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Succinea putris (Linnæus, 1758)
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Species name:
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Succinea putris (Linnæus, 1758)
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Taxon name:
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Helix putris Linnæus, 1758
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Originally described in:
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Linnæus, C. 1758. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. - pp. [1-4], 1-824. Holmiæ. (Salvius).
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Distribution:
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Europe, W Asia and N Asia, range gaps in the Mediterranean peninsulas, not in N Scotland, Hebrides, Orkneys, Shetlands, N Scandinavia
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Diagnosis:
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Shell amber yellowish with 3-4 whorls, usually slightly larger than Oxyloma species.
Animal yellow with reddish hue, getting lighter downwards to the sides, can also be dark grey, but not covered with dark spots.
Differs from Oxyloma by a simple, freely exposed epiphallus without penis attachment.
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Size:
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10-17 x 6-8 mm, maximum up to 27 mm
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Biology:
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On reeds and other vegetation at water margins,
on permanently humid meadows, in river plain
woodlands and swampy forests. In Switzerland in
up to 1800 m altitude, but generally rare in
alpine zones. Often climbs erect plants. Can
hibernate at considerable distances from its
normal feeding grounds.
Animal moves slowly and does not withdraw easily
when touched. Intermediate host for the bird
parasite Leucochloridium macrostomum
(Trematoda). Often attacked by larval stages of
predatory flies (Diptera). The semiparasitical
Pherbellia schoenherri deposits its eggs at the
suture of the snail, which defends itself partly
successfully by encapsulating the larva at the
columellar margin.
Reproduction in Poland, Netherlands and France from May to September, spermatozoa are reciprocally exchanged, elongate eggs (1 x 1.5 mm) in clutches of 20-30 (up to 90) eggs are fixed in yellowish envelopes (8 x 4 mm) to stones, aquatic plants or to the soil, individuals may lay more than 10 clutches, juveniles hatch after 10-15 days in France and Germany (at colder temperatures up to 22 days), maturity is reached after 1 year.
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Threatened:
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In Britain showing some local decline through habitat destruction.
Critically endangered in Ticino (Switzerland), rare in Bulgaria.
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Family:
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Succineidae
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Higher group:
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Gastropoda
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Comments:
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References: Gassies 1849: 69, Moquin-Tandon 1855: 55, Germain 1930: 461, Frömming 1954: 15, Damjanov & Likharev 1975: 222, Jackiewicz 1980 (anatomy of
copulation), Kerney et al. 1983: 79, Grossu 1987: 179 (entire Romania), Falkner
1990: 166, Schütt 1996: 165, Turner et al. 1998:
233, Kerney 1999: 77, Irikov & Erőss 2008 (rare
in Bulgaria), Welter-Schultes 2012: 116 (range map Europe), Vardinoyannis et al. 2012: 43 (W Cyprus, 2 localities).
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