ventral margin slightly convex, with 10-20 long involute, and acute teeth, dorsal margin involute, entire or dentate, prolonged by a wing. Cells with large trigones, 2530 x 30-35 µm. Dioicous. Perianth ovate-oblong, 2.6-3 x 4.4-5 mm, dorsal keel not winged, apex dentate at mouth. Habitat: Epiphyte in montane forest, 2000-2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Karamba, Kamiranzovu, Uwinka, W edge of forest near Gisakura. Distribution in Africa: Sierra Leone, Togo, São Tomé, Princípe, Bioko, Cameroon, Gabon, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe. Also Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion.

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Figs 301 and 302 (next page). Plagiochila colorans Steph. Synonym: Plagiochila barteri ssp. colorans (Steph.) Pócs. Plants up 15-30 cm long, shoots up to 7-9 mm wide, with few or without ramifications. Leaves broadly triangular, 4.4 x 3 mm, postical base widely ampliate, shortly decurrent in a broad erose wing, antical base longly decurrent, auriculate at base, the insertions meeting at mid-line, stem completely concealed from above and below, leaf narrowed to the rounded apex, with small spiniform teeth. Cells with large trigones, 15-22 x 20-30 µm. Dioicous. Perianth ovate-oblong, 2.63 x 4-5 mm, dorsal keel not winged, apex dentate at mouth. Habitat: Epiphyte in HageniaHypericum forest, Erica forest, Dendrosenecio-Lobelia stuhlmannii paramo 2900-3900 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi, SW of Susa River, in the saddle between Mt. Bisoke and Mt. Karisimbi, on the E-slopes along trail to summit. Nyungwe NP: Mt. Bigugu. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo (Kahuzi-Biéga, Ruwenzori), Ethiopia (Bale), Uganda (Virunga Volcanoes, Ruwenzori), Kenya (Mt. Kenya), Tanzania (Mt. Meru, Kilimanjaro).

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Figs 303 and 304 (next page). Plagiochila ericicola Steph. Synonym: Plagiochila hedbergii S.W.Arnell. Plants up to 30 cm long, green, shoots up to 5 mm wide, with regularly pinnate to bipinnate branching. Leaves distant, ovate except for the longly decurrent tapering antical base, antical margin not strongly inrolled, nearly straight at about 50Â° to the stem, postical base narrow, longly decurrent, postical half of leaf strongly deflexed to lie at right angles to the stem, apex, postical margin and distal part of postical base regularly ciliate-dentate, teeth straight, of 1-3 cells. Cells with large nodular trigones, 21-27 x 25-30 Âľm. Habitat: Epiphyte in Hagenia-Hypericum forest, Erica forest, Dendrosenecio-Lobelia stuhlmannii paramo, 3000-3900 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi, Bisoke, Sabinyo, Muhabura. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania.

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Figs 305 and 306 (next page). Plagiochila exigua (Taylor) Taylor Plants up to 1-2 cm long, shoots up to 0.8-1.8 mm wide, with intercalary ramifications, microphyllous flagellae abundant. Leaves distant to contiguous, caducous, convex, distinctly narrowed at insertion, 0.5-1.2 x 0.3-6 mm, margin not or only slightly decurrent, bilobed to c. 1/3, lobes acuminate, spreading and thus V-shaped, dorsal margin entire or rarely with 1 tooth, ventral margin with 0-1(-2) teeth with 2-3 cells in a row. Cells with small trigones, 20-25 x 20-28 Âľm. Vegetative reproduction with caducous leaves. Habitat: Epiphyte in Erica forest, 3300-3500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Gahinga, Muhabura. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Lesotho, South Africa. Also atlantic Europe (Scotland, England, Ireland, SW Norway, NW France, N Spain, Switzerland, Italy), Azores, Madeira, Canaries, RĂŠunion, North America, Caribbean, South America, Asia (Bhutan, Japan).

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Fig. 307. Plagiochila fusifera Tayl. Plants forming lax tufts, fronds 1-3 cm tall, arising from basal stolons, shoots 3-4.5 mm wide, dichotomously branched distally. Leaves approximate to somewhat imbricate, 1.41.7 mm long, ovate to oblong-triangular, dorsal margin nearly straight or weakly concave, shortly decurrent, insertion shorter than width of leaf, ventral base shortly and narrowly decurrent, leaf apex variable, rounded or truncate, leaf margin dentate around the whole of apex and ventral margin with ± triangular teeth, often with some teeth on ventral base. Cells isodiametric, 20-25 x 20-30 µm, trigones distinct, small or medium-sized. Habitat: Epiphyte in montane rainforest, 2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Gishwati Forest: N end of Gishwati, W of Gakarara. Nyungwe NP: Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: Senegal, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Togo, Ghana, Nigeria, São Tomé, Princípe, Bioko, Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Somalia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia.

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Fig. 308. Plagiochila heterostipa Steph. Plants with fronds up to 5 cm long, distantly pinnate to bipinnate, 3-4.5 mm wide. Leaves (1.2-) 1.5-2(-2.5) mm long, contiguous or distant, ovate to oblong, dorsal base moderately to longly decurrent in a narrow wing, obliquely inserted, leaving the dorsal side of the stem well exposed, dorsal margin arching outwards at an angle of 45°-70°(-80°), ventral base shortly decurrent, leaf apex truncate, leaf margin coarsely and irregularly dentate with 3-4(-5) teeth at apex, and 2-4 teeth on ventral margin, dentition generally coarser and shorter than in P. terebrans (see below). Cells 17-20 x 20-23 µm, trigones medium-sized, sharply defined. Dioicoius. Perianth widely triangular, slightly longer than wide. Habitat: Epiphyte in submontane to montane rainforest, 2000-2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: Ivory Coast, Gabon, DR Congo, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, South Africa.

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Figs 309 and 310 (next page). Plagiochila integerrima Steph. Synonym: Plagiochila blanda Steph. Plants forming dense mats up to 1-3 cm tall, shoots 0.5-2 cm long and 3-4.8(-6) mm wide with exclusively intercalary ramifications Leaves distant to contiguous or slightly imbricate, obovate-oblong, cuneate at base, (1-)1.22 x 1.8-3.4 mm, ventral margin shortly decurrent on stem, sinuate, with 1-6 small teeth in distal part towards apex, apex rounded or truncate, subentire or irregularly dentate, with 3-8 acute teeth. Cells without trigones or with small nodulose trigones, 24-30 x 30-40 µm. Habitat: Lithophytic or terrestric, occasionally epiphytic in montane rainforest, often near streams or rivers, 1900-2400 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Nyungwe, c. 7 km E of Pindura, Kamiranzovu, Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Togo, Ghana, Nigeria, São Tomé, Bioko, Cameroon, Gabon, Rio Muni, Central African Republic, Congo-Brazzaville, DR Congo, Burundi, Ethiopia, Somalia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe. Also Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles.

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Figs 311 and 312 (next page). Plagiochila kiaerii Gottsche Synonym: Plagiochila divergens Steph. Plants similar to Plagiochila fusifera, differing mainly in being much larger and more richly branched, fronds pinnately or bipinnately branched, 4-8 cm tall, shoots 4-6 mm wide. Leaves 2-3.5 mm long, dentition variable, usually dentate near apex and in the distal part of the ventral margin, entire proximally, involute leaf margin prolonged by an obliquely inserted wing on stem. Cells with large nodulose trigones, 18-22 x 20-26 Âľm. Dioicous. Perianth subtriangular, 1.4-1.6 x 1.5-2 mm, mouth ciliate. Habitat: Epiphyte in montane rainforest, 2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rugege. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Malawi,South Africa. Also Madagascar, Seychelles.

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Fig. 313. Plagiochila lastii Mitt. Plants up to 6-8 cm long, shoots up to 3-5 mm wide, often pendulous, laxly pinnate or bipinnate. Leaves distant to contiguous, triangular, postical margin on main axis at 90Â°, postical bases forming a low but well-marked crest, longly decurrent in a narrow and undulate wing, postical margin at apex coarsely and irregularly dentate or biserrate with 2-4 principal teeth. Cells with distinct trigones and intermediate thickenings, 15-24 x 2040 Âľm. Underleaves often conspicuous, bifid, deeply laciniate. Dioicous. Perianth ovate or elliptic, 2 x as long as wide, apex closely and shortly laciniate. Habitat: Montane rainforest, 2450 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe, South Africa.

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Figs 314 and 315 (next page). Plagiochila pectinata (Willd. ex Web.) Lindenb. Plants up to 2-6 cm long, shoots up to (2.8-)4-6(-7) mm wide, with intercalary ramifications Leaves distant to contiguous, slightly imbricate, slightly falcate, cuneate at base and convex dorsally, usually 2 x long as wide, (0.8-)1-2 x (1.8-)2.3-3.8 mm, ventral margin convex, slightly decurrent at stem, forming an angle of 45° with the stem, in distal part 2-4(-7) triangular teeth, apex acute, rarely truncate, in proximal part (1-)2-6(-8) triangular teeth. Cells with distinct trigones, 23-30 x 32-45 µm. Dioicous. Androecium 2.4-4.5 mm long, bracts imbricate. Perianth ovate or elliptic, 1.1-1.7 x 1.7-3.4 mm, not winged, apex with 10-16 cilia on each side of mouth. Habitat: Epiphyte in montane rainforest and ericaceous forest, 2450-3000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Uwinka. Volcano NP: Muhabura. Distribution in Africa: Sierra Leone, Ghana, São Tomé, Bioko, Cameroon, Gabon, Rio Muni, DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Malawi. Also Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles.

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Figs 316 and 317 (next page). Plagiochila squamulosa var. sinuosa (Mitt.) Vanden Berghen Synonym: Plagiochila sinuosa Mitt. Close to P. squamulosa var. squamulosa but differing in shorter teeth that are triangular rather than spiniform, plants usually more closely and regularly pinnate or bipinnate. Habitat: Epiphyte in Lobelia mildbraedii-Cyperus denudatus bog, ericaceous heath with Andropogon shirensis and montane forest, 2400-2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Gishwati Forest: W of Gakarara. Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko. Distribution in Africa: Cameroon, DR Congo, Burundi, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Also Madagascar, Mauritius.

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Figs 318 and 319 (next page). Plagiochila subalpina Steph. Synonym: Plagiochila pseudoattenuata S.W.Arnell. Plants up to 1-2 cm tall, shoots up to 1.5-2 mm wide, with intercalary ramifications, microphyllous flagellae abundant. Leaves distant to contiguous, obovate or suborbicular, 0.58-0.82 x 0.72-1 mm, ventral margin convex, nearly hemicircular, apex rounded, ventral margin and apex with (4-)6-9(-10) teeth with 2-3 cells in a row. Cells with large trigones, 19-25 x 23-26 Âľm. Vegetative reproduction with caducous leaves. Habitat: Epiphyte in Dendrosenecio-Lobelia stuhlmannii paramo, 3600-3900 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi, on the E-slopes along trail to summit. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Lesotho. Also Madagascar.

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Figs 320 and 321 (next page). Plagiochila terebrans Lindenb. ex Nees & Mont. Plants in dark green tufts, shoots up to 3-5(-10) cm long and 2-5(-7) mm wide, irregularly pinnate-bipinnate. Leaves distant to contiguous, sometimes slightly imbricate, 0.71.5 x 1.5-3.2 mm, slightly falcate, ventral appendix lacking, ventral margin convex, slightly decurrent at stem, in distal part with 4-10 unequal and broadly triangular teeth, dorsal margin concave, with 0-3 small teeth. Cells with distinct non-nodulose trigones, 1520 x 22-35 µm. Dioicous. Perianth ovate or oblong, 1.2-1.8(-2.4) x 1.6 x 2.4 mm, dorsal keel with wing, apex with long and fimbriate cilia on each side of mouth. Habitat: Epiphyte in montane rainforest, Hagenia-Hypericum forest, ericaceous shrub and DendrosenecioLobelia stuhlmannii paramo, 2000-3900 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi, in the saddle between Mt. Bisoke and Mt. Karisimbi, on the E-slopes along trail to summit, Erica forest SW of Susa river. Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Karamba, Kamiranzovu, Uwinka, Gisakura. Distribution in Africa: Ivory Coast, Annobón, São Tomé, Bioko, Cameroon, Rio Muni, DR Congo, Burundi, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Malawi. Also Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion.

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Fig. 322. Plicanthus giganteus (Steph.) R.M.Schust. Synonyms: Chandonanthus hirtellus ssp. giganteus (Steph.) Vanden Berghen; C. giganteus Steph. Plants epiphytic or rupicolous, large, robust, yellowish-green to brown. Stems suberect to erect, up to 10-12 cm long, with paraphyllia. Leaves imbricate, transversely inserted, asymmetrically 3-lobed, to 3 mm long, margins long-ciliate near base, with 15-20 cilia on each margin, cilia about 180 µm long. Cells with large, bulging trigones, 15-25 µm in diameter towards apex, basal leaf cells elongate, 30-40 x 1520 µm. Underleaves as large as leaves, deeply 2-lobed, margin long-ciliate. Habitat: Hagenia-Hypericum forest (with mossballs on branches) and Erica forest, 3000 - 3500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Sabinyo, Karisimbi, in the saddle between Mt. Bisoke and Mt. Karisimbi, Karisimbi, SW of Susa river. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania.

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Figs 323 and 324 (next page). Plicanthus hirtellus (F.Weber) R.M.Schust. Synonym: Chandonanthus hirtellus (F.Weber) Mitt. Plants epiphytic or rupicolous, small, brownish. Stems suberect to erect, about 2-4 cm long, paraphyllia absent. Leaves laxly imbricate, transversely inserted, asymmetrically 3-lobed almost to base, to 3 mm long, margins long-ciliate, up to 5-7 ciliae on each margin, cilia about 150 µm long. Cells with large, bulging trigones, 18 µm in diameter towards apex, mid leaf cells 15-20 x 10-15 µm. Underleaves smaller than leaves, deeply 2-lobed, margin long-ciliate. Habitat: montane forest, rocky slopes in heath forest, 2000-2500 m, Carapa grandiflora-Syzygium swamp forest. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Karamba, along abandoned road to Burundi, Kamiranzovu, Gisakura. Distribution in Africa: Sierra Leone, São Tomé, Cameroon, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Malawi, South Africa. Also Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles.

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Fig. 325. Porella abyssinica (Nees) Trev. Plants robust, olive-green to brown, prostrate or pendent, 3.6-4 mm wide. Stems pinnate to bipinnate, 5-6 cm long. Lobes convex, ovate to oblong, dorsally decurrent on stem, 1-1.4 x1.8-2.5 mm, entire, rounded or truncate at apex, margins entire. Lobules oblong, wider than stem, 0.6-0.75 x 0.7-1.2 mm, auriculate and crispate to laciniate at base, apex entire. Cells with trigones, 20-25(-28) x 24-30(-35) Âľm. Underleaves 2-2.5 x the width of the stem large, longer than wide, undivided, 0.8-1.2 x 1-1.4 mm. Dioicous. Perianths bluntly 3-keeled, mouth with large unequal teeth, 1.8-2 x 2.8-3 mm. Habitat: Epiphyte in montane forest, 2300 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Gishwati Forest: Gikungu. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania.

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Figs 326 and 327 (next page). Porella subdentata (Mitt.) Steph. Plants robust, olive-green to brown, prostrate or pendent, 3-3.6 mm wide. Stems bipinnate, 3-8 cm long. Lobes convex, subtriangular to oblong, dorsally and ventrally decurrent on stem, 1-1.6 x 2-2.6 mm, entire, rounded or truncate at apex, margins entire. Lobules oblong, wider than stem, 0.6-0.75 x 0.7-1.2 mm, auriculate and crispate to laciniate at base, apex irregularly dentate. Cells with trigones, 20-25(-28) x 24-30(-35) µm. Underleaves 1-1.6 x the width of the stem, large, longer than wide, undivided, 0.81.2 x 1-1.4 mm, margin irregularly dentate. Dioicous. Perianths bluntly 3-keeled, mouth with large unequal teeth, 1.8-2 x 2.8-3 mm. Habitat: A variable species growing in rain forests or gallery forests preferably as epiphyte or on rocks, 1400–1700 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Ibuhanga. Akagera: Akagera near Kagitumba. Distribution in Africa: Guinea, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Princípe, São Tomé, Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Malawi, Zimbabwe.

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Figs 328 and 329 (next page). Prionolejeunea grata (Gottsche) Schiffn. Synonym: Prionolejeunea serrula (Mitt.) Steph. Plants epiphytic to epiphyllous, palegreen to yellowish-green, 0.6-0.8 mm wide. Leaves alternate, 0.3-0.35 x 0.22-0.27 mm, dorsal base straight proximally, then arched across the stem, apex acute to acuminate, margins crenulate-denticulate with conically projecting cells, thickened by a papilla at apex. Lobules about 1/3 of lobe length, ovate-inflated, with a 1-celled tooth, hyaline papilla proximal, keel strongly arched. Cells with trigones and intermediate thickenings, 14-22 x 17-26 µm. Underleaves small, 1.5-2 x stem width, deeply bifid with a broad sinus. Autoicous. Perianths flattened-pyriform, somewhat inflated ventrally, with 2 broad lateral keels, usually expanded above into short auricles, 0.6-0.8 x 0.4-0.5 mm. Habitat: Epiphytic or epiphyllous in montane forest, 1900-2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Kamiranzovu, Gisakura. Distribution in Africa: Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Annobon, Princípe, São Tomé, Cameroon, Gabon, Rio Muni, DR Congo, tTanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe. Also Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles.

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Figs 330 and 331 (next page). Ptychanthus africanus Steph. Synonym: Ptychanthus striatus auct. non (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Nees. Plants dull green to brownish-green, robust, usually pendent or spreading-erect and ressembling Porella or Plagiochila. Stems regularly pinnate or bipinnate, up to 18 cm long. Leaves alternate. Lobes usually coarsely dentate, acuminate, 1.7 x 1 mm. Lobules inflated, very small, only with one apical tooth. Cells with thickened walls, 20-24 x 25-30 Âľm. Underleaves coarsely dentate, sometimes emarginate at apex, 2-4 x as wide as the stem. Autoicous. Perianths claviform-cylindric, inflated, striate with about 10 longitudinal keels, 1.2-1.7 x 0.6-0.8 mm. Habitat: Epiphytic or epiphyllous in montane forest, 1900-2100 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Gishwati Forest: Gishwati. Nyungwe NP: Cyamudongo Forest, Gisakura. Distribution in Africa: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Bioko, Cameroon, DR Congo, Burundi, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, South Africa. Also Madagascar.

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Fig 332. Radula ankefinensis Gottsche ex Steph. Synonym: Radula holstiana Steph. Plants small, light green, usually not more than 2 cm long, regularly pinnate, robust shoots 1.5-2.5 mm wide. Leaves approximate or slightly imbricate, ovate, base rounded and extending towards other side of stem but not crossing it, 0.9-1.2 x 0.6-0.9 mm, often caducous. Lobules small, occupying 0.35-0.45 the width of the shoot, keel nearly straight, usually slightly concave, forming an angle of 45-80Â° with the stem, slightly wider than long, apex rectangular or extended slightly into a blunt beak. Cells with thin walls and usually with minute trigones. Monoicous. Perianth narrowly conical, 0.7-0.8 x 2-3 mm, compressed in upper third. Habitat: Montane forest, 20002500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Karamba. Distribution in Africa: Bioko, Cameroon, Burundi, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Swaziland, South Africa. Also Madagascar, Mauritius, RĂŠunion.

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Figs 333 and 334 (next page). Radula boryana (Web.) Nees ex Mont. Plants dark olive-green or brown, with glossy dark brown stems, up to 10 cm long, bipinnate, shoots 2.5-3 mm wide. Leaves approximate or distant, base of the lobe usually crossing the stem. Lobule relatively small, the base occupying 1/5 to 1/3 the width of the shoot, in robust forms extending across the stem into a large volute auricle, keel very short, straight or concave, forming an angle of 60-90° with the stem. Cells with nodular trigones. Dioicous. Perianth second, broadly oblong-conical, compressed, up to 2.52.8 mm long. Habitat: Montane Carapa grandiflora-Syzygium swamp forest, 2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Karamba, Kamiranzovu, Gisakura. Distribution in Africa: Ghana, Togo, Annobón, São Tomé, Princípe, Bioko, Cameroon, Rio Muni, DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe, South Africa. Also Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion.

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Fig. 335. Radula comorensis Steph. Plants light green, sparsely branched, shoots 1.5-1.8 mm wide. Leaves ovate, distant approximate or moderately imbricate, not or only slightly crossing the stem, 0.9 x 0.64 mm, keel concave or straight, forming an angle of 45-60Â°. Lobule rather small, the base occupying 1/3 to 2/5 of the width of the shoot, slightly ampliate but rarely reaching the other side of the stem, apex rectangular to acute. Cells without trigones or minute trigones present. Dioicous. Perianth narrowly conical, up to 2.5-3 mm long. Habitat: Montane rainforest, 2300 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Uwinka.Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Socotra, Uganda, Malawi, Lesotho. Also Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, RĂŠunion.

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Fig. 336. Radula evelynae Yamada Plants brownish-green, irregularly pinnately branched, shoots 1.5-2 mm wide. Leaves complanate, approximate or moderately imbricate, 0.86-1.15 x 0.64-0.8 mm. Lobule a little longer than wide, with a long insertion, the base occupying 1/3 of the width, not or only slightly ampliate and not or only slightly crossing the midline of stem, keel nearly straight, forming an angle of 40-60Â°. Cells without trigones or minute trigones present. Dioicous. Perianth compressed, up to 3 mm long. Habitat: Epiphyte in montane rainforest, 2400 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Kenya, Tanzania. Also RĂŠunion.

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Figs 337 and 338 (next page). Radula flaccida Lindenb. & Gottsche Plants green, regularly pinnate or bipinnate, closely appressed to the substrate, shoots 1.5-1.9 mm wide. Leaves flat, approximate or moderately imbricate, bearing reniform stipitate gemmae on the antical margin, the base crossing the stem. Lobule occupying 1/3 the width of the shoot, apex prolonged into a blunt liguliform beak, directed forwards parallel to the stem, keel nearly straight or concave, decurrent, forming an angle of 40-45° with the stem and a wide sinus with the lobe. Cells without trigones. Dioicous. Perianth erect, narrowly conical, up to 2.8 mm long. Habitat: Foliicolous in montane forest, 20002500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Karamba, Kamiranzovu, Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, São Tomé, Princípe, Bioko, Cameroon, Rio Muni, DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola. Also Comoros.

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Figs 339 and 340 (next page). Radula quadrata Gottsche Synonym: Radula recurvifolia Steph. Plants green, irregularly pinnately branched, shoots 1.8-2.5 mm wide. Leaves convex, imbricate, 1-1.5 x 0.68-1.2 mm, always with gemmae on margin. Lobule a little longer than wide, with a long insertion, the base occupying more than 1/2 of the width of the shoot, the keel usually nearly straight, making an angle of 5080Â° with the stem, the base extending far across the stem but not auriculate. Cells with small trigones, 18-20 Âľm in diameter. Dioicous. Perianth compressed, 1-2.7 x 1.5-3.5 mm, the mouth truncate. Habitat: Epiphyte in ericaceous heath with Andropogon shirensis, 2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko. Distribution in Africa: Bioko, Cameroon, DR Congo, Socotra, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, South Africa. Also Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, South America.

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Fig. 341. Radula stenocalyx Mont. Plants green, pinnately branched, shoots 1-1.8 mm wide. Leaves ovate, approximate, 1-1.5 x 0.68 -0.8 mm, bearing discoid gemmae. Lobule a little longer than wide, with a long insertion, the keel extending rather less than 1/2 the distance from insertion to leaf apex, very strongly convex, making an angle of 90° with the postical margin of the lobe, the base narrow. Cells without or with minute trigones, 15-25 µm in diameter. Dioicous. Perianth compressed, 0.5 x 2.5 mm, the mouth compressed, slightly and irregularly lobed. Habitat: Epiphyllous in montane forest, 1950-1970 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Gisakura. Distribution in Africa: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ghana, São Tomé, Bioko, Cameroon, Rio Muni, Gabon, DR Congo, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, South Africa. Also Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles.

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Figs 342 and 343 (next page). Radula voluta Tayl. ex Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees Synonyms: Radula stipatiflora Steph.; R. allamanoi Gola. Plants pale yellow brown or green, pinnately branched, up to 4-10 cm long. Leaves flat or slightly convex, sometimes caducuous, approximate or imbricate, 1-4.5 x 1.1-3.6 mm, the base crossing the stem, sometimes auriculate. Lobule a little wider than long, with a long insertion, the base occupying rather more than 1/2 of the width of a strong shoot, convex, strongly ampliate, apex rectangular, often exceeding the stem, keel nearly straight or slightly concave, forming an angle of 40-60°. Cells with thin trigones. Dioicous. Perianth conical or with oblong apex, up to 2.5-6 mm long. Habitat: Montane forest, Hagenia-Hypericum forest and Dendrosenecio-Lobelia stuhlmannii paramo, 2000 - 3900 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi, in the saddle between Mt. Bisoke and Mt. Karisimbi, Karisimbi, on E-slopes along trail to summit, Bisoke, crater crest, Sabinyo, Muhavura. Gishwati Forest: Gikungu, vallée de Sebeya. Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Mt. Muzimu. Distribution in Africa: Bioko, DR Congo, Socotra, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, South Africa. Also Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion.

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Figs 344 and 345 (next page). Schiffneriolejeunea altimontana Vanden Berghen Plants epiphytic, glossy brown. Stems prostrate to ascending, 2-3 cm long. Leaves alternate, densely imbricate, convolute and wrapped around the stem when dry. Lobes with apex apiculate, 0.6-0.8 x 0.9-1.2 mm. Lobules inflated, free margin sinuate, 0.220.27 x 0.37-0.46 mm, with 1 apical tooth of 2-3 cells. Cells with trigones cordate, 15-20 x 21-28 µm. Underleaves undivided, 0.6-0.75 x 0.6-0.82 mm, base not auriculate. Dioicous. Perianths smooth, with 3 distinct keels in the upper third, slightly exserted, 0.7-0.88 x 1.41.5 mm, rostrum indistinct or lacking. Habitat: Epiphytic in montane forest, 2200-2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Uwinka, Mt. Muzimu, Pindura-Bweyeye. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo (Kahuzi-Biéga), Uganda, Tanzania.

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Figs 346 and 347 (next page). Schiffneriolejeunea pappeana (Nees) Gradst. Plants epiphytic, brown to olive or blackish. Stems prostrate to ascending, 1.5-3.5(-6) cm long. Leaves alternate, densely imbricate, convolute and wrapped around the stem when dry. Lobes with apex obtuse, ovate-elliptical, 0.7-0.85 x 0.9-1.3(-1.8) mm. Lobules inflated, rectangular, 0.4-0.5 the length of the lobe, with 1 apical tooth. Cells with trigones cordate, 15-20 x 18-28 µm. Underleaves undivided, 0.6-0.75 x 0.6-0.82 mm, base auriculate. Dioicous. Perianths smooth, without keels or only slightly keeled in upper part, deeply immersed, rostrum well developed. Habitat: Epiphyte in montane forest, 20002380 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Gishwati Forest: Gikungu. Nyungwe NP: 1 km E of Pindura, near small waterfall. Distribution in Africa: Guinea, Annobón, São Tomé, Bioko, Cameroon, Central African Republic, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Malawi, Zimbabwe, South Africa. Also Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion.

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Fig. 348. Schistochila engleriana Steph. Synonyms: Gottschea engleriana (Steph.) Grolle & Zijlstra; Paraschistochila engleriana (Steph.) Schust. Shoots 5-8 mm wide. Lower lobes of leaves 3.5 x 0.9-1.3 mm, (2.5-)34(-4.5) x as long as wide, ligulate with broadly rounded nearly entire apex to narrowly lanceolate with tapering acute coarsely serrate apex, dentition variable. Upper lobe with a straight suture extending for 1/2 the length of the lower lobe, convex, oblong to ovateoblong, base not crossing stem, apex truncate with short apiculus to rounded without apiculus. Underleaves often absent, if present bifid, 0.3 x 0.2 mm. Cells 25-35 Âľm wide, with nodular trigones. Habitat: Epiphytic or on dead wood in montane forest, 2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Gisakura. Distribution in Africa: Tanzania, Malawi. Also Comoros.

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Figs 349 and 350 (next page). Solenostoma borgenii (Gottsche ex Pears.) Steph. Synonym: Jungermannia borgenii Gottsche ex Pears. Plants green to brown. Rhizoids abundant on stem, brown or purple. Leaves nearly orbicular, 0.4-1 x 0.4-1 mm. Cells thinwalled, c. 23-35 x 20-27 µm, trigones distinct. Dioicous. Perianths emergent, pyriform, abruptly narrowed to the mouth. Habitat: On damp peaty soil in ericaceous heath with Andropogon shirensis, Hypericum-Dendrosenecio subparamo, open DendrosenecioLobelia wollastoni paramo, 2400-3900 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi, at E-slopes along trail to summit. Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, waterfall c. 3 km E of Pindura. Distribution in Africa: São Tomé, Bioko, Cameroon, Congo-Brazzaville, DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa. Also Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion.

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Fig. 351. Solenostoma mildbraedii (Steph.) R.M.Schust. Synonym: Jungermannia mildbraedii Steph. Plants green, yellow green, olive-brown or brownish-green. Shoots 0.5-3 cm long and 0.3-1.4 mm wide, prostrate to ascendant, rhizoids numerous, brownish to yellow-brown. Leaves ovate, rarely cordate to orbiculate, concave, decurrent only at dorsal margin. Cells isodiametric, (18-) 20-30 Âľm in leaf center, trigones small or lacking. Paroicous. Perianths at maturity exceeding the bracts, ovate to clavate. Habitat: On damp peaty soil in ericaceous heath with Andropogon shirensis, Hypericum-Dendrosenecio subparamo, open Dendrosenecio paramo, 2400-3400 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi, at E-slopes along trail to summit. Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko. Distribution in Africa: Uganda, Tanzania, South Africa. Note: Difficult to distinguish from S. borgenii when sterile.

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Figs 352 and 353 (next page). Solenostoma sphaerocarpum (Hook.) Steph. Synonym: Jungermannia sphaerocarpa Hook. Plants yellowish-green to brown. Rhizoids abundant on stem, colourless. Leaves orbicular, 0.5-1.3 X 0.5-1.3 mm. Cells thinwalled, c. 25-35 µm long, trigones distinct. Paroicous. Perianths emergent, broadly obovate, abruptly narrowed to the mouth. Habitat: Terrestrial in ericaceous heath with Andropogon shirensis, Dendrosenecio-Lobelia stuhlmannii paramo, open DendrosenecioLobelia wollastoni paramo, Alchemilla mats interrupted by boulders in the alpine belt, 2400-4200 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Bisoke, Sabinyo, Karisimbi, on E-slopes along trail to summit. Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, waterfall c. 3 km E of Pindura. Distribution in Africa: Cameroon, DR Congo, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, South Africa. Also Madagascar, Réunion. Widespread in the Northern Hemisphere.

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Fig. 354. Syzygiella concreta (Gottsche) Spruce Plants rupicolous, small to large, 1-5 cm long, reddish-brown to purplish. Stems prostrate or erect. Leaves distant to moderately contiguous, obliquely to nearly lanceolately spreading, oblong-ligulate or oblong. 1 x 0.7 mm. Cells 26-33 x 32-40 µm, with large trigones. Habitat: Rocky slopes in montane forest, 2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rugege. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo (Kahuzi-Biéga, 3200 m), Kenya (Mt. Kenya), Tanzania (Uluguru Mts.). Also Madagascar, Mexico, Cuba, Venezuela, Brazil, Tristan da Cunha. Note: The only collection from Rwanda made by J.-J. De Sloover is without precise locality.

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Fig. 355. Syzygiella geminifolia (Mitt.) Steph. Synonyms: Plagiochila (?) ruwenzorensis Steph.; Syzygiella ruwenzorensis Steph.Plants rupicolous, small to large, 1-5 cm long, reddish-brown to purplish. Stems prostrate or erect. Leaves contiguous to imbricate, opposite to subopposite, obliquely spreading, triangular-ovate, 1-1.1 x 0.7-0.8 mm. Cells 26-33 x 32-40 µm, with large trigones. Habitat: Rocky slopes in heath forest, 2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Karamba, along abandoned road to Burundi. Distribution in Africa: São Tomé, Bioko, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Tanzania. Also Madagascar, Réunion.

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Figs 356 and 357 (next page). Taxilejeunea conformis (Nees & Mont.) Steph. Plants flaccid, green, 0.5-1.8 mm wide. Leaves ovate, acuminate, 0.8 x 0.6 mm, apex acuminate, margin more or less crenulated with protuberant cells. Lobules very variable, 1/3-1/2 the length of the lobe, apical tooth one-celled, with hyaline papilla on proximal side. Cells pellucid,18-25(-30) x 25-40 µm in leaf centre, walls thin, trigones and intermediate thickenings small but distinct, cuticle often finely punctate. Underleaves broadly orbiculate, bifid to middle, sinus V-shaped, base rounded, 2-2.5 x the width of stem. Monoicous. Perianths clavate, exserted for 1/2 or more of its length, with 5 equal keels in the upper third to half, beak short, c. 40 µm long. Habitat: Epiphytic or epiphyllous in montane forest, 2000-2300 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Gishwati Forest: Gikunku. Nyungwe NP: Kamiranzovu, Gisakura. Distribution in Africa: Sierra Leone, Ghana, Togo, Cameroon, Central African Republic, DR Congo, Burundi, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Malawi, South Africa. Also Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion.

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Figs 358 and 359 (next page). Taxilejeunea pulchriflora Pears. Plants green, 0.6-1 mm wide. Leaves ovate, 0.4-0.5 x 0.3-0.45 mm, apex acuminate and deflexed, sometimes rounded. Lobules very variable, often reduced to a fold, if well developed inflated, with a strongly arched keel, 1/3-1/2 the length of the lobe, apical tooth one-celled, with hyaline papilla on proximal side. Cells pellucid,18-25(-30) x 2540 Âľm in leaf centre, walls thin, trigones and intermediate thickenings small but distinct. Underleaves broadly orbiculate, bifid to middle, sinus V-shaped, base rounded, 1.5-2 x the width of stem. Monoicous. Perianths pyriform, exserted for 1/2 or more of its length, with 5 equal keels in the upper 1/3-1/2, the keels cristate. Habitat: Montane forest with Dicranoloma billardieri-mossballs in canopy, Carapa grandiflora-Syzygium swamp forest, 2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Karamba, Kamiranzovu. Distribution in Africa: Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Cameroon, Central African Republic, DR Congo, Kenya, Tanzania.

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Figs 360 and 361 (next page). Telaranea coactilis (Spruce) J.J.Engel & G.L.S.Merr. Synonyms: Arachniopsis coactilis Spruce; A. diacantha auct. non (Mont.) Howe. Plants very small and fragile, on decaying wood or terrestrial, filamentous, with hair-like leaves, whitish-green. Stems irregularly branched, branches purely ventral-intercalary, flattened, very thin, with a hyalodermis. Rhizoids at base of underleaves, sparse. Leaves transverse, divided to the base into 1-2 uniseriate filaments, the filaments only 1 cell wide from base to apex and 8-10 cells long. Cells longer than wide, thin-walled, oil bodies not observed, eventually lacking. Underleaves lacking or very small, consisting of 2 small, adjacent cells, each with a slime papilla at apex. Autoicous. Perianths very long, cylindrical, mouth with long, bristle-like lacinia. Habitat: On soil, peat, rotten wood and on rocks, 2000-3200 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Karamba, Kamiranzovu, Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Annobรณn, DR Congo, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa. Also Madagascar, Mascarenes, South America (Guyana, Brazil). Note: Probably all records of Telaranea (= Arachniopsis) diacantha from Africa and Madagascar belong to T. coactilis.

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Figs 362 and 363 (next page). Telaranea redacta (Steph.) J.J.Engel & G.L.S.Merr. Synonyms: Lepidozia redacta Steph.; Telaranea nematodes auct. non (Gottsche ex Aust.) Howe. Plants very small and fragile, filamentous, with hair-like leaves, whitishgreen. Stems â&#x20AC;&#x153;zig-zagâ&#x20AC;?-like. Rhizoids at base of underleaves, sparse. Leaves transverse, to succubous, leaf lobes biseriate at base, uniseriate filaments distinctly constricted at septda. Underleaves very small, 2-3-lobed. Autoicous. Perianths subcylindrical, eplicate, mouth with few bristle-like lacinia, not constricted. Habitat: On rocky slopes in heath forest and on decaying wood or soil in montane forest , 2000-2400 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Gishwati Forest: Gikungu. Nyungwe NP: Karamba, Kamiranzovu, Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: Ghana, DR Congo, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, South Africa. Note: Stephani (1914) described the species from the Nyungwe (= Rugege) forest as Lepidozia redacta. It was later listed as a synonym of Telaranea nematodes (Wigginton & Grolle, 1996) until Engel & Merrill (2004) raised it again to specific rank. Telaranea nematodes seems to be restricted to lowland- and mid-altitude rainforests in Western and Central Africa.

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Figs 364 and 365 (next page). Telaranea trifida (Steph.) R.M.Schust. Synonym: Lepidozia trifida Steph. Leaves (3) 4-lobed, the lobes 3-4 cells wide at base, the uniseriate row 4-5 cells long. Underleaves 4-lobed, the lobes with uniseriate row of 2 cylindric cells. Autoicous. Habitat: The ecological amplitude seems to be rather narrow as it was collected only in swamps and peat bogs, 2330-2400 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: along road from Butare to Cyangugu at border of district, Rwasenkoko, 2330-2400 m. Distribution in Africa: Cameroon, DR Congo, Uganda.

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Figs 366 and 367 (next page). Tetralophozia cavallii (Gola) Váňa Synonyms: Chandonanthus cavallii (Gola) S.W.Arnell; C. quadrifidus Steph. Plants epiphytic or rupicolous, small, reddish-brown, growing in tufts. Stems prostrate to suberect, simple, (0.6-)1-2 cm long. Leaves imbricate, transversely inserted, deeply symmetrically (3-)4-lobed, wider than long, c. 0.6 mm long, margin almost entire, ciliate near base, cilia up to 55 µm long. Cells with indistinct trigones, nodulose, mid-leaf cells 18 x 19 µm. Underleaves similar to leaves, but deeply 2-lobed, c. 0.55 mm long. Habitat: Hagenia-Hypericum forest, ericaceous forest and Dendrosenecio-Lobelia paramo, 30003900 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi, in the saddle between Mt. Bisoke and Mt. Karisimbi, Karisimbi, on E-slopes along trail to summit Bisoke, Sabinyo, Gahinga. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zimbabwe (?).

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Figs 368 and 369 (next page). Tritomaria exsecta (Schmidel ex Schrad.) Schiffn. ex Loeske Plants in loose or dense patches. Stems up to 1-2 cm long, flaccid, ascending to erect. Leaves imbricate, suberect or spreading, canaliculate to concave, ovate, unequally (2-)3-lobed, 0.65-0.8(-1) mm long. Cells thick-walled, with minute trigones, 10-20 x 8-15 Âľm. Gemmae in masses at apices of lobes of sterile plants. Habitat: Hagenia-Hypericum forest (with mossballs on branches), 3000-3300 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi, in the saddle between Mt. Bisoke and Mt. Karisimbi. Distribution in Africa: Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, South Africa.

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Figs 370 and 371 (next page). Tylimanthus laxus (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Spruce Synonym: Tylimanthus ruwenzorensis S.W.Arnell. Stems 2-3 (5) cm tall, arising from microphyllous stolons. Leaves obliquely ovate, ventrally secund, dorsally and ventrally decurrent (similar to Plagiochila), 2-4 x 0.8-2 mm, leaf apex variable, shallowly 2-lobed to retuse or rounded, leaf margin sometimes with rhizoids. Cells 22 x 35-45 Âľm, with trigones. Habitat: Afroalpine species, Lobelia stuhlmannii-Dendrosenecio adnivalisparamo, 3700 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi. Distribution in Africa: Ghana, Ethiopia, Uganda (Ruwenzori), Kenya (Mt. Kenya), Tanzania (Kilimanjaro, Uluguru mountains), Malawi. Also RĂŠunion, Azores, Madeira, South America.

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10. 2. Thallose Liverworts

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Figs 372 and 373 (next page). Aneura pinguis (L.) Dumort. Thallus dorsally concave, fleshy, yellowish-green to dark green, greasy in appearance, branches (20-)30-60(-70) x 3-7 mm, in the middle (9-)10-13(-20) cells thick. Dioicous. Calyptra clavate, up to 4-15 x 2 mm, fleshy, surrounding sporophytes. Habitat: Montane swamps and bogs, 2300-2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, swamp along road to Bweyeye c. 2 km S of Pindura. Distribution in Africa: Tanzania, South Africa. Also RĂŠunion, Seychelles. Subcosmopolitan and widespread in the Northern Hemisphere.

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Fig. 374. Aneura pseudopinguis (Herzog) Pรณcs Synonym: Riccardia pseudopinguis Herzog. Thallus flat, translucent, green, opaque, closely adhereing to the substrate (usually decaying wood or bark), branches up to 100 mm x 3-8 mm, in the middle only 5-7(-9) cells thick tapering to an unistratose margin 2-6 cells wide. Dioicous. Calyptra clavate, up to 5 x 1-2 mm, fleshy, surrounding sporophytes. Habitat: Soil and rotten wood, 2000-2600 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Kamiranzovu, Mt. Bigugu. Distribution in Africa: Ivory Coast, Bioko, Rio Muni, DR Congo, Uganda, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, South Africa. Also South America, Seychelles.

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Figs 375 and 376 (next page). Asterella abyssinica (Gottsche) Grolle, Synonym: Fimbriaria abyssinica Gottsche in Gottsche et al. Thalli small to medium-sized, in crowded mats, green to light olive-green, simple or furcate. Ventral surfaces green, with large scales in two rows. Autoecious. Antheridia in sessile cushions. Gynoecial receptacles on 4-5 mm long stalk, carpocephala suborbicular, 3.5-4 mm diameter, pseudoperianth with 8-10 white segments. Habitat: Hagenia-Hypericum forest, on stream banks or damp rocks, 2000-3300 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi, in the saddle between Mt. Bisoke and Mt. Karisimbi, Kinigi, foot of Muhabura. Nyungwe NP: Cyamudongo. Distribution in Africa: Sierra Leone, Bioko, Cameroon, DR Congo, Burundi, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe, South Africa.

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Fig. 377. Asterella khasyana (Griff.) PandĂŠ, K.P.Srivast. & Sultan Khan. Thalli small to medium-sized, in dense mats, green to light green, often reddish along the margins, simple or furcate, branches 3-6 x 2-4 mm. Ventral surfaces green, with large purple scales in two rows. Autoecious. Antheridia in sessile cushions. Gynoecial receptacles on 3-17 mm long stalk, carpocephala suborbicular, 3.5-5 mm diameter, the whole receptacle strongly warted above with large protruding air-chambers, pseudoperianth with 7-9 segments. Habitat: Open soil and road cuts with Cyathodium africanum and Marchantia spp., 1900-2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Cyamudongo. Distribution in Africa: Burundi, Uganda. Also East Asia.

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Fig. 378. Cyathodium africanum Mitt. Thalli very thin, delicate, translucent, brilliant luminous green to yellowish green, not tinged with purple, often irregularly lobed, lobes 1-2(-4) mm wide, lacking midrib. Monoicous. Involucres 2-valved, globose, c. 0.7-0.8 x 0.5 mm. Habitat: On moist soil and roadcuts, 1900 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Cyamudongo, along road to Nyakabuye. Distribution in Africa: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Annobón, São Tomé, Bioko, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo-Brazzaville, DR Congo, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Namibia. Also Cape Verde, Comoros, Madagascar.

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Figs 379 and 380 (next page). Dumortiera hirsuta (Swartz) Nees in Reinw., Blume & Nees Thalli dark green, very large, hygrophilous, translucent, 1- to several times furcate, 5095(-200) x 8-13(-22) mm. Ventral surfaces green, with small colourless scales in 2 rows, and rhizoids forming a midrib. Monoicous. Male receptacles nearly sessile, circular and unlobed, c. 2.8 mm diameter, margins with stiff, bristle-like hairs. Female receptacles disciform, c. 3.8 mm diameter, on long stalks, becoming shallowly 6-8-10-lobed. Habitat: On soil and roadcuts in montane forest, mainly near rivers and streams in valleys under humid air conditions, 1700-2400 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Cyamudongo, Gisakura, Kamiranzovu, Uwinka, Pindura-Bweyeye. Distribution in Africa: Sierra Leone, São Tomé, Bioko, Cameroon, DR Congo, Burundi, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Swaziland, South Africa. Also Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion. Note: A widespread species known from Europe, North, Central and South America, Tropical Africa and Tropical Asia.

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Fig. 381. Exormotheca pustulosa Mitt. Thalli small, in crowded patches, silvery glaucous-green, branches simple or furcate, up to 8-9 x 2-3 mm. Dorsal surfaces slightly concave, completely covered with numerous conical evaginations. Ventral surfaces green, ventral scales purple or partly hyaline. Monoicous. Androecia in 1-3 rows along middle of thallus. Female receptacles sessile when young, later raised on a stalk at maturity up to 10 mm. Habitat: Quartzitic rocks, fissures with Streptocarpus bindseilii and Stemodiopsis ruandensis, 1712 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Akagera: Kibungo, near Rugarama. Distribution in Africa: Chad, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Lesotho, South Africa. Also South Western Europe, North Africa, Atlantic Islands (Azores, Madeira, Canaries, Cape Verde, St. Helena), Arabia, Indian Ocean Islands.

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Figs 382 and 383 (next page). Fossombronia pulvinata Steph. Plants large, up to 4-6 cm long, forming dense cushions. Rhizoids purple. Leaves imbricate, entire, oblong, 4 × 7 mm, apex broadly truncate-rounded. Leaf cells 54 × 63 µm. Pseudoperianth and sporophyte unknown. Habitat: Lobelia-Cyperus denudatusbogs, humid rocks in waterfalls, 2000-2450 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Gisakura waterfalls, Rwasenkoko. Note: Very large and distinct species but only known in sterile condition. The type specimen was annotated by Perold as Fossombronia sp. (sterile).

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Fig. 384. Fossombronia pusilla (L.) Nees Plants solitary or gregarious. Rhizoids violet-purple. Leaves ± entire or lobed, crisped towards stem apex. Paroecious. Pseudoperianth campanulate. Spores brown to dark brown, 40-68 µm, lamellae straight to sinuose, sometimes anastomosing on distal face. Habitat: On open soil and roadcuts, 2300-2450 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Gishwati Forest: Gikungu. Nyungwe NP: Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: D.R. Congo, Malawi, Lesotho. Also Europe, Cape Verde, Réunion.

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Figs 385 and 386 (next page). Fossombronia rwandaensis Perold Synonym: Fossombronia capensis auct. non S.W.Arnell. Plants in dense mats, shoots large, simple or once furcate, up to 20 x 3.2-4 mm. Stems prostrate, rhizoids purple. Leaves overlapping, widely spreading, irregularly rectangular, upper margin rounded. Cells thin-walled, 50-75 Ă&#x2014; 40-50 Âľm in middle of lamina. Dioicous. Plants predominantly male, female plants very rare. Capsule globose, 1 mm in diameter. Spores with ridges, loops, blobs or rarely reticulations, distal face with black ridges, irregularly branching and curving or unbranched, with up to 13 small areolae, proximal face with triradial mark indistinct to distinct. Habitat: Open soil and roadcuts in montane forest, 2000-2300 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Gishwati Forest: Gikungu, stream Bikeneko. Nyungwe NP: Gisakura, Karamba, Kamiranzovu. Distribution in Africa: Burundi.

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Figs 387 and 388 (next page). Jensenia spinosa (Lindenb. & Gottsche) Grolle Synonym: Pallavicinia stephanii Jack.Thalli pale green to reddish, dendroid, consisting of erect thalli arising from a prostrate rhizome, the erect part narrow and stalked below, 2-4 times furcate, midrib very broad and thick, to 1/2 of thallus width, thallus margin dentatespinose. Branches of aerial frond 1-2 mm wide, usually ± lingulate to slightly tapering, unistratose for 0.5-6.5 of width. Margin dentate to coarsely spinose. Inframarginals cells of unistratose area of frond branches 21-27 x 24-35(-42) µm. Female involucre a deeply laciniate cup. Sporophyte surrounded by a pseudoperianth. Habitat: Montane forest, Hagenia-Hypericum forest to subalpine paramo, on rocks, 2500-3600 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi, Bisoke. Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko. Distribution in Africa: Bioko, DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, South Africa. Also St. Helena, Mauritius, Réunion.

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Fig. 389. Lunularia cruciata (L.) Dumort. Thalli clear green, in crowded patches, glossy, 40-55 x 5(-10) mm. Scales hyaline. Asexual reproduction by discoid gemmae on thallus surface on the inner side of lunate gemmacups with entire margins. Dioicous, mostly sterile and with gemmae. Habitat: Secondary habitats, on soil in disturbed places roadsides, paths, also on damp soil and rocks, 17002800 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Gahinga, Muhavura. Gishwati Forest: Gikungu. Central Rwanda: Huye (Butare). Distribution in Africa: Cameroon, DR Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Namibia, South Africa. Also Europe, North America, Asia, Australia, New Zealand.

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Figs 390 and 391 (next page). Mannia capensis (Steph.) S.W.Arnell Thalli small to medium-sized, in crowded patches, light green, laterally reddish, simple or furcate, up to 12 x 2-4 mm. Ventral surface black, scales in 2 ventral rows, black to reddish-black. Dioecious. Androecia with 2-4 rows of antheridia along center of branch. Gynoecial receptacles sessile, surrounded by dark purple lanceolate paleae. Carpocephala 2 mm diameter, papillose and not or scarcely lobed, stalk 5-25 mm long. Habitat: Rock fissures on quartzite, also on manioc fields, 1700 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Akagera: Kibungo, near Rugarama. Distribution in Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Namibia, South Africa.

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Figs 392 and 393 (next page). Marchantia debilis Goebel Synonyms: Marchantia chevalieri Steph. ex Bonner; M. wilmsii Steph. Thalli light green, furcate, with dark, narrow-longitudinal median band, 5-12 x 4.5-7.3 mm. Ventral surfaces with large violet to purple-brown scales in 4 rows. Dioicous. Male receptacles 7.5-9 mm in diameter, on stalks 7-16 mm long, palmate, dissected into (4-)5-7 rays, 1.5-3 mm long and c. 1.2 mm wide at base. Female receptacle (3-)4.5-7(-9) mm in diameter, deeply dissected into 8-10 lobes, 0.8-1.2 mm long, narrowed at base, widened towards apex. Habitat: On soil and roadcuts in montane forest, mainly near rivers and streams in valleys under humid air conditions, 1800-2200 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Kivu-Lake: Rwaza. Nyungwe NP: Cyamudongo, Gisakura, Pindura-Bweyeye. Distribution in Africa: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo-Brazzaville, DR Congo, Burundi, Uganda, Tanzania, Angola, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, Swaziland, South Africa. Also Morrocco, Madagascar, RĂŠunion.

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Figs 394 and 395 (next page). Marchantia pappeana Lehm. Synonyms: Marchantia parviloba Steph.; M. planiloba Steph. Thalli light to yellowish green, furcate, without dark median band, 10-15 x 7-8.5 mm. Ventral surfaces with large violet to purple-brown scales in 4 rows. Dioicous. Male receptacles 9-14 mm in diameter, on stalks 9-18(-32) mm long, palmate, dissected into 6-8 rays, 1.7-3.4 mm long and c. 3.5 mm wide. Female receptacle 8-11 mm in diameter, symmetrically divided into 9-11 lobes, 1.4-1.7 mm long. Habitat: On soil and roadcuts in montane forest, mainly near rivers and streams in valleys under humid air conditions, also in roadside ditches,1900-2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Kinigi. Gishwati Forest: Lac Bulera, Lac Karago, Gikungu. Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Kamiranzovu, Gisakura, Pindura. Distribution in Africa: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, SĂŁo TomĂŠ, Bioko, Cameroon, Congo-Brazzaville, DR Congo, Burundi, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, Swaziland, South Africa. Also Cape Verde, Madagascar, Mauritius.

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Figs 396 and 397 (next page). Marchantia polymorpha L. ssp. montivagans Bischl. & Boisselier Synonym: Marchantia alpestris (Nees) Burgeff. Thalli yellowish to dark green, furcate, up to 40-100 x 7.5-11 mm, leathery, without median longitudinal line. Ventral surfaces with large colourless or violet scales in 6 rows. Dioicous. Male receptacles c. 8 mm diameter, shallowly 8(-10)-lobed stalks, 4.5-15 mm long. Female receptacles c. 9.5-10 mm diameter, stalks 17-40 mm long, deeply divided into 9-11 rays. Habitat: Streams and sources in Hagenia-Hypericum forest and Dendrosenecio paramo, 2700-3500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi, Bisoke, Muhavura. Distribution in Africa: Ethiopia, Uganda.

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Fig. 398. Marchantia polymorpha L. ssp. ruderalis Bischl. & Boisselier Synonym: Marchantia latifolia Gray. Thalli yellowish to dark green, furcate, up to 40-6 x 7-13 mm, not leathery, with discontinuous dark median line. Ventral surfaces with large colourless or violet scales in 6 rows. Dioicous. Male receptacles c. 8 mm diameter, shallowly 8(-10)-lobed stalks, 4.5-15 mm long. Female receptacles c. 9.5-10 mm diameter, stalks 17-40 mm long, deeply divided into 9-11 rays. Habitat: On soil in disturbed places, e.g. gardens and on paths, 1700-1800 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Musanze (Ruhengeri), probably introduced. Distribution in Africa: South Africa. Widespread in Northern Hemisphere.

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Figs 399 and 400 (next page). Metzgeria consanguinea Schiffn. Synonyms: Metzgeria agnewiae Kuwah.; M. attenuata Steph.; M. elliotii Steph.; M. vandenberghenii Kuwah. Plants green to yellowish-green, deep blue in dried specimens, sparsely to profusely branched. Branches short and curved, growing away from the substratum, branches of 2 types, attenuate (tapered) and non-attenuate, the attenuate part of the shoot in attenuate thalli retaining a narrow lamina bordering the costa to the apex. Thallus flat to convex. Costa with 2 rows of cortical cells on dorsal and ventral side, medullary cells 10-15, thick-walled. Hairs straight or flexuose, usally single. Gemmae sparse to abundant. Dioicous. Habitat: Epiphyte in montane forest up to DendrosenecioLobelia stuhlmannii paramo, and paramo with Alchemilla mats interrupted by boulders in the alpine belt, 2000-4200 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi, at E-slopes along trail to summit. S-slope of Bisoke. Nyungwe NP: Gisakura, Karamba, Kamiranzovu, Uwinka, Rwasenkoko. Distribution in Africa: Cameroon, DR Congo, Burundi, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Lesotho, South Africa.

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Figs 401 and 402 (next page). Metzgeria furcata (L.) Dumort. Synonym: Metzgeria thomeensis Steph. Plants green to pale- or yellowish-green. Thalli 0.5-1.4 mm wide, up to 3 cm long, flat, margins usually plane, apices rounded, branching furcate. Dorsal surface without hairs, ventral surface without or with short hairs c. 40-200 µm long. Thallus margin with sparse single straight or weakly curved hairs. Costa in cross section equally arched, with 2 rows of dorsal cortical cells and 2-3(-4) ventral cortical cells, medullary cells 12-18, thick-walled. Gemmae occasional on thallus margin. Dioicous. Habitat: Epiphyte in montane forest, 2200-2400 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Annobón, São Tomé, Bioko, Cameroon, Rio Muni, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, South Africa. Widespread in Northern Hemisphere.

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Fig. 403. Metzgeria leptoneura Spruce Synonym: Metzgeria australis Steph. Plants green to yellowish-green. Thallus distinctly convex, margins strongly recurved to revolute, c. 10-20 x 0.7-1.2(-2.5) mm when flattened. Thallus margins with geminate, distinctly curved or falcate hairs, ventral surface ot thallus lamina without hairs, ventral surface of midrib with falcate hairs. Midrib equally arched in cross-section, with 2 rows of dorsal cortical cells and 2-3 rows of ventral cortical cells, medullary cells 10-24, thick-walled. Gemmae occasional on thallus margin. Dioicous. Habitat: Epiphyte in montane forest, Hagenia-Hypericum forest and DendrosenecioLobelia wollastoni paramo up to the alpine belt with Alchemilla mats, 2000-4200 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi, in the saddle between Bisoke and Karisimbi, on the E-slopes along trail to summit, Mt. Karisimbi, on E slope in the alpine belt. Nyungwe NP: Kamiranzovu. Distribution in Africa: SĂŁo TomĂŠ, DR Congo, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe. Note: Subcosmopolitan, occuring widely in temperate and tropical regions.

488

Figs 404 and 405 (next page). Metzgeria madagassa Steph. Synonym: Metzgeria limbato-setosa Steph. Plants green to yellow-green, up to 40 x 0.81.7 mm, often only 0.3-0.5 mm wide, branching irregularly furcate. Thallus often strongly convex with recurved margins to almost flat. Marginal hairs variable, with paired or single hairs, hairs dense on ventral surface of midrib. Costa with 2 rows of dorsal cortical cells and 2-3(-4) rows of ventral cortical cells, medullary cells 10-30, thick-walled. Gemmae on thallus margin flat, round or oval. Dioicous. Habitat: Epiphyte in montane forest, 20002500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Sabinyo. Gishwati Forest. Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Kamiranzovu, Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, South Africa. Also Madagascar.

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Figs 406 and 407 (next page). Metzgeria quadrifaria Steph. Synonyms: Metzgeria muscicola Steph.; M. hedbergii Vanden Berghen. Plants green, yellowish-green or yellow, becoming bluish when dry. Thallus up to 60 x 0.7-1.7(-2.5) mm when flattened, irregularly furcate, margins inrolled to strongly convex, often nearly tubular. Dorsal surface of thallus without hairs, ventral surface with scattered hairs. Midrib with 3-4(-5) rows of dorsal cortical cells and (3-)4-6 rows of ventral cortical cells, medullary cells up to 30. Thallus margin single or geminate. Gemmae on thallus margin flat, oval or ribbon-like. Dioicous. Habitat: Epiphyte in Hypericum-Dendrosenecio subparamo and Dendrosenecio-Lobelia stuhlmannii paramo, 3400-3900 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi, at E-slopes along trail to summit. Distribution in Africa: Cameroon, DR Congo, Uganda, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, South Africa.

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Figs 408 and 409 (next page). Pallavicinia lyellii (Hook.) Carruth. Thalli green, prostrate, simple or only sparsely branched, up to 60 x 3-6 mm, procumbent to ascending, often in mats, midrib to 1/8-1/6 of thallus width, with one central strand of narrow, thick-walled cells. Dioicous. Sporophyte surrounded by a tubular pseudoperianth. Habitat: On boggy ground, along stream banks and in swamps in montane forest, e.g. in Carapa grandiflora-Syzygium swamp forest, 1940-2300 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Kamiranzovu, Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: São Tomé, DR Congo, Burundi, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, South Africa. Also Northern Hemisphere, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion.

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Figs 410 and 411 (next page). Plagiochasma rupestre (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Steph. Thalli medium-size to large, in dense patches, bluish-green, surface waxy, waterrepellent, 8-25 x 4-6 mm, ventral surface green, scales reddish-pink or purple, in two rows. Monoicous. Androecia in sessile cushions, Gynoecial receptacles enclosed by purple-red paleae, carpocephala 2-3 mm wide, stalk up to 6 mm long. Habitat: Volcanic rocks in sunny exposition, 2300-2700 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Foot and S slope of Muhabura. Distribution in Africa: Chad, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti, DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa. Also in the Mediterranean, Azores, Madeira, Canaries, Cape Verde, St. Helena, Ascension, Mauritius, RĂŠunion.

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Fig. 412. Riccardia amazonica (Spruce) Schiffn. ex Gradstein Synonym: Riccardia stephanii (Besch.) E.W.Jones. Thallus small, stolons numerous, ascending fronds 2-4 mm tall, branching usually palmate. Main axes to 6 cells thick, not or only slightly winged, main branches 0.2-0.6 mm wide, broadly winged, ultimate branches with 2-5 marginal rows of unistratose cells and only 2-3 rows, 3-stratose in the middle of the branch. Cells 40-50 Ă&#x2014; 75 Âľm, oil bodies 1(-2) per cell. Monoicous or dioicous. Calyptra clavate, c. 1.3 mm long. Habitat: Montane forest, near rivers and streams in valleys, on decaying wood and bark, rarely on soil, 1900-2400 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Gisakura, Kamiranzovu, Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Bioko, Cameroon, Gabon, Rio Muni, CongoBrazzaville, DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, South Africa. Also Madagascar, South America.

497

Figs 413 and 414 (next page). Riccardia limbata (Steph.) E.W.Jones Thallus pinnate or bipinnate, usually 1-2 cm long. Main axes 5-9 cells thick, 0.5-0.9 mm wide, distinctly winged, ultimate branches, 3-4 cells thick with unistratose wings, 2-4 cells wide. Cortical cells in middle of branch 25-35 × 45-90 µm, branches 12-30 µm thick in cross section. Dioicous or sometimes monoicous. Calyptra clavate, c. 2 mm long. Habitat: Montane forest, near rivers and streams in valleys, on wet rocks, rotting wood, tree boles, less often on soil, 1900-2400 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Gisakura, Kamiranzovu, Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: Sierra Leone, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Annobón, São Tomé, Bioko, Cameroon, Rio Muni, Congo-Brazzaville, DR Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Swaziland, South Africa. Also Mauritius, Réunion.

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Figs 415 and 416 (next page). Riccardia longispica (Steph.) Pears. Thallus pinnate-bipinnate, often 2 cm long, apex deeply dissected. Main axes usually 0.81.2(-1.4) mm wide, segments Âą parallel-sided or only slightly widened upwards, 5-8 cells thick, with distinct border of 2(-3) rows of unistratose cells, ultimate branches distinctly narrower, up to 4 cells thick, with a border 4-5 cells wide. Cells with 1 oil body. Usually dioicous, sometimes monoicous. Habitat: Montane forest, near rivers and streams in valleys, on wet rocks, rotting wood and soil, 1900-2400 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Gisakura, Kamiranzovu, Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: Cameroon, Rio Muni, Bioko, DR Congo, Uganda, Tanzania. Also Madagascar, Comoros, RĂŠunion, Mauritius, Seychelles.

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Figs 417 and 418 (next page). Riccardia sp. sensu E.W.Jones Thalli pale-brown, growing in depressed mats, irregularly and shortly pinnate to bipinnate, branches 0.15-0.4 mm wide, apex of brunches blunt, with cortical cells producing gemmae. Axis in cross-section often lunate, without wing or sometimes with 1 cell wide wing of elongated cells, 3-4 cells thick. Dorsal surfaces smooth, cells 35-45 Ă&#x2014; 50-60 Âľm, with few oil bodies (1-2). Dioicous. Male branches short or long, female branches generally from the margin of the axis, cup-like. Habitat: Cyperus denudatus-bogs, rotten wood in montane forest, 2200-2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Uwinka, Rwasenkoko. Distribution in Africa: Ghana, DR Congo. Note: The species resembles the European Riccardia incurvata Lindb.

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Fig. 419. Riccia atropurpurea Sim. Thalli small to medium-sized, in irregular or incomplete rosettes up to 20 mm in diameter, glaucous-green to greyish-green, branches linear to narrowly ovate, 5-10 x 0.8-1.5 mm. Scales with hyaline borders, rounded, fragile. Spores not distinctly polar, blackish brown, 75-105 Âľm in diameter, with 10-12 thick walled areolae. Habitat: Ferricretes with shallow soil layer, 1300-1400 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Akagera: Lake Ihema, presque-ĂŽle Mpanga, S of Lake Mpanga. Distribution in Africa: Ghana, Benin, Nigeria, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Botswana, Swaziland, South Africa.

504

Fig. 420. Riccia congoana Steph. Synonyms: Riccia rhodesiae S.W.Arnell; R. nigrosquamata E.W.Jones. Thallus bluish or greyish green, large, scattered or in irregular partial rosettes, 25-30 mm in diameter, branches 6-12(-15) x 3-5 mm. Ventral scales large and conspicuous, 0.9 x 0.8 mm, entirely dark violet or sometimes with hyaline base. Spores yellowish brown, without wing and triradiate mark, surface with 6-8(-10) angular areolae across diameter. Habitat: Granitic and quartzitic rocks and ferricretes with shallow soil layer, 1100-1700 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Akagera: Bugesera, Nyamata, Lake Ihema, Rugarama, ĂŽle Rwamarenga in Lake Cyambwe presque-ĂŽle Mpanga, S of Lake Mpanga, Ranch Rusumo NE Rusumo.

505

Figs 421 and 422 (next page). Riccia crinita Taylor Synonym: Riccia trichocarpa Howe. Thalli small to medium-sized, in incomplete rosettes or patches, glaucous-green, branches 5 x 1-1.5 mm. Margin of thallus with long hyaline cilia and a few shorter cilia on upper surface of thallus above sporangia, cilia never arching and channelled. Spores triangular-globose, 100-120 Âľm in diameter, ornamentation reticulate. Habitat: Ferricrete over shallow soil, 1300-1400 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Akagera: Lake Ihema, S of Lake Mpanga. Distribution in Africa: Niger, Nigeria, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana, Lesotho, South Africa. Also North America (from Oregon to California and Baja California, eastward to Arizona), Europe (chiefly mediterranean distribution), Canaries, North Africa, Socotra, Madagascar, Mauritius.

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Figs 423 and 424 (next page). Riccia lanceolata Steph. Thalli variable in size and shape, in crowded patches, rarely in rosettes, green to glaucous-green, branches 8.5 x 1-1.5 mm. Ventral scales deep violet, reaching or exceeding thallus margin. Spores distinctly polar, winged, 80-120 µm in diameter, proximal face with well-defined triradiate mark, reddish brown, facets and distal face often with incomplete areolae. Habitat: Montane swamps, rock outcrops and inselbergs granitic rock plateaus, 1300-2450 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Central Rwanda: Gitarama, Cyubi, Ruhango, granitic rock plateau “Urutare ya Kamegeli”. Nyungwe NP: Swamp near district border of Rusizi. Akagera: Rugarama, presque-île Mpanga, S of Lake Mpanga, Ranch Rusumo NE Rusumo. Distribution in Africa: Ivory Coast, Ghana, Benin, Nigeria, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, South Africa.

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Figs 425 and 426 (next page). Riccia microciliata O.H.Volk & Perold Thalli small, in incomplete rosettes or patches, glaucous-green, branches 1-3 x 0.60.8 mm. Margin of thallus with long hyaline cilia in several rows, crowded at apex, cilia arched and channelled. Spores triangular-globose, 80-92 Âľm in diameter, ornamentation reticulate. Habitat: Ferricrete over shallow soil, 1300-1400 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Akagera: Bugesera, Lutete. Distribution in Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana, Swaziland, South Africa.

510

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Figs 427 and 428 (next page). Riccia moenkemeyeri Steph. Thallus medium sized, pale glaucous green, with violet ventral scales, branches lanceolate, 4-5(-10) x 1.5-2.5 mm. Scales not extending to thallus margin, dark wine-red and shiny or hyaline. Spores (65-)68-75(-85) Âľm in diameter, with distal face regularly areolate c. 9-10 areolae across diameter, areolae on proximal face incomplete or absent. Habitat: Ferricretes at the edge of rock pools, partially under submerged conditions, 1300-1350 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Akagera: Bugesera, Nyamata, presque-ĂŽle Mpanga, S of Lake Mpanga. Distribution in Africa: Gambia, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Bioko, Cameroon, Central African Republic, DR Congo, Tanzania, Angola, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa.

512

513

Figs 429 and 430 (next page). Riccia okahandjana S.W.Arnell Thallus bluish green, in crowded patches or rosettes, 15-30 mm in diameter, branches 5-8(-10) x 1.5-1.8 mm. Ventral scales prominent, black, greatly exceeding the margin of thallus and usually inflexed over the thallus, at least at its apex, when dry. Spores wingless, densely papillose, 92-110 µm in diameter. Habitat: Ferricretes with shallow soil layer, 1250-1500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Akagera: Bugesera, Nyamata, Lake Ihema, île Rwamarenga in Lake Cyambwe, presque-île Mpanga, S of Lake Mpanga. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, South Africa. Also Arabian Peninsula.

514

515

Fig. 431. Riccia stricta (Lindenb.) PeroldÂ Thallus light green, with linear branches, 5-10(-15) x 0.5-0.8-(1.2) mm. Scales hyaline. Spores (50-)62-70(-75) Âľm in diameter, distal face with (4-)5-6 prominent areolae, proximal face with thick triradiate mark Habitat: Open damp soil in shaded or half-shaded position in mountain forests or formerly forested areas, also in stagnant water,1600-2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Gishwati Forest: Gakarara, Gikungu. Busaga Forest. Lake Kivu: Cyongoroka. Nyungwe NP: Cyamudongo, Uwinka, Kamiranzovu, waterfall E of Pindura. Distribution in Africa: Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Niger, Nigeria, Bioko, Cameroon, DR Congo, Burundi, Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Botswana, Lesotho, South Africa.

516

Fig. 432. Riccia vulcanicola Eb.Fisch. Thallus soft-textured, medium sized, usually grey-green to yellowish green, dorsal surface vesicular-areolate, with distinct pores or gaps in the epidermis, soon lacunose and spongy, rosettes 10-14 mm in diameter. Main segments broadly subquadrate-obovate or obcordate, rounded obtuse, 1.7-3 mm wide. Monoicous. Spores numerous, triangular globular, yellow brown to light-brown, 52-60 x 56-70 µm, wing thin, c. 10 µm wide, areolae complete, distal face with large areolae, each c. 12-17 µm in diameter, areolar walls thin, 5-7.5 µm high, edges crenate, not extended to wing margin. Habitat: Moist and compact soil along paths in the Hagenia belt and in Dombeya-Hagenia secondary forest, 24003300 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Between Karisimbi and Bisoke, Gahinga. Gishwati-Forest: Gikungu. Only known from the Virunga Volcanoes and the adjacent Gishwati Forest. Note: The species probably is perennial, thus also differing from the closely related annuals R. crystallina L. and R. cavernosa Hoffm.

517

Fig. 433. Ricciocarpus natans (L.) Corda Thalli yellow-green to olive green, form and leathery, often with purple margins, thallus segments furcate, 8-14 x 3-7 mm, usually forming rosettes, floating on water. Habitat: Aquatic, growing with other free floating elements as Azolla pinnata var. africana, Utricularia inflexa, Lemna perpusilla and Wolffiopsis welwitschii at the edge of the Cyperus papyrus-belt, 1250-1600 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Lake Kivu: between Ruhengeri and Gisenyi. Akagera: Lake Ihema, Birengera, Lake Mpanga, Lake Mugesera by Karenge. Distribution in Africa: Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique, Botswana, South Africa. Cosmopolitan.

518

Figs 434 and 435 (next page). Symphyogyna brasiliensis Nees & Mont. Synonym: Symphyogyna lehmanniana Nees & Mont. Thalli green to yellowish green, often slightly tinted with orange or red, with usually weakly-incurved margins, 2.5-4.5(5.5) mm wide, arising from stolons and often sharply contracted at apex. Marginal slimehairs lacking. Dioicous. Archegonia in clusters scattered on the midrib, each cluster protected by a tiny scale. Involucres lacking. Sporophyte surrounded by a fleshy calyptra, pseudoperianth lacking. Habitat: On peaty soil in Lobelia mildbraedii-Cyperus denudatus bog, 2450 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko. Distribution in Africa: Sierra Leone, Ghana, Nigeria, Bioko, Cameroon, DR Congo, Burundi, Uganda, Tanzania, Angola, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, South Africa. Also South America, St. Helena, Ascension, Madagascar, Mauritius, RĂŠunion.

519

520

Figs 436 and 437 (next page). Symphyogyna podophylla (Thunb.) Nees & Mont. Synonym: Symphyogyna rigida Steph. Plant dendroid, with furcate branches. Branches of aerial frond (2-)2.5-3(-4) mm wide, usually elongate-abovate, unistratose for (0.5-)0.70.75 of width. Margin dentate to ± shortly spinose. Inframarginal cells of unistratose area of frond branches 50-60(-65) x 50-75 µm. Cuticle of frond branches smooth. Female involucre a ± deeply laciniate scale. Habitat: On moist soil or rocks in montane forest up to the Dendrosenecio-Lobelia stuhlmannii paramo, 2000-3600 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi, Bisoke, Sabinyo, Gahinga, Muhavura. Gishwati Forest: Gikungu. Nyungwe NP: Waterfall c. 3 km E of Pindura, Kamiranzovu, Uwinka. Distribution in Africa: Bioko, Cameroon, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South-Africa. Also Mauritius, Réunion.

521

522

Fig. 438. Symphyogyna volkensii Steph. Thalli grass-green (without secondary pigmentation), usually flat, procumbent, (3-)5-9(-10) mm wide. Margin entire. Marginal slime-hairs present (often, however, soon disappearing at some distance from shoot tip). Habitat: Rocks and streams in montane forests, 24503300 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Karisimbi, Gahinga. Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania.

523

Fig. 439. Targionia hypophylla L. Thalli leathery, linear, deep green, up to 30 x 2.7-3.5 mm, margin black or blackish-purple, rupicolous. Dorsal surfaces finely reticulate, with small whitish pores. Ventral surfaces with black or blackish purple scales in two rows. Autoicous or dioicous. Gynoecia ventrally below apex of thallus. Habitat: Quartzitic rocks fissures, humid roadside in montane forest, 1700-2300 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Foot of Muhabura. Nyungwe NP: Cyamudongo. Akagera: near Rugarama. Distribution in Africa: Ghana, Nigeria, Chad, Bioko, Cameroon, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa. Also North America, Europe, the Mediterranean, Cape Verde, Comoros, Madagascar, RĂŠunion.

524

10.3. Hornworts

525

Fig. 440. Anthoceros caucasicus Steph. Synonym: Anthoceros mandonii Steph. Thallus-margin remotely or somewhat pinnately dissected into broad rectangular lobes. Capsule c. 1-3 cm long. Spores (42-)45-50(-55) Âľm in diameter, distal surface with short, often sinuate and shortly branched lamellae, or a network of lamellae forming ridges and peaks, proximal surface with conspicuous trilete ridges and sinuate lamellae. Habitat: Open soil and roadcuts along paths in montane forests, 1600-2000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Cyamudongo Forest. Distribution in Africa: Sierra Leone, DR Congo. Also Southern Europe, Caucasus, Azores, Madeira, Canaries, Caribbean Islands, Central America.

526

Fig. 441. Anthoceros myriandroecius Steph. Thallus-margin densely dissected into narrow rectangular, truncate lobes, sometimes crispate. Capsules up to 3 cm long. Spores 50-60 Âľm in diameter, distal surface with baculate to spinate up to 4 Âľm long tubercles, proximal surface covered with small subglobose tubercles. Habitat: Open soil in montane swamps between Cyperaceae, 2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko, Pindura. Distribution in Africa: Kenya, Tanzania.

527

Fig. 442. Anthoceros punctatus L. Thallus-margin remotely or somewhat pinnately dissected into broad rectangular lobes. Capsules up to 5-7 cm long. Spores 42-62 Âľm in diameter, distal surface with numerous spines or tubercles, tubercles compressed and often divided distally, proximal surface foveolate and nearly smooth. Habitat: Open soil and roadcuts along paths in montane forests, 1600-3000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: between Sabyinyo and Gahinga, Lac Ruhondo. Gishwati Forest: Gikungu. Nyungwe NP: Gisakura. Central Rwanda: Butare. Distribution in Africa: DR Congo. Also Europe, Canaries, Cape Verde, North America, South America.

528

Fig. 443. Anthoceros sambesianus Steph. Thallus-margin remotely or somewhat pinnately dissected into broad rectangular lobes. Spores 34-42 Âľm in diameter, distal surface covered with spinulate tubercles less than 3 Âľm long, often united at base, proximal surface with indistinct reticulate ridges and small subglobose tubercles. Habitat: Open soil and roadcuts along paths in montane forests, 2100-2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Uwinka, Karamba. Distribution in Africa: Zambia, Zimbabwe.

529

Fig. 444. Notothylas flabellata Steph. Thalli lobed or dichotomously branched, forming small rosettes usually 1-2 cm long, variously lobed or laciniate, with large mucilage-containing cells, large intercellular cavities lacking. Capsules short, usually not exceeding 5 mm of length, lying more or less horizontally on thallus, almost entirely covered by involucrum, columella lacking. Spores black, tuberculate on both faces, 25-30 Âľm in diameter. Habitat: Open soil and roadcuts along paths in montane forests, 2000 m (usually below 1000 m). Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Cyamudongo Forest. Distribution in Africa: Cameroon, Angola.

530

Fig. 445. Phaeoceros carolinianus (Michx.) Prosk. Thalli deep to dark green, fleshy, variable in size, usually forming rosettes, without a midrib, margins entire to crenate. Dorsal surfaces smooth. Transverse sections solid, without mucilagineous cavities, with scattered Nostoc colonies. Monoicous. Capsules when mature erect, linear, with epidermal stomata and well developed columella, up to 3-4 cm long. Spores yellow, with distal surfaces densely papillate to spinulate throughout. Habitat: Open soil and roadcuts along paths in montane forests, 1600-3000 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Volcano NP: Sabinyo, Gahinga, Muhavura, Mukamira between Ruhengeri and Gisenyi. Gishwati Forest: Gikungu. Central Rwanda: Lac Bulera, Butare. Nyungwe NP: Cyamudongo Forest, Rwasenkoko, Uwinka, Gisakura. Distribution in Africa: Sierra Leone, Cameroon, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa. Also Europe, Iceland, North America, Canaries, Madeira, Cape Verde, Madagascar, RĂŠunion, Asia.

531

Fig. 446. Phaeoceros fulvisporus (Steph.) Hasegawa Synonym: Anthoceros fulvisporus Steph. Similar to Phaeoceros carolinianus and differing mainly in the spores with distal surfaces densely papillate with scattered lamellae consisting of several papillae united at base. Habitat: Open soil and roadcuts along paths in montane forests, 2400-2500 m. Distribution in Rwanda: Nyungwe NP: Rwasenkoko. Distribution in Africa: Tanzania, South Africa.

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11. References Arnell, S. 1956. Hepaticae collected by O. Hedberg et al. on the East African mountains. Arkiv för Botanik 3: 517-562. Arnell, S. 1963. Hepaticae of South Africa. Swedish National Science Council, Stockholm: 441 pp. Bamps, P. 1975. Itinéraire et lieux de récolte de Mildbraed lors de sa première expedition en Afrique Centrale (1907-1908). Bulletin du Jardin Botanique national de Belgique 45: 159-179. Barthlott, W., Fischer, E., Frahm, J.-P. & Seine, R. 2000. First experimental evidence for zoophagy in the hepatic Colura. Plant Biology 2: 93-97. Bindseil, R. 2008. Ruanda im Lebensbild des Afrikaforschers, Literaten und Kaiserlichen Residenten Richard Kandt (1867-1918). - Le Rwanda vu à travers le portrait biographique de l’explorateur de l’Afrique, homme de lettres et resident imperial Richard Kandt (1867-1918). – Rwanda as Depicted in the Biography of Richard Kandt, Explorer of Africa, Man of Letters, and Imperial Resident (1867-1918). Trier: 399 pp. Bischler, H. 1970. Les espèces du genre Calypogeia sur le continent africain et les îles africaines. Revue Bryologique et Lichénologique 37: 63-134. Bischler, H. 1993. Marchantia L. The European and African taxa. Bryophytorum Bibliotheca 45: 1-129. Bischler-Causse, H. & Long, D.G. 1993. Taxonomic results of the BRYOTROPExpedition to Zaïre and Rwanda. 6. Aytoniaceae, Marchantiaceae. Tropical Bryology 8: 53-54. Brotherus, V.F. 1914. Musci. In: Mildbraed, J. (Ed.). Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Zentral-Afrika Expedition 1907-1908, II: 136-176. Bruggeman-Nannenga, I. 2006a. Bryophyte flora of Uganda. 6. Fissidentaceae (Part 1). Journal of Bryology 28: 53-62. Bruggeman-Nannenga, I. 2006b. Bryophyte flora of Uganda. 6. Fissidentaceae (Part 2). Journal of Bryology 28: 139-148. Buchbender, V. & Fischer, E. 2004. Drepanolejeunea vandenberghenii (Jungermanniopsida, Lejeuneaceae) a previously overlooked new species from Rwanda including comments on Drepanolejeunea physaefolia and Harpalejeunea fischeri. Journal of Bryology 26: 273-283. Burghardt, M., Gradstein, R. & Váňa, J. 2006. Discovery of the African liverwort genus Cephalojonesia (Cephaloziellaceae) in Mexico. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 100: 35-39. Burghardt, M. & Gradstein, R. 2008. A revision of Tylimanthus (Acrobolbaceae, Marchantiophyta) in Tropical America, Africa, and Macaronesia. Fieldiana: Botany, N.S. 47: 199-210.

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Chuah-Petiot, M.S. 2003. Mosses, Liverworts & Hornworts of Kenya. Paris: 1-273. Demaret, F. 1940. Prodrome des Bryophytes du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi. I. Musci. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’Etat, Bruxelles 16: 21-104. Demaret, F. 1942. Prodrome des Bryophytes du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi. II. Hepaticae. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’Etat, Bruxelles 16: 287-310. Demaret, F. 1946. Prodrome des Bryophytes du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi. Musci, Supplement 1. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’Etat, Bruxelles 18: 7-66. Demaret, F. & Leroy, V. 1944. Mousses. Exploration Parc National Albert, Mission J. Lebrun 1937-38, Fasc. 6: 1-65. De Sloover, J.-L. 1973. Note de bryologie africaine I. Brachydontium, Atractylocarpus, Amphidium, Rhabdoweisia, Tayloria, Rhacocarpus, Trachypodopsis. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 43: 333-348. De Sloover, J.-L. 1975a. Note de bryologie africaine II. Oreoweisia, Eriopus, Cyclodictyon, Hookeriopsis, Lepidopilidium, Lepidopilum. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 45: 103-124. De Sloover, J.-L. 1975b. Note de bryologie africaine III. Physcomitrella magdalenae sp. nov. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 45: 131-135. De Sloover, J.-L. 1975c. Note de bryologie africaine IV. Breutelia. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 45: 237-271. De Sloover, J.-L. 1975d. Note de bryologie africaine V. Anacolia, Leiomela, Cyathophorella. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 45: 313-321. De Sloover, J.-L. 1976a. Note de bryologie africaine VI. Hylocomiopsis. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 46: 379-385. De Sloover, J.-L. 1976b. Note de bryologie africaine VII. Pseudephemerum, Bryohumbertia, Eucladium, Streptopogon, Ptychomitrium, Rhachithecium, Antitrichia, Pterogonium, Lindigia, Distichophyllum. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 46: 427-447. De Sloover, J.-L. 1977a. Note de bryologie africaine VIII. Neckera, Neckeropsis. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 47: 31-48. De Sloover, J.-L. 1977b. Note de bryologie africaine IX. Andreaea, Racomitrium, Gymnostomiella, Thuidium. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 47: 155-181. De Sloover, J.-L. 1979. Note de bryologie africaine X. Blindia, Pilopogon, Bryoerythrophyllum, Orthodontium, Orthostichidium, Oligotrichum. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 49: 393-408. De Sloover, J.-L. 1982. Note de bryologie africaine XI. Campylopus subgen. Pseudocampylopus. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 52: 95113.

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12. Acknowledgements I would like to thank the curators of the following herbaria for loan of specimens: BR, EGR, G, PC. Special thanks go to Tamás Pócs for critically reading the manuscript, and Martin Wigginton for helping with the English. I am indebted to Dorothee Killmann and Carolin Thiel for help in preparing and photographing specimens. Thanks are also due to Cyrille Gerstmans for finalizing the figures. Figure 1 has been designed by Carsten Moog. Volker Buchbender has studied numerous specimens collected during joint field trips in earlier preparation stages of the flora. Michael Lüth provided photographs of Cephalozia bicuspidata and Colura calyptrifolia, and Jan-Peter Frahm of Haplomitrium blumei (Fig. 22A). I would like to thank the Akademie der Wissenschaften und Literatur Mainz, the Ministerium des Innern und für Sport Rheinland-Pfalz and the Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (BMU) for financial support of field work in Rwanda. Special thanks go to the colleagues who accompanied me on various field-trips: Volker Buchbender, Jan-Peter Frahm, Maximilian Dehling, Damien Ertz, Wolfgang Frey, Harald Hinkel, Hans-Peter Hofmann, Dorothee Killmann, Dieter König, Karin Kunsmann, Harald Kürschner, Andreas Lamer, Rainer Lösch, Tamás Pócs, Peter Schäfer, Christoph Scheicher, Siegmar Seidel, Emmanuel Sérusiaux, Andreas Solga, Martin Struwe (†), and Carolin Thiel. Without the skills of Bonny Dumbo field work would have been impossible. Permissions and support for field work as well as export licences have been provided by the Rwanda Development Board (RDB), Department Conservation and Tourism (former ORTPN). Here my thanks go to Rica Rwigamba, Antoine Mudakikwa, Francois Bizimungu, Albert Kayitare, Rosette Chantal Rugamba, and Fidèle Ruzigandekwe for their invaluable help. The help of the wardens of Akagera, Nyungwe and Volcano National Park is gratefully acknowledged. The Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund kindly supported part of the field work and I am indebted to Katie Fawcett for her generous help. The first field trip to Rwanda would not have been successful without the support of Reinhart Bindseil, former German Ambassador in Kigali, and his family. Last but not least I would like to thank Jérôme Degreef and the editors of Abc Taxa for accepting the manuscript for publication.

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13. About the author Eberhard Fischer (Â°1961) is doing research on flora and vegetation of tropical ecosystems for more than 30 years. Since 1984, he has been travelling about 75 times to Rwanda to study both higher plants and cryptogams all over the country. Besides Rwanda, Eberhard Fischer is engaged in botanical research in Uganda, Kenya, Congo, Madagascar and Europe. He is a professor of botany at the University of Koblenz-Landau and holds lectures for advanced students in plant ecology and diversity.

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14. Index to the scientific names (accepted names in bold, synonyms or misapplied names in regular italics). A

Apomarsupella africana......25, 35, 134 Arachniopsis coactilis..................11, 444 Acanthocoleus chrysophyllus ....82, Arachniopsis diacantha ....................447 122 Asterella abyssinica...................35, 63, Acanthocoleus madagascariensis...... 67, 113, 444 .31, 82, 123 Asterella khasyana............36, 113, 462 Acrolejeunea convexa ..................... 382 Acrolejeunea emergens .26, 36, 37, 56, B .57, 125 Bazzania decrescens.... 35, 50, 56, 60, Adelanthus decipiens.........36, 82, 126 135, 137 Adelanthus lindenbergianus.....36, 82, Bazzania decrescens ssp. pumila .56, 127 83, 137 Amphicephalozia africana. 36, 76, 128 Bazzania decrescens ssp. Anastrophyllum auritum.11, 35, 37, 83, decrescens.............................83, 135 130 Bazzania nitida.............. 35, 57, 84, 139 Anastrophyllum calcaratum.........11, 130 Bazzania pumila................................137 Anastrophyllum gambaragarae.........130 Bazzania roccatii..............................140 Anastrophyllum grossitextum............130 Blepharostoma trichophyllum.36, 141 Anastrophyllum piligerum.........20, 36, Brachiolejeunea tristis........................303 56, 83, 132 Andrewsianthus bilobus...........35, 133 C Andrewsianthus jamesonii.................364 Calypogeia afrocaerulea......35, 52, 56, Andrewsianthus kilimanjaricus..........364 84, 143, 147 Aneura pinguis.............20, 63, 113, 457 Calypogeia arguta...............36, 84, 145 Aneura pseudopinguis......64, 69, 110, Calypogeia bidentula..........52, 84, 146 113, 459 Calypogeia fissa........... 36, 56, 84, 147 Anthoceros caucasicus..........120, 526 Calypogeia fusca...............................377 Anthoceros fulvisporus......................532 Caudalejeunea lewallei.......35, 85, 148 Anthoceros mandonii . ......................526 Caudalejeunea yangambiensis.......35, Anthoceros myriandroecius.11, 20, 35, 85, 150 68, 119, 527 Cephalojonesia incuba.............84, 152 Anthoceros punctatus..... 36, 120, 528 Cephalozia africana.............37, 85, 154 Anthoceros sambesianus.35, 68, 119, Cephalozia bicuspidata 3 . 6, 56, 85, 156 529 Cephalozia connivens ssp. fissa . .85, Aphanolejeunea capensis.................198 157 Aphanolejeunea exigua var. africana.209 Cephalozia crassicaulis.....................157 Aphanolejeunea fadenii.....................191 Cephalozia vulcanicola......................156 Aphanolejeunea mammillata ............198 Cephaloziella atroviridis . ..................245 Aphanolejeunea microscopica var. Cephaloziella kiaerii .................85, 158 exigua.............................................209 Cephaloziella vaginans ......35, 85, 159 Aphanolejeunea minuta..................... 211 Ceratolejeunea diversicornua .35, 160

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Chandonanthus cavallii.....................450 Chandonanthus giganteus ...............406 Chandonanthus hirtellus . .........406, 407 Chandonanthus hirtellus ssp. giganteus 406 Chandonanthus quadrifidus .......11, 450 Cheilolejeunea cordistipula .....53, 86, 162 Cheilolejeunea krakakammae ..36, 86, 163 Cheilolejeunea montagnei .77, 87, 164 Cheilolejeunea omphalogastria .....36, 86, 165 Cheilolejeunea pocsii . .......35, 86, 166 Cheilolejeunea trifaria ..............87, 167 Cheilolejeunea xanthocarpa ....36, 56, 79, 86, 168 Chiloscyphus coadunatus 3 . 6, 87, 170 Chiloscyphus concretus ...73, 87, 172 Chiloscyphus cuspidatus ..................170 Chiloscyphus difformis .....59, 87, 174 Chiloscyphus martianus ....36, 51, 87, 176 Chiloscyphus muhavurensis ...37, 87, 178 Chiloscyphus muricatus ...36, 87, 180 Chiloscyphus sp................................56 Ciliolejeunea capensis ......................344 Clasmatocolea vermicularis .........182 Cololejeunea appressa ..................183 Cololejeunea augieri ..........36, 90, 184 Cololejeunea bolombensis ...........185 Cololejeunea capensis .....................198 Cololejeunea capuronii ......36, 91, 186 Cololejeunea cardiocarpa .......36, 188 Cololejeunea cardiocarpoides .36, 89, 189 Cololejeunea clavatopapillata . 35, 88, 191 Cololejeunea cuneifolia ...........16, 193 Cololejeunea distalopapillata . 35, 194 Cololejeunea duvigneaudii 3 . 5, 90, 195 Cololejeunea elegans .......................230 Cololejeunea fadenii .........................191 Cololejeunea filicaulis .......................203

Cololejeunea fischeri .........37, 91, 196 Cololejeunea frahmii ..........36, 91, 197 Cololejeunea grossepapillosa .35, 89, 198 Cololejeunea grossidens ..................208 Cololejeunea harrisii ... 35, 59, 90, 200 Cololejeunea harrisii var. magna ......206 Cololejeunea heterolobula 3 . 7, 89, 202 Cololejeunea hildebrandii .36, 90, 203 Cololejeunea himalayensis . .............204 Cololejeunea latilobula ..........124, 204 Cololejeunea leonardii ......................230 Cololejeunea lobulilineata .......89, 205 Cololejeunea magna ..........36, 90, 206 Cololejeunea malanjae .........35, 60, 208 Cololejeunea microscopica........36, 89 Cololejeunea microscopica var. africana..........................................209 Cololejeunea minuscula ..........88, 211 Cololejeunea minutissima 3 . 6, 90, 213, 214 Cololejeunea minutissima ssp. utriculifera.....................................214 Cololejeunea mocambiquensis......91, 215 Cololejeunea nigerica ....................216 Cololejeunea obliqua .....................217 Cololejeunea obtusifolia......35, 55, 89, 218 Cololejeunea occidentalis .............220 Cololejeunea parva ............37, 91, 222 Cololejeunea platyneura . ...36, 53, 89, 224 Cololejeunea pseudo-obliqua ..37, 53, 91, 226 Cololejeunea pseudopusilla ...90, 228 Cololejeunea pusilla . .........35, 90, 229 Cololejeunea pusilla var. obtusifolia 218 Cololejeunea pusilla var. pusilla .......229 Cololejeunea runssorensis ......35, 91, 230 Cololejeunea sphaerocarpa .....37, 89, 232 Cololejeunea tenella....................36, 91

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Cololejeunea tenuiparietata .....37, 90, 233 Cololejeunea usambarica . ...............224 Cololejeunea zenkeri . ........35, 90, 235 Colura berghenii .... 20, 35, 59, 92, 236 Colura calyptrifolia .......... 36, 236, 238 Colura digitalis ....................35, 92, 239 Colura saroltae ............ 20, 35, 92, 241 Colura tenuicornis ..............36, 91, 243 Cyathodium africanum .16, 35, 65, 463 Cylindrocolea atroviridis .........92, 245 Cylindrocolea gittinsii ......... 35, 92, 247 D Dicranolejeunea chrysophylla ..........122 Dicranolejeunea madagascariensis .123 Diplasiolejeunea aulae .......35, 92, 249 Diplasiolejeunea brachyclada ..........250 Diplasiolejeunea cavifolia . .......36, 54, 93, 250 Diplasiolejeunea cornuta . .36, 93, 252 Diplasiolejeunea cyanguguensis ..36, 93, 254 Diplasiolejeunea deslooveri .....35, 92, 256 Diplasiolejeunea kraussiana ....35, 93, 258 Diplasiolejeunea runssorensis .35, 93, 260 Diplasiolejeunea symoensii .....35, 93, 262 Diplophyllum africanum ..........35, 264 Drepanolejeunea cultrella..........57, 94, 266 Drepanolejeunea deslooveri .........268 Drepanolejeunea friesii......................270 Drepanolejeunea hamatifolia ...........268 Drepanolejeunea physaefolia .94, 270 Drepanolejeunea ruandensis ..57, 272 Drepanolejeunea symoensii ...93, 274 Drepanolejeunea vandenberghenii .... 17, 20, 37, 53, 55, 58, 94, 276 Drepanolejeunea vesiculosa.............270 Dumortiera hirsuta..........................464

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E Evansiolejeunea roccatii . .................382 Exormotheca pustulosa ....25, 36, 466 F Fimbriaria abyssinica ................113, 460 Fossombronia capensis ...................470 Fossombronia pulvinata . 11, 114, 467 Fossombronia pusilla ......65, 114, 469 Fossombronia rwandaensis ....37, 65, 114, 470 Frullania angulata .....................95, 278 Frullania apicalis ................52, 95, 280 Frullania apiculata ..........................281 Frullania arecae............ 36, 59, 96, 283 Frullania caffraria . ..............31, 95, 285 Frullania capensis ..............59, 95, 286 Frullania depressa ....................96, 288 Frullania ericoides ....... 36, 52, 95, 290 Frullania imerinensis .........36, 95, 293 Frullania lindenbergii .........52, 94, 294 Frullania mildbraedii .........................298 Frullania obscurifolia ...............95, 295 Frullania schimperi . .................95, 297 Frullania serrata . ......................95, 298 Frullania socotrana ............31, 95, 300 Frullania spongiosa ...........31, 96, 302 Frullanoides tristis .........................303 G Gongylanthus ericetorum.........36, 304 Gottschea engleriana .......................432 Gymnomitrium laceratum .............305 H Haplomitrium blumei . . 20, 36, 51, 306 Harpalejeunea fischeri .......37, 58, 307 Herbertus dicranus .........3, 25, 35, 55, 97, 309 Herbertus doggeltianus ....................309 Herbertus juniperoideus . ........97, 311 Herbertus lobatus .............................309 Herbertus stuhlmannii . .....................309 Hygrolejeunea acuta . .......................320

I Inflatolejeunea capensis ...................325 Isotachis aspera . ........................11, 312 Isotachis aubertii ..........11, 36, 51, 312 Isotachis conistipula ...................11, 312 Isotachis renistipula ....................11, 312 J Jamesoniella purpurascens . ........314 Jensenia spinosa . ....................35, 472 Jungermannia borgenii .....................433 Jungermannia mildbraedii ..........11, 435 Jungermannia sphaerocarpa ...........436 K Kurzia capillaris ........................97, 316 Kurzia irregularis ................35, 97, 318 Kurzia tabularis .................................316 L Lejeunea acuta...........................98, 320 Lejeunea amaniensis ...............98, 322 Lejeunea arnelliana ..........................344 Lejeunea caespitosa ................99, 323 Lejeunea capensis ...................98, 325 Lejeunea confusa .....................99, 326 Lejeunea cyathearum . .............99, 328 Lejeunea eckloniana ..........48, 99, 330 Lejeunea flava ...........................99, 331 Lejeunea flava ssp. flava ..................331 Lejeunea flava ssp. tabularis . ..........342 Lejeunea grossecristata ...................342 Lejeunea flavovirens ......................333 Lejeunea helenae . ........... 20, 100, 334 Lejeunea isophylla .......... 53, 100, 335 Lejeunea kamerunensis ...................374 Lejeunea letabaensis . ......................340 Lejeunea lyratiflora . .................98, 337 Lejeunea ramosissima . .........100, 339 Lejeunea rhodesiae ......... 36, 100, 340 Lejeunea tabularis .... 59, 99, 331, 339, 342 Lejeunea ulicina ssp. africana ..........372 Lejeunea ulicina ssp. ocellifera ........372

Lejeunea villaumei . ..................99, 344 Lepidozia abyssinica ........................350 Lepidozia carnosa .............................. 11 Lepidozia cupressina........ 36,100, 345 Lepidozia cupressina ssp.quinquefida ... 345 Lepidozia hyalina ..............................347 Lepidozia irregularis .........................318 Lepidozia lacerata ............................350 Lepidozia pearsonii ......... 35, 101, 347 Lepidozia pulvinata ............................. 11 Lepidozia redacta .......................11, 446 Lepidozia reptans ...................101, 348 Lepidozia stuhlmannii ssp. pulvinata . 11 Lepidozia stuhlmannii...... 35, 101, 350 Lepidozia stuhlmannii var. abyssinica .... .350 Lepidozia stuhlmannii var. carnosa..... 11 Lepidozia succida . .......... 35, 100, 352 Lepidozia trifida . .........................11, 448 Lepidozia truncatella . .......................345 Leptolejeunea symoensii ..................274 Leptoscyphus expansus .......101, 354 Leptoscyphus hedbergii .35, 101, 355 Leptoscyphus infuscatus ........36, 357 Lethocolea congesta . ..............35, 359 Leucolejeunea xanthocarpa .............168 Lophocolea bidentata........................170 Lophocolea concreta ........................172 Lophocolea congoana ......................176 Lophocolea cuspidata........................170 Lophocolea difformis ........................174 Lophocolea martiana ........................176 Lophocolea muhavurensis ...............178 Lophocolea muricata ........................180 Lophocolea spiniflora . ......................180 Lopholejeunea abortiva var. fragilis . 362 Lopholejeunea eulopha .........102, 361 Lopholejeunea nigricans .......102, 362 Lopholejeunea subfusca .......102, 363 Lophozia jamesonii...................35, 364 Lophozia ruwenzorensis . .................133 Lunularia cruciata . .............36, 67, 474

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M Mannia capensis .............................475 Marchantia alpestris ........................481 Marchantia chevalieri . ......................477 Marchantia debilis ..................115, 477 Marchantia latifolia ............................483 Marchantia pappeana .63, 66, 115, 479 Marchantia parviloba ........................479 Marchantia planiloba..........................479 Marchantia polymorpha ssp. montivagans...................67, 115, 481 Marchantia polymorpha ssp. ruderalis....................36, 66, 115, 483 Marchantia wilmsii.............................477 Marchesinia deslooveri . ........102, 365 Marchesinia excavata..............102, 367 Marsupella africana ........................134 Marsupella emarginata ..........103, 368 Marsupella subintegra .... 35, 103, 369 Mastigobryum laxifolium ...................140 Mastigophora diclados 3 . 5, 50, 55, 370 Metzgeria agnewiae .........................484 Metzgeria attenuata ..........................484 Metzgeria australis ...........................488 Metzgeria consanguinea .......115, 484 Metzgeria elliotii ................................484 Metzgeria furcata.....................116, 486 Metzgeria hedbergii ..........................491 Metzgeria leptoneura .............116, 488 Metzgeria limbato-setosa............11, 489 Metzgeria madagassa....... 11, 116, 489 Metzgeria muscicola..........................491 Metzgeria quadrifaria........63, 115, 491 Metzgeria thomeensis ......................486 Metzgeria vandenberghenii ..............484 Microlejeunea africana . .........103, 372 Microlejeunea kamerunensis .35, 103, 374 Microlejeunea nyandaruensis .35, 103, 376 Mnioloma fusca ..................36, 51, 377 N Notoscyphus belangerianus .............379

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Notoscyphus lutescens .................379 Notothylas flabellata ................16, 530 Notothylas orbicularis.......................68 O Odontolejeunea lunulata .........35, 380 Omphalanthus renistipulus ...............382 Omphalanthus roccatii.............37, 382 P Pallavicinia lyellii.......................36, 493 Pallavicinia stephanii ........................472 Paraschistochila engleriana .............432 Phaeoceros carolinianus...........36, 68, 120, 531 Phaeoceros fulvisporus . 35, 120, 532 Plagiochasma rupestre . ................495 Plagiochila barteri ..................105, 384 Plagiochila barteri ssp. colorans ......385 Plagiochila blanda ............................393 Plagiochila breviramea........................ 11 Plagiochila colorans ...........20, 25, 35, 105, 385 Plagiochila divergens . ......................395 Plagiochila ericicola... 20, 35, 106, 387 Plagiochila exigua ..................104, 389 Plagiochila expallescens..................... 11 Plagiochila fusifera......... 106, 391, 395 Plagiochila hedbergii ........................387 Plagiochila heterostipa...........105, 392 Plagiochila integerrima...........105, 393 Plagiochila kiaerii .............11, 106, 395 Plagiochila lastii . ....................105, 397 Plagiochila lurida.................................. 11 Plagiochila pectinata...............105, 398 Plagiochila pseudoattenuata ............405 Plagiochila (?) ruwenzorensis ..........439 Plagiochila sinuosa ...........................400 Plagiochila squamulosa var. sinuosa. 400 Plagiochila squamulosa var. squamulosa....................................400 Plagiochila subalpina . ...........105, 402 Plagiochila terebrans..............105, 404

Plicanthus giganteus...........22, 25, 35, 106, 406 Plicanthus hirtellus 2 . 0, 36, 55, 58, 106, 407 Porella abyssinica...........................409 Porella subdentata....................31, 410 Prionolejeunea grata ................35, 412 Prionolejeunea serrula.......................412 Ptychanthus africanus ...................414 Ptychanthus striatus .........................414 R Radula allamanoi ..............................426 Radula ankefinensis................107, 416 Radula boryana........................107, 417 Radula comorensis.................107, 418 Radula evelynae .............................420 Radula flaccida ................ 35, 107, 421 Radula holstiana ...............................416 Radula quadrata .............. 60, 107, 423 Radula recurvifolia ............................423 Radula stenocalyx ..........................425 Radula stipatiflora ...............11, 107, 426 Radula voluta ..............11, 56, 107, 426 Rectolejeunea rhodesiae...................340 Riccardia amazonica ..36, 64, 116, 497 Riccardia compacta...........................35 Riccardia limbata ....................116, 498 Riccardia longispica ..............116, 500 Riccardia pseudopinguis ..................459 Riccardia sp. .....................55, 116, 502 Riccardia stephanii ...........................497 Riccia atropurpurea .........36, 117, 504 Riccia congoana............... 36, 107, 505 Riccia crinita ...........................117, 506 Riccia lanceolata................36, 117, 508 Riccia microciliata ..................117, 510 Riccia moenkemeyeri........36, 117, 512 Riccia nigrosquamata .......................505 Riccia okahandjana ..........36, 117, 514 Riccia rhodesiae ...............................505 Riccia stricta ...........................117, 516 Riccia trichocarpa .............................506 Riccia vulcanicola..............36, 117, 517 Ricciocarpus natans ................36, 518

S Schiffneriolejeunea altimontana . ..37, 108, 428 Schiffneriolejeunea pappeana .....108, 430 Schistochila engleriana .................432 Solenostoma borgenii . .. 36, 108, 433, 435 Solenostoma mildbraedii .........11, 35, 108, 435 Solenostoma sphaerocarpum........36, 108, 436 Sprucella succida...............................352 Stenolejeunea acuta .........................320 Strepsilejeunea brevifissa..................163 Symphyogyna brasiliensis......36, 118, 519 Symphyogyna lehmanniana..63, 64, 519 Symphyogyna podophylla........11, 35, 118, 521 Symphyogyna rigida ...................11, 521 Symphyogyna volkensii...35, 118, 523 Syzygiella concreta ......... 36, 108, 438 Syzygiella geminifolia ..... 35, 108, 439 Syzygiella ruwenzorensis..................439 T Targionia hypophylla .........25, 36, 524 Taxilejeunea conformis .. 53, 109, 440 Taxilejeunea heterofolia . ..................330 Taxilejeunea lyratiflora ......................337 Taxilejeunea pulchriflora .......109, 442 Telaranea coactilis . ....11, 80, 109, 444 Telaranea nematodes ...............109, 446 Telaranea redacta......................11, 449 Telaranea trifida ... 11, 35, 45, 109, 448 Tetralophozia cavallii ...11, 25, 35, 450 Tritomaria exsecta ....................36, 452 Tylimanthus laxus ....................36, 454 Tylimanthus ruwenzorensis ..............454

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Previous titles in this series Taxonomie des holothuries des Comores Y. Samyn, D. VandenSpiegel & C. Massin Abc Taxa Vol 1 - 2006 Détérioration des collections de coquilles R. De Prins & E. Rour (traduction) Abc Taxa Vol 2 - 2007 Taxonomy of the Cryptocarya species of Brazil P.L.R. De Moraes. Abc Taxa Vol 3 - 2007 Guia taxonomica de los anfibios de Cuba (with Audio CD) L.M. Diaz & A. Cadiz Abc Taxa Vol 4 - 2008 Introduction to the taxonomy of the amphibians of Kaieteur National Park, Guyana P.J.R. Kok & M. Kalamandeen Abc Taxa Vol 5 - 2008 Sri Lankan Seaweeds – Methodologies and field guide to the dominant species E. Coppejans, F. Leliaert, O. Dargent, R. Gunasekara & O. De Clerck Abc Taxa Vol 6 - 2009 The Bee Genera and Subgenera of sub-Saharan Africa C. Eardley, M. Kuhlmann & A. Pauly Abc Taxa Vol 7 - 2010 Manual on field recording techniques and protocols for All Taxa Biodiversity Inventories and Monitoring J. Eymann, J. Degreef, Ch. Häuser, J.C. Monje, Y. Samyn & D. VandenSpiegel (eds) Abc Taxa Vol 8 (part 1 & 2) - 2010 Les genres et sous-genres d’abeilles de l’afrique subsaharienne C. Eardley, M. Kuhlmann & A. Pauly Abc Taxa Vol 9 - 2010 Champignons comestibles des forêts denses d’Afrique centrale – Taxonomie et identification H. Eyi Ndong, J. Degreef & A. De Kesel Abc Taxa Vol 10 - 2011 Naturalised and invasive succulents of southern Africa M. Walters, E. Figueiredo, N.R. Crouch, P.J.D. Winter, G.F. Smith, H.G. Zimmermann & B.K. Mashope Abc Taxa Vol 11 - 2011 Guide taxonomique des oligochètes dulçaquicoles du Maghreb P. Martin & A.A. Boughrous

Abc Taxa Vol 12 - 2012

Bréviaire de taxonomie des acariens H.M. André & J.K. N’Dri Abc Taxa Vol 13 - 2012

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