Third placement in the Italian Big Year of butterflies and burnets in 2020

In the unfortunate 2020 something that kept the moral high had been the race organized by the Facebook group Amici delle Farfalle (“Friends of the butterflies”): the first “Big Year” concerning butterflies and burnets. By the end of 2020, despite the lack of many trips abroad, I photographed 178 species classifying myself third in the race!

The main rules of the race were that could be listed all the species of butterflies and burnets photographed and approved by the experts of the group that were included in the book “Collins Butterfly Guide” of Tom Tolman in the area covered by the field guide, so including not only Europe but also the Maghreb and the Canary islands.

At the beginning, nobody could know how the 2020 could be affected by the Covid19, so since the start, with my job of nature guide and my attitude about travelling and racing, I was considered one of the favored participants, despite my first field of knowledge were birds and not Lepidoptera.

The idea of organizing butterfly races started only recently among the butterfly lovers, inspired by the bird races.

I was always keen on this kind of competitions since my first participation to the Italian 24 hours race of birdwatching, in the far 2004, to the victory of the 2008 of the same race (—> link), to my fifth placement in the Italian Big Year of birds in 2018 and to the victory of the regional Big Year of Veneto in the same year (—> link), ending with the participation in 2017 to the international 24 hours bird race of “Champions of the Flyway“, in Israel, as member of the first Italian team ever there (—> link) and the victory of the regional Home Big Year of Veneto in 2020 (—> link), with 86 species of birds seen just from my home.

My “history” of participation in butterfly races, instead, was very recent: I took part of the first Lepidoptera Big Year race ever, organized again by the group Amici delle farfalle, in 2019, when were valid all the species of butterflies and moths photographed and approved by the experts reported in Italy during that year, listing 301 species and rating myself 7th.

As in 2019, during the 2020 race, despite the different rules, was unbeatable Stefano Meraglia (congratulation!), but at least I managed to improve my placement from the seventh place, to the podium, only 23 species far from the victory and 8 species below the also impressive Alex Bolza!

Despite normal years, the virus forced me most of the time home or not far from that: I could visit, in fact, only two near countries more than Italy, Croatia and Slovenia (only 9 days in comparison with the 66 days abroad of 2019!), where I added just 3 species to the 175 species of butterflies and burnets found in Italy.

My Italian list of 2020 included 9 species of burnets, the 28% of the species reported in Italy, and 169 species of butterflies, about the 36% of the European species and the 59% of the 288 species reported in Italy, divided by family in:

• 4 swallowtails & apollos (family Papilionidae)
• 15 whites & yellows (family Pieridae)
• 39 coppers & blues (family Lycaenidae)
• 1 metalmark (family Riodinidae)
• 91 admirals, fritillaries, etc (family Nymphalidae)
• 18 skippers (family Hesperidae)

Analizing the data at a more local level, I found:

• 25 species in my municipality, Monastier di Treviso (all butterflies);
• 82 species in my province, Treviso (74 butterflies and 8 burnets);
• 137 species in my region, Veneto (128 butterflies and 9 burnets), the 74% of the species of butterflies and the 35% of the burnets ever reported in the region;

If out of Veneto I wandered mainly in Trentino Alto Adige and Friuli-Venezia Giulia, the most awarding trip far from the High Adriatic was that in Sardinia, where I spent a week looking for butterflies and finding 31 species of them.

Unfortunately I hadn’t the occasion to go to Piedmont and Liguria, by the border with France, where seems to concentrate the largest biodiversity of butterflies and burnets, with a lot of endemics and rare western species often on the edge of their distribution.

Nevertheless, during the 2020, I added in total 17 new species to my life list of butterflies, reaching the 421 species seen in the World, while I added 20 lifers to my Italian list that now counts 191 species.

Going more in detail, my Big Year 2020 started the 1st of January when, travelling with Federico Pino in Croatia (—> link), I spotted the first Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta).

Then I couldn’t see any other species of butterfly until the Covid19 was for the first time detected in Italy and, from March, a national lock-down stopped every movement for about 2 months.

I kept having short walks around my house, finding few more butterflies and discovering the best corners of my municipality, Monastier di Treviso (—> link), until May, when became once again allowed to travel in freedom along the territory of Veneto, my region.

The 4th of May the governor of Veneto Luca Zaia, earlier than the other Italian regions, allowed to go out of the home municipality, still keeping inside the borders of the region. The day after I went to the Nervesa della Battaglia (TV) dry meadows, looking for orchids and butterflies, adding to my list Adonis Blue (Lysandra bellargus) and Red-underwing Skipper (Spialia sertorius), and then I tried to localize the Southern Festoon in the southern slopes of the Montello (TV), but I failed: possibly it was already too late in the season.

While in the Dolomites it was definitely too early for butterflies, the visit of the 10th May to the Isola dei Morti (“island of deaths”), near Moriago della Battaglia (TV) produced a lot of new butterflies for the big year. It’s a lovely riverbed that hosted a bloody battle of the First World War and now hosts extensive meadows famous for the presence of orchids that I described in the post In the land of the “tilaventina” Bee-orchid. New ones included: Baton Blue (Pseudophilotes baton), Green-underside Blue (Glaucopsyche alexis), Weaver’s Fritillary (Boloria dia), Large Chequered Skipper (Heteropterus morpheus), Slender Scotch Burnet (Zygaena loti) and some gorgeous fresh Southern White Admirals (Limenitis reducta).

The first high altitude butterflies arrived in mid May from the Prealpi (the first chain of true mountains coming from the Veneto plain), because I went looking for early season species to the Col Visentin (TV and BL): I could only collect a flight shot of the very quick Orange Tips (Anthocharis cardamines), I missed the Green Hairstreak, but the main award were some unexpected Northern Wall Browns (Lasiommata petropolitana), a species reported very rarely in the Prealpi!

The 21st May I did a second Prealpi excursion first along the road that climbs to Asiago (VI), and then to the monte Grappa (VI and TV): I finally found a rather fresh Green Hairstreak (Callophrys rubi), but also Clouded Apollo (Parnassius mnemosyne), Chequered Blue (Scolitantides orion), Woodland Ringlet (Erebia medusa) and the very pretty Eastern Burnet (Zygaena carniolica).

Despite the snow, the 24th of May signed the open of the Dolomites season: in a warm slope kissed by the sunshine I noticed Pearl-bordered Fritillary (Boloria euphrosyne) and Marsh Fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia ssp. glaciegenita).

Thanks to Silvio Davison, I got the tip of a deep valley nearby Forno di Zoldo (BL) where, after a cloudy morning of waiting, I managed to photograph perfectly some breath-taking Camberwell Beauties (Nymphalis antiopa)!

Since in the mountains the season was still in delay and I had already most of the lowland species, the 27th May I went to the hills to look for some more species: the Colli Asolani (TV), with their thermophilic slopes, offered a good variety of adds that included Blue-spot Hairstreak (Satyrium spini), Ilex Hairstreak (Satyrium ilicis), High Brown Fritillary (Argynnis adippe) and Marbled White (Melanargia galathea).

In the end of May I failed two tries for the Large Copper, then I spent the 1st of June in the Colli Berici (VI) looking for early fliers typical of the hills: I managed to find a single Large Tortoiseshell (Nymphalis polychloros), a Southern Small White (Pieris mannii), a Variable Burnet (Zygaena ephialtes) and some Nettle-tree Butterflies (Libythea celtis), unfortunatelly only photographed in flight, while I missed the Sloe Hairstreak, a species that I will lack during all the 2020.

In June my parents rented for two months a flat in Falcade (BL) that gave me a useful bridgehead in the heart of the Dolomites. Unfortunately, when I was free, most of June offered rainy or cloudy days in the mountains, so I had to struggle a lot to add a handful of alpine butterflies, including a very early Alpine Blue (Albulina orbitulus) .

From the 3rd of June was possible again to travel among all the Italian regions, so I started to explore Trentino Alto-Adige, adding Geranium Argus (Eumedonia eumedon), but first of all Friuli-Venezia Giulia, arriving by the border with Slovenia the 9th of June: the range of the Karst (GO and TS) hosts in fact a rich biodiversity of butterflies, mixing alpine species with a lot of eastern and Balkan species that here reach their north-western edge of the distribution. As usually, during this first part of the warm season, the weather wasn’t particularly good, being mainly cloudy or even rainy, but I could still find a lot of species (33 butterflies and 7 burnets in a day!) including good ones like Black-veined White (Aporia crataegi), Niobe Fritillary (Argynnis niobe), Twin-spot Fritillary (Brenthis hecate), Glanville Fritillary (Melitaea cinxia), Lesser Spotted Fritillary (Melitaea trivia), Great Banded Grayling (Brintesia circe), Safflower Skipper (Pyrgus carthami), Narrow-bordered Five-spot Burnet (Zygaena lonicerae) and Mountain Small White (Pieris ergane), a species I had never seen before in my life!

A new visit to the Isola dei Morti (TV), the 16th of June, produced the wanted Chapman’s Blue (Polyommatus thersites) and White Admiral (Limenitis camilla).

After I had searched it all the times I were in the Prealpi, also seeing it once without being enough quick to photograph it, the 18th of June I finally added the Apollo (Parnassius apollo) in the Col Visentin (TV): always an iconic species indeed, despite it is not uncommon in the Treviso Prealpi!

I had to wait the 20th of June to find a sunny day in the Dolomites that finally produced a good number of mid mountain species, including: Sooty Copper (Lycaena tityrus ssp. subalpina), Amanda’s Blue (Polyommatus amandus), Thor’s Fritillary (Boloria thore), Dark Green Fritillary (Speyeria aglaja) and again the stunning Marsh Fritillary.

The day after I went to South Tyrol/Alto Adige to Costalunga pass and to the Eggental valley, where I found 25 species of butterflies, but not what I was expecting (I missed for example Provençal Short-tailed and Meleager’s Blue): Black-veined White, Chequered Blue, Large Tortoiseshell, Glanville Fritillary, Marbled Fritillary (Brenthis daphne), High Brown Fritillary, Ringlet (Aphantopus hyperantus), Alpine Heath (Coenonympha gardetta), Large Grizzled Skipper (Pyrgus alveus) and Small Skipper (Thymelicus sylvestris), among the others.

On the way back home, I stopped in the late afternoon by some low altitude meadows in the Belluno valley finding some pretty localized species in Veneto: Lesser Marbled Fritillary (Brenthis ino) and Twin-spot Fritillary (Brenthis hecate).

The 26th June, despite the dull cloudy morning, I did large loop in the Pordenone province (Friuli-Venezia Giulia) from Piancavallo, to Val Cimoliana, to the Vajont, collecting pictures of 30 species of butterflies and 2 burnets. Quite a lot were the adds to the year list, first of all a late and particularly welcome Chequered Skipper (Carterocephalus palaemon), but also Purple-shot Copper (Lycaena alciphron), Woodland Brown (Lopinga achine), Arran Brown (Erebia ligea), Styrian Ringlet (Erebia stirius), Hungarian Glider (Neptis rivularis), Great Sooty Satyr (Satyrus ferula) and Marbled Skipper (Carcharodus lavatherae).

Since some borders with other European countries opened, the 15th of June, I hadn’t been yet abroad: my first trip out of Italy, after the lock-down, came the 1st of July, when I decided to go to mount Nanos, in Slovenia, just about 30 km far from the Italian border. This interesting karstic mountain, not rarely whipped by the strong north-eastern winds called búrja, hosts a number of interesting Lepidoptera adapted to the various habitats of its slopes, with some Balkan specialties including the rare Black Ringlet.

Unfortunately I was there too early in the season for that species, but I had still the impressive number of 41 species of butterflies and 2 burnets in a single day, including the noticeable Clouded Apollo, Purple-shot Copper, Geranium Argus, Northern Brown Argus (Aricia artaxerxes), Lesser Marbled Fritillary, Niobe Fritillary, Styrian Ringlet (Erebia stirius), Great Sooty Satyr, Chestnut Heath (Coenonympha glycerion), Tufted Skipper (Carcharodus floccifera) and most likelly also a tiny Assmann’s Fritillary (Melitaea cfr. britomartis).

In July the time spent nearby Falcade (BL), usually with bad weather, didn’t produce many adds: the best day was the 5th when I managed to find Clouded Apollo, Sooty Copper, Scarce Copper (Lycaena virgaureae), Alpine Blue, Marsh Fritillary, Almond Ringlet (Erebia alberganus), Alpine Heath (Coenonympha gardetta), Large Grizzled Skipper (Pyrgus cfr. alveus), Olive Skipper (Pyrgus cfr. serratulae) and Transparent Burnet (Zygaena cfr. purpuralis).

Much more productive were the Prealpi: the first chain of mountains coming from the lowlands hosts possibly the largest variety of butterflies in Veneto and the 9th July I photographed in just a day the cracking number of 45 species of butterflies and 6 burnets only on the mount Grappa slopes (VI and TV)!

First of all many easy and fresh individuals of the stunning False Ringlet (Coenonympha oedippus), a rare species that I had found already in the bogs of Palude di Onara (PD) the 22nd of June, but that for just a specimen had costed me a full afternoon of hell in the mud with a temperature of more than 35°C degrees eaten up by the mosquitoes.

But also many other interesting ones like: Apollo, Southern Small White, White-letter Hairstreak (Satyrium w-album), Alcon Large Blue (Phengaris alcon), Chequered Blue, Turquoise Blue (Polyommatus dorylas), Mazarine Blue (Cyaniris semiargus), Common Geranium-Bronze (Cacyreus marshalli), High Brown Fritillary, Marbled Fritillary, Woodland Grayling (Hipparchia fagi), Large Ringlet (Erebia euryale) and Tufted Skipper.

There were few plain species left to see: Lesser Purple Emperor and Large Copper (Lycaena dispar). If for the first I had to struggle all the summer, for the second one, possibly my favorite butterfly in Europe, it came into the basket the 11th of July, not far from my home and not far from the Venice lagoon.

A place that offered a lot of interesting alpine species had been the mount Peralba, on the triple border among Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Austria: this mountain, one of the most eastern Dolomites, hosts rare species that are in common with Austria more than the Dolomites. I had to go there twice to find the majority of them, following also the suggestions of Marco Ulliana, but by the end I added 8 species to my Big Year: Eros Blue (Polyommatus eros), Cynthia’s Fritillary (Euphydryas cynthia), Asian Fritillary (Euphydryas intermedia), Dewy Ringlet (Erebia pandrose), Eriphyle Ringlet (Erebia eriphyle), Small Mountain Ringlet (Erebia epiphron), Lesser Mountain Ringlet (Erebia melampus) and the rare Lesse’s Brassy Ringlet (Erebia nivalis).

Much less luck had been my trip to monte Baldo (VR and TN), considered a Lepidoptera hot-spot at Italian level, with more than 2,000 species reported. Target species were the Ottoman Brassy Ringlet (Erebia ottomana), that here has the only Italian site of presence, and the endemic subspecies of Sooty Ringlet burmanni, with lovely large white ocelli. If after a long wait for the sunshine, I managed to find some tatty individuals of the first, I missed the second in such an inaccessible habitat like the almost vertical screes where it was reported. I totalized just 17 species of butterflies plus the last new burnet fo the year, Zygaena romeo.

Prime for my Big Year had been instead the main summer trip of the year: by the end of July I spent a week with my girlfriend Michela in Sardinia in which we chose to explore the National Park of the Bay of Orosei and Gennargentu. Being the situation of transports unpredictable abroad, we found a very convenient flight to the island and we dedicated most of the mornings to the inland mountains, and the afternoons to the much more relaxing seaside. Despite the lack of precise information, I managed to find the right places to localize the majority of the endemic or sub-endemic species of butterflies: 10 species of 15, missing only the early flying ones! But among the 31 species of butterflies I had in total, I photographed also 7 other Mediterranean species that I was still lacking in my year list, including Cleopatra (Gonepteryx cleopatra), Purple Hairstreak (Favonius quercus), Two-tailed Pasha (Charaxes jasius) and Pygmy Skipper (Gegenes pumilio).

Pretty unforgettable were the observations of outstanding individuals of Sardinian Chalk-hill Blue (Polyommatus coridon gennargenti), Corsican Fritillary (Argynnis elisa), Corsican Grayling (Hipparchia neomiris), Corsican Heath (Coenonympha corinna) and Corsican Red-underwing Skipper (Spialia therapne).

Back home, I moved a lot around trying to find the few lacking species of the lowlands and of the Prealpi. A rather productive day, the 5th of August, I went first between Cansiglio and Alpago, looking also for late orchids and finding White-letter Hairstreak, Dryad (Minois dryas), Scotch Argus (Erebia aethiops) and Silver-spotted Skipper (Hesperia comma), and then to the low hills nearby Cordignano (TV), where I managed to localize the only one population of False Graylings (Arethusana arethusa) in Veneto plus Lesser Spotted Fritillary.

The 7th August, together with Eugenio Melotti and Michele De Rocco, we tried a desperate trip to the Val Raccolana (UD), by the border with Slovenia, in order to look for the Map Butterfly in the last site of presence in Italy, but we failed: the species seems to be locally extinct in our country. It was anyway a great butterfly day, with 31 species reported among which Purple-edged Copper (Lycaena hippothoe), Purple Emperor (Apatura iris), Stygian Ringlet (Erebia styx) and Water Ringlet (Erebia pronoe).

The penultimate weekend of August I went with Michela to the Stelvio National Park (BZ and SO), in Central Alps. It was rather late in the season, to look for alpine species that usually fly for a very short time at high altitudes, but I had still the pleasure, among the only 9 species of butterflies I found, to add 3 very good ones with relatively fresh individuals: Swiss Brassy Ringlet (Erebia tyndarus), Marbled Ringlet (Erebia montanus) and Sooty Ringlet (Erebia pluto), but also and the stunning Silky Ringlet (Erebia gorge) I had already before this year in Monte Baldo (VR).

Only the 3rd of September, after a summer of tries, I finally managed to find the fantastic Lesser Purple Emperor (Apatura ilia) on a corn field not far from the Piave river (TV).

In the late afternoon of the 7th September, I started my first trip led for Naturetrek this year, the only one abroad: a tour of 5 days in Slovenia. In the morning, before going to the airport to pick up the customers, I tried again for Black Ringlet on the mount Nanos, but the weather was already autumnal, with light rain and incredibly strong winds.

I had a better lack in the lowlands, exploring the Ljubljansko Barje area, not far from Ljubljana: I spotted in fact an amazing fresh second generation Map Butterfly (Araschnia levana), the first seen in my life, and a worn Purple-edged Copper!

The Slovenia tour didn’t produce anything more, so I had to wait the second one, this time in Sicily, led again for Naturetrek, to add the last 3 species of butterflies of the year among the 21 I had in total: the endemic Sicilian Grayling (Hipparchia blachieri), Plain Tiger Butterfly (Danaus chrysippus) and an incredibly tatty Hermit (Chazara briseis).

I had potentially two last, desperate occasions to look for new species: I led in fact a third tour in the Dolomites by the end of September, in which an early snowfall made every struggle vain, and I spent three weeks in October travelling, again with my girlfriend, throughout Central and Southern Italy, but the bad weather at the beginning in Abruzzo and then the changes in the plan of the holiday because of the new Covid restrictions, introduced by the local authorities, made every search unproductive. The last nice butterflies of the year were Southern Comma (Polygonia egea) in L’Aquila and a single Plain Tiger Butterfly in the Cilento National Park (SA): I finished the Big Year with 177 species.

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Official check-list of my Butterflies and Burnets Big Year 2020

(* = lifers)

Papilionidae

• 1. Common Swallowtail (Papilio machaon)
• 2. Scarce Swallowtail (Iphiclides podalirius)
• 3. Apollo (Parnassius apollo)
• 4. Clouded Apollo (Parnassius mnemosyne)

Pieridae

• 5. Black-veined White (Aporia crataegi)
• 6. Large White (Pieris brassicae)
• 7. Small White (Pieris rapae)
• 8. Southern Small White (Pieris mannii)
• 9. Mountain Small White (Pieris ergane)*
• 10. Green-veined White (Pieri napi)
• 11. Dark-veined White (Pieris bryoniae)
• 12. Eastern Bath White (Pontia edusa)
• 13. Orange Tip (Anthocharis cardamines)
• 14. Mountain Clouded Yellow (Colias phicomone)
• 15. Common Clouded Yellow (Colias crocea)
• 16. Berger’s Clouded Yellow/Pale Clouded Yellow (Colias cfr. alfacariensis/hyale)
• 17. Brimstone (Gonepteryx rhamni)
• 18. Cleopatra (Gonepteryx cleopatra)
• 19. Wood White sp. (Leptidea sp.)

Lycaenidae

• 20. Purple Hairstreak (Favonius quercus)
• 21. Ilex Hairstreak (Satyrium illicis)
• 22. Blue Spot Hairstreak (Satyrium spini)
• 23. White-letter Hairstreak (Satyrium w-album)
• 24. Green Hairstreak (Callophrys rubi)
• 25. Small Copper (Lycaena phlaeas)
• 26. Large Copper (Lycaena dispar)
• 27. Scarce Copper (Lycaena virgaureae)
• 28. Sooty Copper (Lycaena tityrus)
• 29. Purple-shot Copper (Lycaena alciphron)
• 30. Purple-edged Copper (Lycaena hippothoe)
• 31. Long-tailed Blue (Lampides boeticus)
• 32. Geranium Bronze (Cacyreus marshalli)
• 33. Lang’s Short-tailed Blue (Leptotes pirithous)
• 34. Short-tailed Blue (Cupido argiades)
• 35. Provençal Short-tailed Blue (Cupido alcetas)
• 36. Small Blue (Cupido minimus)
• 37. Holly Blue (Celastrina argiolus)
• 38. Green-underside Blue (Glaucopsyche alexis)
• 39. Alcon Blue (Maculinea alcon)
• 40. Baton Blue (Pseudophilotes baton)
• 41. Chequered Blue (Scolitantides orion)
• 42. Silver-studded Blue (Plebejus argus)
• 43. Bellier’s Blue (Plebejus bellieri)*
• 44. Reverdin’s/Idas Blue (Plebejus cfr. argyrognomon/idas)
• 45. Geranium Argus (Eumedonia eumedon)
• 46. Brown Argus (Aricia agestis)
• 47. Southern Brown Argus (Aricia cramera)
• 48. Northern Brown Argus (Aricia artaxerses)
• 49. Alpine Blue (Albulina orbitulus)
• 50. Mazarine Blue (Cyaniris semiargus)
• 51. Amanda’s Blue (Polyommatus amandus)
• 52. Chapman’s Blue (Polyommatus thersites)
• 53. Turquoise Blue (Polyommatus dorylas)
• 54. Chalk-hill Blue (Polyommatus coridon)
• 55. Adonis Blue (Polyommatus bellargus)
• 56. Common Blue (Polyommatus icarus)
• 57. Austaut’s Blue (Polyommatus celina)
• 58. Eros Blue (Polyommatus eros)

Riodinidae

• 59. Duke of Burgundy (Hamearis lucina)

Nymphalidae

• 60. Nettle-tree Butterfly (Libythea celtis)
• 61. Plain Tiger (Danaus chrysippus)
• 62. Two-tailed Pasha (Charaxes jasius)
• 63. Purple Emperor (Apatura iris)
• 64. Lesser Purple Emperor (Apatura ilia)
• 65. Southern White Admiral (Limenitis reducta)
• 66. White Admiral (Limenitis camilla)
• 67. Hungarian Glider (Neptis rivularis)
• 68. Camberwell Beauty (Nymphalis antiopa)
• 69. Large Tortoiseshell (Nymphalis polychloros)
• 70. Peacock (Aglais io)
• 71. Small Tortoiseshell (Aglais urticae)
• 72. Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta)
• 73. Painted Lady (Vanessa cardui)
• 74. Comma (Polygonia c-album)
• 75. Southern Comma (Polygonia egea)
• 76. Map (Araschnia levana)*
• 77. Silver-washed Fritillary (Argynnis paphia)
• 78. High Brown Fritillary (Fabriciana adippe)
• 79. Niobe Fritillary (Fabriciana niobe)
• 80. Corsican Fritillary (Fabriciana elisa)*
• 81. Dark Green Fritiallary (Speyeria aglaja)
• 82. Queen of Spain (Issoria lathonia)
• 83. Twin-spot Fritillary (Brenthis hecate)
• 84. Marbled Fritillary (Brenthis daphne)
• 85. Lesser Marbled Fritillary (Brenthis ino)
• 86. Shepherd’s Fritillary (Boloria pales)
• 87. Mountain Fritillary (Boloria napea)
• 88. Pearl-bordered Fritillary (Boloria euphrosyne)
• 89. Titania’s Fritillary (Boloria titania)
• 90. Weaver’s Fritillary (Boloria dia)
• 91. Thor’s Fritillary (Boloria thore)
• 92. Glanville Fritillary (Melitaea cinxia)
• 93. Knapweed Fritillary (Melitaea phoebe)
• 94. Spotted Fritillary (Melitaea didyma)
• 95. Lesser Spiotted Fritillary (Melitaea trivia)
• 96. False Heath Fritillary (Melitaea diamina)
• 97. Heath/Southern Heath Fritillary (Melitaea cfr athalia/celadussa)
• 98. Nickerl’s/Assmann’s Fritillary (Melitaea cfr. aurelia/britomartis)
• 99. Asian Fritillary (Euphydryas intermedia)
• 100. Cynthia’s Fritillary (Euphydryas cynthia)*
• 101. Marsh Fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia)

• 102. Marbled White (Melanargia galathea)
• 103. Woodland/Rock Grayling (Hipparchia cfr. fagi/hermione)
• 104. Corsican Grayling (Hipparchia neomiris)*
• 105. Grayling (Hipparchia semele)
• 106. Southern Grayling (Hipparchia aristaeus)*
• 107. Sicilian Grayling (Hipparchia blachieri)
• 108. Tree Grayling (Hipparchia statilinus)
• 109. Hermi (Chazara briseis)
• 110. Great Sooty Satyr (Satyrus ferula)
• 111. Dryad (Minois dryas)
• 112. Great Banded Grayling (Brintesia circe)
• 113. False Grayling (Arethusana arethusa)*
• 114. Arran Brown (Erebia ligea)
• 115. Large Ringlet (Erebia euryale)
• 116. Eriphyle Ringlet (Erebia eriphyle)*
• 117. Yellow-spotted Ringlet (Erebia manto)
• 118. Small Mountain Ringlet (Erebia epiphron)
• 119. Blind Ringlet (Erebia pharte)
• 120. Mountain Ringlet (Erebia melampus)
• 121. Scotch Argus (Erebia aethiops)
• 122. Woodland Ringlet (Erebia medusa)
• 123. Almond-eyed Ringlet (Erebia albergana)
• 124. Sooty Ringlet (Erebia pluto)*
• 125. Silky Ringlet (Erebia gorge)
• 126. Swiss Brassy Ringlet (Erebia tyndarus)*
• 127. Common Brassy Ringlet (Erebia cassioides)
• 128. Lesse’s Brassy Ringlet (Erebia nivalis)*
• 129. Ottoman Brassy Ringlet (Erebia ottomana)
• 130. Water Ringlet (Erebia pronoe)
• 131. Styrian Ringlet (Erebia stiria)*
• 132. Stygian Ringlet (Erebia styx)*
• 133. Marbled Ringlet (Erebia montana)*
• 134. Dewy Ringlet (Erebia pandrose)
• 135. Meadow Brown (Maniola jurtina)
• 136. Ringlet (Aphantopus hyperantus)
• 137. Gatekeeper (Pyronia tithonus)
• 138. Southern Gatekeeper (Pyronia cecilia)
• 139. Small Heath (Coenonympha pamphilus)
• 140. Corsican Heath (Coenonympha corinna)
• 140. Pearly Heath (Coenonympha arcania)
• 141. Alpine Heath (Coenonympha gardetta)
• 142. Chestnut Heath (Coenonympha glycerion)
• 143. False Ringlet (Coenonympha oedippus)
• 144. Speckled Wood (Pararge aegeria)
• 145. Wall Brown (Lasiommata megera)
• 146. Corsican Wall Brown (Lasiommata paramegera)
• 147. Large Wall Brown (Lasiommata maera)
• 148. Northern Wall Brown (Lasiommata petropolitana)
• 149. Woodland Brown (Lopinga achine)

Hesperidae

• 150. Southern Grizzled Skipper/Grizzled Skipper (Pyrgus cfr. malvoides/malvae)
• 151. Large Skipper (Pyrgus alveus)
• 152. Oberthür’s Grizzled Skipper (Pyrgus armoricanus)
• 153. Olive Skipper (Pyrgus serratulae)
• 154. Safflower Skipper (Pyrgus carthami)
• 155. Red-underwing Skipper (Spialia sertorius)
• 156. Corsican Red-underwing Skipper (Spialia therapne)*
• 157. Mallow Skipper (Carcharodus alceae)
• 158. Marbled Skipper (Carcharodus lavatherae)
• 159. Tufted Skipper (Carcharodus floccifera)
• 160. Dingy Skipper (Erynnis tages)
• 161. Large Chequered Skipper (Heteropterus morpheus)
• 162. Chequered Skipper (Carterocephalus palaemon)
• 163. Essex Skipper (Thymelicus lineola)
• 164. Small Skipper (Thymelicus sylvestris)
• 166. Silver-spotted Skipper (Hesperia comma)
• 167. Large Skipper (Ochlodes sylvanus)
• 168. Pygmy Skipper (Gegenes pumilio)*

Zygaenidae

• 169. Forester sp. (Jordanita sp.)
• 170. Eastern Burnet (Zygaena carniolica)
• 171. Transparent Burnet (Zygaena cfr. purpuralis/minos)
• 172. Variable Burnet (Zygaena ephialtes)
• 173. Six-spot Burnet (Zygaena filipendulae)
• 174. Narrow-bordered Five-spot Burnet (Zygaena lonicerae)
• 175. Slender Scotch Burnet (Zygaena loti)
• 176. Zygaena romeo
• 177. Southern Six-spot Burnet (Zygaena transalpina)

Luca Boscain